Article(id=1226460578244375442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735833600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1742659200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-23, onlineDate=1770340588388, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340588388, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340588388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340588388, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3567, endPage=3582, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460578953212827, articleId=1226460578244375442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Regulatory effects of 5′-UTR sequence characteristics on mRNA abundance and optimization strategies, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Transcription is the first step in gene expression, and the mRNA abundance to a certain extent determines the final protein expression abundance. Recent studies have found that different ribosome-binding sites (RBSs) located in the 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR) can affect the mRNA abundance of the downstream gene. From the perspective of regulatory factors in the mRNA degradation process, the effect may be attributed to the binding strength between the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence and the ribosome and the local secondary structure of the 5′-UTR. [Methods] We constructed a 5′-UTR mutant library with a size of 528. High-throughput sequencing was employed to efficiently collect the information on the mRNA abundance of downstream egfp corresponding to various 5′-UTR variants. The effectiveness was verified by RT-qPCR. [Results] The association between abundance of each mRNA mutant and its corresponding 5′-UTR sequence was analyzed. The results showed that the SD sequence with moderate to strong binding strength to the ribosome was most conducive to maintaining high mRNA abundance. Too high or low binding strength will lead to a reduction in the mRNA abundance. The completely conserved core SD sequence (GGAGG) was the key to ensuring high binding strength, and the decline in conservation would cause a significant decrease in the mRNA abundance. When the SD sequence was similar among different 5′-UTR variants, i.e.,the binding strength of the SD sequence to the ribosome was comparable, the local secondary structure of the 5′-UTR was instable and the abundance of corresponding mRNA was high. [Conclusion] This study delves into the regulatory effects of 5′-UTR sequence features 5′-UTR on the mRNA abundance and establishes a qualitative model of their interrelationships, providing a reference for the rational design of regulatory elements in metabolic engineering and gene circuits.

, correspAuthors=Xiaojuan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 转录是基因表达的第一步,mRNA丰度在一定程度上决定着最终蛋白质的表达丰度。近期一些研究发现,5′-UTR中不同的核糖体结合位点(ribosome-binding site, RBS)会对下游基因的mRNA丰度产生影响。从mRNA降解过程的调控因素角度分析,这种影响可能源自Shine-Dalgarno (SD)序列与核糖体的结合强度以及5′-UTR局部二级结构。 【方法】 构建了一个包含518个突变体的5′-UTR突变文库,结合高通量测序技术,高效采集各5′-UTR突变体对应其调控的下游egfp基因的mRNA丰度,并通过RT-qPCR验证了其有效性。 【结果】 将各mRNA突变体丰度与其对应的5′-UTR序列特征进行关联分析,结果表明,与核糖体结合强度为中等偏强的SD序列最有利于维持高mRNA丰度,结合强度过高或过低均会导致mRNA丰度的降低;完全保守的核心SD序列(GGAGG)是保证较高结合强度的关键,其保守性下降将导致mRNA丰度明显下降。当不同序列的5′-UTR中SD序列接近,即与核糖体结合强度相似时,其局部二级结构越不稳定,对应的mRNA丰度越高。 【结论】 本研究解析了5′-UTR的各序列特征对mRNA丰度的调控作用,初步建立了其相互之间的定性模型,为代谢工程及基因线路中调控元件的理性设计提供了重要参考。

, correspAuthors=张晓娟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bNOzT+5GjSymyh3hEM7QiQ==, magXml=xeN/ij2B9pyqZtQQGy9blg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=wZA1mqDSvrSpeLtYalIMRg==, pdfFileSize=2740162, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=I4qS1C/M2Gv0qZHkpr7zsg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=rbhdCojpvwfCxPePjlmwDQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

