Article(id=1226460578860938137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736179200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1744732800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-16, onlineDate=1770340588534, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340588534, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340588534, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340588534, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3287, endPage=3300, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460579171316640, articleId=1226460578860938137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Efficient activation of organophosphorus in black soil by the phytase gene-modified indigenous bacterium Ralstonia pickettii G3, columnId=1226460577816559897, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Microbiome in Black Soils, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient element for plant growth and development. However, the available phosphorus in soil is extremely limited due to the presence of large amounts of organic phosphorus that is difficult to be degraded, with phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) accounting for a significant proportion. Phytases can efficiently hydrolyze phytate and release available phosphorus. [Objective] By taking advantage of the efficient hydrolysis ability of phytase, the phytase gene was gene modified in the indigenous bacteria of black soil to increase the available phosphorus content in the soil. [Methods] We employed the anchored protein pGSA for surface display of the bacterial phytaseAppA, thereby enhancing the stability and enzymatic activity of the protein as well as improving the substrate contact efficiency. Furthermore, leveraging the CRISPR-targeted gene editing technology, we precisely integrated the surface-displayed phytase fusion protein into the 16S rRNA gene of Ralstonia pickettii G3 genome, isolated from black soil to overcome the dependence of protein expression on vectors. [Results] The 16S rRNA gene site could be used as a target for gene modification without significant effect on the proliferation of the bacteria. The phytase-modified engineered bacteria showed a more than 8-fold increase in the hydrolytic ability of phytate and functioned in a wide pH range. After this indigenous engineered bacterial strain was applied to black soil, the soil phytase activity significantly increased, and the available phosphorus content rose by nearly 30%. [Conclusion] Modifying phytase by gene editing can promote the hydrolysis of phytate, increase the content of available phosphorus, and improve the phosphorus availability in the soil.

, correspAuthors=Ying ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*Tel: +86-451-55190993, E-mail:
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磷是植物生长发育必需的营养元素之一,然而植物从土壤中可获取的磷素十分有限,土壤中存在大量难利用的有机难降解磷,其中植酸(肌醇六磷酸)占据了较大部分。 【目的】 利用植酸酶对植酸的高效水解能力,对黑土土著细菌进行植酸酶基因修饰,提高土壤有效磷含量。 【方法】 利用锚定蛋白pGSA对细菌植酸酶AppA进行表面展示,以提高蛋白酶的稳定性和活性以及底物的接触效率。基于CRISPR靶向基因插入修饰技术,将表面展示的植酸酶融合蛋白基因靶向转座至一株从黑土分离的皮氏罗尔斯顿氏菌(Ralstonia pickettii) G3的基因组16S rRNA基因位点,以摆脱传统蛋白表达的载体依赖。 【结果】 细菌16S rRNA基因可以作为基因修饰的通用靶点,并且不会对该菌的增殖产生明显影响。植酸酶基因修饰菌对植酸的水解能力提高了8倍以上,并且可以在较宽的pH范围内发挥作用。将该基因修饰菌施用于黑土后,土壤植酸酶活性明显提升,且速效磷含量提高了近30%。 【结论】 植酸酶基因修饰的土著细菌能够促进土壤植酸水解,增加土壤有效磷含量,提高土壤磷素有效性。

