Article(id=1226460579330700197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737302400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1742400000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-20, onlineDate=1770340588647, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340588647, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340588647, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340588647, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3643, endPage=3656, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460580232475586, articleId=1226460579330700197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Construction and biological characterization of three virulence-related gene deletion mutants of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is the pathogen of visceral white spot disease in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). At present, the pathogenic mechanism of P. plecoglossicida has been partially understood, and some effective vaccines have been screened, whereas no commercial vaccine has been developed. [Objective] To deepen the understanding about the pathogenic mechanism and develop efficient attenuated live vaccines of P. plecoglossicida. [Methods] We targeted luxR and the RNA polymerase σ factor gene rpoE associated with quorum sensing to construct deletion mutants of P. plecoglossicida NB2011 by double homologous recombination. In addition, the strain ΔT6SS1ΔluxR with deletion of both the type VI secretion system 1 (T6SS1) gene and luxR was constructed. The biological characteristics and virulence of the mutants were analyzed. The relative percent of survival of fish after vaccination with the double deletion mutant was investigated. [Results] We successfully constructedΔluxR, ΔT6SS1ΔluxR, and ΔrpoE. Compared with the wild type, none of the three mutants showed significant changes in the growth rate, swarming ability or swimming ability, while ΔluxR and ΔT6SS1ΔluxR showed significant decreases in biofilm formation. The internalization, adsorption, and intracellular proliferation of the mutants in mouse macrophages were observed. All the three mutants could survive in J774A.1 macrophages and showed lower proliferation capacities than the wild type. Compared with the wild type, the two single mutants showed significantly reduced virulence to goldfish (Carassius auratus) after intraperitoneal injection at a concentration of 1.0×107 cells/mL. The double deletion mutant ΔT6SS1ΔluxR showed no virulence when challenging goldfish at the same dose, with the LD50>108 cells/mL. In the immune protection experiment, the goldfish was vaccinated with ΔT6SS1ΔluxR, and the fish was artificially challenged with the wild type 28 days later. The relative percent of survival reached 78.60%, which indicated effective protection. [Conclusion] In this study, three gene deletion mutants were successfully constructed, and the virulence of the mutants was significantly decreased. Among them, ΔT6SS1ΔluxR is expected to be a candidate strain for the development of the attenuated live vaccine against P. plecoglossicida infection.

, correspAuthors=Zhijuan MAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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杀香鱼假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida)是大黄鱼内脏白点病的致病菌,目前对该菌的致病机制已有一定了解,并筛选出部分有效疫苗,但尚无商品化疫苗问世。 【目的】 深入研究该菌的致病机制,开发高效的杀香鱼假单胞菌弱毒活疫苗。 【方法】 以亲本株杀香鱼假单胞菌NB2011为基础,采用双同源重组法,选择与群体感应系统(quorum sensing, QS)相关的luxR基因、σ因子rpoE基因进行敲除,构建缺失突变株;同时构建主要毒力因子六型分泌系统(T6SS1)与luxR基因联合缺失株ΔT6SS1ΔluxR。对缺失突变株进行生物学特征检测、毒力特性分析及对金鱼的免疫保护率评估。 【结果】 成功构建缺失突变菌株ΔluxR、ΔT6SS1ΔluxR及ΔrpoE。与野生株相比,3株缺失突变株的生长速度、泳动能力以及游泳能力未表现出显著差异;ΔluxR、ΔT6SS1ΔluxR两突变株的生物膜形成能力显著降低。观察不同菌株对小鼠巨噬细胞J774A.1的内化、吸附和胞内增殖现象,发现3株缺失突变株均能在巨噬细胞中存活,但增殖能力明显低于野生株。以1.0×107 cells/mL的浓度腹腔注射人工感染草金鱼,与野生株相比,2株单突变株对鱼体的毒力表现了明显的降低;相同剂量的双突变株ΔT6SS1ΔluxR攻击草金鱼未表现出毒力,其对草金鱼的LD50>108 cells/mL。选择双突变株ΔT6SS1ΔluxR注射接种草金鱼,28 d后用野生株进行人工攻击,免疫保护率为78.60%,达到有效保护水平。 【结论】 本研究成功构建了3株毒力基因缺失突变株,突变株的毒力明显下降,其中ΔT6SS1ΔluxR株有望作为开发杀香鱼假单胞菌弱毒活疫苗的候选株。

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作者贡献声明

贾婷婷:实验方案设计、数据处理、实验操作、初稿写作;池宇:实验操作、数据处理;李珊珊:数据管理、实验操作;陈吉刚:监督指导、审查;毛芝娟:方案设计、项目管理、监督指导、审查和编辑写作。