梅子轮:实验设计和开展、数据收集和处理、文章撰写和修改;张金鹏:协助实验操作、参与文章讨论;邵佳怡:执行调研;徐国强:方法论;任家卫:参与文章讨论;张晓梅:监督管理;李会:提供资源;史劲松:研究指导及文章审阅;张晓娟:研究构思和指导、文章撰写和修改指导、获取基金;许正宏:提供资源及文章审阅。

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figureFileSmall=5p+6C4GSeIWu7iyR53HBlw==, figureFileBig=sCR3TQUW9851PP58oGuR3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301463269508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The research process of designing and constructing a 5′-UTR library and analyzing the transcript abundance regulated by each mutant based on high-throughput sequencing., figureFileSmall=WSNeEozBB0nhv/YlRHtlBg==, figureFileBig=Hi+gEIzdKzroq1TjytLxPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301605875852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=CN, label=图2, caption=5′-UTR文库的设计、构建和基于高通量测序解析各突变体调控下转录本丰度的研究流程, figureFileSmall=WSNeEozBB0nhv/YlRHtlBg==, figureFileBig=Hi+gEIzdKzroq1TjytLxPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301731704983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Leveraging NGS data to estimate mRNA abundance regulated by each 5′-UTR variant. A: RNA relative abundance of 518 5′-UTR variants; B: Comparison of RNA relative abundance derived from NGS data and mRNA abundance obtained through RT-qPCR of four 5′-UTR variants randomly picked from library., figureFileSmall=aGaQnoswU1x+UzeIpkGkDw==, figureFileBig=LPwOZBbBLfBU+0IF99WdAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301849145504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=CN, label=图3, caption=利用高通量测序数据评估各突变体5′-UTR调控下的mRNA丰度。A:518条5′-UTR突变体对应的RNA相对丰度;B:文库中随机选取4条5′-UTR对应的由测序数据计算所得RNA相对丰度与RT-qPCR测得mRNA丰度对比。, figureFileSmall=aGaQnoswU1x+UzeIpkGkDw==, figureFileBig=LPwOZBbBLfBU+0IF99WdAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301970780329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Analysis of the impact factors of 5′-UTR variant structural sequence features on downstream RNA relative abundance. A: Analysis of correlation between RNA relative abundance and 5′-UTR variants’ sequence and structure features (Blue represents positive correlation and red represents negative correlation. The darker the color, the stronger the correlation); B: All 5′-UTR variants were grouped according to the RNA relative abundance, and draw seqlogo diagrams of the 5′-UTR variants contained in each group were drawn (The horizontal digit in the seqlogo diagram is +1 at the first base of the start codon, and -1 at the first base upstream of the start codon, and so on. The figure shows only base sites with base preferences between different groups)., figureFileSmall=daXiX7KI2tqAv/FKkpKCgQ==, figureFileBig=BdKB6J2DqJ+wckF2f6QQmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302071443636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=CN, label=图4, caption=5′-UTR突变体的结构序列特征对下游RNA相对丰度的影响因素分析。A:RNA相对丰度与5′-UTR突变体各序列及结构特征的相关性分析(蓝色代表正相关,红色代表负相关,颜色越深表示相关性越强);B:按照RNA相对丰度对所有5′-UTR突变体进行分组,各组中所含5′-UTR突变体的seqlogo图(seqlogo图中横坐标数字以起始密码子第一个碱基处为+1位,该处上游第一个碱基处为-1位,以此类推;图中仅展示了在不同分组间存在碱基偏好性的碱基位点)。, figureFileSmall=daXiX7KI2tqAv/FKkpKCgQ==, figureFileBig=BdKB6J2DqJ+wckF2f6QQmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302214049983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The relationship between binding strength of 5′-UTR with ribosome and RNA relative abundance. A: Scatter plot of the binding strength of 5′-UTR with ribosome and the RNA relative abundance, the curve in the figure is a third-order polynomial fitting curve (Radj2=0.78, P<10-5); B: The mRNA abundance of egfp regulated by 5′-UTR with different binding strength was detected by RT-qPCR., figureFileSmall=AjwYy0O8QokcU4YEhJAFEw==, figureFileBig=mBiuZmaUSc9xc/yFyFt8Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302352462026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=CN, label=图5, caption=5′-UTR和核糖体之间的结合强度与下游RNA相对丰度的关系。A:5′-UTR和核糖体的结合强度与RNA相对丰度的散点图[图中曲线为三阶多项式拟合曲线(Radj2=0.78, P<10-5)];B:通过RT-qPCR检测不同结合强度5′-UTR调控下egfp的mRNA丰度。