, correspAuthors=张颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=XjKBLen4UK3GOm+EQZgVnw==, magXml=PWb8IenuJupittrvRQbClg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Vz73HiRVAjNA2N7c2ff9dw==, pdfFileSize=2111853, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Nam+BGljra474A919fmvFw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=LY5TF3oACquX8RHSl8dKGg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

韩伟:提出概念,撰写文章,获取基金;解雨竹:数据收集及分析;陈琦:数据分析,文章编辑;刘佳鑫:图表绘制、编辑;张博:参与论文讨论,方法论,项目管理;张颖:研究构思和设计,提供资源,监督管理,审阅文章。

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A: Growth curves comparison; B: Hydrolysis rates of different substrate concentrations; C: Effect of pH on phytase activity., figureFileSmall=NGwWIZLLLGNDgYa/39wRwg==, figureFileBig=+VVHrJvNcWR08GZLg0e35Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295322809005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578860938137, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基因修饰菌的生长趋势对比及对植酸的水解。A:生长曲线对比;B:不同底物浓度的水解率;C:pH对植酸酶活性的影响。, figureFileSmall=NGwWIZLLLGNDgYa/39wRwg==, figureFileBig=+VVHrJvNcWR08GZLg0e35Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295440249529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578860938137, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Changes in soil phytase activity and available phosphorus contents. A: Comparison of soil phytase activity; B: Soil available phosphorus content comparison. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=qPtcfzKgIrN2OjfzEobqEQ==, figureFileBig=yBg4DizLId/MA6eHDlyxMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295557690052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578860938137, language=CN, label=图6, caption=土壤植酸酶活性和有效磷含量变化。A:土壤植酸酶活性对比;B:土壤速效磷含量对比。, figureFileSmall=qPtcfzKgIrN2OjfzEobqEQ==, figureFileBig=yBg4DizLId/MA6eHDlyxMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295696102096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578860938137, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gene and primer sequences used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
SpacerACTAACGAAGCAGAGATGCATTAGGTGCTCGA
PAMCC
pGSAATGAAAAAAGAACTGAGCTTTCATGAAAAGCTGCTAAAGCTGACAAAACAGCAAAAAAAGAAAACCAATAAGCACGTATTTATTGCCATTCCGATCGTTTTTGTCCTTATGTTCGCTTTCATGTGGGCGGGAAAAGCGGAAACGCCGAAGGTCAAAACGTATTCTGACGACGTACTCTCAGCCTCATTTGTAGGCGATATTATGATGGGACGCTATGTTGAAAAAGTAACGGGGCAAAAAGGGGCAGACAGTATTTTTCAATATGTTGAACCGATCTTTAGAGCCTCGGATTATGTAGCAGGAAACTTTGAAAACCCGGTAACCTATCAAAAGAATTATAAACAAGCAGATAAAGAGATTCATCTGCAGACGAATAAGGAATCAGTGAAAGTCTTGAAGGATATGAATTTCACGGTTCTCAACAGCGCAAACAACCACGCAATGGATTACGGCGTTCAGGGCATGAAAGATACGCTTGGAGAATTTGCGAAGCAAAACCTTGATATCGTTGGAGCGGGATACAGCTTAAGTGATGCGAAAAAGAAAATTTCGTACCAGAAAGTCAACGGGGTAACGATTGCGACGCTTGGCTTTACCGATGTGTCCGGGAAAGGTTTCGCGGCTAAAAAGAATACGCCGGGCGTGCTGCCCGCAGATCCTGAAATCTTCATCCCTATGATTTCAGAAGCGAAAAAACATGCTGACATTGTTGTTGTGCAGTCACACTGGGGCCAAGAGTATGACAATGATCCAAACGACCGCCAGCGCCAGCTTGCAAGAGCCATGTCTGATGCGGGAGCTGACATCATCGTCGGCCATCATCCGCACGTCTTAGAACCGATTGAAGTATATAACGGAACCGTCATTTTCTACAGCCTCGGCAACTTTGTCTTTGACCAAGGCTGGACGAGAACAAGAGACAGTGCACTGGTTCAGTATCACCTGAAGAAAAATGGAACAGGCCGCTTTGAAGTGACACCGATCGATATCCATGAAGCGACACCTGCACCTGTGAAAAAAGACAGCCTTAAACAGAAAACCATTATTCGCGAACTGACGAAAGACTCTAATTTCGCTTGGAAAGTAGAAGACGGAAAACTGACGTTTGATATAGATCATAGTGACAAACTAAAATCTAAA
