Article(id=1226460579548807512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736092800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741190400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-06, onlineDate=1770340588700, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340588700, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340588700, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340588700, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3273, endPage=3286, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460579888546153, articleId=1226460579548807512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation of Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6 capable of degrading straw at low temperatures, columnId=1226460577816559897, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Microbiome in Black Soils, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] In view of the low decomposition rate of rice straw in black soil fields of cold regions, it is crucial to isolate lignin-degrading bacteria adaptive to low temperatures to enhance the straw degradation efficiency. [Methods] Soil samples were collected in winter, and the bacterial strains capable of degrading lignin were isolated by the streak-plate method with sodium lignosulfonate as a sole carbon source. The degradation conditions was carried out through optimized by single factor experiment sand response surface methodology. [Results] Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6 was isolated, exhibiting strong lignin-degrading activity in low-temperature environments (5-15 ℃). The culture conditions for strain screening were as follows: sodium lignosulfonate addition amount of 0.5 g/L, a peptone-to-yeast powder mass ratio of 5:1, initial pH 7.0, and a liquid loading volume of 80%. The optimal culture conditions for lignin degradation were determined as follows: sodium lignosulfonate addition amount of 0.3 g/L, a peptone-to-yeast powder mass ratio of 3.2:2.8, initial pH 5.3, and a liquid loading volume of 80%. Under these conditions, the lignin degradation rate increased from 12.33% to 15.78%, representing an increase of 21.9%. The results of the pot experiment showed that the control group (without inoculation) achieved a straw degradation rate of 27.0%, while the inoculation with strain BYAU-6 achieved a straw degradation rate of 37.5%, an increase of 38.89% compared with the control (P<0.05). [Conclusion] This study provides novel microbial resources for straw degradation in cold regions and valuable data for future research on lignin-degrading strains under low-temperature conditions.

, correspAuthors=Dan WEI, Weidong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: WANG Weidong,
WEI Dan,
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【目的】 针对寒地黑土区水稻秸秆还田时秸秆腐解速度慢的问题,筛选低温木质素降解细菌以破除木质素的阻碍,提升寒区秸秆还田后秸秆的降解效率。 【方法】 在冬季采集土壤样品,以木质素磺酸钠为唯一碳源,采用平板划线法分离纯培养菌株,并通过单因素试验及响应面试验对木质素降解条件进行优化。 【结果】 获得了一株能在15 ℃条件下降解木质素的细菌,命名为嗜冷假单胞菌(Pseudomonas psychrophila)BYAU-6。该菌在5-15 ℃范围内均具有较强的木质素降解能力。筛选培养条件为:木质素磺酸钠添加量0.5 g/L、蛋白胨与酵母粉质量比5:1、初始pH 7.0、装液量80%。优化后的木质素降解条件为:木质素磺酸钠添加量0.3 g/L、蛋白胨与酵母粉质量比3.2:2.8、初始pH 5.3、装液量80%。在此条件下,木质素降解率由12.33%上升到15.78%,比优化前提高了21.9%。盆栽试验研究结果显示,添加菌剂对秸秆还田效率有显著影响。不接菌的对照组秸秆降解率为27.0%,而接种菌株P. psychrophila BYAU-6处理后秸秆降解率提升至37.5%,秸秆降解率提升了38.89% (P<0.05)。 【结论】 本研究为寒区秸秆降解提供了新的微生物资源,并为后续低温木质素降解菌株的研究提供了数据参考。

, correspAuthors=魏丹, 王伟东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+DqJ6qyQNZht5/r8BzM3dg==, magXml=oYdfjCwEq7osYsDQbNCEzw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=rgk1WJkbv2ZSYRLpeCiQfg==, pdfFileSize=2485039, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=F7KpJuC9YW425vhwsY9PsQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=oqBFOjwm5eycBUh1H05Hrw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

范寒雪:研究构思设计、实验实施与验证、数据收集处理、论文撰写和修改;邹世杰:协助试验操作、软件程序处理;章圣龙:协助试验操作、验证;王敬红:研究构思设计、文章审阅;程琰:协助试验操作、方法讨论;邴文荣:协助试验操作;Aman Khan:论文讨论、文章审阅;魏丹:设计、论文讨论;王伟东:提出概念、研究构思与设计、论文修改与讨论、文章审阅。

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journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579548807512, language=CN, label=图9, caption=木质素磺酸钠添加量、蛋白胨与酵母粉添加比例、初始pH的交互作用对木质素降解率影响图, figureFileSmall=Ua96sPS4dgOiRkOqYizIiw==, figureFileBig=pcC9ykYUYk9pbJlFXFayjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300863483988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579548807512, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental design for condition optimization