, figureFileSmall=AjwYy0O8QokcU4YEhJAFEw==, figureFileBig=mBiuZmaUSc9xc/yFyFt8Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302478291152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The relationship between core SD sequence conservation in the 5′-UTR and the relative abundance of downstream RNA. A: RNA relative abundance distribution corresponding to 5′-UTR variants with different core SD sequence conservation; B: The mRNA abundance of egfp under the 5′-UTR regulation of different core SD conservation was detected by RT-qPCR (The value below the sequence in the ordinate indicates the binding strength of the SD sequence with the ribosome); C: The binding strength distribution of SD sequences of different bases at each position, and the green letter indicates the base corresponding to the complete SD sequence at this position., figureFileSmall=CTOUklE2eAj8ZlM1zP6v2Q==, figureFileBig=80h0QBxVptvINHyvFptM5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302604120281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=CN, label=图6, caption=5′-UTR中核心SD序列保守性与其下游RNA相对丰度的关系。A:具有不同核心SD序列保守性的5′-UTR突变体对应的RNA相对丰度分布;B:通过RT-qPCR检测不同核心SD保守性的5′-UTR调控下egfp的mRNA丰度(纵坐标中序列下方的值表示该SD序列与核糖体的结合强度);C:各位置不同碱基SD序列的结合强度分布,绿色字母表示该位置对应完整SD序列的碱基。, figureFileSmall=CTOUklE2eAj8ZlM1zP6v2Q==, figureFileBig=80h0QBxVptvINHyvFptM5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302780281061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The relationship between local secondary structure of 5′-UTR and RNA relative abundance. A: The RNA relative abundance distribution corresponding to different base mutation sites in 5′-UTR variants (Different lowercase letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the corresponding base groups, P<0.05); B: Scatter plot of the local minimum free energy and binding strength of 518 5′-UTR variants, in which larger dots and darker colors indicate higher corresponding RNA relative abundance; C: Scatter plot of the local minimum free energy and binding strength of all the 5′-UTR sequences designed and constructed artificially in this study. The larger the point and the darker the color in the diagram, the higher the corresponding mRNA abundance., figureFileSmall=chW02yPI8v1/kzD8/jEbDg==, figureFileBig=X0h/gn6+IbOVKMXgkeKzRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302901915884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=CN, label=图7, caption=5′-UTR局部二级结构与RNA相对丰度的关系。A:不同碱基突变位点的5′-UTR突变体对应的RNA相对丰度分布(图中不同小写字母表示各碱基分组间存在显著性差异,P<0.05);B:518个5′-UTR突变体的局部最小自由能与结合强度的散点图;C:本研究中所有人工设计并构建的5′-UTR序列的局部最小自由能与结合强度的散点图。图中点越大、颜色越深,表示对应的mRNA丰度越高。, figureFileSmall=chW02yPI8v1/kzD8/jEbDg==, figureFileBig=X0h/gn6+IbOVKMXgkeKzRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596304269258995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in constructing 5′-UTR library

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
4N-AC-gfp-FCCGAAGCTTTAACTAACTAANNNAAGGANACACACATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGC
4N-GT-gfp-FCCGAAGCTTTAACTAACTAANNNAAGGANGTGTGTATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGC
1N-AC-gfp-FCCGAAGCTTTAACTAACTAACACAAGNAGACACACATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGC
1N-GT-gfp-FCCGAAGCTTTAACTAACTAACACAAGNAGGTGTGTATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGC
gfp-RCCGGCTCGAGTTACTTGTACAGCTCGTC
), ArticleFig(id=1226596304382505207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460578244375442, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

构建5′-UTR文库使用的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
4N-AC-gfp-FCCGAAGCTTTAACTAACTAANNNAAGGANACACACATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGC
4N-GT-gfp-FCCGAAGCTTTAACTAACTAANNNAAGGANGTGTGTATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGC
1N-AC-gfp-FCCGAAGCTTTAACTAACTAACACAAGNAGACACACATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGC
1N-GT-gfp-FCCGAAGCTTTAACTAACTAACACAAGNAGGTGTGTATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGC
gfp-RCCGGCTCGAGTTACTTGTACAGCTCGTC
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5′-UTR序列特征对mRNA丰度的调控作用及优化策略
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梅子轮 1, 2 , 张金鹏 1, 2 , 邵佳怡 1, 2 , 徐国强 1, 2 , 任家卫 1, 2 , 张晓梅 3 , 李会 3 , 史劲松 3 , 张晓娟 1, 2, * , 许正宏 4
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(8): 3567-3582
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(8): 3567-3582
5′-UTR序列特征对mRNA丰度的调控作用及优化策略
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梅子轮1, 2, 张金鹏1, 2, 邵佳怡1, 2, 徐国强1, 2, 任家卫1, 2, 张晓梅3, 李会3, 史劲松3, 张晓娟1, 2, * , 许正宏4
作者信息
  • 1.江南大学 生物工程学院,江苏 无锡
  • 2.江南大学,粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心,江苏 无锡
  • 3.江南大学 生命科学与健康工程学院,江苏 无锡
  • 4.四川大学 轻工科学与工程学院,四川 成都
Regulatory effects of 5′-UTR sequence characteristics on mRNA abundance and optimization strategies
Zilun MEI1, 2, Jinpeng ZHANG1, 2, Jiayi SHAO1, 2, Guoqiang XU1, 2, Jiawei REN1, 2, Xiaomei ZHANG3, Hui LI3, Jinsong SHI3, Xiaojuan ZHANG1, 2, * , Zhenghong XU4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
  • 3.School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
  • 4.College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250007
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【目的】 转录是基因表达的第一步,mRNA丰度在一定程度上决定着最终蛋白质的表达丰度。近期一些研究发现,5′-UTR中不同的核糖体结合位点(ribosome-binding site, RBS)会对下游基因的mRNA丰度产生影响。从mRNA降解过程的调控因素角度分析,这种影响可能源自Shine-Dalgarno (SD)序列与核糖体的结合强度以及5′-UTR局部二级结构。 【方法】 构建了一个包含518个突变体的5′-UTR突变文库,结合高通量测序技术,高效采集各5′-UTR突变体对应其调控的下游egfp基因的mRNA丰度,并通过RT-qPCR验证了其有效性。 【结果】 将各mRNA突变体丰度与其对应的5′-UTR序列特征进行关联分析,结果表明,与核糖体结合强度为中等偏强的SD序列最有利于维持高mRNA丰度,结合强度过高或过低均会导致mRNA丰度的降低;完全保守的核心SD序列(GGAGG)是保证较高结合强度的关键,其保守性下降将导致mRNA丰度明显下降。当不同序列的5′-UTR中SD序列接近,即与核糖体结合强度相似时,其局部二级结构越不稳定,对应的mRNA丰度越高。 【结论】 本研究解析了5′-UTR的各序列特征对mRNA丰度的调控作用,初步建立了其相互之间的定性模型,为代谢工程及基因线路中调控元件的理性设计提供了重要参考。

5′-UTR  /  SD序列  /  局部二级结构  /  mRNA丰度

[Objective] Transcription is the first step in gene expression, and the mRNA abundance to a certain extent determines the final protein expression abundance. Recent studies have found that different ribosome-binding sites (RBSs) located in the 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR) can affect the mRNA abundance of the downstream gene. From the perspective of regulatory factors in the mRNA degradation process, the effect may be attributed to the binding strength between the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence and the ribosome and the local secondary structure of the 5′-UTR. [Methods] We constructed a 5′-UTR mutant library with a size of 528. High-throughput sequencing was employed to efficiently collect the information on the mRNA abundance of downstream egfp corresponding to various 5′-UTR variants. The effectiveness was verified by RT-qPCR. [Results] The association between abundance of each mRNA mutant and its corresponding 5′-UTR sequence was analyzed. The results showed that the SD sequence with moderate to strong binding strength to the ribosome was most conducive to maintaining high mRNA abundance. Too high or low binding strength will lead to a reduction in the mRNA abundance. The completely conserved core SD sequence (GGAGG) was the key to ensuring high binding strength, and the decline in conservation would cause a significant decrease in the mRNA abundance. When the SD sequence was similar among different 5′-UTR variants, i.e.,the binding strength of the SD sequence to the ribosome was comparable, the local secondary structure of the 5′-UTR was instable and the abundance of corresponding mRNA was high. [Conclusion] This study delves into the regulatory effects of 5′-UTR sequence features 5′-UTR on the mRNA abundance and establishes a qualitative model of their interrelationships, providing a reference for the rational design of regulatory elements in metabolic engineering and gene circuits.