appAATGAAGGCCATTCTGATCCCGTTTCTGAGCCTGCTGATTCCGCTGACCCCGCAGAGCGCATTTGCTCAGTCAGAACCGGAACTGAAACTGGAAAGCGTTGTTATTGTGAGCCGCCATGGCGTTCGTGCACCTACCAAAGCTACCCAGCTGATGCAGGATGTGACCCCTGATGCATGGCCGACATGGCCTGTTAAACTGGGTTGGCTGACCCCGCGTGGTGGTGAGCTGATCGCATATCTGGGTCATTATCAGCGTCAGCGCCTGGTTGCCGATGGTTTACTGGCAAAAAAAGGCTGCCCGCAGAGCGGTCAGGTGGCAATCATTGCTGATGTGGATGAACGCACCCGTAAAACCGGTGAAGCCTTTGCCGCAGGTCTGGCACCTGATTGTGCAATTACCGTTCATACCCAGGCAGATACCAGCAGCCCGGATCCTTTATTTAATCCGCTGAAAACCGGCGTTTGCCAGCTGGATAATGCAAATGTGACCGATGCAATTCTGAGTCGCGCAGGTGGCAGTATTGCAGATTTTACCGGTCATCGCCAGACCGCATTTCGCGAACTGGAACGTGTTCTGAATTTTCCGCAGAGTAATCTGTGTCTGAAGCGCGAAAAACAGGATGAAAGCTGCAGTCTGACCCAGGCACTGCCTAGTGAACTGAAAGTGAGCGCCGATAATGTGAGCCTGACCGGTGCTGTTAGCCTGGCAAGTATGCTGACCGAAATTTTTCTGCTGCAGCAGGCACAGGGTATGCCGGAGCCTGGTTGGGGTCGTATTACCGATAGTCATCAGTGGAATACCCTGCTGAGCCTGCATAATGCCCAGTTTTATCTGCTGCAGCGTACCCCGGAAGTTGCAAGAAGTCGTGCAACCCCGCTGCTGGATCTGATTAAAACCGCACTGACCCCGCATCCGCCGCAGAAGCAGGCATACGGTGTTACACTGCCGACCAGCGTTCTGTTTATTGCAGGCCATGATACCAATCTGGCCAATCTGGGTGGCGCACTGGAATTAAATTGGACCCTGCCGGGCCAGCCGGATAATACCCCTCCTGGTGGTGAACTGGTGTTTGAACGTTGGCGTCGCCTGAGTGATAATAGCCAGTGGATTCAGGTTAGCCTGGTTTTTCAGACCCTGCAGCAGATGCGTGATAAAACCCCGCTGAGTCTGAATACCCCGCCGGGTGAGGTTAAACTGACCTTAGCCGGCTGCGAAGAACGTAATGCACAGGGTATGTGTAGCCTGGCCGGTTTTACCCAGATTGTGAATGAAGCCCGTATTCCGGCATGTAGCCTG
J23119TTGACAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGC
27F/CM2RGGAACTGAGACACGGTCCAG/CACCCATAAATTGATAATTATCACACCC
), ArticleFig(id=1226596295792571100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578860938137, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究使用的基因和引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
SpacerACTAACGAAGCAGAGATGCATTAGGTGCTCGA
PAMCC
pGSAATGAAAAAAGAACTGAGCTTTCATGAAAAGCTGCTAAAGCTGACAAAACAGCAAAAAAAGAAAACCAATAAGCACGTATTTATTGCCATTCCGATCGTTTTTGTCCTTATGTTCGCTTTCATGTGGGCGGGAAAAGCGGAAACGCCGAAGGTCAAAACGTATTCTGACGACGTACTCTCAGCCTCATTTGTAGGCGATATTATGATGGGACGCTATGTTGAAAAAGTAACGGGGCAAAAAGGGGCAGACAGTATTTTTCAATATGTTGAACCGATCTTTAGAGCCTCGGATTATGTAGCAGGAAACTTTGAAAACCCGGTAACCTATCAAAAGAATTATAAACAAGCAGATAAAGAGATTCATCTGCAGACGAATAAGGAATCAGTGAAAGTCTTGAAGGATATGAATTTCACGGTTCTCAACAGCGCAAACAACCACGCAATGGATTACGGCGTTCAGGGCATGAAAGATACGCTTGGAGAATTTGCGAAGCAAAACCTTGATATCGTTGGAGCGGGATACAGCTTAAGTGATGCGAAAAAGAAAATTTCGTACCAGAAAGTCAACGGGGTAACGATTGCGACGCTTGGCTTTACCGATGTGTCCGGGAAAGGTTTCGCGGCTAAAAAGAATACGCCGGGCGTGCTGCCCGCAGATCCTGAAATCTTCATCCCTATGATTTCAGAAGCGAAAAAACATGCTGACATTGTTGTTGTGCAGTCACACTGGGGCCAAGAGTATGACAATGATCCAAACGACCGCCAGCGCCAGCTTGCAAGAGCCATGTCTGATGCGGGAGCTGACATCATCGTCGGCCATCATCCGCACGTCTTAGAACCGATTGAAGTATATAACGGAACCGTCATTTTCTACAGCCTCGGCAACTTTGTCTTTGACCAAGGCTGGACGAGAACAAGAGACAGTGCACTGGTTCAGTATCACCTGAAGAAAAATGGAACAGGCCGCTTTGAAGTGACACCGATCGATATCCATGAAGCGACACCTGCACCTGTGAAAAAAGACAGCCTTAAACAGAAAACCATTATTCGCGAACTGACGAAAGACTCTAATTTCGCTTGGAAAGTAGAAGACGGAAAACTGACGTTTGATATAGATCATAGTGACAAACTAAAATCTAAA