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Frontiers in Immunology, 2019, 10: 2292., articleTitle=A comparison of the innate and adaptive immune systems in cartilaginous fish, ray-finned fish, and lobe-finned fish, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226596304453812984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, awardId=2023S005, language=EN, fundingSource=Ningbo Key Projects of Public Welfare Science and Technology Plan(2023S005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596304562864896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, awardId=2023S005, language=CN, fundingSource=宁波市公益性科技计划重点项目(2023S005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226596293636702394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596293645091006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, companyId=1226596293636702394, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596293653479613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, companyId=1226596293636702394, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江万里学院 生物与环境学院,浙江 宁波)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226596300053987876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Amplification and fusion of upstream and downstream fragments of the rpoE gene. A: Amplification of the upstream and downstream fragments of rpoE (Lane 1, 2: A fragment; Lane 4, 5: B fragment); B: Fusion of the upstream and downstream fragments of rpoE (Lane 1: Fusion AB fragment; Lane M: DL5000 DNA marker)., figureFileSmall=5QmWlJCue6XMAa9nmHgqfQ==, figureFileBig=TL6bKjjFdMTU6Vd2mX02lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300179817006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=CN, label=图1, caption=rpoE 基因上下游片段的扩增与融合。A:rpoE上下游片段的扩增(泳道1、2:A片段;泳道4、5:B片段);B:rpoE上、下游片段的融合(泳道1:AB融合片段;泳道M:DL5000 DNA marker)。, figureFileSmall=5QmWlJCue6XMAa9nmHgqfQ==, figureFileBig=TL6bKjjFdMTU6Vd2mX02lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300322423358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Detection of rpoE insertion mutants. A: Primers rpoE-wS/rpoE-wA assay; B: Primers rpoE-dS/rpoE-dA assay. Lanes 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10: Positive clones; Lane 11: NB2011 was used as a negative control; Lane 12: Blank control; Lane M: DL5000 DNA marker., figureFileSmall=478h6G/Yy67WaWflTOq8oA==, figureFileBig=pNPfQsLmMLbYcCBRVgOBoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300418892354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=CN, label=图2, caption=rpoE 插入突变株检测。A:采用引物rpoE-wS/rpoE-wA检测结果;B:采用引物rpoE-dS/rpoE-dA检测结果。泳道1、3、4、6、7、8、9、10:阳性克隆;泳道11:以NB2011为阴性对照;泳道12:空白对照;泳道M:DL5000 DNA marker。, figureFileSmall=478h6G/Yy67WaWflTOq8oA==, figureFileBig=pNPfQsLmMLbYcCBRVgOBoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300544721485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Detection of rpoE deletion mutant. A: Primers rpoE-wS/rpoE-wA assay; B: Primers rpoE-dS/rpoE-dA assay. Lane 1: Positive clone; Lanes 2-5: Negative clones; Lane 6: NB2011 was used as a negative control; Lane 7: Blank control; Lane M: Lane DL5000 DNA marker., figureFileSmall=GhQ+HgjvioTMMg4UGPiQwg==, figureFileBig=6JuB7mqyq1IwiSoskuY6cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300712493654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=CN, label=图3, caption=rpoE 缺失突变株检测。A:采用引物rpoE-wS/rpoE-wA检测结果;B:采用引物rpoE-dS/rpoE-dA检测结果。泳道1:阳性克隆;泳道2-5:阴性克隆;泳道6:以NB2011为阴性对照;泳道7:空白对照;泳道M:DL5000 DNA marker。, figureFileSmall=GhQ+HgjvioTMMg4UGPiQwg==, figureFileBig=6JuB7mqyq1IwiSoskuY6cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300842517084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Bacterial growth curves of wild type and mutant strains., figureFileSmall=+9736kSxwCQDiHvTu8Nz7A==, figureFileBig=qRKYh+qprMkBpZwpvWfq+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301006094949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=CN, label=图4, caption=野生株和突变株的生长曲线, figureFileSmall=+9736kSxwCQDiHvTu8Nz7A==, figureFileBig=qRKYh+qprMkBpZwpvWfq+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301131924078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Detection of swarming ability of wild type and mutant strains. Data are expressed as mean±SD of three trials., figureFileSmall=KNj+FjHK/uHsjZdttEoE+g==, figureFileBig=zIYyWcCN0547mWPF/ECaqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301278724726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=CN, label=图5, caption=野生株与突变株泳动能力检测。数据以3次试验的均值±标准差表示。