5′-UTR  /  SD sequence  /  local secondary structure  /  mRNA abundance
梅子轮, 张金鹏, 邵佳怡, 徐国强, 任家卫, 张晓梅, 李会, 史劲松, 张晓娟, 许正宏. 5′-UTR序列特征对mRNA丰度的调控作用及优化策略. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3567 -3582 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250007
Zilun MEI, Jinpeng ZHANG, Jiayi SHAO, Guoqiang XU, Jiawei REN, Xiaomei ZHANG, Hui LI, Jinsong SHI, Xiaojuan ZHANG, Zhenghong XU. Regulatory effects of 5′-UTR sequence characteristics on mRNA abundance and optimization strategies[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3567 -3582 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250007
基因表达主要分为转录和翻译2个步骤,具体包括(1) mRNA合成;(2) 蛋白质合成;(3) mRNA降解;(4) 蛋白质降解,其中的每一步都可用于调控基因表达[1]。在代谢工程中,基因表达调控元件已被广泛用于调节代谢通量[2],常见的调控元件包括启动子、核糖体结合位点(ribosome-binding site, RBS)、终止子和转录因子等。其中,RBS可用于调控基因表达的翻译过程[3-4],例如,调控操纵子内部基因的翻译效率,平衡多酶系统,避免中间产物的积累[5]。RBS位于mRNA的5′-非翻译区(5′-untranslated region, 5′-UTR),由Shine-Dalgarno (SD)序列及其与起始密码子之间的间隔区域组成[6-7]。核糖体小亚基的16S rRNA的3′末端(主要为一段9 nt序列:5′-ACCUCCUUA-3′,称为anti-SD序列)可以识别并结合SD序列,从此在起始密码子附近招募核糖体复合物并开启翻译过程[6,8]
在过去对RBS的研究和应用中研究者大多关注通过改变RBS来调控翻译过程,从而影响蛋白质的表达量[5,9]。然而,最近的研究发现,在不同RBS调控下,下游基因的mRNA丰度也发生了显著变化。Duan等[10]通过改变RBS与anti-SD互补配对的碱基数量以及间隔区域的碱基组成,使下游PMK-gfp蛋白基因的mRNA丰度上调了5.9倍;Cetnar等[11]在使用通过计算得到不同翻译起始速率的RBS调控下游sfGFP表达后,其mRNA丰度上调了7.85倍。由此可见,不同的RBS序列不仅调控翻译水平,还会显著影响基因的mRNA丰度。研究表明,尽管细菌基因表达涉及多步反应,但mRNA丰度对最终蛋白质浓度有重要影响[12-13]。mRNA丰度由mRNA合成和降解2个过程共同调控,其中mRNA合成主要由启动子和转录因子调控,而mRNA降解则主要受到RNA降解酶的作用影响。大肠杆菌体内存在多种RNA降解酶,包括内切酶(RNase E、G、III)、外切酶(RNase II、PNPase、RNase R)以及一些协同作用的辅助酶,它们通过多种方式识别mRNA并与之结合,进而发挥降解功能。这些酶在多途径过程中共同作用,决定了mRNA的降解速度[11]
影响原核生物mRNA稳定性的因素众多,包括翻译速率、二级结构、转录速度等[14]。Pedersen等[15]通过在前200个密码子的编码区域插入不同特异性翻译速率的密码子,调控核糖体在mRNA上的分布间距,发现更稳定的mRNA在起始部分具有更高的核糖体密度。Richards等[16]探究了核糖体结合和位移对RNase E 2种降解机制的影响:通过mRNA单磷酸化的5′端内部(5′端依赖型降解)或直接进入mRNA内部(非5′端依赖型降解),证明了这2种降解方式均可被在翻译起始位点结合的核糖体阻碍,且对5′端依赖型降解的抵抗作用更显著;而翻译延伸过程中核糖体可以有效阻止RNase E从内部降解mRNA。Carrier等[17]在mRNA的5′-UTR内设计不同特定自由能的二级结构,结果对mRNA的半衰期产生了10倍以上的差异影响。简单来说,当mRNA对这些降解酶的可及性降低时,无论是通过覆盖在其上的核糖体复合物[18],还是通过mRNA本身的高级结构[19],其降解速度将会减缓,从而带来丰度的提高。RBS的强弱[13] (针对翻译起始速率)、5′-UTR区域的二级结构稳定性[20]、5′-UTR的碱基组成[19]等可以直接或间接地影响mRNA稳定性,因此可从这些序列特征中寻找5′-UTR调控mRNA丰度的主要因素。
