Article(id=1226460579766907823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250106, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739635200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1744214400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-10, onlineDate=1770340588751, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340588751, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340588751, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340588751, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3748, endPage=3764, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460580194726849, articleId=1226460579766907823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening, identification, and efficacy evaluation of Bacillus strains for biocontrol of cucumber root-knot nematodes, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Root-knot nematodes(Meloidogyne spp.) are widely distributed and highly destructive, causing substantial economic losses in agricultural production. Biocontrol has been considered as an effective measure for managing these pathogens. [Objective] To explore efficient and eco-friendly biocontrol resources for controlling root-knot nematodes. [Methods] Bacillus strains were isolated from soil via the serial dilution method. Strains with strong nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) were screened by in vitro bioassays. The selected strains were identified based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, as well as molecular biological evidence. The biocontrol potential of these strains was further evaluated by egg hatching inhibition assays, phosphorus/potassium solubilization tests, enzymatic activity profiling, and antagonistic spectrum analysis. Additionally, pot and greenhouse experiments were conducted to validate the biocontrol efficacy of strains. [Results] Among 189 bacterial strains isolated from 16 soil samples, strains Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 demonstrated strong nematicidal activity against M. incognita J2, inducing the corrected mortality rates of 95.64% and 95.36%, respectively, after 24 h. Based on morphological features, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA gene and gyrB sequences, strains Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 were identified as Bacillus proteolyticus and B. amyloliquefaciens, respectively. Functional characterization showed that strain Sneb2550 produced protease and inhibited Fusarium asiaticum, Trichothecium roseum,and Alternaria solani. Strain Sneb2556 produced protease and amylase, solubilized phosphate, and suppressed F. asiaticum, Aternaria alternata, Botryosphaeria dothidea, T. roseum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and A. solani. Moreover, both strains did not adversely affect cucumber seed germination and significantly promoted the radicle growth. Under pot conditions, Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 significantly reduced root galls formation, with the reduction rates of 56.02% and 50.19%, respectively, while promoting plant growth. Field experiments showed that root irrigation with Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 effectively controlled cucumber root-knot nematodes, with the control effects of 60.90% and 52.63%, respectively, while promoting plant growth. [Conclusion] Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 effectively controlled cucumber root-knot nematodes and promoted plant growth, providing new potential resources for the biocontrol of root-knot nematodes.

, correspAuthors=Haiyan FAN, Lijie CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: FAN Haiyan,
CHEN Lijie,
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根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)分布范围广泛、破坏能力强,给农业生产带来巨大的经济损失。生物防治被认为是一种防治该病害的有效措施。 【目的】 发掘高效稳定、绿色安全防治根结线虫病的生防资源至关重要。 【方法】 采用系列稀释法从土壤中分离芽孢杆菌,以南方根结线虫为靶标,通过离体试验筛选对二龄幼虫具有较强毒杀性的芽孢杆菌。通过形态学、生理生化特征和分子生物学方法对菌株进行鉴定,并通过抑制卵孵化试验、溶磷解钾及产酶活性能力测定、拮抗广谱性评价、温室盆栽和田间试验进一步评价菌株的生防潜力。 【结果】 从16份土壤样品中分离获得189株细菌,筛选获得2株对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫具有较强毒杀性的细菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556,其24 h校正死亡率分别为95.64%和95.36%。通过形态学特征、生理生化特性结合16S rRNA基因和gyrB序列分析,鉴定菌株Sneb2550和Sneb2556分别为解蛋白芽孢杆菌(Bacillus proteolyticus)和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。菌株Sneb2550具有产蛋白酶的能力,菌株Sneb2556具有产蛋白酶、淀粉酶和溶磷的能力。菌株Sneb2550对甜瓜果腐病病原菌、苹果霉心病病原菌、番茄早疫病病原菌具有显著抑制作用;菌株Sneb2556对甜瓜果腐病病原菌、马铃薯早疫病病原菌、苹果轮纹病病原菌、苹果霉心病病原菌、辣椒炭疽病病原菌和番茄早疫病病原菌具有显著抑制作用。相比之下,芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556不影响黄瓜种子萌发,且都显著促进黄瓜种子胚根生长。盆栽结果表明,芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556能显著减少黄瓜植株根结数,根结减退率分别为56.02%和50.19%,并且促进黄瓜生长。田间试验结果表明,芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556灌根处理黄瓜幼苗后能有效防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病,防效分别为60.90%和52.63%,且促进黄瓜植株生长。 【结论】 芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556能够有效防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病并促进黄瓜植株生长,为南方根结线虫病的生物防治提供新的潜在资源。

, correspAuthors=范海燕, 陈立杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8u/1LdLve2uaxq+hz/3MRA==, magXml=riIVEe46vFctdGTO7divcQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=I/cn+2j3slvgF1Gsz57p0Q==, pdfFileSize=2240377, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=NiXfhtqjnZPjbZCf6KPPMg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=z/FEbV1zdY3aYIcy6oitjg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

吴蔚然:试验操作、调查研究、数据分析与可视化呈现、写作初稿与修改;朱晓峰:协助试验操作;王媛媛:参与论文讨论;刘晓宇:提供技术支持;赵迪:样品采集;杨宁:协助调研;段玉玺:研究构思和设计;范海燕:获取基金、提供技术支持;陈立杰:提供技术支持、协助试验操作、参与论文讨论、提供资源。