, figureFileSmall=KNj+FjHK/uHsjZdttEoE+g==, figureFileBig=zIYyWcCN0547mWPF/ECaqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301404553854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Swimming ability test for wild type and mutant strains. Data are expressed as mean±SD of three trials., figureFileSmall=3JAIJk+luuyFbLFvglf21w==, figureFileBig=BoqMo+MRZJarmTBIS4Kh6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301521994374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=CN, label=图6, caption=野生株与突变株游泳能力检测。数据以3次试验的均值±标准差表示。, figureFileSmall=3JAIJk+luuyFbLFvglf21w==, figureFileBig=BoqMo+MRZJarmTBIS4Kh6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301614269067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Detection of biofilm-forming capacity in wild type and mutant strains. Dc indicates negative control value; Data are expressed as mean±SD of three trials. **: Highly significant difference (P<0.01)., figureFileSmall=lO/F0Gw9Jl/3oq4yYd3rEA==, figureFileBig=j0RL1uU5eCoADO7zHTIQgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301819789973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=CN, label=图7, caption=野生株与突变株的生物膜形成能力。Dc为阴性值的2倍;数据以3次试验的均值±标准差表示;**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。, figureFileSmall=lO/F0Gw9Jl/3oq4yYd3rEA==, figureFileBig=j0RL1uU5eCoADO7zHTIQgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301933036190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Adhesion, internalization and replication of the wild type and mutants in J774A.1., figureFileSmall=ih38hSqw7zeB6cjToF3+Pg==, figureFileBig=nPj4WzpKYnNs+ztRy0CCBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302046282406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=CN, label=图8, caption=J774A.1中野生株与突变株的黏附、内化与增殖, figureFileSmall=ih38hSqw7zeB6cjToF3+Pg==, figureFileBig=nPj4WzpKYnNs+ztRy0CCBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302167917229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Survival rate of Carassius auratus after challenge with the wild type NB2011., figureFileSmall=5js/qM9qEQMOIm5QtTmlYA==, figureFileBig=cNX12TjRt8HXj9PhoNLtOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302251803319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=CN, label=图9, caption=突变株免疫实验鱼对人工攻击的保护率, figureFileSmall=5js/qM9qEQMOIm5QtTmlYA==, figureFileBig=cNX12TjRt8HXj9PhoNLtOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302352466621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Anatomy of the internal organs of Carassius auratus. A: Tissue anatomy of a healthy fish (The black arrow indicates the healthy spleen); B: Tissue anatomy of diseased fish (The white arrow indicates white nodules in the spleen)., figureFileSmall=TYURdDuz0bia4kR8L41EUQ==, figureFileBig=7sAlFwGv1bzpLAlBGzKCrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302490878662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=CN, label=图10, caption=草金鱼内脏解剖图。A:健康鱼组织解剖图(图中黑色箭头指示健康脾脏);B:患病鱼组织解剖图(图中白色箭头指示脾脏白点)。, figureFileSmall=TYURdDuz0bia4kR8L41EUQ==, figureFileBig=7sAlFwGv1bzpLAlBGzKCrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302599930574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)Amplicon size (bp)
luxR-MF1GCTCTAGAAGGGTCAGGAAGCCGAAT529
luxR-MR1GGAATGGCTGTCAGATCAGCATCCGTTACTCCCTTGGT
luxR-MF2ACCAAGGGAGTAACGGATGCTGATCTGACAGCCATTCC585
luxR-MR2CCCAAGCTTGTACTTCTCCAGCAGGTC
rpoE-MF1GCTCTAGAGCCTCTTCATTGCACAGG686
rpoE-MR1GCTGTCTCAGGTTTCCTGCTGGGTTAGCATGAACAC
rpoE-MF2GTGTTCATGCTAACCCAGCAGGAAACCTGAGACAGC480
rpoE-MR2AAAACTGCAGGTTGCTCACTGCTCTCAC
luxR-wSCACCGAATACACCAGCTTGAT714/1 410
luxR-wAGGTACGCGATTCTACAGCG
luxR-dSCCGCAAGCTGAACAGGTT914/1 610
luxR-dACTTCTTCTGAGCCAGCGA
rpoE-wSCAGGTGGAACTCGAAACC897/1 539
rpoE-wACGACGCAATTCCAATTCG
rpoE-dSCTGCGTATCCGAAACCTG957/1 479
rpoE-dACCCTGGTAACTCTGCTTT
M13F(-47)CGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC
M13R(-48)AGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGA
), ArticleFig(id=1226596302725759705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)Amplicon size (bp)
luxR-MF1GCTCTAGAAGGGTCAGGAAGCCGAAT529
luxR-MR1GGAATGGCTGTCAGATCAGCATCCGTTACTCCCTTGGT
luxR-MF2ACCAAGGGAGTAACGGATGCTGATCTGACAGCCATTCC585
luxR-MR2CCCAAGCTTGTACTTCTCCAGCAGGTC
rpoE-MF1GCTCTAGAGCCTCTTCATTGCACAGG686
rpoE-MR1GCTGTCTCAGGTTTCCTGCTGGGTTAGCATGAACAC
rpoE-MF2GTGTTCATGCTAACCCAGCAGGAAACCTGAGACAGC480
rpoE-MR2AAAACTGCAGGTTGCTCACTGCTCTCAC
luxR-wSCACCGAATACACCAGCTTGAT714/1 410
luxR-wAGGTACGCGATTCTACAGCG
luxR-dSCCGCAAGCTGAACAGGTT914/1 610
luxR-dACTTCTTCTGAGCCAGCGA
rpoE-wSCAGGTGGAACTCGAAACC897/1 539
rpoE-wACGACGCAATTCCAATTCG
rpoE-dSCTGCGTATCCGAAACCTG957/1 479
rpoE-dACCCTGGTAACTCTGCTTT
M13F(-47)CGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC
M13R(-48)AGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGA
), ArticleFig(id=1226596302847394529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Virulence test of the mutant strains against Carassius auratus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株