准确获取基因型和表型的相关数据并构建两者之间的对应关系,是解析调控元件构效关系的前提。随着测序技术的发展,越来越多高效精准的方法被建立。高通量测序技术[也称下一代测序技术(next-generation sequencing, NGS)]通过并行测序的方式可以同时测序数百万个DNA片段。利用高通量测序的高效和高分辨率特性可在单次实验中实现对目标区域不同序列变体调控效果的系统定量解析。2009年,Patwardhan等[21]首次提出利用大规模并行DNA合成和测序对调控元件序列进行单核苷酸分辨率的高通量分析的方法;他们构建了启动子文库并在体外进行转录,通过对模板DNA以及mRNA (逆转录为cDNA)进行高通量测序,计算得到每个模板DNA的转录本数量,以此来表征不同启动子的转录活性。Kosuri等[13]使用该方法实现了对114个启动子和111个RBS的所有组合调控下大肠杆菌体内目的基因mRNA水平的定量表征。因此可利用高通量测序技术,分别对含目标5′-UTR序列的DNA及mRNA文库进行测序,获取各变体调控下的mRNA相对丰度,以实现对5′-UTR调控mRNA丰度的系统解析。
目前,关于5′-UTR对基因表达转录水平的影响缺乏系统研究,其背后的影响因素以及构效关系尚不明确。基于此,本研究设计并构建了5′-UTR突变文库,在SD序列区域、SD序列前2个碱基处以及间隔区域内分别引入了3个、2个碱基饱和突变以及富含AC/GT 2种设计,共产生了518个5′-UTR变体序列用于调控下游egfp基因表达,结合高通量测序技术检测出下游egfp基因的mRNA丰度。将各5′-UTR突变体的序列特征与mRNA丰度进行关联分析,结果表明转录水平与SD序列与核糖体的结合强度存在显著关联,且在相同结合强度下,5′-UTR区域的二级结构表现出对转录水平的微弱影响。本研究结果为理性设计元件调控基因表达的丰度提供了一个设计原则。
大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli) JM109(DE3):recA1endA1gyrA96thi-1hsdR17 (rkmk+ )、e14 (mcrA ) supE44relA1、Δ(lac-proAB)/F′[traD36proAB+lacIqlacZΔM15]用于质粒构建和作为表达宿主。本研究基于pDXW-13-tac (E. coli-B. flavum穿梭探针质粒,抗性基因为kanrcatr,报告基因为egfp,启动子为诱导性启动子tac,来源于本实验室)构建了pDXW-13-tac-Bsa I质粒(在报告基因前增加2个反向互补Bsa I酶切位点)用于快速替换RBS。
IPTG、卡那霉素、溶菌酶,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;DNA marker、DNA聚合酶Phanta 2×Mix Master Max、DNA聚合酶2×RapidTaq Master Mix、限制酶Hind III、限制酶Xho I、磷酸激酶和T4 DNA连接酶、超级感受态制备试剂盒,TaKaRa公司;限制酶Bsa I-HF® v2,New England Biolabs公司;质粒小量提取试剂盒、琼脂糖凝胶DNA回收试剂盒、柱式DNA纯化试剂盒,上海捷瑞生物工程有限公司;总RNA提取试剂盒、逆转录试剂盒、染料法定量PCR检测试剂盒,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;SuperScriptTM III反转录酶,ThermoFisher Scientific公司。
小型离心机,Eppendorf公司;紫外可见分光光度计,上海美谱达仪器有限公司;NanoDrop微量核酸蛋白浓度测定仪,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;核酸电泳仪、PCR仪、荧光定量PCR仪,Bio-Rad公司;SPX生化培养箱,上海跃进医疗器械有限公司;DHZ-DA型恒温摇床,太仓市实验设备厂;超净工作台,吴江市金晓空调净化有限公司。
LB液体培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,酵母粉5.0,NaCl 10.0。固体培养基加入琼脂粉20.0 g/L。
5′-UTR文库(NNNAAGGANM6/K6, CACAA GNAGM6/K6)是根据大肠杆菌中16S rRNA基因5′-ACCUCCUUA-3′的3′末端设计的,其中“N”代表A/T/C/G。由于RBS富含A或G,SD设计为AAGGA,其与16S rRNA基因的3′末端的碱基互补配对确保翻译[6,22]。此外,本研究将RBS和起始密码子之间的核苷酸设计为6个连续的AC碱基或GT碱基。通过在引物上引入上述序列,并在引物5′端添加Xho I和Hind III酶切位点及保护碱基,4个正向引物和一个反向引物设计见表1,引物由亦欣生物科技无锡有限公司合成。使用DNA聚合酶以正向引物和反向引物扩增报告基因egfp,4类PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳切胶回收纯化并测定浓度,胶回收按照琼脂糖凝胶DNA回收试剂盒说明书进行。