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Loading of sodium lignosulfonate (g/L)Initial pHInoculation amount (%)Liquid loading volume (mL)Peptone:Yeast extract powder
0.13.05.0251:5
0.35.07.5302:4
0.57.010.0353:3
0.79.012.5404:2
0.911.015.0455:1
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条件优化试验设计

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Loading of sodium lignosulfonate (g/L)Initial pHInoculation amount (%)Liquid loading volume (mL)Peptone:Yeast extract powder
0.13.05.0251:5
0.35.07.5302:4
0.57.010.0353:3
0.79.012.5404:2
0.911.015.0455:1
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Box-Behnken test factor level table

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ComponentLevel
-10+1
A The addition amount of carbon source (g/L)0.10.30.5
B Peptone:Yeast extract powder2:43:34:2
C pH5.07.09.0
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Box-Behnken试验因素水平表

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ComponentLevel
-10+1
A The addition amount of carbon source (g/L)0.10.30.5
B Peptone:Yeast extract powder2:43:34:2
C pH5.07.09.0
), ArticleFig(id=1226596301442297986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579548807512, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of physiological and biochemical assays of Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6

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Test projectResults
Starch hydrolysis test+
Glucose utilization test+
Gelatin liquefaction test+
Catalase test+
Methyl red test+
Cellulose utilization test-
Hydrogen sulfide test-
Sucrose utilization test-
Mannitol utilization test-
Voges-Proskauer (V-P) test-
), ArticleFig(id=1226596301580710024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579548807512, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6生理生化试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test projectResults
Starch hydrolysis test+
Glucose utilization test+
Gelatin liquefaction test+
Catalase test+
Methyl red test+
Cellulose utilization test-
Hydrogen sulfide test-
Sucrose utilization test-
Mannitol utilization test-
Voges-Proskauer (V-P) test-
), ArticleFig(id=1226596301727510677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579548807512, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Box-Behnken trial design and results

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NumberFactor affectingDegradability (%)
A The addition amount of carbon source (g/L)B Peptone:Yeast extract powderC Initial pH
10.32:45.010.87
20.32:49.010.23
30.33:37.015.23
40.12:47.011.54
50.33:37.015.18
60.33:37.014.48
70.34:29.010.24
80.33:37.014.37
90.34:25.014.88
100.53:35.011.40
110.52:47.08.50
120.33:37.014.94
130.53:39.013.24
140.13:35.013.51
150.13:39.08.79
160.14:27.09.51
170.54:27.013.96
), ArticleFig(id=1226596301849145502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579548807512, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Box-Behnken试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberFactor affectingDegradability (%)
A The addition amount of carbon source (g/L)B Peptone:Yeast extract powderC Initial pH
10.32:45.010.87
20.32:49.010.23
30.33:37.015.23
40.12:47.011.54
50.33:37.015.18
60.33:37.014.48
70.34:29.010.24
80.33:37.014.37
90.34:25.014.88
100.53:35.011.40
110.52:47.08.50
120.33:37.014.94
130.53:39.013.24
140.13:35.013.51
150.13:39.08.79
160.14:27.09.51
170.54:27.013.96
), ArticleFig(id=1226596301966586024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579548807512, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

ANOVA of the regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceSum of squaresDegree of freedomMean squareFP
Model88.0699.7823.590.000 2
A: Culture temperature (℃)4.3714.3710.540.014 1
B: Initial pH6.4716.4715.590.005 5
C: Liquid loading volume (mL)10.83110.8326.110.001 4
AB12.74112.7430.720.009 0
AC10.76110.7625.940.001 4
BC4.5914.5911.050.012 7
A214.14114.1434.080.000 6
B221.67121.6752.240.000 2
C25.6215.6213.550.007 8
Residual term2.9070.414 8
Lack-of-fit term2.4440.609 33.920.145 3
Pure error0.466 230.155 4
Sum90.9716
), ArticleFig(id=1226596302071443637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579548807512, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

