Article(id=1226460579183903046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250431, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1752422400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineDate=1770340588613, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340588613, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340588613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340588613, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3432, endPage=3446, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460579519447382, articleId=1226460579183903046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Nitrogen-fixing bacteria from black soil with functional diversity promote maize growth with reduced fertilizer use, columnId=1226460577816559897, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Microbiome in Black Soils, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nitrogen fertilizer is an important chemical fertilizer for agricultural planting and an important fertility factor for increasing crop yields. Lack or excess of nitrogen fertilizer in soil will lead to soil acidification, soil consolidation, low crop yields and so on. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria can reduce nitrogen in the air to ammonia that is beneficial to crops through the action of nitrogenase. This process helps improve soil quality and subsequently promote crop growth. [Objective] To obtain nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the black soil of northeast China and explore the effects of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on soil quality and maize growth, thus providing excellent strain sources for the development of microbial agents suitable for the environment of black soil in northeast China. [Methods] We employed microbial isolation, culture, and functional characterization to measure the nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) secretion of the screened nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Pot experiments and soil physical and chemical tests were carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on soil quality and maize growth. [Results] Three strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria were obtained from the black soil of northeast China. Among them, Paenibacillus sp. AHC-20 had higher nitrogen-fixing ability, while Raoultella sp. Z93 and Paraburkholderia sp. W22 were multifunctional strains capable of fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorus, and producing IAA at the same time. The three nitrogen-fixing strains were then applied to the black soil planted with maize. The plant height, biomass, and chlorophyll content of maize significantly increased in the chemical fertilizer reduction+AHC-20 group compared with those in the control group with application of only chemical fertilizer. In addition, the content of inorganic carbon, organic carbon, organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen in black soil also increased significantly, which indicated that the efficient nitrogen-fixing bacterial strain AHC-20 promoted maize growth upon chemical fertilizer reduction and improved the fertility of black soil. [Conclusion] Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in black soil can effectively promote the growth of maize and improve the quality of black soil to achieve fertilizer reduction without compromising crop yields, showing the potential for the development of nitrogen-fixing microbial agents.

, correspAuthors=Ying LIU, Yanning ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: ZHENG Yanning,
LIU Ying,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chang LI, Chunli LIU, Yunjun ZHANG, Yunkai YU, Lida WANG, Chunhui ZHANG, Ying LIU, Yanning ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1226460581784371693, articleId=1226460579183903046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=黑土固氮菌功能多样性及对玉米的减氮促生作用, columnId=1226460578038858012, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=黑土地微生物组, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氮肥是农业种植的重要化学肥料,也是作物增产的关键肥力因素,然而土壤中氮肥缺乏或过量施用会引起农田土壤酸化、板结和作物减产等一系列问题。固氮菌通过固氮酶将空气中的氮还原为作物可吸收的氨,进而提高土壤质量并促进作物生长。 【目的】 从东北黑土中筛选固氮菌资源,探究其对黑土质量提升和玉米生长的促进作用,为开发适配东北黑土环境的微生物菌剂提供优质菌种资源。 【方法】 采用微生物分离培养与功能表征技术测定所获固氮菌的固氮、解磷及吲哚-3-乙酸分泌能力;通过玉米盆栽试验及土壤理化性质分析评价固氮菌对土壤质量和玉米生长的影响。 【结果】 从东北黑土中获得3株固氮菌,其中类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.) AHC-20固氮能力较强;拉乌尔菌(Raoultella sp.) Z93和副伯克霍尔德菌(Paraburkholderia sp.) W22为多功能菌株,兼具固氮、解磷和吲哚-3-乙酸生成能力。将这3株固氮菌施用于玉米黑土盆栽,减施化肥并施加固氮菌AHC-20的处理组的玉米株高、生物量和叶绿素含量均显著高于全肥对照组;黑土中无机碳、有机碳、有机质、铵态氮和硝态氮含量明显增加,表明高效固氮菌AHC-20在玉米减肥促生和黑土肥力提升方面效果良好。 【结论】 黑土固氮菌能有效促进玉米生长并改善黑土质量,实现“减肥不减产”,具有良好的固氮微生物菌剂开发潜力。

, correspAuthors=刘缨, 郑艳宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=04p2IiZ2U3JTmD2W3KXYDw==, magXml=uFLQTD7r+Il5K7cn5fSTWg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LOh8F4qkQhqOgvuwWYcoFA==, pdfFileSize=2531184, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=La9aOIi5Whldzy6rcGRYHw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=lbOxbdwAEYVtxy8AjQfpaA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

李畅:负责实验设计、实验操作、数据分析以及撰写文章;刘春利:参与实验操作和数据分析;张云君:负责数据分析;于运凯:提供资源支持并提出稿件修改建议;王立达:提出稿件修改建议;张春辉:提供实验指导并提出稿件修改建议;刘缨:负责稿件指导和修改;郑艳宁:负责实验设计、实验指导、结果分析以及稿件指导。

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The distribution and impact factors of soil organic carbon in mountainous areas of Beijing[J]. Resources Science, 2013, 35(6): 1152-1158 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596317821055688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579183903046, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=11, issue=7, pageStart=1721, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=77, authorNames=METHYEB M AL, RUPPEL S, EICHLER-LÖBERMANN B, VASSILEV N, journalName=Microorganisms, refType=null, unstructuredReference=METHYEB M AL, RUPPEL S, EICHLER-LÖBERMANN B, VASSILEV N. The combined applications of microbial inoculants and organic fertilizer improve plant growth under unfavorable soil conditions[J]. 