将4类PCR回收产物及pDXW-13-tac质粒用Xho I和Hind III消化后过柱纯化分别得到4类目的片段和线性载体并测定浓度,纯化按照柱式DNA纯化试剂盒说明书进行。分别取4类目的片段和线性载体各0.5 pmol和0.05 pmol (摩尔比10:1),加入10 U/μL T4 DNA连接酶2 μL,2×连接缓冲液2 μL,超纯水补齐至20 μL,混合后置于16 ℃下反应12 h,获得连接产物1N-AC、4N-AC、1N-GT、4N-GT。将连接产物1N-AC和4N-AC按体积比1:64混合,连接产物1N-GT和4N-GT按体积比1:64混合,获得突变文库质粒AC库和GT库,然后取突变文库质粒AC库、GT库各10 μL分别化学转化到E. coli JM109(DE3)感受态细胞中,于50 mL含卡那霉素的LB液体培养基中37 ℃、220 r/min培养过夜,所得菌液用于后续诱导表达培养及测序文库构建。
采用了Golden Gate Assembly的方法[23]构建重组质粒,该方法在本研究中有2个优势:(1) 该方法可以实现片段与载体间的无缝组装;(2) 该方法可以简便高效地在质粒上固定位置替换不同序列。
采用反向PCR的方法在报告基因的起始密码子前插入一段包含2个反向的Bsa I酶切位点的序列。通过在插入位点设计2条具有重叠部分的特异性引物反向扩增pDXW-13-tac质粒骨架,重叠部分即为插入序列,引物设计为rPCR-Bsa I-F (5′-CGCTagagaccGCTTTCCAGATCTGT AACTTGTggtctcgGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGCTG-3′)和rPCR-Bsa I-R (5′-cgagaccACAAGTTAC AGATCTGGAAAGCggtctctAGCGAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACAC-3′)。PCR反应体系(20 μL):2×Phanta Max Mix (p515) 10 µL,上、下游引物(20 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 7 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,57 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸4 min,35个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。然后取PCR产物10 μL化学转化入JM109(DE3)感受态细胞中,并涂布于含有卡那霉素的LB固体培养基上,37 ℃培养过夜,利用E. coli JM109(DE3)自身的重组能力环化线型质粒。将单菌落挑菌测序,测序结果符合预期的对应菌落携带质粒命名为pDXW-13-tac-Bsa I。
5′-UTR以引物对的方式(正向和反向引物反向互补)合成。其中,正向引物的黏性末端设计为5′-CGCT,反向引物的黏性末端由融合蛋白的前4个核苷酸决定。例如,当egfp的前4个核苷酸为GTGA时,将反向引物的黏性末端设计为5′-TCAC,实现RBS与报告基因的无缝组装。退火PCR反应体系(20 μL):正、负链引物(20 µmol/L)各10 µL。退火PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;降低0.1 ℃ 8 s,700个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。磷酸化PCR反应体系(50 μL):磷酸激酶1 μL,退火产物20 μL,10×T4 PNK buffer 5 μL,ATP (100 mmol/L) 0.5 μL,ddH2O 23.5 μL。磷酸化PCR反应条件:37 ℃ 30 min,65 ℃ 20 min。磷酸化的RBS与pDXW-13-tac-Bsa I质粒通过边酶切边连接的方式进行重组连接(图1):取目的片段2 pmol,载体质粒0.025 pmol,加入20 U/μL T4 DNA连接酶1 μL,10 U/μL Bsa I限制酶1 μL,2×连接缓冲液1 μL,超纯水补齐至10 μL。PCR反应程序:37 ℃ 5 min,60 ℃ 5 min。取连接产物10 μL化学转化入E. coli JM109(DE3)感受态细胞中,并涂布于含有卡那霉素的LB固体培养基上,37 ℃培养过夜。挑单菌落进行测序,测序结果符合预期的对应菌落携带目标重组质粒。