回归模型的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceSum of squaresDegree of freedomMean squareFP
Model88.0699.7823.590.000 2
A: Culture temperature (℃)4.3714.3710.540.014 1
B: Initial pH6.4716.4715.590.005 5
C: Liquid loading volume (mL)10.83110.8326.110.001 4
AB12.74112.7430.720.009 0
AC10.76110.7625.940.001 4
BC4.5914.5911.050.012 7
A214.14114.1434.080.000 6
B221.67121.6752.240.000 2
C25.6215.6213.550.007 8
Residual term2.9070.414 8
Lack-of-fit term2.4440.609 33.920.145 3
Pure error0.466 230.155 4
Sum90.9716
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嗜冷假单胞菌BYAU-6的分离及低温秸秆降解能力解析
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范寒雪 1 , 邹世杰 1 , 章圣龙 1, 4 , 王敬红 1 , 程琰 2 , 邴文荣 2 , Khan Aman 2 , 魏丹 3, * , 王伟东 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025,65(8): 3273-3286
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微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025, 65(8): 3273-3286
嗜冷假单胞菌BYAU-6的分离及低温秸秆降解能力解析
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范寒雪1, 邹世杰1, 章圣龙1, 4, 王敬红1, 程琰2, 邴文荣2, Khan Aman2, 魏丹3, * , 王伟东1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.黑龙江八一农垦大学 生命科学技术学院,黑龙江 大庆
  • 2.东北林业大学 生命科学学院,东北盐碱植被恢复与重建教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨
  • 3.北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所,北京
  • 4.黑龙江国宏节能环保有限公司,黑龙江 哈尔滨
Isolation of Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6 capable of degrading straw at low temperatures
Hanxue FAN1, Shijie ZOU1, Shenglong ZHANG1, 4, Jinghong WANG1, Yan CHENG2, Wenrong BING2, Khan Aman2, Dan WEI3, * , Weidong WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
  • 3.Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 4.Heilongjiang Guohong Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Co. , Ltd. , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250015
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【目的】 针对寒地黑土区水稻秸秆还田时秸秆腐解速度慢的问题,筛选低温木质素降解细菌以破除木质素的阻碍,提升寒区秸秆还田后秸秆的降解效率。 【方法】 在冬季采集土壤样品,以木质素磺酸钠为唯一碳源,采用平板划线法分离纯培养菌株,并通过单因素试验及响应面试验对木质素降解条件进行优化。 【结果】 获得了一株能在15 ℃条件下降解木质素的细菌,命名为嗜冷假单胞菌(Pseudomonas psychrophila)BYAU-6。该菌在5-15 ℃范围内均具有较强的木质素降解能力。筛选培养条件为:木质素磺酸钠添加量0.5 g/L、蛋白胨与酵母粉质量比5:1、初始pH 7.0、装液量80%。优化后的木质素降解条件为:木质素磺酸钠添加量0.3 g/L、蛋白胨与酵母粉质量比3.2:2.8、初始pH 5.3、装液量80%。在此条件下,木质素降解率由12.33%上升到15.78%,比优化前提高了21.9%。盆栽试验研究结果显示,添加菌剂对秸秆还田效率有显著影响。不接菌的对照组秸秆降解率为27.0%,而接种菌株P. psychrophila BYAU-6处理后秸秆降解率提升至37.5%,秸秆降解率提升了38.89% (P<0.05)。 【结论】 本研究为寒区秸秆降解提供了新的微生物资源,并为后续低温木质素降解菌株的研究提供了数据参考。

低温  /  木质素  /  秸秆  /  生物降解  /  降解条件优化

[Objective] In view of the low decomposition rate of rice straw in black soil fields of cold regions, it is crucial to isolate lignin-degrading bacteria adaptive to low temperatures to enhance the straw degradation efficiency. [Methods] Soil samples were collected in winter, and the bacterial strains capable of degrading lignin were isolated by the streak-plate method with sodium lignosulfonate as a sole carbon source. The degradation conditions was carried out through optimized by single factor experiment sand response surface methodology. [Results] Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6 was isolated, exhibiting strong lignin-degrading activity in low-temperature environments (5-15 ℃). The culture conditions for strain screening were as follows: sodium lignosulfonate addition amount of 0.5 g/L, a peptone-to-yeast powder mass ratio of 5:1, initial pH 7.0, and a liquid loading volume of 80%. The optimal culture conditions for lignin degradation were determined as follows: sodium lignosulfonate addition amount of 0.3 g/L, a peptone-to-yeast powder mass ratio of 3.2:2.8, initial pH 5.3, and a liquid loading volume of 80%. Under these conditions, the lignin degradation rate increased from 12.33% to 15.78%, representing an increase of 21.9%. The results of the pot experiment showed that the control group (without inoculation) achieved a straw degradation rate of 27.0%, while the inoculation with strain BYAU-6 achieved a straw degradation rate of 37.5%, an increase of 38.89% compared with the control (P<0.05). [Conclusion] This study provides novel microbial resources for straw degradation in cold regions and valuable data for future research on lignin-degrading strains under low-temperature conditions.