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Different lowercase letters (a, b, c, d, e, ab) above the bars indicate significant differences between groups based on statistical analysis., figureFileSmall=j+kVMnpnHYMKpvCcfO/ZVA==, figureFileBig=ulCkmZ1txa6uvq5QmrLJTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596305540133191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579183903046, language=CN, label=图8, caption=黑土中铵态氮、硝态氮(A)以及土壤pH (B)含量的测定, figureFileSmall=j+kVMnpnHYMKpvCcfO/ZVA==, figureFileBig=ulCkmZ1txa6uvq5QmrLJTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596305678545231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579183903046, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Plant growth promoting potential of isolated strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsPhosphate solubilization (mg/L)IAA (mg/L)
W222.49±0.202.52±0.35
Z9362.64±5.00137.13±1.45
AHC-20Not detectedNot detected
), ArticleFig(id=1226596305816957269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460579183903046, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分离菌株的促生潜力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsPhosphate solubilization (mg/L)IAA (mg/L)
W222.49±0.202.52±0.35
Z9362.64±5.00137.13±1.45
AHC-20Not detectedNot detected
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黑土固氮菌功能多样性及对玉米的减氮促生作用
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李畅 1, 2 , 刘春利 1, 2 , 张云君 1, 2 , 于运凯 3 , 王立达 3 , 张春辉 1 , 刘缨 2, * , 郑艳宁 2, *
微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025,65(8): 3432-3446
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微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025, 65(8): 3432-3446
黑土固氮菌功能多样性及对玉米的减氮促生作用
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李畅1, 2, 刘春利1, 2, 张云君1, 2, 于运凯3, 王立达3, 张春辉1, 刘缨2, * , 郑艳宁2, *
作者信息
  • 1.山西农业大学 农学院,分子农业与生物能源研究所,山西 晋中
  • 2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
  • 3.黑龙江省农业科学院齐齐哈尔分院,黑龙江 齐齐哈尔
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria from black soil with functional diversity promote maize growth with reduced fertilizer use
Chang LI1, 2, Chunli LIU1, 2, Yunjun ZHANG1, 2, Yunkai YU3, Lida WANG3, Chunhui ZHANG1, Ying LIU2, * , Yanning ZHENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 3.Qiqihar Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250431
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氮肥是农业种植的重要化学肥料,也是作物增产的关键肥力因素,然而土壤中氮肥缺乏或过量施用会引起农田土壤酸化、板结和作物减产等一系列问题。固氮菌通过固氮酶将空气中的氮还原为作物可吸收的氨,进而提高土壤质量并促进作物生长。 【目的】 从东北黑土中筛选固氮菌资源,探究其对黑土质量提升和玉米生长的促进作用,为开发适配东北黑土环境的微生物菌剂提供优质菌种资源。 【方法】 采用微生物分离培养与功能表征技术测定所获固氮菌的固氮、解磷及吲哚-3-乙酸分泌能力;通过玉米盆栽试验及土壤理化性质分析评价固氮菌对土壤质量和玉米生长的影响。 【结果】 从东北黑土中获得3株固氮菌,其中类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.) AHC-20固氮能力较强;拉乌尔菌(Raoultella sp.) Z93和副伯克霍尔德菌(Paraburkholderia sp.) W22为多功能菌株,兼具固氮、解磷和吲哚-3-乙酸生成能力。将这3株固氮菌施用于玉米黑土盆栽,减施化肥并施加固氮菌AHC-20的处理组的玉米株高、生物量和叶绿素含量均显著高于全肥对照组;黑土中无机碳、有机碳、有机质、铵态氮和硝态氮含量明显增加,表明高效固氮菌AHC-20在玉米减肥促生和黑土肥力提升方面效果良好。 【结论】 黑土固氮菌能有效促进玉米生长并改善黑土质量,实现“减肥不减产”,具有良好的固氮微生物菌剂开发潜力。