appAATGAAGGCCATTCTGATCCCGTTTCTGAGCCTGCTGATTCCGCTGACCCCGCAGAGCGCATTTGCTCAGTCAGAACCGGAACTGAAACTGGAAAGCGTTGTTATTGTGAGCCGCCATGGCGTTCGTGCACCTACCAAAGCTACCCAGCTGATGCAGGATGTGACCCCTGATGCATGGCCGACATGGCCTGTTAAACTGGGTTGGCTGACCCCGCGTGGTGGTGAGCTGATCGCATATCTGGGTCATTATCAGCGTCAGCGCCTGGTTGCCGATGGTTTACTGGCAAAAAAAGGCTGCCCGCAGAGCGGTCAGGTGGCAATCATTGCTGATGTGGATGAACGCACCCGTAAAACCGGTGAAGCCTTTGCCGCAGGTCTGGCACCTGATTGTGCAATTACCGTTCATACCCAGGCAGATACCAGCAGCCCGGATCCTTTATTTAATCCGCTGAAAACCGGCGTTTGCCAGCTGGATAATGCAAATGTGACCGATGCAATTCTGAGTCGCGCAGGTGGCAGTATTGCAGATTTTACCGGTCATCGCCAGACCGCATTTCGCGAACTGGAACGTGTTCTGAATTTTCCGCAGAGTAATCTGTGTCTGAAGCGCGAAAAACAGGATGAAAGCTGCAGTCTGACCCAGGCACTGCCTAGTGAACTGAAAGTGAGCGCCGATAATGTGAGCCTGACCGGTGCTGTTAGCCTGGCAAGTATGCTGACCGAAATTTTTCTGCTGCAGCAGGCACAGGGTATGCCGGAGCCTGGTTGGGGTCGTATTACCGATAGTCATCAGTGGAATACCCTGCTGAGCCTGCATAATGCCCAGTTTTATCTGCTGCAGCGTACCCCGGAAGTTGCAAGAAGTCGTGCAACCCCGCTGCTGGATCTGATTAAAACCGCACTGACCCCGCATCCGCCGCAGAAGCAGGCATACGGTGTTACACTGCCGACCAGCGTTCTGTTTATTGCAGGCCATGATACCAATCTGGCCAATCTGGGTGGCGCACTGGAATTAAATTGGACCCTGCCGGGCCAGCCGGATAATACCCCTCCTGGTGGTGAACTGGTGTTTGAACGTTGGCGTCGCCTGAGTGATAATAGCCAGTGGATTCAGGTTAGCCTGGTTTTTCAGACCCTGCAGCAGATGCGTGATAAAACCCCGCTGAGTCTGAATACCCCGCCGGGTGAGGTTAAACTGACCTTAGCCGGCTGCGAAGAACGTAATGCACAGGGTATGTGTAGCCTGGCCGGTTTTACCCAGATTGTGAATGAAGCCCGTATTCCGGCATGTAGCCTG
J23119TTGACAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGC
27F/CM2RGGAACTGAGACACGGTCCAG/CACCCATAAATTGATAATTATCACACCC
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植酸酶基因修饰土著皮氏罗尔斯顿氏菌(Ralstonia pickettii) G3对黑土有机磷的高效活化
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韩伟 , 解雨竹 , 陈琦 , 刘佳鑫 , 张博 , 张颖 *
微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025,65(8): 3287-3300
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微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025, 65(8): 3287-3300
植酸酶基因修饰土著皮氏罗尔斯顿氏菌(Ralstonia pickettii) G3对黑土有机磷的高效活化
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韩伟, 解雨竹, 陈琦, 刘佳鑫, 张博, 张颖*
作者信息
  • 东北农业大学 资源与环境学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨
Efficient activation of organophosphorus in black soil by the phytase gene-modified indigenous bacterium Ralstonia pickettii G3
Wei HAN, Yuzhu XIE, Qi CHEN, Jiaxin LIU, Bo ZHANG, Ying ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250016
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磷是植物生长发育必需的营养元素之一,然而植物从土壤中可获取的磷素十分有限,土壤中存在大量难利用的有机难降解磷,其中植酸(肌醇六磷酸)占据了较大部分。 【目的】 利用植酸酶对植酸的高效水解能力,对黑土土著细菌进行植酸酶基因修饰,提高土壤有效磷含量。 【方法】 利用锚定蛋白pGSA对细菌植酸酶AppA进行表面展示,以提高蛋白酶的稳定性和活性以及底物的接触效率。基于CRISPR靶向基因插入修饰技术,将表面展示的植酸酶融合蛋白基因靶向转座至一株从黑土分离的皮氏罗尔斯顿氏菌(Ralstonia pickettii) G3的基因组16S rRNA基因位点,以摆脱传统蛋白表达的载体依赖。 【结果】 细菌16S rRNA基因可以作为基因修饰的通用靶点,并且不会对该菌的增殖产生明显影响。植酸酶基因修饰菌对植酸的水解能力提高了8倍以上,并且可以在较宽的pH范围内发挥作用。将该基因修饰菌施用于黑土后,土壤植酸酶活性明显提升,且速效磷含量提高了近30%。 【结论】 植酸酶基因修饰的土著细菌能够促进土壤植酸水解,增加土壤有效磷含量,提高土壤磷素有效性。

CRISPR  /  植酸酶  /  有机磷  /  基因修饰  /  表面展示