low temperature  /  lignin  /  straw  /  biodegradation  /  optimization of degradation conditions
范寒雪, 邹世杰, 章圣龙, 王敬红, 程琰, 邴文荣, Khan Aman, 魏丹, 王伟东. 嗜冷假单胞菌BYAU-6的分离及低温秸秆降解能力解析. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3273 -3286 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250015
Hanxue FAN, Shijie ZOU, Shenglong ZHANG, Jinghong WANG, Yan CHENG, Wenrong BING, Khan Aman, Dan WEI, Weidong WANG. Isolation of Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6 capable of degrading straw at low temperatures[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3273 -3286 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250015
秸秆是世界上储量最丰富的可再生资源之一[1]。秸秆中含有氮、磷、钾等多种元素,具有多种用途[2]。然而,目前大部分秸秆被用于燃烧以产生热能和电能,甚至还有部分被直接丢弃[3]。这种处理方式不仅会造成环境污染[4],还会导致有机物流失,进而使土壤肥力下降。秸秆还田能够为土壤中的微生物提供碳源,提升土壤肥力和质量,减少化肥的施用量,缓解土地板结,从而达到保护黑土地的目的[5]。然而,寒区秸秆的利用面临诸多挑战,其中最主要的是寒区作物收获集中在秋季。冬季寒冷且漫长,低温环境会抑制微生物的生长,限制微生物活性,减缓秸秆的自然降解过程。因此,提高低温条件下秸秆的降解效率意义重大。
在秸秆还田时,加入富含分解秸秆的微生物菌群可显著提高秸秆降解效率[6]。木质素的高分子量和复杂的化学结构限制了微生物纤维素酶和半纤维素酶的可及性[7],因此突破木质素的限制是加速秸秆分解的重要环节。据报道,有学者从腐木中筛选得到以类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等为核心菌株组成的菌群LDH,该菌群在50 ℃的培养温度下培养10 d,木质素降解率可达32.4%[8]。另有学者通过在芦苇湿地中筛选得到由厌氧支原体菌属(Anaerocolumna)、索氏菌属(Thauera)等构成的菌系LDC,该菌系在32 ℃下培养7 d后,木质素最大降解率为44.5%[9]。虽然这些菌群的木质素降解效率较高,但高温和常温微生物在低温下难以启动并发挥作用。低温木质素降解菌株能够在较低温度下保持活跃,通过筛选和利用低温木质纤维素分解菌可以显著提高秸秆的降解效率。例如,芽孢杆菌SDB-20在10-16 ℃时酶活最高,而在28 ℃和37 ℃时酶活显著降低,在16 ℃下培养15 d后秸秆降解率为24.6%[10]。嗜冷杆菌菌群CHL-A在10-20 ℃条件下对玉米秸秆中纤维素的降解效果最佳,其中在10 ℃下降解率达到30.3%[11]。芽孢八叠球菌在15 ℃条件下培养8 d后,木质素降解率为20.8%[12]。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌在15 ℃时Lip和Lac酶活力最高,而Mnp在20 ℃时酶活力最高,其次为15 ℃,在15 °C条件下固态发酵时,木质素降解率达36.14%[13]。这些低温菌株的低温适应性更强,使其在低温环境中仍能保持较高的活性,对于节约能源和降低成本具有潜在优势。在东北黑土区秸秆还田的研究中,使用低温菌剂能够增加土壤微生物多样性及碳、氮含量[14]
低温木质素降解菌的研究和应用对于提高寒区秸秆的利用效率具有重要的科学和实践价值。尽管已有相关研究,但目前的研究仍存在一些不足。例如,大多数研究仅在实验室条件下测定降解率,未充分考虑实际还田场景中可能遇到的问题,如经过冷冻期后微生物是否仍具有活性,以及破除木质素障碍后对还田过程中秸秆降解率的实际提升效果如何等。本研究从冬季东北的土壤中分离低温木质素降解细菌,通过优化菌株的木质素降解条件,充分挖掘菌株潜力;通过适温性试验,证明嗜冷假单胞菌(Pseudomonas psychrophila)BYAU-6在低温条件下降解木质素的能力;通过冷冻试验,证明该菌株在冷冻后仍能保持高效降解木质素的能力,并进行模拟秸秆还田试验,旨在为寒冷地区秸秆快速降解提供新的菌种资源。
于黑龙江省大庆市多年秸秆还田农田 (125°14′7.521′′E,46°33′5.491′′N;年平均气温5.6 ℃)进行样品采集,采用无菌密封袋带回实验室低温保存。
无机盐培养基(minimal salt medium, MSM) (g/L):NaNO3 2.5,KH2PO4 1.0,NaCl 0.5,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5,琼脂20,CaCl2 0.1,木质素磺酸钠0.5,微量元素混合液1 mL/L,pH 7.0。