黑土  /  固氮菌  /  促生潜力  /  玉米促生  /  土壤改良

Nitrogen fertilizer is an important chemical fertilizer for agricultural planting and an important fertility factor for increasing crop yields. Lack or excess of nitrogen fertilizer in soil will lead to soil acidification, soil consolidation, low crop yields and so on. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria can reduce nitrogen in the air to ammonia that is beneficial to crops through the action of nitrogenase. This process helps improve soil quality and subsequently promote crop growth. [Objective] To obtain nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the black soil of northeast China and explore the effects of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on soil quality and maize growth, thus providing excellent strain sources for the development of microbial agents suitable for the environment of black soil in northeast China. [Methods] We employed microbial isolation, culture, and functional characterization to measure the nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) secretion of the screened nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Pot experiments and soil physical and chemical tests were carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on soil quality and maize growth. [Results] Three strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria were obtained from the black soil of northeast China. Among them, Paenibacillus sp. AHC-20 had higher nitrogen-fixing ability, while Raoultella sp. Z93 and Paraburkholderia sp. W22 were multifunctional strains capable of fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorus, and producing IAA at the same time. The three nitrogen-fixing strains were then applied to the black soil planted with maize. The plant height, biomass, and chlorophyll content of maize significantly increased in the chemical fertilizer reduction+AHC-20 group compared with those in the control group with application of only chemical fertilizer. In addition, the content of inorganic carbon, organic carbon, organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen in black soil also increased significantly, which indicated that the efficient nitrogen-fixing bacterial strain AHC-20 promoted maize growth upon chemical fertilizer reduction and improved the fertility of black soil. [Conclusion] Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in black soil can effectively promote the growth of maize and improve the quality of black soil to achieve fertilizer reduction without compromising crop yields, showing the potential for the development of nitrogen-fixing microbial agents.

black soil  /  nitrogen-fixing bacteria  /  growth-promoting potential  /  corn to promote growth  /  soil improvement