Strains

菌液浓度

Bacterial concentration (cells/mL)

样本数

Sample (pcs)

试验鱼的每日死亡数

Daily mortality rate of experimental fish

死亡率

Mortality

(%)

1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d
ΔrpoE1.0×10720000030015
ΔluxR1.0×10720001042035
ΔT6SS1ΔluxR1.0×1052000000000
1.0×1062000000000
1.0×107200000000
1.0×108200000000
NB20111.0×10720032223375
ControlPBS200000000-
), ArticleFig(id=1226596304239903464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579330700197, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

突变株对草金鱼毒力试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株

Strains

菌液浓度

Bacterial concentration (cells/mL)

样本数

Sample (pcs)

试验鱼的每日死亡数

Daily mortality rate of experimental fish

死亡率

Mortality

(%)

1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d
ΔrpoE1.0×10720000030015
ΔluxR1.0×10720001042035
ΔT6SS1ΔluxR1.0×1052000000000
1.0×1062000000000
1.0×107200000000
1.0×108200000000
NB20111.0×10720032223375
ControlPBS200000000-
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杀香鱼假单胞菌3株毒力相关基因缺失突变株的构建及其生物学特性
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贾婷婷 , 池宇 , 李珊珊 , 陈吉刚 , 毛芝娟 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(8): 3643-3656
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(8): 3643-3656
杀香鱼假单胞菌3株毒力相关基因缺失突变株的构建及其生物学特性
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贾婷婷, 池宇, 李珊珊, 陈吉刚, 毛芝娟*
作者信息
  • 浙江万里学院 生物与环境学院,浙江 宁波
Construction and biological characterization of three virulence-related gene deletion mutants of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida
Tingting JIA, Yu CHI, Shanshan LI, Jigang CHEN, Zhijuan MAO*
Affiliations
  • College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250055
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杀香鱼假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida)是大黄鱼内脏白点病的致病菌,目前对该菌的致病机制已有一定了解,并筛选出部分有效疫苗,但尚无商品化疫苗问世。 【目的】 深入研究该菌的致病机制,开发高效的杀香鱼假单胞菌弱毒活疫苗。 【方法】 以亲本株杀香鱼假单胞菌NB2011为基础,采用双同源重组法,选择与群体感应系统(quorum sensing, QS)相关的luxR基因、σ因子rpoE基因进行敲除,构建缺失突变株;同时构建主要毒力因子六型分泌系统(T6SS1)与luxR基因联合缺失株ΔT6SS1ΔluxR。对缺失突变株进行生物学特征检测、毒力特性分析及对金鱼的免疫保护率评估。 【结果】 成功构建缺失突变菌株ΔluxR、ΔT6SS1ΔluxR及ΔrpoE。与野生株相比,3株缺失突变株的生长速度、泳动能力以及游泳能力未表现出显著差异;ΔluxR、ΔT6SS1ΔluxR两突变株的生物膜形成能力显著降低。观察不同菌株对小鼠巨噬细胞J774A.1的内化、吸附和胞内增殖现象,发现3株缺失突变株均能在巨噬细胞中存活,但增殖能力明显低于野生株。以1.0×107 cells/mL的浓度腹腔注射人工感染草金鱼,与野生株相比,2株单突变株对鱼体的毒力表现了明显的降低;相同剂量的双突变株ΔT6SS1ΔluxR攻击草金鱼未表现出毒力,其对草金鱼的LD50>108 cells/mL。选择双突变株ΔT6SS1ΔluxR注射接种草金鱼,28 d后用野生株进行人工攻击,免疫保护率为78.60%,达到有效保护水平。 【结论】 本研究成功构建了3株毒力基因缺失突变株,突变株的毒力明显下降,其中ΔT6SS1ΔluxR株有望作为开发杀香鱼假单胞菌弱毒活疫苗的候选株。

杀香鱼假单胞菌  /  双同源重组  /  缺失突变  /  生物学特性  /  毒力分析  /  免疫保护率

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is the pathogen of visceral white spot disease in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). At present, the pathogenic mechanism of P. plecoglossicida has been partially understood, and some effective vaccines have been screened, whereas no commercial vaccine has been developed. [Objective] To deepen the understanding about the pathogenic mechanism and develop efficient attenuated live vaccines of P. plecoglossicida. [Methods] We targeted luxR and the RNA polymerase σ factor gene rpoE associated with quorum sensing to construct deletion mutants of P. plecoglossicida NB2011 by double homologous recombination. In addition, the strain ΔT6SS1ΔluxR with deletion of both the type VI secretion system 1 (T6SS1) gene and luxR was constructed. The biological characteristics and virulence of the mutants were analyzed. The relative percent of survival of fish after vaccination with the double deletion mutant was investigated. [Results] We successfully constructedΔluxR, ΔT6SS1ΔluxR, and ΔrpoE. Compared with the wild type, none of the three mutants showed significant changes in the growth rate, swarming ability or swimming ability, while ΔluxR and ΔT6SS1ΔluxR showed significant decreases in biofilm formation. The internalization, adsorption, and intracellular proliferation of the mutants in mouse macrophages were observed. All the three mutants could survive in J774A.1 macrophages and showed lower proliferation capacities than the wild type. Compared with the wild type, the two single mutants showed significantly reduced virulence to goldfish (Carassius auratus) after intraperitoneal injection at a concentration of 1.0×107 cells/mL. The double deletion mutant ΔT6SS1ΔluxR showed no virulence when challenging goldfish at the same dose, with the LD50>108 cells/mL. In the immune protection experiment, the goldfish was vaccinated with ΔT6SS1ΔluxR, and the fish was artificially challenged with the wild type 28 days later. The relative percent of survival reached 78.60%, which indicated effective protection. [Conclusion] In this study, three gene deletion mutants were successfully constructed, and the virulence of the mutants was significantly decreased. Among them, ΔT6SS1ΔluxR is expected to be a candidate strain for the development of the attenuated live vaccine against P. plecoglossicida infection.