蛋白胨纤维素(peptone-cellulose solution, PCS)培养基:蛋白胨5.0 g/L,NaCl 5 g/L,CaCO3 2.0 g/L,酵母粉1.0 g/L,木质素磺酸钠0.5 g/L。
将5 g新鲜采集的土壤样品放入MSM培养基中,15 ℃、150 r/min培养1 h得到土壤悬液,将土壤悬液按10%接种量接入MSM培养基中,15 ℃、150 r/min培养7 d。将培养液梯度稀释至10-5、10-6、10-7后进行涂布,待菌落形成后挑选形态不同的菌落进行划线分离纯化,分离纯化3次后接入PCS培养基中进行液体培养[12]。在PCS培养基中加入苯胺蓝,将培养好的菌液涂布于平板上,4 d后观察苯胺蓝褪色情况。
将筛选得到的菌种进行革兰氏染色[15],并置于电子显微镜下观察。
形态学及生理生化特性研究参考《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》[16]和《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》[17]的研究方法,对菌株分别进行淀粉水解试验、明胶液化试验、V-P试验、甲基红试验、硫化氢产气试验、柠檬酸盐试验、葡萄糖氧化发酵试验、碳源利用试验、接触酶利用试验,对菌株进行生理生化特性研究。
菌液经离心、漂洗、梯度脱水、干燥、喷金等操作[18]后,置于扫描电子显微镜下观察,采集图像并进行分析。
利用PCR扩增单菌落的16S rRNA基因序列,引物为细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)。PCR反应体系(25 μL):2×Phanta Max Mix (p515) 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板0.5 µL,ddH2O 10 µL。PCR反应条件:95 °C预变性5 min;95 °C变性30 s,60 °C退火30 s,72 °C延伸2 min,35个循环;72 °C终延伸5 min。将纯化后的产物送至上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司进行测序。使用NCBI BLAST程序将测序结果与数据库中的序列进行比对,确定与目标菌株相似性最高的菌属,并构建系统发育树。
Pseudomonas psychrophile BYAU-6分别置于5、10、15、20、25、30 ℃条件下进行静置培养,7 d后测定其木质素的降解率,选择降解率最高的温度进行后续试验。
木质素磺酸钠在紫外光区205 nm和280 nm左右有较强的吸收峰,其中280 nm光区木质素磺酸钠的吸收相对稳定且干扰较少,其吸光值与木质素磺酸钠的浓度在一定范围内呈现良好的线性关系。因此,可在280 nm下测定其吸光值,绘制标准曲线(R2>0.999),再根据标准曲线方程计算出样品中剩余木质素磺酸钠的浓度。每隔24 h取样,样品12 000 r/min离心2 min后取上清,通过紫外分光光度计测定浓度并记录数值,每次取样设置3个重复(下同)。
将紫外分光光度计波长设置为600 nm,用无菌培养基作为对照,测定单菌生长量。每隔24 h在无菌状态下取样,取培养0-7 d的菌液测定吸光值,并绘制生长曲线。
利用pH计(Horiba公司)测定复合单菌在生长过程中pH的变化情况。取培养0-7 d的菌液,每次取样设置3个重复,测定其pH值,并绘制pH变化曲线。
木质素过氧化物酶(lignin peroxidase, LiP)和锰过氧化物酶(manganese peroxidase, MnP)酶活性测定参照Chen等[19]的方法。漆酶(laccase, Lac)酶活性测定参照Nakagawa等[20]的方法。
菌株原培养条件:在50 mL锥形瓶中装入40 mL的PCS培养基,培养基中木质素磺酸钠浓度为0.5 g/L,蛋白胨与酵母浸粉添加比例为5:1,将初始pH调至7.0。在121 ℃灭菌30 min后,按10%的接种量进行接种,最后在培养温度为15 ℃下进行培养。
根据表1中的条件,每次只改变一个因素,培养7 d后测定其对木质素磺酸钠的降解率,以此确定最佳蛋白胨与酵母粉的添加比例。
在单因素试验的基础上,利用Design Expert 8.0.6.1软件,选择其中的Plackett-Burman试验设计,可快速从碳源添加量(0.1、0.5 g/L)、初始pH (5.0、9.0)、接种量(10%、15%)、装液量(70%、90%)和蛋白胨与酵母浸粉添加比例(2:4、4:2) 5个因素中筛选出对单菌木质素降解率影响最显著的因素。
以Plackett-Burman试验筛选得到的对木质素降解率影响显著的因素:培养温度(A)、初始pH (B)、装液量(C)为设计因素,以木质素降解率为响应值,其范围见表2所示。利用Design Expert 8.0.6.1软件中的Box-Behnken试验设计进行响应面优化,根据软件设计条件进行培养并测定木质素降解率,最终确定最佳降解条件后进行验证。
将菌株装入2 mL EP管中,首先将种子液放入4 ℃进行适应性培养24 h,然后放入-20 ℃进行耐冻实验培养24 h,再放入4 ℃进行复苏培养24 h,最后作为种子液接入PCS+木质素培养基中,在15 ℃下培养7 d,测定降解率。