李畅, 刘春利, 张云君, 于运凯, 王立达, 张春辉, 刘缨, 郑艳宁. 黑土固氮菌功能多样性及对玉米的减氮促生作用. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3432 -3446 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250431
Chang LI, Chunli LIU, Yunjun ZHANG, Yunkai YU, Lida WANG, Chunhui ZHANG, Ying LIU, Yanning ZHENG. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria from black soil with functional diversity promote maize growth with reduced fertilizer use[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3432 -3446 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250431
氮是作物生长和土壤环境平衡的重要营养元素之一,是氨基酸、叶绿素,以及各种初级和次级代谢物的组成成分,同时参与作物色素合成、养分循环和抗逆生长等过程,在植物营养与代谢中发挥关键作用。在作物生长发育过程中,氮对抵御外来生物入侵至关重要,因此氮缺乏可直接降低粮食作物产量和品质[1-3]。氮肥是作物种植的重要化学肥料,通常以尿素形式施用。然而农田土壤既存在氮素匮乏,又面临氮肥过量问题,过量施用会引发一系列环境问题。据前人调查,我国氮肥利用率为30%-35%,仍低于部分国家水平,在贫瘠地区利用率甚至更低[4-5]。合理施用氮肥、提高氮肥利用率是作物增产增效和改善土壤环境的重要措施。面对人口压力和粮食质量需求,降低农业生产对化学氮肥的过度依赖,对绿色农业可持续发展意义重大。
微生物固氮指固氮微生物在固氮酶作用下将空气中的氮还原为氨,供植物吸收并改良土壤环境的过程。将固氮微生物制成菌剂施用,在绿色农业中具有多方面意义[6-7]。微生物固氮主要分为自生固氮、联合固氮和共生固氮3种方式[8]。自生固氮指细菌本身携带固氮酶基因,可独立完成固氮,当氮素满足自身需求后固氮作用受抑制[9]。联合固氮依靠植物根系供能,使联合固氮或部分自生固氮微生物在根际繁殖并固氮。目前,小麦、水稻、玉米等作物均存在联合固氮体系,尤以玉米和甘蔗研究最为深入[10-11]。共生固氮指固氮微生物与植物形成特定共生关系实现固氮,其中豆科植物—根瘤菌共生体系效率较高[12-13]。利用固氮微生物提供氮源或替代部分化学氮肥是农业生产中最环保高效的氮素供应方式。
多项研究表明施用微生物肥料可减少化肥用量、促进植物生长并提高产量,有利于农业可持续发展[14-16]。Song等[7]发现,在减氮条件下接种圆褐固氮菌(Azotobacter chroococcum)可改善玉米生长、提高产量并增强抗虫性。Li等[17]指出,不同微生物肥料可影响玉米产量和土壤肥力,显著提升土壤养分和酶活性,改善土壤微生物环境。Wang等[18]报道,水稻接种贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) FH-1和缺陷短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas diminuta) NYM3后根系氮素含量提高,土壤微生物数量和多样性增加,土壤全氮与速效钾含量显著提升,土壤环境得到改良。Fox等[19]研究表明,玉米和小麦接种假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.) pf-5 X940可促进籽粒产量,改善耕作层微环境,提升土壤和植株养分,从而促进作物生长。由此可见,微生物菌剂通过与复杂土壤生态系统互作改善微生物群落结构,为作物创造良好生长环境,以促生为主的微生物菌剂受到广泛关注。
尽管微生物氮肥优势显著,但完全替代化学氮肥仍存在困难。将微生物氮肥与化学氮肥结合可提高肥料利用率、改善土壤理化性质、减轻环境污染,并实现作物稳产,对推动农业可持续发展具有重要现实意义。本研究从东北黑土中分离固氮微生物,评价其固氮、解磷和吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)生成能力,并通过玉米盆栽试验考察固氮菌对玉米生长及土壤环境的影响,以期研发高效促生固氮菌剂,为微生物肥料部分替代化学肥料提供数据支撑。
用于分离固氮菌的土壤分别采集自黑龙江省海伦市(127°32′16″E,47°42′58″N)白桦根际及黑龙江省五常市(127°3′25″E,44°49′45″N)水稻根际。盆栽试验用黑土取自黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市克山县(125°49′12″E,48°0′36″N)。该土壤基本理化性质:pH 7.6,全磷(total phosphorus, TP) 669.6 mg/kg,速效磷(available phosphorus, AP) 99.0 mg/kg,速效氮(available nitrogen, AN) 76.7 mg/kg、总碳(total carbon, TC) 212.6 mg/kg,土壤有机质(soil organic carbon, SOC) 167.7 mg/kg。
供试玉米品种为‘富尔116’,购自齐齐哈尔市某公司。
1×PBS:分别称取8.00 g NaCl、0.20 g KCl、1.42 g Na2HPO4和0.27 g KH2PO4,用蒸馏水定容至1 L,然后调节pH值至7.0;2×PBS (仅含钠盐):首先分别将31.2 g NaH2PO4·2H2O和71.6 g Na2HPO4·12H2O定容于1 L去离子水,以分别制备0.2 mol/L NaH2PO4和0.2 mol/L Na2HPO4溶液,然后将190 mL 0.2 mol/L NaH2PO4和810 mL 0.2 mol/L Na2HPO4进行混合,调节pH值至7.0。
磷酸二氢钾购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司;酒石酸锑钾、钼酸铵、甘露醇、钼酸钠购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;抗坏血酸购自北京百灵威科技有限公司;硫酸镁购自上海吉至生化科技有限公司;4%戊二醛溶液:采用0.1 mol/L的PBS配制,由25%戊二醛溶液稀释而成;细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;2×M5 Semi-Fidelity PCR Mix购自北京聚合美生物科技有限公司。