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Screening and identification of active biocontrol bacteria against nematodes and preliminary isolation of lipopeptides[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang Agricultural University, 2018 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596313924547183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=100, issue=2, pageStart=94, pageEnd=99, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=67, authorNames=TEREFE M, TEFERA T, SAKHUJA PK, journalName=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TEREFE M, TEFERA T, SAKHUJA PK. Effect of a formulation of Bacillus firmus on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infestation and the growth of tomato plants in the greenhouse and nursery[J]. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2009, 100(2): 94-99., articleTitle=Effect of a formulation of Bacillus firmus on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infestation and the growth of tomato plants in the greenhouse and nursery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596314037793396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=68, authorNames=郑婷婷, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑婷婷. 生防菌GHt-q6对黄瓜根系土壤微生态及根结线虫的影响[D]. 太谷: 山西农业大学, 2019., articleTitle=生防菌GHt-q6对黄瓜根系土壤微生态及根结线虫的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596314142650998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=69, authorNames=ZHENG TT, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG TT. The effect of biocontrol bacterium GHt-q6 on soil microecology and root knot nematodes of cucumber roots[D]. 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country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Analysis and Testing Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596289308176727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, companyId=1226596289278816594, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.沈阳农业大学,分析测试中心,辽宁 沈阳)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226596297155720066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Morphological characteristics of strains Sneb2550 and Sneb2556. A: Morphology of Sneb2550 on LB medium; B: Gram staining (40×) of Sneb2550; C: Transmission electron microscopy morphology of Sneb2550; D: Morphology of Sneb2556 on LB medium; E: Gram staining (40×) of Sneb2556; F: Transmission electron microscopy morphology of Sneb2556., figureFileSmall=+KJ2FnVFmeLAbEDLnAkw/A==, figureFileBig=P+p6nTzURkCLZ3M3b0tyGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596297289937807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株Sneb2550Sneb2556的形态特征。A:菌株Sneb2550在LB培养基上的形态;B:菌株Sneb2550革兰氏染色(40×);C:菌株Sneb2550透射电镜形态;D:菌株Sneb2556在LB培养基上的形态;E:菌株Sneb2556革兰氏染色(40×);F:菌株Sneb2556透射电镜形态。, figureFileSmall=+KJ2FnVFmeLAbEDLnAkw/A==, figureFileBig=P+p6nTzURkCLZ3M3b0tyGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596297440932772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Phylogenetic tree of Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 was constructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequence (A) and gyrB sequence (B). Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining method in MEGA 7.0 with bootstrap values based on 1 000 replications. Gene accession numbers of bacterial strains are indicated in parentheses. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per base position., figureFileSmall=uNDY2yKsRSwG3i8g4BkaJA==, figureFileBig=aiixqIhnFkaKiwtWkzfy2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596297562567600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株Sneb2550Sneb2556基于16S rRNA基因序列(A)gyrB 基因序列(B)的系统发育树。采用MEGA 7.0软件中的邻接法(neighbor-joining method)构建系统发育树,并通过1 000次重复抽样计算自展值(bootstrap values)。菌株基因登录号标注于括号内。标尺表示每个核苷酸位点的替换数。, figureFileSmall=uNDY2yKsRSwG3i8g4BkaJA==, figureFileBig=aiixqIhnFkaKiwtWkzfy2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596297680008125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The effect of fermentation filtrate of Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 on eggs hatching rate of Meloidogyne incognita., figureFileSmall=aHLfHIUj+muU0Taul/1gag==, figureFileBig=At09AQhVqPcbaUpNPz7/vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596297797448650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=CN, label=图3, caption=芽孢杆菌Sneb2550Sneb2556发酵上清液对南方根结线虫卵孵化率的影响, figureFileSmall=aHLfHIUj+muU0Taul/1gag==, figureFileBig=At09AQhVqPcbaUpNPz7/vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596297914889171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Detection of phosphorus-solubilizing potassium solubilizing and enzyme-producing activity of Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556. A-B: Phosphorus hydrolysis; C-D: Potassium hydrolysis; E-F: Phosphatase; G-H: Chitinase; I-J: Cellulase; K-L: Protease; M-N: Amylase., figureFileSmall=ecCx9YUfmkXEtsFxMTn9fw==, figureFileBig=jN5bvAJ+WF6ODRRpvLAYOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596298065884126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=CN, label=图4, caption=芽孢杆菌Sneb2550Sneb2556溶磷解钾和产酶活性检测。A-B:溶磷;C-D:解钾;E-F:磷酸酯酶;G-H:几丁质酶;I-J:纤维素酶;K-L:蛋白酶;M-N:淀粉酶。, figureFileSmall=ecCx9YUfmkXEtsFxMTn9fw==, figureFileBig=jN5bvAJ+WF6ODRRpvLAYOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596298216879085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The nematicidal effect of fermentation filtrate of selected strain against Meloidogyne incognita J2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainMortality in 24 h (%)Corrected mortality in 24 h (%)StrainMortality in 24 h (%)Corrected mortality in 24 h (%)
CK4.18±2.15n-16P84.43±4.64fghijklm83.75±4.84fghijklm
Sneb255095.83±1.64a95.64±1.71a9E84.13±2.93fghijklm83.44±3.06fghijklm
Sneb255695.56±1.28a95.36±1.33a8G84.11±1.49fghijklm83.42±1.56fghijklm
16G93.92±0.37ab93.66±0.39ab15D83.80±3.61fghijklm83.09±3.77fghijklm
15B93.60±2.83abc93.32±2.95abc16X83.79±0.95fghijklm83.08±0.99fghijklm
15A93.26±2.94abc92.96±3.07abc8H83.78±3.79fghijklm83.07±3.95fghijklm
13I91.24±2.74abcd90.85±2.86abcd16E83.53±5.03ghijklm82.81±5.25ghijklm
8P90.58±3.18abcde90.17±3.32abcde15C83.26±3.05hijklm82.53±3.19hijklm
9C90.58±0.81abcde90.17±0.85abcde16J83.13±2.07hijklm82.39±2.16hijklm
16H89.27±3.68bcdef88.80±3.84bcdef6L82.14±6.35ijklm81.36±6.63ijklm
14L89.13±3.73bcdefg88.65±3.89bcdefg16T82.03±1.78ijklm81.25±1.86ijklm
2A88.69±3.14bcdefgh88.20±3.28bcdefgh16Q81.79±3.12ijklm81.00±3.26ijklm
16D88.23±3.34cdefgh87.72±3.49cdefgh14J81.70±3.42jklm80.90±3.57jklm
16O87.44±1.00defghi86.90±1.04defghi16L81.67±1.01jklm80.87±1.05jklm
5E87.35±3.02defghij86.80±3.15defghij15E81.63±0.17klm80.82±0.18jklm
16K87.20±0.98defghijk86.64±1.02defghijk16M81.58±1.52klm80.78±1.58klm
16W86.96±2.94defghijkl86.39±3.07defghijkl16U81.45±3.74lm80.64±3.90klm
16F85.45±3.95efghijklm84.81±4.12efghijklm16N81.29±3.06lm80.47±3.19lm
16R85.44±1.25efghijklm84.80±1.30efghijklm16Z81.09±2.42m80.27±2.53m
16I85.08±1.54efghijklm84.43±1.60efghijklm16Y81.00±1.22m80.17±1.27m
16C84.99±1.06fghijklm84.33±1.11efghijklm
), ArticleFig(id=1226596298351096826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

细菌菌株发酵上清液对南方根结线虫J2的触杀效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainMortality in 24 h (%)Corrected mortality in 24 h (%)StrainMortality in 24 h (%)Corrected mortality in 24 h (%)
CK4.18±2.15n-16P84.43±4.64fghijklm83.75±4.84fghijklm
Sneb255095.83±1.64a95.64±1.71a9E84.13±2.93fghijklm83.44±3.06fghijklm
Sneb255695.56±1.28a95.36±1.33a8G84.11±1.49fghijklm83.42±1.56fghijklm
16G93.92±0.37ab93.66±0.39ab15D83.80±3.61fghijklm83.09±3.77fghijklm
15B93.60±2.83abc93.32±2.95abc16X83.79±0.95fghijklm83.08±0.99fghijklm
15A93.26±2.94abc92.96±3.07abc8H83.78±3.79fghijklm83.07±3.95fghijklm
13I91.24±2.74abcd90.85±2.86abcd16E83.53±5.03ghijklm82.81±5.25ghijklm
8P90.58±3.18abcde90.17±3.32abcde15C83.26±3.05hijklm82.53±3.19hijklm
9C90.58±0.81abcde90.17±0.85abcde16J83.13±2.07hijklm82.39±2.16hijklm
16H89.27±3.68bcdef88.80±3.84bcdef6L82.14±6.35ijklm81.36±6.63ijklm
14L89.13±3.73bcdefg88.65±3.89bcdefg16T82.03±1.78ijklm81.25±1.86ijklm
2A88.69±3.14bcdefgh88.20±3.28bcdefgh16Q81.79±3.12ijklm81.00±3.26ijklm
16D88.23±3.34cdefgh87.72±3.49cdefgh14J81.70±3.42jklm80.90±3.57jklm
16O87.44±1.00defghi86.90±1.04defghi16L81.67±1.01jklm80.87±1.05jklm
5E87.35±3.02defghij86.80±3.15defghij15E81.63±0.17klm80.82±0.18jklm
16K87.20±0.98defghijk86.64±1.02defghijk16M81.58±1.52klm80.78±1.58klm
16W86.96±2.94defghijkl86.39±3.07defghijkl16U81.45±3.74lm80.64±3.90klm
16F85.45±3.95efghijklm84.81±4.12efghijklm16N81.29±3.06lm80.47±3.19lm
16R85.44±1.25efghijklm84.80±1.30efghijklm16Z81.09±2.42m80.27±2.53m
16I85.08±1.54efghijklm84.43±1.60efghijklm16Y81.00±1.22m80.17±1.27m
16C84.99±1.06fghijklm84.33±1.11efghijklm
), ArticleFig(id=1226596299735216135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Inhibitory effect of Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 on other phytopathogens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PhytopathogenInhibition rate (%)
Sneb2550Sneb2556
Fusarium asiaticum35.53±3.0671.33±0.85
Alternaria alternata0.00±0.0071.66±2.94
Botryosphaeria dothidea0.00±0.0069.79±0.39
Trichothecium roseum75.74±1.9491.26±1.98
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides0.00±0.0080.70±2.99
Alternaria solani56.72±4.5853.87±1.16
), ArticleFig(id=1226596299882016780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