将玉米秸秆粉碎,粒径为2 cm。试验所用土壤自然晾晒,过筛去除杂质(石子或植物残体等)。将粉碎后的玉米秸秆20 g (模拟玉米秸秆全量还田400 kg/667 m2)装入涤纶布袋,调节含水率为30%左右后,用移液枪吸取与秸秆质量比为10%的菌液(2 mL)充分混合,然后均匀放入涤纶布袋中。对照组不接种菌液,直接放入涤纶布袋中。将装有秸秆和土壤的涤纶布袋垂直埋入盆栽土层中,盆栽试验时间为2023年9月15日至2024年9月15日,全年室外温度范围为-27-31 ℃,其中温度在5-20 ℃范围内的时段共175 d。试验结束后取出秸秆,使用失重法测定降解率。
将土壤悬液通过浓度梯度稀释涂布的方法接种到MSM+木质素磺酸钠培养基中,在15 ℃下培养4 d后,挑选不同形态的菌落,获得1株能够在筛选培养基上稳定传代的菌株,命名为F2。菌株降解木质素磺酸钠主要依靠产生锰过氧化物酶、漆酶和木质素过氧化物酶,其中木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶会使苯胺蓝褪色。将F2涂布至苯胺蓝培养基上培养,观察到F2可以使苯胺蓝培养基褪色(图1),初步推断其具有降解木质素磺酸钠的能力。
图2A所示,F2的单菌落呈圆形,中间有圆形凹陷,表面光滑,直径为4 mm。革兰氏染色结果为红色,即革兰氏阴性细菌。如图2B所示,F2为长度0.3 μm、宽度0.1 μm的杆菌。
菌株生理生化试验结果如表3所示,BYAU-6可以利用葡萄糖,水解淀粉和明胶,过氧化氢酶反应、甲基红试验为阳性。菌株不能分解利用蔗糖、甘露醇、纤维素,硫化氢产气试验、V-P试验为阴性。
根据测序结果,将上述菌株的序列在NCBI BLAST数据库中进行比对,并下载与各个菌株亲缘性相近的标准菌株序列,使用MEGA 11软件构建菌株系统发育树(图3)。将测序得到的序列在NCBI BLAST数据库中比对,F2与Pseudomonas psychrophila E-3最为相似,相似度为99.45%。结合形态学和生理生化特性,初步判断该菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)。因此,将F2命名为Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6。同时,菌株Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6的核酸序列已提交至NMDC数据库,获得的核酸序列编号为NMDCN0006LU0。
Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6接种至PCS+木质素培养基中,设置温度分别为5、10、15、20、25、30 ℃进行静置培养,7 d后测定其木质素的降解率。如图4所示,Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6在5 ℃和10 ℃条件下的降解能力较强,15 ℃时降解能力最强,20 ℃时木质素降解能力减弱,25-30 ℃时无降解能力。因此,判断该菌为嗜冷木质素降解菌,选择降解能力最强的15 ℃进行后续试验。
图5所示,将Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6置于15 ℃条件下培养,在24 h内几乎不降解木质素。第5天时,木质素含量为147.04 mg/L,降解率为12.33%。之后至第7天,降解率基本不变,木质素降解基本结束,此时木质素含量为146.86 mg/L,而不接菌的纯培养基中木质素含量基本不变。
图6所示,将Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6置于15 ℃条件下,在PCS+木质素磺酸钠培养基中培养,CK为不接种菌株的空白培养基。Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6的OD600值变化趋势为:0-1 d迅速升高至0.84后稳定,第3天再次上升至0.94,之后趋于平稳。至第7天培养结束时,OD600值为0.95。由此表明,Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6可在低温环境下快速生长。
图7所示,将Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6置于15 ℃条件下培养,CK为不接种菌株的空白培养基,其pH值变化趋势为:0-3 d缓慢上升至7.99,3-5 d快速上升至8.32,之后趋于平稳,最终pH为8.33,而不接菌的培养基pH基本不变。
Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6置于15 ℃条件下进行培养3种酶的活力达到峰值的时间不同,分别在4-6 d达到顶峰(图8)。
Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6的漆酶活力在接种后的前24 h为15.15 U/mL,第3天时达到最高值36.63 U/mL,之后开始降低,至第7天培养结束时为3.52 U/mL。木质素过氧化物酶在培养24 h时活力为53.29 U/mL,到第 6天达到最高值164.47 U/mL,第7天培养结束时为83.55 U/mL。锰过氧化物酶的变化趋势为先上升后下降,接种后的前24 h为65.14 U/mL,第5天达到最高值177.04 U/mL,第7天培养结束时为47.07 U/mL。