全自动工业分析仪,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;总有机碳总氮分析仪,Vario公司;紫外可见分光光度计,上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司;扫描电镜,日立公司。
LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母粉5.0,NaCl 10.0,固体培养基在液体培养基的基础上添加15 g/L的琼脂粉[20];富集培养液[21];氨化培养基[21];无氮培养基[22];蒙金娜无机磷培养基[23];限氮培养基[24]。培养基中所有试剂都配成高浓度母液,其中谷氨酸过滤除菌,葡萄糖配成高浓度母液单独灭菌,柠檬酸铁、CaCl2·2H2O分别单独灭菌,其余成分混匀后115 ℃灭菌30 min,最终定容至1 L。R2A Broth[25]购自北京酷来搏科技有限公司。
称取黑土1 g,加9 mL生理盐水,30 ℃、200 r/min振荡培养过夜,静置15 min。按10倍梯度稀释至10-6,取10-3-10-6各100 μL涂布相应培养基,每梯度3个重复,30 ℃倒置培养,挑取单菌落划线纯化,获得纯培养[26]
以纯化后的菌落为模板,用引物27F (5′- AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′- CTACGGCTACCTTGTTACGA-3′)进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(20 μL):2×M5 Semi-Fidelity PCR Mix 10 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.5 μL,ddH2O 9 μL。PCR反应程序:95 ℃ 3 min;94 ℃ 25 s,55-59 ℃ 25 s,72 ℃ 30 s,34个循环;72 ℃ 6 min。产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶检测后送北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司测序,所得序列与EzBioCloud数据库(https://www.ezbiocloud.net)[27]比对,确定相近模式菌株。
采用乙炔还原法测定固氮酶活性[25]。活化菌株按1:100接入LB液体培养基,30 ℃、200 r/min振荡培养过夜,8 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,去离子水洗2次后,以限氮培养基重悬至OD600=0.3-0.5,取10 mL注入厌氧管,抽真空后充氮,30 ℃、200 r/min预培养1-2 h,再注入10%乙炔用氢火焰离子化检测器和Porapak N柱检测乙烯,进样器、检测器、柱温分别为120、60、150 ℃,氩气流速为25 mL/min,进样量100 μL。取100 μL气体注入气相色谱记录时间,并以第1次转入乙炔管子的气体为零点,以不接菌培养基为对照,每隔相应时间段取样同时记录取样时间及乙烯峰面积,如公式(1)所示。
Y=5×10-9×S×0.001 (L)10-6×22.4 (L/nmoL)
式中:Y为1 mL乙烯的摩尔数,S为乙烯峰面积。
蛋白含量按Bradford试剂盒说明书测定。
采用钼锑抗比色法测定菌液可溶性磷含量[28]。将OD600=0.9的解磷菌以1%接种量接入蒙金娜无机磷液体培养基,30 ℃、200 r/min培养3 d后取样。解磷菌菌液超声破碎30 min,8 000 r/min离心10 min,取2.5 mL上清,加5 mL钼锑显色剂,定容至50 mL,OD700测定吸光值。用磷酸二氢钾绘制标准曲线并计算可溶性磷含量,同时测定上清液pH。
挑取单菌落接入LB液体培养基,30 ℃、200 r/min培养过夜;按1%转接至10 mL新鲜LB液体培养基中,相同条件培养,间隔时间取样测OD600至稳定,以培养时间为横坐标、OD600为纵坐标绘制生长曲线。
采用Salkowski比色法测定菌株的IAA分泌能力[29]。菌株在R2A培养基中活化过夜后,以1%接入含100 mg/L l-色氨酸的R2A培养基中,30 ℃、200 r/min培养5 d,7 000 r/min离心5 min取上清;取1 mL上清与等体积Salkowski显色液混匀,避光30 min,530 nm测吸光度,以IAA标准品绘制标准曲线计算含量。
菌株30 ℃、200 r/min培养过夜,取0.5 mL菌液3 500 r/min离心2 min收集菌体,0.1 mol/L PBS (仅含钠盐)洗3次;加1 mL 4%戊二醛溶液(由仅含钠盐的0.1 mol/L PBS溶液配制而成),室温避光固定30-50 min,4 ℃再固定8 h以上;依次用30%、50%、70%、85%、95%乙醇梯度脱水各14 min,再用100%乙醇洗脱3次;CO2冷冻临界点干燥、喷金镀膜后扫描电镜观察[30]
将供试菌株划线LB平板,挑取单克隆接入LB液体培养基,30 ℃、200 r/min培养过夜,8 000×g离心5 min收集菌体,用无菌水重悬至OD600=0.5备用。
玉米种子用1%次氯酸钠溶液浸泡消毒30 min,蒸馏水冲洗后用20 mL菌液浸种2 h,取出播种。
选直径19 cm的圆柱形棕色花盆,风干黑土过2 mm筛,每盆装1.6 kg。设5个处理:施用全肥不接菌对照组记为100%N;施用80%氮肥同时不接菌对照组记为80%N;施用80%氮肥且接种Paraburkholderia sp. W22处理组记为80%N+W22;施用80%氮肥且接种Raoultella sp. Z93处理组记为80%N+Z93;施用80%氮肥且接种Paenibacillus sp. AHC-20处理组记为80%N+AHC-20。全肥:过磷酸钙0.2 g/盆、尿素0.2 g/盆、氯化钾 0.1 g/盆,与土壤混匀后浇水。次日每盆播3粒玉米种子,光14 h/暗10 h室温培养5-7 d后,留壮苗1株,每5 d浇水250 mL。14 d后每盆追加10 mL OD600=0.1菌液,对照加等量无菌水,50 d后取样测定。
用软尺测量茎基部至植株生长最高处的长度为株高;土壤表面以上玉米展开的叶片数量为叶片数;玉米茎基部在土壤表面以上的植株脱水生物量为地上干重,而玉米茎基部在土壤表面以下的脱水生物量为地下干重。干重测定前清除根际土壤,然后将玉米植株在105 ℃烘30 min,70 ℃烘至恒重后称量;采用80%丙酮法测定玉米叶片色素含量。取叶片剪成2 mm细丝,称0.2 g置于25 mL容量瓶,加0.5 mL丙酮、15 mL 80%丙酮密封瓶口,室温下置暗处浸提,待叶片变白色后加入80%丙酮定容至25 mL。用80%丙酮调0,在470、646、663 nm测吸光值;土壤1:5与水混合后静置5 min,采用pH计测定土壤酸碱度;将10 g土壤加入到40 mL浓度为0.5 mol/L的K2SO4溶液中,在30 ℃、200 r/min振荡30 min,0.45 μm滤膜过滤,总有机碳分析仪测总无机碳、总有机碳、总碳;土壤有机质=总有机碳×1.724;土壤铵态氮、硝态氮采用全自动工业分析仪测定。