芽孢杆菌Sneb2550Sneb2556对其他病原菌的抑制作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PhytopathogenInhibition rate (%)
Sneb2550Sneb2556
Fusarium asiaticum35.53±3.0671.33±0.85
Alternaria alternata0.00±0.0071.66±2.94
Botryosphaeria dothidea0.00±0.0069.79±0.39
Trichothecium roseum75.74±1.9491.26±1.98
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides0.00±0.0080.70±2.99
Alternaria solani56.72±4.5853.87±1.16
), ArticleFig(id=1226596300041400345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The effect of fermentation broth of Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 on the germination and growth of cucumber seeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsGermination rate (%)Seed vigor indexRadicle length (cm)
ddH2O83.33±10.41a3.06±0.44a1.58±0.17b
LB81.67±11.55a2.92±0.33a1.54±0.04b
Sneb255080.00±5.00a3.46±0.18a1.97±0.11a
Sneb255683.33±5.77a3.57±0.51a2.10±0.20a
), ArticleFig(id=1226596300158840868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

芽孢杆菌Sneb2550Sneb2556对黄瓜种子萌发及生长的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsGermination rate (%)Seed vigor indexRadicle length (cm)
ddH2O83.33±10.41a3.06±0.44a1.58±0.17b
LB81.67±11.55a2.92±0.33a1.54±0.04b
Sneb255080.00±5.00a3.46±0.18a1.97±0.11a
Sneb255683.33±5.77a3.57±0.51a2.10±0.20a
), ArticleFig(id=1226596300263698473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of fermentation broth of Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556on cucumber plant growth in pot experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsShoot length (cm)Shoot fresh weight (g)Root length (cm)Root fresh weight (g)
ddH2O20.86±0.98c8.55±0.50b15.48±0.70d2.39±0.17c
LB18.75±0.96d5.41±0.64c18.37±0.93c2.11±0.33c
Sneb255026.52±2.13a13.40±1.20a26.20±1.08a2.81±0.52b
Sneb255624.71±2.12b13.14±1.01a22.12±1.40b4.08±0.38a
), ArticleFig(id=1226596300406304821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

温室盆栽条件下芽孢杆菌Sneb2550Sneb2556灌根处理对黄瓜植株生长的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsShoot length (cm)Shoot fresh weight (g)Root length (cm)Root fresh weight (g)
ddH2O20.86±0.98c8.55±0.50b15.48±0.70d2.39±0.17c
LB18.75±0.96d5.41±0.64c18.37±0.93c2.11±0.33c
Sneb255026.52±2.13a13.40±1.20a26.20±1.08a2.81±0.52b
Sneb255624.71±2.12b13.14±1.01a22.12±1.40b4.08±0.38a
), ArticleFig(id=1226596300540522555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effect of fermentation broth of Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 on cucumber root knot nematode disease in pot experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsRoot gallsReducing rate of root galls (%)
ddH2O106.40±5.18a-
LB98.00±4.95b7.89±4.65c
Avermectin42.00±4.47c60.53±4.20a
Sneb255046.80±2.28d56.02±2.14a
Sneb255653.00±3.24d50.19±3.05b
), ArticleFig(id=1226596300670545988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

温室盆栽条件下芽孢杆菌Sneb2550Sneb2556防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病的效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsRoot gallsReducing rate of root galls (%)
ddH2O106.40±5.18a-
LB98.00±4.95b7.89±4.65c
Avermectin42.00±4.47c60.53±4.20a
Sneb255046.80±2.28d56.02±2.14a
Sneb255653.00±3.24d50.19±3.05b
), ArticleFig(id=1226596300754432073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effect of fermentation broth of Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 on cucumber root knot nematode disease in field experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsRoot length (cm)Root fresh weight (g)Fresh weight (g)Shoot length (cm)Gall indexControl effect (%)
CK8.49±0.83c2.24±0.49d150.50±11.26d139.17±3.25e92.36±1.20a-
LB9.04±0.38c2.82±0.09c165.67±7.45c159.00±6.03c89.58±2.08a3.01±2.26a
Avermectin8.52±0.32c2.53±0.16cd160.33±8.66c146.33±4.63d54.17±2.08b41.35±2.26b
Sneb255016.91±4.49a4.46±1.10a187.17±11.13b171.00±10.12b36.11±4.34d60.90±4.70d
Sneb255616.73±1.00b3.58±0.50b263.00±8.02a240.33±3.50a43.75±2.08c52.63±2.26c
), ArticleFig(id=1226596300888649815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579766907823, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