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient element for plant growth and development. However, the available phosphorus in soil is extremely limited due to the presence of large amounts of organic phosphorus that is difficult to be degraded, with phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) accounting for a significant proportion. Phytases can efficiently hydrolyze phytate and release available phosphorus. [Objective] By taking advantage of the efficient hydrolysis ability of phytase, the phytase gene was gene modified in the indigenous bacteria of black soil to increase the available phosphorus content in the soil. [Methods] We employed the anchored protein pGSA for surface display of the bacterial phytaseAppA, thereby enhancing the stability and enzymatic activity of the protein as well as improving the substrate contact efficiency. Furthermore, leveraging the CRISPR-targeted gene editing technology, we precisely integrated the surface-displayed phytase fusion protein into the 16S rRNA gene of Ralstonia pickettii G3 genome, isolated from black soil to overcome the dependence of protein expression on vectors. [Results] The 16S rRNA gene site could be used as a target for gene modification without significant effect on the proliferation of the bacteria. The phytase-modified engineered bacteria showed a more than 8-fold increase in the hydrolytic ability of phytate and functioned in a wide pH range. After this indigenous engineered bacterial strain was applied to black soil, the soil phytase activity significantly increased, and the available phosphorus content rose by nearly 30%. [Conclusion] Modifying phytase by gene editing can promote the hydrolysis of phytate, increase the content of available phosphorus, and improve the phosphorus availability in the soil.

CRISPR  /  phytase  /  organophosphorus  /  gene modification  /  surface display
韩伟, 解雨竹, 陈琦, 刘佳鑫, 张博, 张颖. 植酸酶基因修饰土著皮氏罗尔斯顿氏菌(Ralstonia pickettii) G3对黑土有机磷的高效活化. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3287 -3300 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250016
Wei HAN, Yuzhu XIE, Qi CHEN, Jiaxin LIU, Bo ZHANG, Ying ZHANG. Efficient activation of organophosphorus in black soil by the phytase gene-modified indigenous bacterium Ralstonia pickettii G3[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3287 -3300 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250016
土壤中生物可直接利用的磷通常较少,大部分磷以有机磷的形式存在(20%-80%)[1]。低分子量磷酸单酯(如植酸、磷酸糖和核糖核苷酸)以及磷酸酯聚合物(如核酸和磷脂),是土壤中有机磷的主要形式,其主要源于植物和微生物残体[1]。黑土中,有机磷的占比通常在20%-60%之间[2-3],高有机质土壤中的有机磷含量甚至可占土壤总磷的50%以上,而植酸是有机磷的重要组成部分[4]。植酸(肌醇六磷酸)是一种广泛存在于植物中的有机磷化合物,农田土壤中的植酸主要来源于植物残体分解、根系分泌物、有机肥以及微生物活动,其中植物残体和有机肥输入占比较高[4]。在耕地土壤中,植酸占到土壤总磷的20%以上,每年在土壤中积累的植酸可达5 100万t,相当于约65%的磷肥施用量[4]。因此,如何释放土壤中植酸的磷对于提高土壤有效磷具有重要意义。
可以水解植酸的酶有磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶和植酸酶,其中植酸酶可特异性高效催化植酸水解为肌醇和磷[5],进而提高土壤中溶解性磷含量。根据来源不同,植酸酶主要分为细菌植酸酶和植物植酸酶2类。目前研究报道的产植酸酶细菌超过100种,主要分布于大肠杆菌、芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、乳酸菌属等;而植物植酸酶主要存在于种子(如小麦、玉米、大豆)中,用于种子萌发时释放储存的磷[6]。植物植酸酶产量低、提取成本高,工业应用较少,主要依赖细菌来源的植酸酶。值得一提的是,细菌植酸酶比植物植酸酶具有更强的水解活力[7],且无须复杂的蛋白修饰,因此更加适用于土壤有机磷分解研究。研究表明,植酸酶添加可提高土壤有效磷含量1.18倍,且明显促进水稻生长[8]。虽然目前已挖掘了许多解磷菌,但其解磷机制主要依赖分泌有机酸释放矿物中的无机磷,或通过磷酸酶水解结构简单的有机磷,通常对植酸的水解能力有限[9]。利用微生物植酸酶构建基因工程植物促生菌,可以有效弥补减少磷肥使用后的缺口,提高土壤有效磷含量。大肠杆菌植酸酶AppA具有高效催化活性与广谱适应性,在pH 2.0-7.5范围内均可高效水解植酸,同时耐受60-70 ℃高温,此外AppA还展现出强抗逆性、易于异源表达,且在复杂基质中保持高底物亲和力[10],因此细菌植酸酶AppA是植酸活化研究的重要蛋白酶之一。
目前,植物促生菌在农业系统中发挥了重要作用,可在一定程度上替代部分传统农用化学品,提高粮食产量[11]。然而,虽然从土壤中分离并驯化了一些植物促生菌,但这些促生菌的遗传信息不明确,且通常进化出与农业种植不协调的遗传调控模式,同时复杂的土壤环境也会干扰其促生作用,这极大限制了植物促生菌的实际应用[12]。相比之下,氮固定、磷释放、纤维素分解、植物免疫诱导等相关的微生物促生机制和基因已被广泛研究和报道,为开发农业促产的基因工程菌提供了巨大潜力[13-14]。随着全球对转基因技术的逐步放开和接受,为农业系统设计相匹配的土壤元素活化和植物促生工程菌将是未来趋势之一。