所有试验设3次生物学重复,用IBM SPSS Statistics 24进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),多组间差异用Duncan法检验,显著水平P<0.05。Origin 2021绘图。
三株固氮菌进行固氮能力验证见图1A,菌株AHC-20固氮酶活性最高,为 (57.13±0.26) nmol C2H4/(min·mg protein);菌株Z93和W22分别为(31.40±1.12) nmol C2H4/(min·mg protein)和(0.22±0.00) nmol C2H4/(min·mg protein)。生长曲线(图1B)显示,菌株Z93生长最快,1:100接种条件下2-4 h进入对数生长期。
利用扫描电镜进行观察,发现W22、Z93、AHC-20这3株固氮菌均为杆状(图2)。菌株W22呈短杆状,表面具凹凸纹理,大小约(0.5-1.0) μm×0.5 μm (图2A);菌株Z93呈不规则杆状,表面被分泌物质包裹,大小约 (1.0-2.0) μm×0.4 μm (图2B);菌株AHC-20为杆状,表面光滑,大小约(1.0-2.5) μm×0.4 μm (图2C)。
基于16S rRNA基因序列,以EzBioCloud数据库比对并采用MEGA 11邻接法构建系统发育树(图3)。菌株W22、Z93、AHC-20分别归属ParaburkholderiRaoultellaPaenibacillus这 3个属,P. caledonica NBRC 102488T (BAYE01000050)、土壤柔武氏菌(R. terrigena) ATCC 33257T (Y17658)和草芽孢杆菌(P. graminis) DSM 15220T (CP009287)的16S rRNA基因相似性依次为100.0%、99.4%和99.9%。
溶磷能力与IAA产量是评价菌株促生潜力的重要标准。定量分析表明(表1),菌株W22和菌株Z93兼具溶磷及IAA分泌能力,其中菌株Z93溶磷能力和IAA产量最高,分别为62.64 mg/L和137.13 mg/L;菌株AHC-20未检测到上述能力。
盆栽试验设置全肥(100%N)和减肥20% (80%N) 2个对照组,并在减肥基础上分别施用W22、Z93、AHC-20菌液作为处理组(图4)。与100%N和80%N相比,接种菌株W22、Z93、AHC-20的玉米株高均增加(图4A),其中,AHC-20处理组的玉米株高显著高于80%N对照组,增幅15.1%。在栽培50 d时,AHC-20处理组的玉米展开叶片数最多(平均为4-5片),而80%N处理组的玉米叶片数少于4片。相比之下,接种菌株W22和Z93的处理组在株高和叶片数上与对照组无显著差异。
所有接菌处理组的地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量均高于80%N不接菌对照组(图5)。其中,接种菌株Z93和AHC-20的处理组地下生物量显著增加(图5A),Z93处理组较100%N、80%N对照组分别提高40.0%和117.1%,AHC-20处理组分别提高43.3%和122.2%,而地上生物量差异不显著。在总生物量方面,所有接菌处理均高于100%N对照组,且Z93和AHC-20处理组较100%N对照组分别提高了49.3%和67.1% (图5B)。
接种菌株AHC-20的处理组植株各色素显著高于100%N和80%N对照组(图6)。与100%N对照组相比,Z93和AHC-20处理组的植株叶绿素a含量分别提高了15.1%和18.3%,且AHC-20处理组的叶绿素b含量较100%N对照组显著提高149.3% (图6A)。与80%N对照组相比,所有处理组的叶绿素总量均增加,其中AHC-20处理组的叶绿素总量较100%N和80%N对照组分别增加了34.7%和53.4% (图6B)。
接种菌株AHC-20处理组的土壤无机碳、有机碳、总碳、有机质均高于100%N和80%N对照组。接种菌株W22、Z93处理组的土壤无机碳与80%N对照组无显著差异,且低于100%N和AHC-20处理组(图7A);AHC-20处理组的土壤无机碳含量较80%N对照组提高了16.5%。Z93和AHC-20处理组的土壤有机碳、有机质含量分别较100%N和80%N对照组提高了12.0%和14.4% (图7B7D)。W22和AHC-20处理组的总碳含量显著高于对照组,其中AHC-20处理组的土壤总碳含量分别比100%N和80%N对照组提高了8.8%和15.1%;W22处理组的土壤碳含量分别比100%N和80%N对照组提高了3.5%和9.4%,而Z93处理组的土壤总碳含量与对照组相比无显著差异(图7C)。
图8A所示,接种菌株W22和AHC-20的处理组土壤铵态氮较80%N对照组显著提高,其中AHC-20处理组的土壤铵态氮提高最明显,增幅达16.3%。与100%N对照组相比,所有接菌处理组的土壤硝态氮含量均显著增加,其中Z93处理组的土壤硝态氮含量较100%N和80%N对照组分别提高了116.4%和76.6%。
所有接菌处理组的土壤pH值与80%N对照组的无显著差异,但较100%N对照组显著增加,其中W22处理组增加0.44,增加最为显著(图8B)。这表明化肥施用会降低土壤pH值,导致酸化风险,而减少化肥用量并配合施用固氮菌剂可有效维持土壤酸碱平衡。
为缓解化学氮肥过量施用带来的环境压力,微生物菌剂已成为推动农业绿色发展的关键手段。研究表明微生物菌剂可通过提高土壤pH、补充碳氮等养分改善土壤团粒结构与酸碱平衡,进而调节根系养分吸收、优化植株营养比例,最终实现增产[31-33]。Liu等[34]研究表明,铵态氮肥与微生物菌剂配施可提高水稻生物量及氮素在茎、叶、籽粒中的分配,并增强根系活力。Sharma等[35]的研究发现,菌剂与肥料配合可以提升木豆根长和籽粒产量,同时提高土壤硝态氮、速效磷含量及微生物多样性。Wu等[36]研究表明,复合木霉菌剂能增加黄连根际有机质、水解氮和速效磷,并提高微生物丰富度。Bradáčová等[37]研究表明,微生物菌剂在不同玉米栽培条件下可提高氧化有机碳、速效氮含量及氮肥利用率。综上所述,微生物菌剂通过调节土壤养分供应、改善土壤结构与微生物多样性,为农作物的健康生长和高产奠定基础。