芽孢杆菌Sneb2550Sneb2556发酵液对黄瓜南方根结线虫病的田间防效

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsRoot length (cm)Root fresh weight (g)Fresh weight (g)Shoot length (cm)Gall indexControl effect (%)
CK8.49±0.83c2.24±0.49d150.50±11.26d139.17±3.25e92.36±1.20a-
LB9.04±0.38c2.82±0.09c165.67±7.45c159.00±6.03c89.58±2.08a3.01±2.26a
Avermectin8.52±0.32c2.53±0.16cd160.33±8.66c146.33±4.63d54.17±2.08b41.35±2.26b
Sneb255016.91±4.49a4.46±1.10a187.17±11.13b171.00±10.12b36.11±4.34d60.90±4.70d
Sneb255616.73±1.00b3.58±0.50b263.00±8.02a240.33±3.50a43.75±2.08c52.63±2.26c
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黄瓜南方根结线虫病生防芽孢杆菌的筛选鉴定及防效
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吴蔚然 1 , 朱晓峰 1 , 王媛媛 2 , 刘晓宇 3 , 赵迪 4 , 杨宁 1 , 段玉玺 1 , 范海燕 1, * , 陈立杰 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(8): 3748-3764
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(8): 3748-3764
黄瓜南方根结线虫病生防芽孢杆菌的筛选鉴定及防效
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吴蔚然1, 朱晓峰1, 王媛媛2, 刘晓宇3, 赵迪4, 杨宁1, 段玉玺1, 范海燕1, * , 陈立杰1, *
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳农业大学 植物保护学院,辽宁 沈阳
  • 2.沈阳农业大学 生命科学与技术学院,辽宁 沈阳
  • 3.沈阳农业大学 理学院,辽宁 沈阳
  • 4.沈阳农业大学,分析测试中心,辽宁 沈阳
Screening, identification, and efficacy evaluation of Bacillus strains for biocontrol of cucumber root-knot nematodes
Weiran WU1, Xiaofeng ZHU1, Yuanyuan WANG2, Xiaoyu LIU3, Di ZHAO4, Ning YANG1, Yuxi DUAN1, Haiyan FAN1, * , Lijie CHEN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  • 2.College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  • 3.College of Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  • 4.Analysis and Testing Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250106
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根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)分布范围广泛、破坏能力强,给农业生产带来巨大的经济损失。生物防治被认为是一种防治该病害的有效措施。 【目的】 发掘高效稳定、绿色安全防治根结线虫病的生防资源至关重要。 【方法】 采用系列稀释法从土壤中分离芽孢杆菌,以南方根结线虫为靶标,通过离体试验筛选对二龄幼虫具有较强毒杀性的芽孢杆菌。通过形态学、生理生化特征和分子生物学方法对菌株进行鉴定,并通过抑制卵孵化试验、溶磷解钾及产酶活性能力测定、拮抗广谱性评价、温室盆栽和田间试验进一步评价菌株的生防潜力。 【结果】 从16份土壤样品中分离获得189株细菌,筛选获得2株对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫具有较强毒杀性的细菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556,其24 h校正死亡率分别为95.64%和95.36%。通过形态学特征、生理生化特性结合16S rRNA基因和gyrB序列分析,鉴定菌株Sneb2550和Sneb2556分别为解蛋白芽孢杆菌(Bacillus proteolyticus)和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。菌株Sneb2550具有产蛋白酶的能力,菌株Sneb2556具有产蛋白酶、淀粉酶和溶磷的能力。菌株Sneb2550对甜瓜果腐病病原菌、苹果霉心病病原菌、番茄早疫病病原菌具有显著抑制作用;菌株Sneb2556对甜瓜果腐病病原菌、马铃薯早疫病病原菌、苹果轮纹病病原菌、苹果霉心病病原菌、辣椒炭疽病病原菌和番茄早疫病病原菌具有显著抑制作用。相比之下,芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556不影响黄瓜种子萌发,且都显著促进黄瓜种子胚根生长。盆栽结果表明,芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556能显著减少黄瓜植株根结数,根结减退率分别为56.02%和50.19%,并且促进黄瓜生长。田间试验结果表明,芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556灌根处理黄瓜幼苗后能有效防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病,防效分别为60.90%和52.63%,且促进黄瓜植株生长。 【结论】 芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556能够有效防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病并促进黄瓜植株生长,为南方根结线虫病的生物防治提供新的潜在资源。

南方根结线虫  /  芽孢杆菌  /  鉴定  /  生物防治  /  黄瓜

Root-knot nematodes(Meloidogyne spp.) are widely distributed and highly destructive, causing substantial economic losses in agricultural production. Biocontrol has been considered as an effective measure for managing these pathogens. [Objective] To explore efficient and eco-friendly biocontrol resources for controlling root-knot nematodes. [Methods] Bacillus strains were isolated from soil via the serial dilution method. Strains with strong nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) were screened by in vitro bioassays. The selected strains were identified based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, as well as molecular biological evidence. The biocontrol potential of these strains was further evaluated by egg hatching inhibition assays, phosphorus/potassium solubilization tests, enzymatic activity profiling, and antagonistic spectrum analysis. Additionally, pot and greenhouse experiments were conducted to validate the biocontrol efficacy of strains. [Results] Among 189 bacterial strains isolated from 16 soil samples, strains Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 demonstrated strong nematicidal activity against M. incognita J2, inducing the corrected mortality rates of 95.64% and 95.36%, respectively, after 24 h. Based on morphological features, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA gene and gyrB sequences, strains Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 were identified as Bacillus proteolyticus and B. amyloliquefaciens, respectively. Functional characterization showed that strain Sneb2550 produced protease and inhibited Fusarium asiaticum, Trichothecium roseum,and Alternaria solani. Strain Sneb2556 produced protease and amylase, solubilized phosphate, and suppressed F. asiaticum, Aternaria alternata, Botryosphaeria dothidea, T. roseum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and A. solani. Moreover, both strains did not adversely affect cucumber seed germination and significantly promoted the radicle growth. Under pot conditions, Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 significantly reduced root galls formation, with the reduction rates of 56.02% and 50.19%, respectively, while promoting plant growth. Field experiments showed that root irrigation with Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 effectively controlled cucumber root-knot nematodes, with the control effects of 60.90% and 52.63%, respectively, while promoting plant growth. [Conclusion] Bacillus Sneb2550 and Sneb2556 effectively controlled cucumber root-knot nematodes and promoted plant growth, providing new potential resources for the biocontrol of root-knot nematodes.