向导RNA辅助的靶向转座元件插入系统INTEGRATE (insertion of transposable elements by guide RNA-assisted targeting)是2019年报道的一种优秀的细菌基因编辑CRISPR工具[15],其可以实现长达10 kb碱基的准确、高效、无标记的基因组整合[16]。这种可编程整合酶系统克服了现有整合子系统的一些重要弊端,例如效率低、依赖重组、需要多个载体辅助、靶点位置固定等。然而,该系统在功能基因移植以及通用编辑靶点挖掘等方面的研究较少。此外,另一种微生物技术是针对细菌膜蛋白的改造。细菌表面展示技术是一种对细菌细胞外膜蛋白的改造技术,通过将靶蛋白的N端或C端与锚定蛋白融合,进而将感兴趣的蛋白质或酶直接固定在微生物细胞表面上,使目的蛋白定位于宿主细胞表面发挥功能[17],这一方面可以规避酶的裂解释放过程,减少传质限制,同时可保证酶的活力以及稳定性。相关研究表明,表面展示后的蛋白酶可以提高其在土壤环境中的稳定性,并延长其作用时间[18],进而充分发挥酶在环境中的作用。
基因修饰是指通过生物技术手段人为改变生物体的基因组,包括插入、删除或修改特定基因,以改变其性状或功能[19]。本研究针对黑土中植酸的水解,提出了基于INTEGRATE靶向转座技术,利用细菌植酸酶基因appA对土著微生物进行基因插入修饰,并通过表面展示技术进一步发挥植酸酶的作用,旨在实现水解黑土植酸并提高有效磷含量。其中,该研究的关键技术包括INTEGRATE转座插入、表面展示的融合蛋白构建、目的基因的功能表达等。本研究对构建好的植酸酶基因修饰菌的酶活进行检测,并将其施用于黑土土壤,以期为黑土保护提供新的微生物策略,也为基因工程菌的构建提供新的思路。
植酸酶appA基因(Uniprot ID: P07102)克隆自大肠杆菌K12,锚定蛋白pGSA基因(ACT52837.1)采用全基因合成(合成基因的载体骨架为pET-30a),锚定蛋白和植酸酶的融合可参考文献[20],融合后的载体为pET-30a-pGSA-appA。其中,锚定蛋白pGSA和乘客蛋白AppA之间需用柔性肽(GGGGSGGGGS)连接,以消除pGSA和AppA之间的干扰,融合后的表面展示蛋白命名为pGSA-appA。大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)DH5α和一株从黑土中分离的菌株皮氏罗尔斯顿氏菌(Ralstonia pickettii)G3分别作为基因的克隆和表达宿主,质粒转化通过二氨基庚二酸(diaminopimelic acid, DAP)营养缺陷型的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) WM3064作为供体菌进行偶联转移实现。INTEGRATE系统所用载体pSPIN骨架的构建步骤可参考文献[15]。其中,CRISPR间隔区的Spacer序列(32 nt)用于基因的靶向定位,R end和L end之间的区域为Cargo区(其中包含目的基因)。具体基因和引物序列见表1
卡那霉素,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;二氨基庚二酸,Sigma-Aldrich公司;植酸钠、细菌基因组提取试剂盒、土壤速效磷含量检测试剂盒,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;超级感受态细菌制备试剂盒、Taq酶、Pfu酶,上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司。
PCR仪,Bio-Rad公司;其他所需材料可参考文献[15]。
本研究使用的最终表达载体可参考图1中的pGSA-appA-pSPIN,该载体主要由QCascade (CRISPR区、Cas基因表达区)、TnsABC (转座酶表达区)和Donor (Cargo区) 3部分组成。载体构建的步骤包括Spacer区改造、启动子改造和Cargo区改造,其中植酸酶融合蛋白的启动子为J23119组成型启动子。利用SnapGene软件构建载体图谱,引物设计和无缝克隆模拟也通过该软件完成。载体的构建步骤主要包括载体线性化和无缝连接,详细步骤参考文献[15,21]。
使用E. coli DH5α扩增目的载体pSPIN-pGSA-appA,并通过超级感受态细菌制备试剂盒制备E. coli WM3064供体感受态,随后将pSPIN-pGSA-appA转化至E. coli WM3064。将携带载体的供体菌株WM3064与受体菌R. pickettii G3按照2:1的比例置于含有50 μg/mL卡那霉素和50 μmol/L DAP的LB培养基中,37 ℃培养过夜(~10 h),具体过程可参考文献[16]。利用卡那霉素抗性筛选接合子后,使用细菌基因组提取试剂盒提取接合子基因组,并通过引物27F (5ʹ-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3ʹ)和CM2R (5ʹ-CACCCATAAATTGATAATTATCACACCC-3ʹ)对接合子基因进行PCR,PCR反应可参考文献[16]完成。
植酸酶活性的测定采用改良的磷酸根显色法[22],该方法主要通过磷酸根与钼酸盐反应生成磷钼酸复合物,随后被还原生成蓝色钼蓝,最后根据样品的吸光度值在标准曲线中换算磷酸根浓度。
100 mmol/L的NaAc-HAc缓冲液:取4.101 5 g无水乙酸钠,溶于500 mL蒸馏水中,用乙酸调节至pH 6.0。植酸钠底物溶液:配制6.25 mmol/L的植酸钠溶液,取1.443 5 g肌醇六磷酸钠,溶于NaAc-HAc缓冲液中(现配现用)。终止液:5%三氯乙酸溶液(5% TCA)。显色液:将4份试剂A与1份试剂B混合,现配现用。试剂A:取7.5 g钼酸铵,溶于400 mL蒸馏水中,加入22 mL浓硫酸,定容至500 mL,配成1.5%的钼酸铵溶液,4 ℃保存。试剂B:配制2.7%硫酸亚铁溶液,取6.75 g十二水硫酸亚铁,溶于250 mL蒸馏水中,4 ℃保存。KH2PO4母液(50 mmol/L):取0.680 5 g KH2PO4固体,溶于100 mL 0.1 mol/L的NaAc-HAc缓冲液中。
取0.1 mL菌液,置于37 ℃水浴预热5 min,加入0.4 mL底物溶液并充分混合,置于37 ℃水浴反应30 min后,加入0.5 mL终止液及0.5 mL显色液,显色10 min,检测OD700数值。
取0.0、0.8、1.6、2.4、3.2、4.0 mmol/L的KH2PO4标准液各0.1 mL,置于37 ℃水浴预热5 min。反应结束后,取1 mL上述样品于狭缝比色皿,用分光光度计测量OD700,根据分光光度计数值绘制标准曲线。
取对数生长期(OD600约为0.7)的基因修饰菌液,7 000 r/min离心5 min,去上清后收集菌体。菌体用生理盐水吹洗3次,将清洗后的菌体重悬于生理盐水中,制成细胞密度为1.0×108 CFU/mL的细胞悬浮液。