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida  /  double homologous recombination  /  deletion mutation  /  biological characteristics  /  virulence assay  /  relative percent of survival
贾婷婷, 池宇, 李珊珊, 陈吉刚, 毛芝娟. 杀香鱼假单胞菌3株毒力相关基因缺失突变株的构建及其生物学特性. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3643 -3656 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250055
Tingting JIA, Yu CHI, Shanshan LI, Jigang CHEN, Zhijuan MAO. Construction and biological characterization of three virulence-related gene deletion mutants of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3643 -3656 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250055
杀香鱼假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida)是养殖大黄鱼和斜带石斑等海水鱼类内脏白点病的致病菌[1]。目前,关于该菌的致病机制已有一定了解。该菌通常在低温条件下感染鱼类导致发病,其主要毒力因子包括六型分泌系统(type Ⅵ secretion system, T6SS)、三型分泌系统(type Ⅲ secretion system, T3SS)、铁载体和多套鞭毛等;致病基因包括编码冷休克蛋白家族成员(CspA1)的基因、σ因子E (rpoE)、锌运输系统的成员(ZnuCBA、ZnuA、ZnuC)、转录调控编码基因(RK21-RS10325)等[2]。研究者先后观察到了该菌在感染鱼巨噬细胞中胞内增殖的现象,并提出该菌具有兼性胞内寄生菌的特性[3]。疫苗保护性研究表明,灭活疫苗对该菌感染的保护效果较弱,而多种通过缺失毒力因子/基因构建的弱毒活疫苗(live attenuated vaccine, LAV)获得了相对理想的保护效果,包括ΔTssD、ΔT6SS1Δ4885、ΔrpoS[4-6]。利用基因沉默技术获得的cspA1rpoE基因敲低株免疫斜带石斑鱼后,也激发了有效保护[7-8]。这种结果与该菌兼性胞内寄生菌的生物学特性是一致的:弱毒活疫苗能够模拟病原自然感染进入宿主体内的过程,有效激活宿主的细胞免疫和体液免疫,从而在后续感染中全面清除体内的病原菌。目前,弱毒活疫苗已成为该菌疫苗研制的主要方向。
本研究参考杀香鱼假单胞菌弱毒活疫苗的前期研究思路,选择与毒力因子或重要生物学通路相关的基因作为靶基因构建缺失突变株。LuxR是细菌密度依赖的群体感应系统(quorum sensing, QS)中的转录调控蛋白,在调节菌体密度相关表型中起到关键作用,推测其与菌体致病性存在密切关联[9]。RpoE是一种细胞外功能σ因子,可以响应环境刺激(如温度)调节基因表达[10];该因子在一些细菌病原体的转录水平上参与毒力调节,可能在P. plecoglossicida的发病机制中起重要作用[11]。研究者已验证T6SS1是该菌的重要毒力因子[4,12]。因此,本研究选择luxRrpoE作为靶基因构建缺失突变株,并对突变株的生物学表型、毒力特性及免疫原性进行了检测与分析,旨在为开发杀香鱼假单胞菌弱毒活疫苗提供更多的候选菌株。
P. plecoglossicida NB2011野生株(WT)从浙江省象山港养殖网箱的患病大黄鱼脾脏中分离,经鉴定后由本实验室保存[13],ΔT6SS1突变株由本课题组前期构建并保存[12]Escherichia coli DH5α、E. coli WM3064 [2,6-二氨基庚二酸(2,6-diaminopimelic acid, DAP)营养缺陷型]感受态细胞和自杀质粒pK18mobsacB-Ery均由实验室保存。小鼠巨噬细胞J774A.1购自海星生物科技有限公司。
假单胞菌显色培养基(科玛嘉)购自CHROMagar公司;酵母粉、蛋白胨购自Oxoid公司;DMEM培养基购自Hyclone公司;胎牛血清购自Corning公司;胰酶购自Gibco公司;割胶回收试剂盒购自Omega Bio-Tek公司;DAP购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;结晶紫、卡那霉素、氨苄青霉素、庆大霉素均购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司,各抗生素的使用浓度分别为50、100、200 µg/mL;限制性内切酶购自宝生物工程(大连)有限公司;2×Taq MasterMix购自江苏康为世纪生物科技股份有限公司;氯化钠等常规试剂购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司,试剂均为分析纯。
实验动物为平均体重(10±5) g的健康草金鱼,购自宁波某花鸟市场。本研究所有动物实验均获得浙江万里学院实验动物伦理委员会的伦理审查批准,批准号为20250417001。
根据P. plecoglossicida NB2011全基因组序列(NCBI登录号为ASJX00000000),按照同源重组的原理,利用SnapGene软件设计构建luxRrpoE基因缺失株的引物,引物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成,引物序列见表1
为清晰阐述实验方法,本研究以ΔrpoE缺失突变株为例,详细描述整个构建过程。单个基因缺失突变株构建的亲本株为野生株P. plecoglossicida NB2011,T6SS1/luxR双基因缺失突变株则以ΔT6SS1[12]为出发菌株,构建方法与ΔluxR相同。
取甘油保藏的P. plecoglossicida NB2011菌株在科玛嘉显色培养基上划线活化,28 ℃培养至单菌落长出。之后用无菌枪头挑取单菌落至装有50 μL无菌水的PCR管中,金属浴105 ℃处理15 min。