长期施用氮肥会显著改变黑土中固氮菌群落、氨化细菌、硝化细菌等与氮循环相关的功能微生物[38-39]。过量氮肥会降低根际固氮菌的丰富度,抑制其生长[39-41]。尽管外源氮可提高有机碳含量并为固氮提供能量,但超量氮肥会扰乱氨化与硝化细菌的平衡,导致铵、硝浓度异常,进而影响土壤pH[42-45]。因此氮肥用量是决定氮循环微生物结构的关键因素。在玉米上单独或减量配施固氮菌剂均可促进生长:联合施用C-112菌剂可增加株高、穗粒数和千粒重[46]、单独施用UB1野生型固氮菌并减氮可提升穗长、行粒数和百粒重[47]A. brasilense与氮肥配施显著增加干物质[48]。综上所述,固氮菌剂在未来农业资源利用中具有重要意义。
本研究自黑土分离获得3株固氮菌,系统发育分析将其分别归入ParaburkholderiaPaenibacillusRaoultella这3个属。乙炔还原法显示,Paenibacillus sp. AHC-20固氮活性最高,Raoultella sp. Z93次之,且3株固氮菌的固氮活性存在极显著差异。Gao等[49]的研究指出,即使从同一环境中分离,固氮菌的群落组成和功能特性也会因空间尺度不同而显著不同。Zeng等[50]的研究也表明,不同微生物的固氮酶结构和组成各异,且其表达和成熟过程受到环境氮水平的严格调控。这些因素均可能影响固氮酶的活性和固氮效率,因此后续分离培养应重点关注适应土壤环境和作物生长条件的固氮菌株,以期应用于农业中。
三株菌的解磷能力和IAA生成能力实验表明,Raoultella sp. Z93和Paraburkholderia sp. W22同时具有固氮、解磷和分泌IAA的多功能促生潜力,且菌株Raoultella sp. Z93的综合促生效果最佳。
研究表明Paraburkholderia[6]Raoultella[51]Paenibacillus[52] 3个属的菌株具有显著的促生潜能。Beneduzi等[53]从麦田中分离获得Paenibacillus,通过温室栽培试验验证其在促进小麦生长和增加干物质积累方面效果显著;Solanki等[54]Paraburkholderia应用于大豆盆栽和田间种植,其能够促进大豆生长、提高大豆产量,同时起到改善土壤有机碳、有效养分等的功效。Xu等[55]从黑麦根系分离出Raoultella,并在白菜盆栽实验中发现其不仅能促进白菜生长和提高产量,还有效改善土壤中镉浓度,显示出在土壤微生物修复方面的潜力。
为了探讨在氮肥减施下功能菌株的应用效果,本研究设置玉米盆栽试验,通过测定玉米株高、叶片数、生物量和叶片色素含量观察功能菌株对玉米表型的影响。结果表明,在减氮配施固氮微生物的实验中,接种菌株Paenibacillus sp. AHC-20的处理组表现出较高的固氮能力,叶片数和总生物量显著高于80%N对照组,其次是接种Raoultella sp. Z93的处理组。
氮是构成叶绿素的主要成分,氮磷缺乏会导致叶片变黄或变红,而叶片色素含量直接影响光合作用效率。研究表明,微生物菌剂可提高植株光合作用积累和净光合速率,促进氮磷吸收[56-57]。本研究通过测定叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素总量,分析固氮菌对玉米生长过程中光合作用的影响。与80%N对照组相比,处理组80%N+Z93和80%N+AHC-20的各色素含量显著增加。综上所述,固氮菌施用能促进玉米氮循环利用和光合作用,为玉米生长提供充足氮源,有望替代部分化肥,成为环境友好的绿色肥料。
本研究还考察了3种固氮菌对土壤肥力和酸碱环境的影响,结果表明与不接菌的80%N对照组相比,接菌处理组80%N+AHC-20的土壤总无机碳含量、总有机碳、总碳含量显著提高,这可能与固氮微生物分解和积累碳元素,以及参与玉米根系分泌过程满足植物碳需求有关。土壤碳含量受多种因素的影响,其中生物因素(如玉米残叶、微生物残体分解)起主导作用[58]。此外,处理组80%N+AHC-20的土壤铵态氮含量显著高于80%N对照组,而处理组80%N+Z93的土壤硝态氮含量显著高于100%N和80%N对照组。研究表明在适宜的土壤湿度、温度及作物生长条件下,固氮菌株与土壤微生物群落相互作用可提高作物对不同形式氮养分的吸收利用,还能促进土壤中硝化细菌、氨化细菌等微生物的活跃度,从而改良土壤环境[59]。所有接菌处理组的土壤pH值较100%N对照组显著提高,且土壤pH均保持在6.5-7.5之间,为适应此pH范围的微生物群落提供了良好的生长环境,促进了土壤微生物反应,表明这些固氮菌在增加土壤碳含量、改善土壤结构和肥力,以及调节土壤酸碱环境方面均具有较大潜力。
本研究筛选出高效固氮菌Paenibacillus sp. AHC-20和多功能固氮菌Raoultella sp. Z93,在氮肥减量施用条件下,对玉米生长表现出显著的促生效果,能够促进玉米植株生长、提高植株色素含量、促进玉米对氮素的吸收和利用;此外,这2株固氮菌还具有良好的土壤改良效果,能够显著提高土壤的铵态氮和硝态氮含量,进而改善土壤环境。通过单株菌的测定,本研究明确了3株固氮菌的基本特性及其对玉米生长的直接影响,对其固氮能力、促生效果和土壤适应性有了一定的了解。这些发现可为后续开展组合实验提供参考依据,也为后续将固氮菌与其他功能菌株(如解磷菌、解钾菌等)进行复配研究奠定初步基础。未来研究可在单株菌的基础上,进一步探索复配菌株组合对玉米生长的影响,以期更全面地挖掘微生物在农业应用中的价值,相关研究结果有助于推动我国东北黑土地的保护与利用,为实现氮肥的减施增效提供菌株支持。
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA28030201)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250431
  • 接收时间:2025-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04
  • 录用日期:2025-07-14
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Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Class A)(XDA28030201)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA28030201)
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    1.山西农业大学 农学院,分子农业与生物能源研究所,山西 晋中
    2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
    3.黑龙江省农业科学院齐齐哈尔分院,黑龙江 齐齐哈尔

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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