设置不同植酸钠底物浓度,取0.1 mL上述菌液于37 ℃水浴预热5 min;加入不同浓度的植酸钠底物溶液0.4 mL,混合均匀后置于37 ℃水浴反应30 min;加入终止液,混匀;加入显色剂显色10 min;取1 mL上述样品于狭缝比色皿,用分光光度计测量OD700;通过标准曲线获取水解后的磷酸根浓度。
取0.1 mL菌液于37 ℃水浴预热5 min,加入0.1 mmol/L的植酸钠底物溶液0.4 mL,并使用盐酸和氢氧化钠溶液分别调节pH至3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0,37 ℃水浴反应30 min,后续检测方法同上。
将500 g过筛黑土土壤与10 mL生理盐水清洗后的R. pickettii G3菌液(OD600值为1.0)混合均匀后,放入5粒大小均匀的已发芽大豆种子,每组重复5次(以无菌的生理盐水作为对照)。从播种大豆开始,每7天取一次表层土壤,储存于-80 ℃冰箱待测。称取0.1 g过筛土样,加入1 mL NaAc-HAc缓冲液,1 500 r/min振荡1 h,10 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液0.1 mL作为待测样品(空白组将菌液换成缓冲液即可),按照植酸酶活性检测方法进行操作。土壤植酸酶活性(单位U/g)计算如公式(1)所示。
酶活=k(A0-A1)×L×DMTV
式中:k为标准曲线斜率,A1A0分别为反应30 min和对照的OD700值,L为提取植酸酶时加入的缓冲液总体积,D为提取液稀释倍数,M为称取的土样质量,T为反应时间,V为反应液的体积。
取不同时间段的土壤,利用试剂盒检测土壤速效磷含量,检测方法可参考试剂盒说明书。使用SPSS 30.0.0进行ANOVA分析。
为了实现pGSA-appA基因在目标细菌基因组中16S rRNA基因位点的靶向修饰,需要对原始pSPIN载体骨架进行逐步改造。原始pSPIN的Spacer引导序列靶向定位于lacZ基因(图2A)。第一步,将原始Spacer序列改造为针对目标菌株的16s-spacer (该序列引导整个转座复合体对靶点的识别),见图2B。第二步,以16s-pSPIN为基础,对Cargo转座子的启动子进行改造。原始载体的Cargo基因缺少启动子,因此采用组成型启动子J23119,以实现目的基因的稳定表达[23],改造后得到质粒J23119-16s-pSPIN (图2C)。随后,在J23119-16s-pSPIN质粒基础上对Cargo转座子区域进行改造,将pGSA-AppA融合蛋白基因酶切(图3B)并连接在J23119启动子后10 bp左右处,构建最终的植酸酶AppA表面展示系统载体,使其能够在16S rRNA基因位点上表达(图2D)。
锚定蛋白pGSA是枯草芽孢杆菌的γ-谷氨酸合成酶A (poly-γ-glutamic synthetase A)膜蛋白,被广泛应用于蛋白质的表面展示[24]。该锚定蛋白具有表面展示效率高、使用方便等优点,且表面展示后的蛋白具有更高的活性和环境耐受性[18]。AppA植酸酶最初发现于大肠杆菌,由其基因组中的appA基因编码,属于组氨酸酸性磷酸酶(HAP)家族。植酸酶AppA的三维结构包含一个催化域(负责水解植酸)和一个结构辅助域(增强了底物结合能力),是一种典型的6-植酸酶(6-phytase),即优先从植酸的D-6位点开始水解磷酸酯键,依次生成IP5、IP4等低磷酸化肌醇衍生物,最终产物是无机磷酸和肌醇[10]
根据从黑土中分离的土著细菌皮氏罗尔斯顿氏菌(Ralstonia pickettii) G3的16S rRNA基因序列特征,设计pGSA-appA-pSPIN的Spacer序列,用于pGSA-appA的基因修饰,靶向位点位于27F后962 bp处。INTEGRATE系统通过Spacer序列的引导,会将整个R end-L end的Cargo区域转座至目标位点。为了验证转座插入的成功,针对插入序列设计了特异性引物(27F/CM2R),对嵌合16S rRNA基因的27F到R end之间的序列进行PCR,其中CM2R是R end上的特征序列。凝胶电泳结果显示,由于外源基因已成功插入基因组的目标位置形成融合基因,因此可以通过特异性引物完成PCR过程;而原始菌株由于缺乏Cargo转座区,因此无R end段序列,进而无PCR产物(图3A)。R. pickettii G3属于革兰氏阴性好氧菌,致病性较低[25],是环境中常见的一种细菌,能够适应复杂及恶劣环境,在许多环境污染修复方面表现出潜力[26],并且该菌可以通过共代谢的方式,与其他微生物互利共生,促进生长并提高环境修复效果[27]。核糖体16S rRNA由细菌基因组上的基因序列转录而成,rrnDB数据库[28]显示,Ralstonia通常含有3-4个16S rRNA基因拷贝,因此其冗余的16S rRNA基因可以作为基因修饰的位点。
INTEGRATE系统的PAM序列为“CC”,紧随其后的是引导的Spacer序列。对PCR测序结果显示,pGSA-appA的Cargo区域插入到Spacer序列后49 bp处(图4)。通常Cargo区域会插入到靶点Spacer序列后50 bp左右处[15],这与本研究的结果一致。Klompe等[15]研究结果表明,当转座子序列的两端(L end和R end)交换位置后其转座效率更高。因此,本研究采用“R end”在前的载体构建方法(图1)。
基因修饰是通过在宿主细胞内插入一段目的基因或删除某段特定基因,从而使原有宿主获得新的功能或改变其基因型。理想的基因修饰技术应不依赖DNA断裂及同源重组,同时具备特异性和可编程性。基于CRISPR技术的最新进展为微生物染色体的便捷整合提供了新的思路和方法。传统的基因工程菌构建通常使用模式菌株,或者具有特殊整合位点的菌株。最新研究表明,CRISPR-Cas系统可以与细菌类Tn7转座子结合,完成RNA引导的转座整合[29]。随着该技术的不断改进,INTEGRATE编辑系统得以开发并初步应用[15]。该系统主要包括3个部分:目标基因、TnsABC转座酶复合体以及Cas蛋白串,最终目标基因在向导RNA的引导下,在目标位点下游50 bp左右处完成整合。然而,将该技术应用于黑土根际微生物菌群的功能基因修饰方面,目前仍处于空白状态。目前,该系统的插入目标位点主要为LacZ以及一些经过筛选的安全位点,缺乏更便利的候选插入位点。本研究使用16S rRNA基因作为修饰基因的靶点,并验证了该位点的可行性,从而实现了在任意菌株上快速的靶向转座和基因修饰。值得注意的是,由于载体的转化需要借助E. coli WM3064的结合转移,因此该方法仅适用于革兰氏阴性菌。此外,更为复杂的环境,例如土壤中的微生物菌群能否实现快速的基因整合,也是重要的研究方向。
在生长曲线对比分析中发现,与未改造的原始菌相比,基因修饰菌在稳定期的OD600吸光度略低,但二者较为接近(图5A)。由于转座的位置是核糖体的16S rRNA基因位点,核糖体主要负责蛋白质的合成和加工,对其位置进行改造可能会导致细菌生长状况的改变。然而,本研究结果表明,对冗余的16S rRNA基因进行嵌入不会明显抑制或影响细菌的生长。