P. plecoglossicida NB2011基因组为模板,采用引物rpoE-MF1/rpoE-MR1、rpoE-MF2/rpoE-MR2分别扩增,得到rpoE上游同源臂A片段和下游同源臂B片段,并采用PCR产物纯化试剂盒纯化;以A、B片段为模板,采用引物rpoE-MF1/rpoE-MR2扩增,获得rpoE的融合AB片段,并用纯化试剂盒进行纯化。PCR反应体系(50 μL):ExTaq (5 U/µL) 0.25 µL,10×ExTaq buffer 5 µL,dNTP Mixture 4 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 37.75 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min,95 ℃变性45 s,57.6 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸30 s,5个循环;95 ℃变性45 s,68 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸2 min 30 s,30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min,10 ℃保温。
将AB纯化片段与自杀质粒pK18mobsacB-Ery分别置于37 ℃,用Xba I和Pst I进行双酶切。片段纯化后在16 ℃低温连接过夜,将连接的产物转化至大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞。待菌落长好,用M13F(-47)/M13R(-48)引物筛选AB插入的重组克隆,并将鉴定成功的阳性克隆子进行测序。测序完成并比对后,挑选出序列完全一致、无突变的阳性克隆子用于后续实验并进行菌种保藏,同时提取重组质粒pK18mobsacB-rpoE (简称pK18-rpoE),将提取的质粒转化至DAP营养缺陷型E. coli WM3064中,得到供体菌WM3064 (pK18mobsacB-rpoE)。
采用相同方法构建得到pK18mobSacB-luxR重组自杀质粒并转化培养后保藏。
将供体菌E. coli WM3064 (pK18-rpoE)与受体菌P. plecoglossicida NB2011按一定比例混合,将混合后的菌悬液在固体LB (DAP=0.3 mmol/L)上28 ℃接合24 h。之后,取重悬菌液进行10倍梯度稀释后涂布于LB (卡那霉素为50 μg/mL)平板。28 ℃培养过夜后,挑取纯化后的单克隆在LB液体培养基中28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养至OD600=0.6,分别采用引物rpoE-wS/rpoE-wA、rpoE-dS/rpoE-dA对克隆进行PCR检测,以野生型NB2011作为阴性对照。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Taq酶(0.1 U/μL) 25 µL,鉴定引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,模板4 µL,ddH2O 24 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性45 s,47.5 ℃退火1 min,30个循环;72 ℃延伸3 min 30 s,10 ℃保温。
挑取阳性克隆子接种于液体LB中,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养至OD600=0.6。取重悬菌液进行10倍梯度稀释后涂布在含20%蔗糖的LB平板上,28 ℃培养过夜。挑取平板上的克隆,采用与插入突变株相同的检测方法对其进行PCR检测,以野生型作为阴性对照。
分别挑取新鲜活化的NB2011、ΔluxR、ΔrpoE和ΔT6SS1ΔluxR菌株,接种至LB液体培养基中28 ℃、180 r/min培养过夜。取过夜培养物,调整菌液浓度至OD600=0.6,按照1:100的比例转接至100 mL LB液体培养基中28 ℃、180 r/min培养。以转接时刻为0 h,3 h后开始检测,每间隔1 h分别测定3-13 h时刻的OD600值。绘制横坐标为培养时间,纵坐标为菌液OD600值的生长曲线图,每组设3个平行。
分别挑取新鲜活化的NB2011、ΔluxR、ΔrpoE和ΔT6SS1ΔluxR单菌落接种于5 mL LB液体培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min培养过夜。调整培养菌液至OD600=0.6,吸取2 μL菌液点种于新鲜配制的LB固体培养基中心,分别培养24 h和72 h后,用游标卡尺测量细菌泳动圈直径,每组设3个平行。
分别挑取新鲜活化的NB2011、ΔluxR、ΔrpoE和ΔT6SS1ΔluxR菌株,接种至5 mL LB液体培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min培养过夜。调整培养菌液至OD600=0.6,吸取2 μL菌液穿刺于半固体培养基中心(0.5%琼脂浓度),分别培养24 h和72 h后,用游标卡尺测量细菌游泳圈直径,每组设3个平行。
细菌生物膜形成能力参照文献[14]进行。吸取100 μL调整好的菌液加入96孔微量板,28 ℃静置孵育24 h。弃去孔中上清,用无菌PBS缓冲液清洗后加入甲醇固定,固定结束后加入2%结晶紫溶液,室温下染色15-20 min,用无菌水冲洗直至无紫色水流出,除去孔中残余水后常温晾干;加入33%冰乙酸溶液以溶解结晶紫。在590 nm条件下,测定培养孔中溶液的OD值。每次试验每菌株做3个孔的重复,试验数值取3次平均值(D值);以未接种菌的培养液作为阴性对照,阴性值的2倍作为界限值(Dc)。根据D值,将菌株分类为:强生物被膜形成株(D值大于2倍Dc)、弱生物被膜形成株(D值在Dc与2倍Dc之间)、无生物被膜形成株(D值小于或等于Dc)。
突变株对巨噬细胞的黏附、内化和增殖特性观察方法依照文献[12]进行。将培养3代后状态良好的鼠巨噬细胞J774A.1以106 cells/孔的密度接种于24孔板中,在37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中生长过夜。根据巨噬细胞的计数结果,将用PBS调整好的NB2011和突变株按照感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)=10:1在DMEM完全培养基中感染细胞。置于30 ℃、含5% CO2的培养箱中孵育1 h,PBS清洗细胞3次,用1% Triton X-100裂解细胞,涂布于含氨苄青霉素(100 µg/mL)的平板上检测活菌数,最终数值代表黏附值。其余的24孔板中以PBS清洗后,向孔中加入添加了200 μg/mL庆大霉素的DMEM培养基进行2 h孵育,杀死胞外细菌,用于检测内化的细菌数量。之后用PBS清洗细胞,除去庆大霉素,裂解细胞后,涂布于含氨苄青霉素(100 µg/mL)的平板上并计数活菌数量。其余的孔中,用PBS清洗将庆大霉素除去,以DMEM培养基继续培养,并以此时作为0 h,每隔4 h用PBS清洗细胞,加入1% Triton X-100裂解细胞,进行活菌计数,检测细菌在巨噬细胞内的增殖情况。