Meloidogyne incognita  /  Bacillus spp.  /  identification  /  biocontrol  /  cucumber
吴蔚然, 朱晓峰, 王媛媛, 刘晓宇, 赵迪, 杨宁, 段玉玺, 范海燕, 陈立杰. 黄瓜南方根结线虫病生防芽孢杆菌的筛选鉴定及防效. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3748 -3764 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250106
Weiran WU, Xiaofeng ZHU, Yuanyuan WANG, Xiaoyu LIU, Di ZHAO, Ning YANG, Yuxi DUAN, Haiyan FAN, Lijie CHEN. Screening, identification, and efficacy evaluation of Bacillus strains for biocontrol of cucumber root-knot nematodes[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3748 -3764 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250106
根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)是世界上危害最严重的植物寄生线虫之一,可侵害粮食作物、蔬菜等5 500多种植物,且分布范围广泛、破坏能力强,给农业生产带来巨大的经济损失[1]。据统计,全球已报道的根结线虫属线虫达105种。截至目前,根结线虫病已在我国27个省(市)发生,其中北京、辽宁、湖北、海南和黑龙江等地均有根结线虫病大面积发生和流行的报道[2]。根结线虫病的发生一般使作物减产10%-20%,发病严重时造成的损失可达80%,甚至绝产。其中,危害黄瓜的根结线虫主要有4个种:南方根结线虫(M. incognita)、爪哇根结线虫(M. javanica)、北方根结线虫(M. hapla)和花生根结线虫(M. arenaria)[3]。根结线虫通过寄生在黄瓜植株根系,形成根结,进而严重干扰黄瓜的营养吸收能力,不仅导致植株生育期异常缩短,更显著降低果实品质并造成严重减产,这已成为制约黄瓜产业可持续发展的重要生物胁迫因素[4]
目前,根结线虫病的防治仍以化学防治为主。然而,化学防治存在成本高、农药残留、产生抗药性,以及对人、畜生命安全和土壤环境造成严重污染等问题[5]。因此,如何高效环保地防治根结线虫病仍是一个亟待解决的问题。生物防治具有操作简便、高效、安全、环保、不易产生抗性等特点,是近年来发展较为迅速的一种防治线虫病的有效措施[6]。芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)普遍存在于自然环境中,具有繁殖快、耐热性好和稳定性高等特点,是应用和研究最广泛的生防资源之一。例如,解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens) B1619沟施时,对黄瓜根结线虫病害的防效达到了87.77%[7];短小芽孢杆菌(B. pumilus) Y26发酵液通过盆栽灌根法,使黄瓜根结数量减少了78.45%[8];贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(B. velezensis) BZR 86发酵液能够有效触杀根结线虫,具有较高的杀线活性,并显著减少番茄和黄瓜根部的根结数[9]。然而,防治南方根结线虫病的生防资源仍然有限。因此,发掘高效稳定、绿色安全防治南方根结线虫病的生防资源至关重要[10]
本研究以南方根结线虫为靶标,筛选对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫(second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita, J2)有较强毒杀能力的细菌,测定其对卵孵化的抑制作用、产酶活性和对其他病原菌的拮抗作用,评价其对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以及在盆栽和田间条件下对黄瓜根结线虫病的防治效果和对黄瓜生长的影响,旨在为黄瓜根结线虫病害防控提供新型生防菌株资源。
从山东省泰安市(2份)、辽宁省沈阳市(4份)、新疆维吾尔自治区阿勒泰市(3份)、河北省邯郸市(1份)、贵州省毕节市(2份)、浙江省温州市(2份)和广西壮族自治区河池市(2份)等地采集健康皂荚、红松、胡桃、榆树、紫薇、苹果、芨芨草、美洲红梣、蒲草、玉米、茄子、辣椒、黄金串钱柳、荷花玉兰、辣椒和萝卜等作物的根际土壤样品,共16份,以分离获得潜在具有生防意义的细菌菌株。
黄瓜品种为‘中农6号’,该品种是南方根结线虫的感病品种,购自中蔬种业科技(北京)有限公司。
供试病原菌包括甜瓜果腐病病原菌(Fusarium asiaticum)、马铃薯早疫病病原菌(Alternaria alternata)、苹果轮纹病病原菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、苹果霉心病病原菌[Trichothecium roseum (Bull.) Link]、辣椒炭疽病病原菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和番茄早疫病病原菌[Alternaria solani (Ellis & Martin) Jones & Grout]。上述病原菌均保存在沈阳农业大学线虫研究所-80 ℃冰箱中。
本研究所用的培养基包括肉膏蛋白胨培养基(LB)[11]、LB肉汤[11]、马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)[12]、蒙金娜培养基[13]、硅酸盐培养基[13]、淀粉酶检测培养基[14]、磷酸酯酶检测培养基[14]、几丁质酶检测培养基[15]、纤维素刚果红培养基[16]、蛋白酶培养基[17]
本研究所用的南方根结线虫(M. incognita)分离自辽宁省沈阳市辽中区四方台镇八音台村(122.996°E, 41.588°N)南方根结线虫病发生严重的温室的黄瓜根系。在沈阳农业大学北方线虫研究所温室大棚中,通过黄瓜植株繁殖培养。试验前选取卵囊多且密集的黄瓜根系,用清水冲洗去除表面附着的土壤后,用75%乙醇消毒后的镊子挑取饱满的卵囊。将挑好的卵囊浸泡在0.5% NaClO溶液中消毒2 min,再用无菌水冲洗5次。将消毒后的卵囊放置于底部为无纺布的小皿中,并将小皿放置在盛有无菌水的无菌培养皿(d=90 mm)内,置于25 ℃黑暗培养。每天收集南方根结线虫J2悬浮液并用无菌水调节至300条/mL和500条/mL,分别用于触杀活性测定试验和温室盆栽条件下的防效测定试验。用昆虫针戳破饱满的新鲜卵囊以获得卵,并加入无菌水调节至3 000粒/mL,用于卵孵化抑制试验[18]
取5 g土壤样品放入装有45 mL无菌水的250 mL锥形瓶中,37 ℃、200 r/min振荡培养10 min。将土壤悬浮液在85 ℃水浴10 min,之后采用稀释涂布法稀释至10-3,取50 μL悬浮液涂布于LB平板上,每个浓度重复3次,将平板倒置在37 ℃恒温培养箱培养。12 h后观察并挑取培养基上大小、颜色和边缘形状不一致的单菌落进行纯化,并制备发酵液,将纯化后的菌株保存于沈阳农业大学北方线虫研究所-80 ℃冰箱中[19]
采用平板划线法将待测定细菌菌株活化于LB培养基平板,37 ℃倒置培养12 h。用灭菌后的牙签挑取生长良好的新鲜单菌落接种于装有5 mL LB肉汤的灭菌试管中,37 ℃、200 r/min振荡培养12 h (浓度为1×108 CFU/mL),获得细菌菌株发酵液。细菌发酵液8 000 r/min离心5 min后,将含有少量菌体的发酵上清液倒入灭菌后的1.5 mL离心管,用0.22 μm水系滤膜过滤至新的灭菌后的1.5 mL离心管中,获得细菌发酵上清液[20]
以南方根结线虫J2为靶标,以分离获得的细菌为材料,进行南方根结线虫生防芽孢杆菌的初筛。将待测定的不同芽孢杆菌菌株发酵上清液400 μL加入至24孔板的小孔中,随后每个小孔加入100 μL (约含有30条J2)的含有较高活性的南方根结线虫J2悬浮液,以加入等量的LB肉汤为对照(CK)。将24孔板避光置于25 ℃恒温培养箱中,培养24 h时取出24孔板,使用体视显微镜(沈阳宁远技术服务有限公司)观察并记录每个小孔中线虫的死亡数和存活数。虫体完全僵直呈直线状,且用挑针拨动无反应的线虫记为死亡。计算线虫死亡率和校正死亡率[21]。线虫死亡率(nematode mortality rate, NMR)和校正死亡率(corrected nematode mortality rate, CNMR)的计算分别如公式(1)公式(2)所示。
NMR=DN/TN×100%
CNMR=(NMRT-NMRCK)/(1-NMRCK)×100%
式中:DN为死亡线虫数,TN为线虫总数,NMRT为处理线虫死亡率,NMRCK为对照线虫死亡率。
复筛试验时,每个处理重复3次,每个重复1个孔,其余方法同初筛。选择24 h时校正死亡率最高的芽孢杆菌菌株用于后续试验。
使用平板划线法将菌株活化在LB平板上,放入37 ℃恒温培养箱倒置培养12 h,观察菌株单菌落的大小、颜色、气味和边缘形状等形态特征,并挑取单菌落进行革兰氏染色。
挑取生长良好的细菌单菌落于1 mL无菌水中制得菌悬液,吸取30 μL样品滴加到铜网上,10 min后用无菌滤纸吸干,静置15 min,滴加磷钨酸染色10 s,自然晾干。用透射电镜(Hitachi公司)观察菌体大小、形态、鞭毛等。