当木质素磺酸钠添加量在0.1-0.3 g/L之间时,降解率逐渐上升;当添加量在0.3-0.9 g/L之间时,降解率逐渐下降。在木质素磺酸钠添加量为0.3 g/L时,降解率最高,为14.86%。因此,选择0.1-0.5 g/L碳源添加量进行后续试验。
当初始pH在3.0-7.0之间时,降解率逐渐上升;当初始pH在7.0-11.0之间,降解率逐渐下降。在初始pH为7.0时,降解率最高,为13.69%。因此,选择初始pH 5.0-9.0进行后续试验。
当接种量在5%-12.5%之间时,降解率逐渐上升;当接种量在12.5%-15%之间时,降解率逐渐下降。在接种量为12.5%时,降解率最高,为11.74%。因此,选择接种量10%-15%进行后续试验。
当装液量在25-40 mL之间时,木质素降解率逐渐上升;当装液量在40-45 mL之间时,降解率稳定。在装液量为40 mL时,降解率最高,为11.86%。因此,选择装液量35-45 mL进行后续试验。
蛋白胨与酵母粉添加比例在2:4-4:2时降解率较高,当比例为3:3时,降解率最高,为14.58%。因此,选择蛋白胨与酵母粉添加比例2:4、3:3、4:2进行后续试验。
通过Plackett-Burman筛选单因素试验分析,相关系数R2为0.948 4,具有显著性影响(P<0.05)的因素为木质素磺酸钠添加量、蛋白胨与酵母粉添加比例、初始pH、装液量。接种量对木质素磺酸钠降解率无显著性影响。由于装液量90%存在灭菌风险,因此排除。
根据Plackett-Burman试验设计结果,选择对木质素降解率影响较大的3个因素:A木质素磺酸钠添加量(0.1、0.3、0.5 g/L)、B初始pH (5.0、7.0、9.0)、C蛋白胨:酵母粉(2:4、3:3、4:2)为自变量,以木质素降解率为响应值。根据Box-Behnken试验设计进行三因素三水平试验分析,共17个试验点,试验结果见表4。利用响应面软件进行分析,建立回归方程实际模型为:木质素降解率(%)=-1.718 14-(-11.872 81)×A+14.010 938×B+3.089 96×C+11.581 58×A×B+ 4.100 00×A×C-0.694 737×B×C-45.854 53×A2-4.572 64×B2-0.289 170×C2。对回归模型进行方差分析,结果如表5所示,该模型的P值为0.000 2<0.05,说明该回归方程极显著且相关性较好。失拟项的P值为0.145 3>0.05,说明该方程与试验的拟合程度较好。因此,该回归方程可用于分析单菌降解木质素的理论预测,具有可靠性。
采用Design-Expert 8.0.6.1软件绘制响应面图,分析木质素磺酸钠添加量、蛋白胨与酵母粉添加比例、初始pH之间的相互作用对低温木质素降解率的影响。图9为试验因素和响应值构成的等高线图和三维响应面图。等高线图为椭圆形,三维响应面图倾斜的坡度较大,说明各因素之间的相互作用对木质素降解率的影响较为显著。
根据响应面软件分析,木质素的最佳降解条件为:木质素磺酸钠添加量0.308 g/L、初始pH 5.337、蛋白胨与酵母粉添加比例3.18:2.82,此时模型预测的木质素降解率为15.09%。将优化后的降解条件修正为:木质素磺酸钠添加量0.3 g/L、蛋白胨与酵母粉添加比例3.2:2.8、初始pH 5.3、装液量40 mL。在此条件下,木质素降解率达到15.78%,比优化前(12.33%)提高了21.9%,说明模型预测合理,具有实际应用价值。
经过24 h冷冻后活化的菌株接种于培养基中,在15 ℃下培养7 d后,测得降解率为10.76%。结果表明,该菌株经过冷冻后仍具备降解木质素的能力。该菌株在东北秋季秸秆还田时加入即可发挥作用,经过冬季仍可存活,第二年春天解冻后可继续降解秸秆,具有实际应用价值。
Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6处理后,接菌处理和不接菌处理的秸秆降解率分别为37.5%和27.0%。接菌处理的秸秆降解率比对照组提升了38.89% (P<0.05,降解率提升显著)。实际应用结果表明,添加菌剂Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6对秸秆还田具有显著的促进作用,具有重要的实际应用价值。
为提高东北黑土区秸秆还田效率,开展低温秸秆降解菌的研究具有重要意义。以往研究表明,添加秸秆降解菌剂可以促进秸秆中木质纤维素的降解[21]。例如,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)[10]、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)[11]和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)[22]等菌株均具有低温秸秆降解能力。然而,这些研究均未探讨菌株经过低温冷冻后再复苏是否仍具有降解能力,而这一点在实际应用中尤为重要。本研究从实际应用出发,筛选获得了一株假单胞菌属的Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6。通过冷冻试验证明,该菌株能够在东北冬季存活并保持活性。