分别挑取新鲜活化的NB2011、ΔluxR、ΔrpoE和ΔT6SS1ΔluxR单菌落接种至5 mL LB液体培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min培养过夜(OD600=1.0),经血细胞计数板取样计数后,用无菌PBS洗涤并将菌液稀释至1.0×107 cells/mL的菌悬液浓度,备用。
杀香鱼假单胞菌对鲫鱼也表现出致病力[15]。本研究选取同批次、平均体重(10±5) g的健康草金鱼,先在养殖室以充气水暂养适应1周以上。每组设20尾,分别经腹腔注射0.1 mL不同浓度的菌悬液,对照组注射相同剂量的PBS。观察注射后7 d内的发病情况,统计死亡率。实验期间水温控制在(20±1) ℃。
本研究选取同批次、平均体重(10±5) g的健康草金鱼,先在养殖室以充气水暂养适应1周以上。将鱼随机分为4组,每组30尾。根据毒力试验结果,选择毒力显著降低的突变株进行免疫保护试验。第1组和第2组为免疫组,经腹腔注射0.1 mL 1.0×107 cells/mL的菌悬液(菌悬液的注射浓度依据LD50);第3、4组为对照组,注射相同剂量的灭菌生理盐水。
接种28 d后,免疫试验组与对照组分别抽取30尾鱼,经腹腔注射0.1 mL 1.0×108 cells/mL 的野生株P. plecoglossicida NB2011菌悬液进行人工攻击,随后记录感染鱼的症状和死亡情况。对病鱼进行解剖和观察,以确定死亡原因。试验结束后使用公式(1)[16]计算相对免疫保护率(relative percent survival, RPS)。
RPS=(1-免疫组死亡率/对照组死亡率)×100 %
经过PCR扩增分别获得rpoE的上游同源臂A片段(686 bp)、下游同源臂B片段(480 bp)及融合AB片段(1 166 bp) (图1),与预期大小一致并进行割胶回收纯化。
挑取纯化后的阳性克隆子转接至液体培养基培养,分别用引物rpoE-wS/rpoE-wA、rpoE-dS/rpoE-dA进行检测,以野生型和空白作为对照。野生株扩增片段分别为1 479 bp、1 539 bp,插入突变形成5′端重组:采用引物rpoE-wS/rpoE-wA扩增片段为897 bp,采用引物rpoE-dS/rpoE-dA扩增片段为1 539 bp;3′端重组:采用引物rpoE-wS/rpoE-wA扩增片段为1 479 bp,采用引物rpoE-dS/rpoE-dA扩增片段为957 bp。结果如图2所示,1、3、4、6、7、8、9、10均为阳性克隆子,可以判断1、3、4、7克隆子为3′端重组,6、8、9、10克隆子为5′端重组。
挑取在含20%蔗糖的LB平板上长出的克隆子,分别以rpoE-wS/rpoE-wA、rpoE-dS/rpoE-dA引物进行PCR检测,以野生型和空白作为对照。正确的缺失突变克隆扩增产生897、957 bp片段,野生型扩增片段为1 479、1 539 bp。结果如图3所示,克隆纯化后,再次扩增验证,并递交PCR产物测序,测序结果证实缺失突变株构建成功。
同样采用上述方法,成功构建了ΔluxR单基因缺失突变株以及双基因突变株;以Ⅵ型分泌系统缺失突变株ΔT6SS1[12]作为受体菌,构建了双突变株ΔT6SS1ΔluxR
以转接时刻为0 h,3 h后每隔1 h检测1次OD600,分别测定3-13 h时刻的OD600值。如图4所示,与野生株相比,ΔluxR、ΔT6SS1ΔluxR两突变株的生长速度无明显变化,ΔrpoE突变株的生长量在0-5 h期间与野生株相近,5 h后其生长量持续低于野生株,但在统计学上差异不显著(P>0.05)。
所有菌株分别培养24 h和72 h后,用游标卡尺测量细菌泳动圈直径。根据测量结果绘制柱状图与分析,如图5所示。野生菌株NB2011与3株突变株在24 h和72 h的泳动能力均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。
吸取2 μL菌液穿刺于半固体培养基中心(0.5%琼脂浓度),28 ℃静置培养24 h和72 h后,用游标卡尺测量细菌游泳圈直径。根据实验结果绘制柱状图进行分析,如图6所示。与野生株相比,在24 h时ΔluxR、ΔT6SS1ΔluxR、ΔrpoE的游泳能力均无显著性差异(P>0.05);在72 h时,虽然3株突变株的游泳能力低于野生株,但在统计学上差异不显著(P>0.05)。
各菌株的生物被膜形成能力数据绘制柱状图,如图7所示。基于D值与Dc值判断,NB2011菌株与突变株ΔrpoE均为强生物被膜形成株,ΔluxR介于强弱之间。3株突变株的生物膜形成能力均弱于野生株,与野生株相比,突变株ΔluxR、ΔT6SS1ΔluxR的差异显著(P<0.01)。
以小鼠巨噬细胞J774A.1作为细胞模型,统计了野生株与突变株对巨噬细胞的黏附及被细胞内化后在胞内增殖的情况,如图8所示。突变株对巨噬细胞的黏附性与野生株相似,内化率也非常接近,自内化4 h后,所有菌株开始相似的快速增殖。到内化后8 h,各菌株的增殖速率出现了分化:野生株仍然较快增殖,一直持续到24 h;突变株ΔT6SS1ΔluxR和ΔrpoE较缓慢地增殖,ΔluxR在8-16 h时间段基本未增殖,但在16-24 h出现了暴发性增殖。到24 h观察结束时,各菌株增殖速率接近,但突变株的菌体数量均低于野生株。该结果表明,靶基因与该菌的胞内增殖和持续存活有关,相应的缺失突变降低了菌体在巨噬细胞内的增殖能力。
三株突变株以相同浓度腹腔注射人工感染草金鱼,观察7 d内鱼体发病情况,并统计死亡率。如表2所示,与野生株相比,ΔT6SS1ΔluxR突变株的毒力显著减弱,在实验过程中未发生死亡,在1.0×106-1.0×108 cells/mL的浓度范围内未表现出对草金鱼的毒力,LD50>108 cells/mL;突变株ΔluxR、ΔrpoE的毒力也明显减弱,但仍具有一定的致病性。