对菌株进行果糖、山梨醇、肌醇、葡萄糖、蛋白胨水(色氨酸肉汤)、鼠李糖、棉子糖、硫化氢和明胶液化特性的检测。在超净台内将生理生化管(青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司)的颈部掰开,挑取新鲜单菌落接种至管内,用封口膜封口,放置于37 ℃恒温培养箱培养,并按照说明书滴加相应试剂,观察颜色变化,并根据《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》[22]进行菌株鉴定。
参照Sutyak等[23]的方法,提取细菌的基因组DNA。以基因组DNA为模板,采用细菌通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)/ 1492R (5′-ACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)和gyrB-F (5′-GAAGTCATCATGACCGTTCTGCAY GCNGGNGGNAARTTYGA-3′)/gyrB-R (5′-AGC AGGGTACGGATGTGCGAGCCRTCNACRTCNGCRTCNGTCAT-3′)分别进行16S rRNA基因和gyrB序列扩增。PCR扩增体系(25 μL):上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 μL,DNA模板2 μL,2×Taq Master Mix (Dye Plus) 12.5 μL,ddH2O 8.5 μL。PCR扩增条件:94 ℃预变性1.5 min;94 ℃变性0.5 min,58 ℃复性0.5 min,72 ℃延伸1 min,循环30次;72 ℃延伸5 min,4 ℃保存。
PCR产物用1.0%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行检测,观察到与目标片段大小一致的单一条带后,将PCR产物进行测序[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]。将测序结果拼接后,与NCBI中BLAST数据库进行比对分析,使用MEGA 7.0软件中neighbor-joining法构建系统发育树。同时,将菌株的16S rRNA基因和gyrB序列提交至NCBI的GenBank中,获取登录号。
取菌株Sneb2550和菌株Sneb2556的发酵上清液400 μL,加入到24孔板的小孔中,再向每孔中加入100 μL的南方根结线虫卵悬液(约含300粒卵),以加入等量无菌水和LB处理为对照,每个处理重复3次,每个重复1个小孔。将24孔板避光置于25 ℃恒温培养箱中培养,24 h和48 h时分别使用体视显微镜(沈阳宁远技术服务有限公司)观察并记录每个小孔中孵化出的线虫数,计算卵孵化率和相对抑制率[21]。卵孵化率(egg hatch rate, EHR)和相对抑制率(relative inhibition rate-egg hatch, RIR-EH)的计算分别如公式(3)公式(4)所示。
EHR=HE/TE×100%
RIR-EH=(EHRCK-EHRT)/EHRCK×100%
式中:HE为孵化线虫数,TE为供试卵数,EHRCK为对照孵化线虫数,EHRT为处理孵化线虫数。
分别取1.5 μL菌株Sneb2550和菌株Sneb2556发酵液(浓度为1×108 CFU/mL)滴在待检测的产酶检测培养基的中央,放入37 ℃恒温培养箱倒置培养3-5 d,观察菌落周围是否产生透明圈,若周围产生透明圈则说明该菌株具有产生该酶的能力,若不出现透明圈说明该菌株不具备产该酶的能力。
分别使用蒙金娜培养基和硅酸盐培养基检测菌株Sneb2550和菌株Sneb2556的溶磷能力和解钾能力,方法同上。
分别将甜瓜果腐病病原菌、马铃薯早疫病病原菌、苹果轮纹病病原菌、苹果霉心病病原菌、辣椒炭疽病病原菌和番茄早疫病病原菌菌株接种于PDA平板,28 ℃条件下倒置培养5-7 d。用灭菌的打孔器(d=5 mm)分别在上述病原真菌菌落外侧打孔以获取新鲜菌饼,置于PDA培养基平板正中央位置,在距离菌饼2.0 cm处分别对称滴加2 μL菌株Sneb2550和菌株Sneb2556发酵液(浓度为1×108 CFU/mL),以只接种病原真菌菌饼不接种细菌发酵液的平板为对照,每个处理3次重复,每个重复1个平板。将平板放于28 ℃条件下培养3-5 d至对照处理病原菌菌落长满培养皿,观察并记录各处理中病原真菌菌落半径,计算抑菌率。抑菌率(pathogen control inhibition rate, PCIR)的计算如公式(5)所示。
PCIR=(RCK-RT)/RCK×100%
式中:RCK为对照病原菌菌落半径,RT为处理病原菌菌落半径。
选择饱满的黄瓜种子,放于55 ℃浸泡30 min后晾干。将晾干的黄瓜种子分别放于5 mL菌株Sneb2550和菌株Sneb2556的发酵液(浓度为1×107 CFU/mL)中浸泡5 min,取出黄瓜种子并晾干。将晾干的黄瓜种子放于铺有灭菌湿润滤纸的无菌培养皿(d=90 mm)中,分别以浸泡在等量无菌水和培养基处理为对照,每个处理3次重复,每个重复20粒种子。将培养皿放在28 ℃的恒温培养箱中进行遮光培养。处理24 h后开始统计每皿中发芽种子数量,每24 h统计1次,培养3 d后统计每皿中发芽种子数,计算发芽率,并测量其胚根长度,计算活力指数。发芽率(germination rate, GR)和种子活力指数(seed vigor index, SI)的计算分别如公式(6)公式(7)所示。
GR=GS/TS×100%
SI=RL×Σ(DGS/DG)
式中:GS为发芽种子数,TS为供试种子数,RL为胚根长度,DGS为该天发芽数,DG为相应发芽天数。
选择饱满的黄瓜种子,置于55 ℃浸泡30 min后晾干。将处理后的黄瓜种子播种于装有育苗基质(土壤:蛭石:基质=1:2:2)的育苗盘(长4 cm×宽4 cm×高9 cm)中。播种前育苗基质需经干热灭菌处理(165 ℃、120 min)。待黄瓜幼苗生长至两叶一心期后,将其移栽至装有灭菌育苗基质的花盆(9.5 cm×11.5 cm)中,每个花盆移入1棵黄瓜苗。移入花盆5 d后,进行如下试验设置:一部分,分别以灌根10 mL菌株Sneb2550和菌株Sneb2556发酵液(浓度为1×108 CFU/mL)为处理组,以等量无菌水、LB培养基灌根为对照组,每个处理设3次重复,每个重复3株苗;另一部分,分别以灌根10 mL菌株Sneb2550和菌株Sneb2556发酵液(浓度为1×108 CFU/mL),并在3 d后接种南方根结线虫J2悬浮液1 mL (约500条南方根结线虫J2)为处理,分别以等量无菌水、LB培养基和稀释1 000倍液的1.8%阿维菌素乳油灌根,并在3 d后接种南方根结线虫J2悬浮液1 mL (约500条南方根结线虫J2)为对照组,每个处理重复5次,每个重复1株苗。将花盆置于温室中培养,温度为25 ℃、光照16 h,黑暗8 h,花盆完全随机摆放,并进行常规肥水管理。培养30 d后,调查黄瓜植株的株高、根长、根鲜重和植株鲜重,以及根结数量,计算根结减退率。根结减退率(reducation of gall, RG)的计算如公式(8)所示。
RG=(GCK-GT)/GCK×100%
式中:GCK为对照组根结数,GT为处理组根结数。
温室试验于2024年5月16日在辽宁省鞍山市海城市温香镇(122.518°E, 41.039°N)的温室大棚中进行,该温室大棚前茬作物为辣椒,且根结线虫病发生严重。
黄瓜种子的消毒、播种和移栽方法见1.11节。移苗当天,对黄瓜幼苗进行灌根处理。分别以菌株Sneb2550和菌株Sneb2556发酵液(浓度为1×107 CFU/mL)灌根为处理组,以等量无菌水、LB培养基和稀释1 000倍液的1.8%阿维菌素乳油灌根为对照组,每株苗灌根200 mL,每个处理设3次重复,每个重复5株苗,各处理随机分布。移栽后30 d将黄瓜苗整株铲出,测量株高、株鲜重、根长、根鲜重,调查根结指数并计算田间防效。本研究采用Bridge等[24]的分级标准统计病情:0级,根系整体无根结存在;1级,须根区域存在少量小型根结;2级,须根部位可见明显小根结,主根完整无根结;3级,须根分布显著大型根结,主根仍无根结形成;4级,须根系统大范围被大型根结占据,主根持续无结;5级,50%根系出现根结,主根开始产生根结;6级,主根表面呈现密集根结分布;7级,主根超过80%区域被根结覆盖;8级,主根完全被根结包裹;9级,全根系(含主根和须根)均产生根结;10级,主根根结异常膨大,须根系统完全消失。根结指数(gall index, GI)和防效(control efficacy, CE)的计算分别如公式(9)公式(10)所示。
GI=Σ(Nd×Cd)/(Ts×Ad)×100
CE=(GICK-GIT)/GICK×100%
式中:Nd为各级病株数,Cd为各级代表值,Ts为调查总株数,Ad为最高级代表值,GICK为对照根结指数,GIT为处理根结指数。
使用Microsoft Office Excel 2010软件进行数据统计,运用SPSS statistics 22.0软件对试验数据进行统计分析,借助GraphPad Prism 10.1.2软件进行作图。试验采用Duncan氏新复极差法(P<0.05)进行差异显著性分析。
以从全国各地采集的16份土壤样品为材料,采用稀释涂布法进行芽孢杆菌的分离与纯化,共获得189株芽孢杆菌分离物。获得的芽孢杆菌菌株均保存于沈阳农业大学北方线虫研究所的-80 ℃冰箱中。