细菌的核糖体16S rRNA基因通常是多拷贝基因,例如大肠杆菌可拥有高达8个拷贝的16S rRNA基因[28],这有助于细菌在短时间内实现更高的蛋白质合成效率。然而,在大多数情况下,16S rRNA基因是冗余的,部分基因处于沉默状态[30]。当环境变为富营养状态时,细菌才可能启用全部rRNA基因的转录,并且细菌可以通过调节rRNA基因的活跃度来弥补拷贝数低的劣势[31]。因此,沉默或冗余的16S rRNA基因可以作为INTEGRATE转座插入系统的靶点。本研究开创性地使用细菌基因组上的16S rRNA基因作为INTEGRATE转座系统的靶点,克服了原系统缺乏通用转座位点的弊端。此外,将16S rRNA基因作为靶点还可以与传统的16S rRNA基因菌种鉴定相结合。
随后,检测了植酸酶基因修饰菌在不同植酸浓度条件下的水解能力。结果显示基因修饰菌表现出更高的水解能力(图5B),其水解植酸的能力是原始菌的8倍以上。由于原始菌拥有其他种类的磷酸酶,这些酶也会在一定程度上水解植酸,因此原始菌也表现出一定的植酸水解能力,但远低于基因修饰菌。此外,在低浓度植酸条件下,基因修饰菌(OD600值为1.0)可以在1 h内水解超过80%的植酸,并且其水解率会随着底物浓度升高而降低。
pH对基因修饰菌植酸酶活性的影响如图5C所示。随着pH值的增加,酶活性呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,在pH 6.0时表现出最高的相对酶活性,随后在碱性环境下酶活性会迅速下降,其相对酶活性在pH 8.0时仅为20%左右。植酸酶是一种酸性磷酸酶,因此碱性环境不利于植酸酶活性的维持,之前的研究结果也表明植酸酶在碱性环境中活性会迅速降低[32]
为了使植酸酶在基因修饰菌中稳定表达,本研究使用了组成型的J23119启动子。该启动子可以不依赖诱导物而自行启动下游基因的表达[33],并且其表达量适中,基本不会影响宿主的生长[34]。目前,只有少数植酸酶成功展示在细胞表面,且常用模式生物作为宿主,例如酵母和枯草芽孢杆菌,并且其表面展示通常借助表达载体[35]。虽然表达载体使用较为便捷,但其使用会导致一些潜在问题,例如持续的筛选压力、抗生素抗性基因转移、载体丢失等,这使得其在使用过程中存在更高的风险。本研究将整个植酸酶表面展示的融合蛋白转座至细菌基因组,可以保证其稳定表达,且由于该系统是无痕编辑,因此不存在抗生素抗性基因泄漏的风险。
在添加植酸酶基因修饰的R. pickettii G3菌后,处理组的土壤表现出更高的植酸酶活性,是对照土壤植酸酶活性的2倍以上。在第21天时,植酸酶活性缓慢下降,但其活性仍可长期保持,在28 d后其植酸酶活性依然保留1.5倍左右(图6A)。土壤植酸酶活性结果显示,植酸酶基因修饰菌株极大地提高了对土壤植酸的水解潜力。
植酸酶会水解土壤中的植酸并释放磷酸根,从而提高土壤速效磷含量。对土壤速效磷的检测结果显示,从第7天开始,土壤速效磷含量显著提高,在第14天后达到最高水平,提高了近30% (图6B)。由于大豆对土壤磷的摄取,土壤中磷含量会缓慢下降,但整体上基因修饰菌添加组的速效磷含量高于对照组。其他研究结果表明,提高土壤植酸酶活性可以显著提高土壤速效磷水平,最高可提高54.48%的速效磷含量,并且这种促进效果可以维持较长时间[36]。此外,其他研究也采用类似策略,通过添加外源植酸酶的方式,水解了土壤中近17.0%的植酸,并提高了22.5%的有效磷含量[37]。目前,许多产植酸酶的根际菌被用于植物促生,接种促生菌后,根长、磷含量、生物量和产量均有显著改善[38]。然而,野生菌的遗传调控通常难以控制,实际应用可能会超出预期。
转基因微生物在环境修复和药品生产等领域表现出巨大潜力。随着转基因技术的发展,转基因微生物的环境风险可以得到有效控制和评估。CRISPR基因组编辑是一种典型的“无标记”基因编辑技术,可避免抗性基因的潜在危害[12]。此外,荷兰的研究团队进行了30多年的观察,未发现转基因细菌有明显的环境影响,表明它们是可以安全使用的[12]
目前,已报道的CRISPR引导转座研究中均缺乏通用的基因转座位点。许多细菌基因是单拷贝基因,并且由于环境中的细菌通常为营养缺陷型,许多细菌并不一定拥有已报道的转座靶位点,例如LacZ基因,这无疑限制了INTEGRATE等CRISPR转座技术的应用。本研究基于CRISPR引导的转座插入技术,创造性地将目标菌的16S rRNA基因位点作为靶点,进行快速基因修饰。16S rRNA基因位点作为转座靶点,一方面省去了复杂的安全位点筛选,同时由于其为多拷贝基因,因此在基因组中部分16S rRNA基因位点的转座并不会对转基因菌的生长造成影响。此外,通过实验证明,功能基因可以快速完成靶向转座,其位置可以通过Spacer序列进行精确定位。此外,细胞分裂基因也是微生物所共有的基因之一,同样可以作为基因修饰的候选靶点。
完成外来基因在目标细菌基因组上的整合后,其功能能否发挥是另一个重要的研究内容。本研究使用组成型启动子J23119,可保证目的基因在土壤环境中的稳定表达。结果显示,经过植酸酶基因修饰的土著菌获得了极高的植酸酶活性,并且其功能具有较宽的pH谱。将基因修饰菌施用于黑土后,土壤植酸酶活性提高了2倍左右,土壤速效磷含量也显著提高。因此,通过CRISPR转座介导的基因修饰可以赋予土著菌新的功能。植酸酶活性的提高可以有效活化土壤有机磷库,释放速效磷。通过基因修饰的微生物策略对于黑土等土壤的元素活化具有一定的潜力和研究价值。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1501005)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32101362)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2022D005)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2022D006)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250016
  • 接收时间:2025-01-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-07
  • 录用日期:2025-04-16
基金
National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFD1501005)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1501005)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101362)
国家自然科学基金(32101362)
Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LH2022D005)
黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2022D005)
黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2022D006)
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    东北农业大学 资源与环境学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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