根据毒力分析结果,选择ΔT6SS1ΔluxR突变株免疫草金鱼,并在接种28 d后进行人工攻击,随后观察症状,记录死亡数量,计算突变株对草金鱼的免疫保护率,结果如图9所示。对照组在感染2 d后陆续出现死亡现象,解剖后观察发现脾脏组织中出现白色结节(图10);免疫组出现死亡的时间推迟,在感染第5天后才出现少量死亡。免疫实验组的死亡率为10.00%,而对照组在攻击后的死亡率为46.67%。ΔT6SS1ΔluxR突变株免疫在人工攻击中的免疫保护率为78.60%,提供了有效保护。
本研究使用的自杀质粒pK18mobsacB-Ery是由Wang等在基因敲除载体pK18mobsacBBamH I/EcoR I位点插入红霉素耐药基因后构建的衍生载体,改良的pK18mobsacB载体在假交替单胞菌中具有自杀性[17]。pK18mobsacB-Ery含有枯草芽孢杆菌修饰的sacB基因和质粒RP4的广泛宿主转移机制[18]sacB基因编码的果聚糖酶能够水解蔗糖生成葡萄糖和果糖,并进一步促使果糖分子聚合形成高分子量的果聚糖。这种酶的作用对大多数革兰氏阴性细菌是致命的,因此sacB可以作为这些细菌的反向筛选标记基因[19]。本研究通过双同源重组法成功构建了3株P. plecoglossicida NB2011基因缺失突变株,表明该自杀质粒适用于杀香鱼假单胞菌,为后续突变株的构建提供了可靠的平台。
本研究构建的3株突变株中,ΔluxR和ΔT6SS1ΔluxR的生长未受明显影响,提示相关基因未直接作用于基础代谢过程,这与前期报道一致[12,14];ΔrpoE的生长速度在对数期后弱于野生株,提示RpoE在一定生长时相参与代谢相关基因的调控,类似现象在伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi)中也曾观察到[20]。运动能力分析表明,与野生株相比,3株突变株的泳动和游泳能力并无明显变化;细菌的游泳、泳动运动主要依赖鞭毛的旋转[21],相关靶基因的缺失基本未影响菌体的运动能力,提示这些基因可能未直接参与鞭毛表达及运动的调控。在本研究中,ΔrpoE突变株的运动能力与野生株相比基本无变化,这与Huang等报道的rpoE沉默株的结果不同,沉默株rpoE-RNAi的运动能力急剧下降[8],具体原因需进一步研究。在生物膜形成实验中,3株突变株的生物膜形成能力均明显下降,提示相关靶基因直接或间接参与了生物膜的生成过程,生物膜形成能力通常与毒性和致病力密切相关[22],这也部分解释了突变株在巨噬细胞内增殖能力的下降及对草金鱼毒力的减弱。
Mao等[3]研究发现,P. plecoglossicida NB2011进入大黄鱼体内后被脾和肾中的巨噬细胞吞噬,部分菌体在巨噬细胞内持续存活和复制,提示该菌可能是一种兼性胞内寄生菌;Huang等[23]、Shu等[24]也观察到了类似的现象。本研究中突变株对鼠巨噬细胞黏附、内化和增殖特性观察结果进一步验证了这一点:菌体被巨噬细胞内化4 h后,所有菌株均出现了明显增殖,且增殖趋势一直持续到内化后24 h;但在8-24 h期间,3株突变株的菌体数量和增殖速率明显低于野生株,说明靶基因的缺失影响了菌体的胞内增殖和存活过程。在内化后16-24 h期间,3株突变株的增殖速率上升,推测这主要是由于细胞老化和死亡所致;而在鱼体感染中,健康鱼可以调动自身免疫系统有效清除病原菌,从而控制感染[12]
杀香鱼假单胞菌可以自然感染大黄鱼和斜带石斑等海水鱼类导致内脏白点病[2];人工感染中,尖吻鲈易感性好,症状明确,可能作为一种比较理想的模式鱼[25]。Yan等[15]报道了杀香鱼假单胞菌对鲫鱼的致病性,表明该菌也能感染鲤科鱼类。本课题组在前期检测了草金鱼对杀香鱼假单胞菌的易感性,其LD50为1.47×107 cells/mL,虽然杀香鱼假单胞菌对金鱼的毒力弱于大黄鱼[26],但感染后内脏白点症状相似,病程相仿。结合草金鱼廉价易得、养殖方便的特点,且鲤科鱼类与石首鱼科等拥有基本相同的硬骨鱼类免疫系统[27],其免疫应答机制应该大同小异,提示草金鱼可以作为杀香鱼假单胞菌的感染和免疫模型。
在毒力实验中,luxR基因缺失株感染草金鱼的死亡率仍有35%,与野生株相比毒力稍有减弱,但仍然出现鱼体批量死亡的情况,提示作为一个转录调控蛋白,LuxR可能参与了部分毒力机制的调控,但该株尚不适合作为弱毒活疫苗候选株。同时,rpoE单基因缺失株毒力也显著降低,相对死亡率为15%,提示该基因与毒力相关,这与Huang等构建的基因沉默株rpoE-RNAi的毒力显著下降的结果一致,该沉默株免疫斜带石斑后试验鱼获得了有效保护[8]。结合本研究结果,可以推测rpoE可能作为弱毒活疫苗构建的靶基因,但ΔrpoE需要进一步减毒后方能安全使用;可以构建rpoE与其他毒力因子联合缺失的突变株,可能获得更理想的候选株。当观察联合突变株ΔT6SS1ΔluxR时,试验鱼未发生死亡现象,解剖后内脏也未观察到白点症状,提示该株的毒力急剧下降;由于luxR单基因缺失株仅使P. plecoglossicida毒力部分下降,可以推测ΔT6SS1ΔluxR毒力的急剧减弱主要归因于T6SS1的功能缺失,这与Jin等[12]研究结果一致。在免疫保护实验中,该突变株一次性腹腔注射接种金鱼28 d后的RPS为78.60%,提供了有效保护。结合生物学特性以及毒力分析结果,ΔT6SS1ΔluxR毒力显著下降,免疫后能提供显著的保护,可作为杀香鱼假单胞菌弱毒活疫苗的候选株。进一步研究中需开展更多的草金鱼免疫相关指标检测与分析,如抗体效价、免疫相关基因的表达水平等,为免疫应答机制提供更深层次的解释。
本研究成功构建了3株杀香鱼假单胞菌基因缺失突变菌株,对突变株进行了生物学和毒力特性分析,并在草金鱼中验证了双突变株的免疫保护性,为后续的LAV开发奠定了基础。
  • 宁波市公益性科技计划重点项目(2023S005)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250055
  • 接收时间:2025-01-20
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20
  • 录用日期:2025-03-20
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Ningbo Key Projects of Public Welfare Science and Technology Plan(2023S005)
宁波市公益性科技计划重点项目(2023S005)
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    浙江万里学院 生物与环境学院,浙江 宁波

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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