以分离获得的189株芽孢杆菌为材料,以南方根结线虫J2为靶标,筛选对J2有高毒杀能力的菌株。试验结果表明,芽孢杆菌发酵上清液处理24 h后,对南方根结线虫J2校正死亡率大于90.00%的菌株有40株,81.00%-90.00%的菌株有19株,71.00%-80.00%的菌株有8株,61.00%-70.00%的菌株有17株,51.00%-60.00%的菌株有14株,41.00%-50.00%的菌株有12株,15.00%-40.00%的菌株有27株,15.00%以下的菌株有52株。选取细菌发酵上清液处理后对南方根结线虫J2的24 h校正死亡率大于90.00%的40株细菌菌株进行复筛。结果表明,8株细菌菌株发酵上清液对南方根结线虫J2的24 h校正死亡率大于90.00%,即对南方根结线虫J2有较高的杀线虫活性。其中,菌株Sneb2550和Sneb2556处理对J2的杀线虫活性最高,24 h校正死亡率分别为95.64%和95.36% (表1)。因此选取菌株Sneb2550和Sneb2556进行后续研究。
菌株Sneb2550在LB培养基上生长情况良好,菌落为乳白色,圆形;革兰氏染色呈紫色,判定为革兰氏阳性菌;菌体为杆状,周生鞭毛(图1A-1C)。菌株Sneb2556在LB培养基上生长情况良好,菌落为白色,椭圆形;革兰氏染色呈紫色,判定为革兰氏阳性菌;菌体为杆状,周生鞭毛(图1D-1F)。
生理生化特征检测结果显示,菌株Sneb2550对果糖、葡萄糖和明胶液化表现为阳性,对山梨醇、肌醇、蛋白胨水(色氨酸肉汤)、鼠李糖、棉子糖和硫化氢为阴性。菌株Sneb2556对明胶液化表现为阳性,对果糖、山梨醇、肌醇、葡萄糖、蛋白胨水(色氨酸肉汤)、鼠李糖、棉子糖和硫化氢表现为阴性。菌株Sneb2550和Sneb2556的生理生化特征均与《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》中关于芽孢杆菌的描述相符合。
为了进一步明确菌株Sneb2550和Sneb2556的分类地位,对菌株的16S rRNA基因序列进行测序分析并构建菌株Sneb2550和Sneb2556的系统发育树。结果显示,与菌株Sneb2550同源性最高的为解蛋白芽孢杆菌(Bacillus proteolyticus),登录号为OR077583.1、OM371062.1。与Sneb2556同源性最高的为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens),登录号为PP236930.1、OR856022.1 (图2A)。同时,对菌株Sneb2556的gyrB基因扩增进行序列分析并构建系统发育树。结果显示,与菌株Sneb2556同源性最高的为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens),登录号为KP900934.1、MT793724.1 (图2B)。菌株Sneb2550和Sneb2556的16S rRNA基因序列、gyrB基因序列已分别提交GenBank数据库。菌株Sneb2550的16S rRNA基因序列号为PV093913;菌株Sneb2556的16S rRNA基因序列号为PV093914,gyrB基因序列号为PV104451。
因此,通过形态学特征(图1)和生理生化特性鉴定,结合分子生物学分析(图2),鉴定菌株Sneb2550为解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus),菌株Sneb2556为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens)。
抑制卵孵化试验结果表明,处理24 h后ddH2O和LB处理的卵孵化率分别为11.55%和11.23% (图3)。芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556菌株发酵上清液对南方根结线虫卵孵化的相对抑制率分别为76.92%和80.77%;处理48 h时,解蛋白芽孢杆菌(Bacillus proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556菌株发酵上清液对南方根结线虫卵孵化的相对抑制率分别为83.63%和84.80% (图3)。综上所述,芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556能有效抑制南方根结线虫卵孵化,且抑制效果随处理时间的延长而增加。
溶磷解钾和产酶活性检测试验结果表明,菌株Sneb2550可以在蛋白酶检测培养基上产生透明圈,菌株Sneb2556可以在溶磷检测培养基、淀粉酶检测培养基和蛋白酶检测培养基上产生透明圈(图4)。因此,菌株Sneb2550具有产蛋白酶的能力,菌株Sneb2556具有溶磷和产淀粉酶、蛋白酶的能力,但不具有解钾,产生磷酸酯酶、几丁质酶和纤维素酶的能力。
平板对峙试验结果表明,菌株Sneb2550对苹果霉心病菌和番茄早疫病菌具有显著的拮抗作用,抑菌率均大于50.00%,菌株Sneb2556对马铃薯早疫病菌、苹果霉心病菌、辣椒炭疽病菌、甜瓜果腐病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和番茄早疫病病原菌具有较强的拮抗作用,抑菌率均大于53.87%,其中菌株Sneb2556对苹果霉心病菌抑菌率最高为91.26% (表2)。解蛋白芽孢杆菌(Bacillus proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556对其他病原真菌具有不同程度的拮抗作用。
种子萌发试验结果表明,处理3 d后与LB对照相比,芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556发酵液显著促进胚根生长,分别增长了27.92%和36.36%。与对照相比,芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556处理后,黄瓜种子的发芽率和种子活力指数无显著性差异(表3)。综上所述,芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556对黄瓜种子的萌发无抑制作用,且均显著促进黄瓜种子胚根生长。
盆栽试验结果表明,处理30 d后与LB对照相比,芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556发酵液灌根处理黄瓜幼苗后,黄瓜植株株高、植株鲜重、根长、根鲜重均显著增加,分别增加了41.44%和31.79%、147.69%和142.88%、42.62%和20.41%、33.18%和93.36% (表4)。此外,与对照LB相比,菌株Sneb2550发酵液、Sneb2556发酵液和阿维菌素分别灌根处理黄瓜幼苗后,根结个数显著降低,根结减退率分别为56.02%、50.19%和60.53% (表5)。因此,盆栽条件下芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556可有效防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病并促进植株生长。
田间试验结果表明,黄瓜移栽至田间30 d后,ddH2O与LB对照的根结指数分别为92.36和89.58,阿维菌素处理的根结指数为54.17 (表6)。芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556发酵液灌根处理黄瓜幼苗后,根结指数分别为36.11和43.75,根结指数显著下降,防效分别为60.90%和52.63%,且显著高于阿维菌素处理(41.35%) (表6)。与LB对照相比,经芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556发酵液灌根后,黄瓜植株的根长、根鲜重、植株鲜重和株高均显著增加,分别增加了87.16%和85.19%、58.07%和27.14%、12.98%和58.75%、7.54%和51.15% (表6)。因此,田间条件下,芽孢杆菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556可有效防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病,并促进植株生长。
近年来,生防微生物因其良好的杀线虫效果和对环境的安全性极具发展前景[25]。目前仍然缺乏能够有效预防和控制根结线虫病的生防微生物资源,当前迫切需要找到既稳定又高效的生防微生物应对根结线虫带来的作物危害。本研究从健康作物根际土壤中分离筛选出2株对南方根结线虫J2具有较强杀线活性的细菌Sneb2550和Sneb2556。通过形态学特征和生理生化分析结合16S rRNA基因和gyrB基因序列分析,将菌株Sneb2550和Sneb2556分别鉴定为解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus)和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens)。同时,2个菌株对南方根结线虫卵孵化具有显著的抑制效果,不影响黄瓜种子的萌发,促进胚根生长,具有产酶和拮抗多种病原菌的能力。解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556在温室和田间条件下不仅能有效防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病,而且显著促进黄瓜植株的生长。本研究结果为黄瓜南方根结线虫病的生物防治提供潜在的生防资源。
芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)在防治植物病害、改良土壤环境、修复农化污染环境及促进植物生长等方面展现出其绿色高效环保的特点,并带来可观的经济、生态、食品安全等效益,已广泛用于植物线虫病害的生物防治中[26]。解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens)HJ03对南方根结线虫J2的24 h校正死亡率可达77.3%,并且可以显著抑制卵的孵化;在盆栽试验中可显著抑制根结形成,并抑制卵囊形成,处理60 d后的抑制率为75.7%[27]。坚强芽孢杆菌(B. firmus)YB-1503对南方根结线虫J2的48 h校正死亡率可达70.0%,在盆栽条件下的防效为65.8%[28]。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(B. velezensis)TB-68发酵滤液原液对根结线虫J2的校正死亡率达91.7%,卵孵化抑制率达81.8%,对烟草根结线虫病的室内盆栽防治效果达64.4%[29]。甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(B. methylotrophicus)NB-04在离体试验中对根结线虫J2的校正死亡率为84.9%,对卵孵化的抑制率达78.6%,对番茄根结线虫病的盆栽防治效果为61.6%[30]。本研究发现解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556对南方根结线虫具有较好的触杀活性以及对卵的孵化能力具有显著的抑制作用,并且在温室盆栽条件下根结减退率超过50.00%,田间条件下防效高于50.00%。因此,解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556可用于黄瓜南方根结线虫病害的生物防治。
芽孢杆菌可产生多种代谢物质,不仅能够触杀线虫、抑制卵孵化,而且能够诱导植物产生抗性而防治根结线虫病害[31]。独岛枝芽孢杆菌(Virgibacillus dokdonensis)MCCC 1A00493产生的4-乙烯基苯酚对线虫具有触杀、熏杀、卵孵化抑制作用,并且在高浓度下对根结线虫具有趋避作用,低浓度下对根结线虫具有诱杀作用[32]。多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)KM2501-1产生的环二肽类物质cyclo(Pro-Phe)是一个具有杀线虫活性物质,其可能通过破坏线虫肠道杀死线虫[33]。蜡质芽孢杆菌(B. cereus) AR156能够调控一些与脱落酸、乙烯、热激蛋白相关的基因,诱导植物抵抗根结线虫的侵染[34]。枯草芽孢杆菌(B. subtilis)RB.DL.28产生的磺胺醋酰与羟基甲硝唑在触杀根结线虫J2时起着至关重要的作用[35]。本研究发现解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556对南方根结线虫J2具有较强的触杀活性并显著抑制卵的孵化,并与处理时间呈正相关。因此,还需深入探索解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556产生的代谢产物、鉴定杀线虫活性物质并解析防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病的机制。
芽孢杆菌既可以有效防控植物病害,又对植物的生长具有促进作用[36]。种子萌发试验和盆栽试验表明,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(B. velezensis)WB对西瓜植株的生长有促进作用,且具有产生长素与纤维素酶及解磷、解钾和固氮的能力[37]。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(B. velezensis)ZF513灌根处理黄瓜苗后,植株株高、茎粗、地上鲜重及干重、地下鲜重及干重、根冠比和壮苗指数均显著增加,有效提升了幼苗的生物量[38]。暹罗芽孢杆菌(B. siamensis)G19-1能够显著增加辣椒植株的地上部鲜重、根鲜重、地上部干重、根干重以及株高,且菌株的溶磷、解钾、固氮、产赤霉素和IAA能力与辣椒植株地上鲜重、地上干重以及根干重之间呈显著正相关[39]。特基拉芽孢杆菌(B. tequilensis)YB-1145具有分泌β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、蛋白酶、IAA和溶解无机磷的能力,可有效提高小麦根长、株高、鲜重[40]。本研究发现,在温室和田间条件下,解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556显著增加黄瓜植株的株高、鲜重等生长指标。然而,解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556促进黄瓜植株生长产生的活性物质以及机制还需进一步研究。
使用生防菌剂灌根处理植株是防治植物病害的有效方法之一[41]。解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens)Sneb709通过灌根处理,在室内盆栽和田间环境下对番茄根结线虫的防效分别为66.85%和52.94%,且能促进番茄植株生长以及提高果实数量与质量[42]。坚强芽孢杆菌(B. firmus) WP通过灌根处理,在盆栽和田间条件下均能促进番茄的生长,并且有效防治番茄根结线虫病,防效大于45.00%[43]。解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens)GHt-q6通过灌根处理,在田间条件下对黄瓜根围土壤中线虫的虫口密度都有不同程度的抑制作用,防效达到43.42%,比对照药剂防效高7.61%[44]。本研究发现,解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556灌根处理黄瓜植株后,在温室和田间条件下均能有效防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病,且防效高于药剂处理。因此,在生产实践中,灌根的方法是解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556防治根结线虫病的可选择施用方法之一。
本研究筛选并鉴定出对南方根结线虫J2具有较高触杀活性的2株菌株解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556。它们不仅能够有效抑制卵孵化,不影响黄瓜种子萌发,促进胚根生长,且在盆栽和田间条件下有效防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病并促进黄瓜植株生长。解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B. proteolyticus) Sneb2550和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens) Sneb2556不仅为黄瓜根结线虫病提供了新的生防微生物资源,而且为开发生物农药奠定了理论基础。
  • 中国博士后科学基金特别资助(站中)项目(2022T150442)
  • 国家寄生虫资源库项目(NPRC-2019-194-30)
  • 辽宁省然科学基金面上项目(2024-MS-091)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2021M692234)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250106
  • 接收时间:2025-02-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-16
  • 录用日期:2025-04-10
基金
Special Funding Project of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Station)(2022T150442)
中国博士后科学基金特别资助(站中)项目(2022T150442)
National Parasitic Resource Bank Project of China(NPRC-2019-194-30)
国家寄生虫资源库项目(NPRC-2019-194-30)
Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation General Project(2024-MS-091)
辽宁省然科学基金面上项目(2024-MS-091)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M692234)
中国博士后科学基金(2021M692234)
作者信息
    1.沈阳农业大学 植物保护学院,辽宁 沈阳
    2.沈阳农业大学 生命科学与技术学院,辽宁 沈阳
    3.沈阳农业大学 理学院,辽宁 沈阳
    4.沈阳农业大学,分析测试中心,辽宁 沈阳

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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