适温性试验结果表明,Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6在低温条件下可以快速生长,在5-20 ℃的温度范围内均表现出降解能力,且在15 ℃时降解能力最强,说明该菌株对低温环境具有良好的适应性,能够在较宽的低温范围内发挥降解作用,这对于寒区秸秆降解具有重要意义。破除木质素的阻碍可以进一步提高秸秆利用效率。韩东晶[23]筛选出的R.ornithinolytica RS-1在25 ℃条件下培养3 d,木质素降解率达到24.21%;尽管该研究针对木质素降解,但秸秆中木质素含量较低,降解木质素的目的是促进纤维素和半纤维素的降解从而加速秸秆还田过程。本研究通过在黑龙江省低温模拟还田中添加Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6,结果显示添加菌剂的处理较CK秸秆降解率提升了38.89%,证明Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6能够加速秸秆中木质素的降解,促进秸秆的腐解,可为寒区秸秆还田提供具有实际应用价值的菌种资源。
张亚莉等[22]从木质素降解复合菌系中、郭春生等[24]从玉米芯、玉米秸秆和葡萄梗中筛选得到同为假单胞菌属的Pseudomonas guguanensis,在25-37 ℃的发酵中均表现良好,证明该菌属对木质素具有较强的降解能力,且培养条件简单、环境适应性强;进一步说明筛选目标菌株应优先从自然富集的环境中进行,本研究采样地点为多年秸秆还田农田,该环境天然富集了大量的秸秆降解菌株,且采样当年平均温度为5.6 ℃,为低温木质素降解菌株的生长繁殖提供了有利条件,也为筛选目标菌株创造了得天独厚的优势,最终成功筛选到所需菌株。在酶活力方面,Pseudomonas guguanensis[22]的锰过氧化物酶酶活性最高,木质素过氧化物酶次之,漆酶最弱。本研究中,Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6通过分泌漆酶、过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶对木质素进行降解,从而促进秸秆降解。
本研究筛选到一株低温木质素降解菌Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6,对其降解条件进行优化后,木质素降解率达到15.78%,比优化前提高了21.9%。试验证明Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6在冷冻后仍保持降解能力,表现出极强的抗寒抗逆性。经过一年的添加菌剂对秸秆还田效率影响试验,Pseudomonas psychrophila BYAU-6对秸秆还田降解具有显著的促进作用,为后续相关研究提供了菌种资源。
  • 国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金(U22A20444)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1500501-01)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2572023CT08)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250015
  • 接收时间:2025-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-06
  • 录用日期:2025-03-06
基金
Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20444)
国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金(U22A20444)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1500501-01)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1500501-01)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572023CT08)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2572023CT08)
作者信息
    1.黑龙江八一农垦大学 生命科学技术学院,黑龙江 大庆
    2.东北林业大学 生命科学学院,东北盐碱植被恢复与重建教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨
    3.北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所,北京
    4.黑龙江国宏节能环保有限公司,黑龙江 哈尔滨

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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