将经测序正确的重组菌株接种至装有2 mL含有卡那霉素的LB液体培养基的24孔板中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养过夜。然后以2%的接种体积分数转接到装有3 mL含有卡那霉素的LB液体培养基的另一个24孔板中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养1.5 h至OD600为0.4-0.6。随后以终浓度为0.4 mmol/L的IPTG于37 ℃、220 r/min诱导培养2 h。取1 mL菌液按照总RNA提取试剂盒说明书提取总RNA,然后按照逆转录及qPCR预混液试剂盒说明书将RNA逆转录为cDNA。qPCR操作步骤参考染料法定量PCR检测试剂盒说明书,选用16S rRNA基因作为内参基因,使用2-ΔΔCt的方法[24]分析mRNA丰度,如公式(1)、(2)所示。以数值大于1表示mRNA丰度上调,小于1且大于0表示mRNA丰度下调。
Ct,x=Ct,x-Ct,x,r
式中:Ct,x为样本目的基因的Ct值;Ct,x,r为样本内参基因的Ct值。
mRNA level=2-(Ct,x-Ct,xr)
式中:Ct,x为样本xCt值;Ct,xr为对照样本的Ct值;计算所得的mRNA level用以表征mRNA丰度,其数值代表样本x相对对照样本的mRNA丰度的比值。
将所获得的2类携带突变文库质粒的菌群按照1.6节的方法进行诱导培养(其中转接培养基体积为4 mL)。取1.5 mL菌液装于2 mL无菌EP管中置于-80 ℃冰箱保存,用于后续试验操作。另取1.5 mL菌液按照质粒小量提取试剂盒说明书提取质粒,并通过PCR扩增从目的报告基因所在表达盒转录起始位点开始的200 bp序列。经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳切胶回收纯化并测定浓度后,将AC库和GT库扩增出的序列按摩尔比1:1混合,得到总DNA突变测序文库。取出单独保存的1.5 mL菌液,按照总RNA提取试剂盒说明书提取总RNA,使用SuperScriptTM III反转录酶从目的mRNA距离转录起始位点200 bp处开始逆转录出cDNA,然后通过PCR扩增cDNA片段,经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳切胶回收纯化并测定浓度后,将AC库和GT库扩增出的序列按摩尔比1:1混合,得到总cDNA突变测序文库。将总DNA突变测序文库和总cDNA突变测序文库进行PE150高通量测序,测序数据量为3 Gb,测序文库的进一步构建及上机测序由武汉希望组生物科技有限公司完成。
高通量测序完成后返回的结果为原始数据,该数据由公司经过Q30质量控制且已去掉接头序列。使用Pear (v0.9.6)软件对双端测序结果进行拼接,然后使用Seqkit (v2.3.0)软件进行后续处理。使用amplicon指令提取需要的序列区域,通过rmdup指令去除同一read的多重扩增子,通过seq-m 18-M 18指令将符合突变序列的片段筛选出来。
通过Python脚本分别统计总DNA和总cDNA库中出现的所有5′-UTR变体的种类数(即实际库容)及其reads数。为了比较不同5′-UTR变体对mRNA丰度的调控效果,通过统计各5′-UTR变体相对每条DNA对应的RNA数量即RNA相对丰度,将各5′-UTR变体对应的RNA相对丰度进行对比以估计其调控下目的基因的mRNA丰度差异。具体计算方式如公式(3)所示。
RNA relative abundance=RNA readsTotal RNA readsDNA readsTotal DNA reads
式中:RNA reads为5′-UTR变体在总cDNA库中的reads数;total RNA reads为总cDNA库中所有5′-UTR变体的总reads数;DNA reads为5′-UTR变体在总DNA库中的reads数;total DNA reads为总DNA库中所有5′-UTR变体的总reads数。
使用seqkit fx2tab指令统计序列突变区域的碱基组成;使用RNAfold (v2.5.1)软件统计5′-UTR序列折叠形成局部二级结构的最小自由能ΔG (单位为kcal/mol,统计区域为从转录起始位点到起始密码子前1位碱基),其值越小说明局部二级结构越稳定;使用RNAcofold (v2.5.1)软件统计SD序列与anti-SD序列(5′-ACCUCC UUA-3′)结合亲和力,计算结果为2条序列结合的最小自由能ΔG (单位为kcal/mol),其值越小说明结合越稳定;使用weblogo (3.7.12)软件制作序列的seqlogo图。
为了系统探索5′-UTR与mRNA丰度的关系,本研究构建了5′-UTR文库(图2)。基于序列5′-CACAAGGAG-3′,在核心SD序列(GGAGG)边缘和核心区域分别设置了4个和1个突变位点(分别为5′-NNNAAGGAN-3′和5′-CACAAGNAG-3′)。此外,本研究还设计了2种间隔区序列5′-ACACAC-3′和5′-GTGTGT-3′,以研究间隔区碱基组成对基因表达的影响。通过酶切和连接,成功构建了一个理论库容为518个5′-UTR变体(SD区域为259种序列,间隔区域为2种序列)的突变文库。随后,通过DNA测序以及由RNA逆转录成的cDNA测序,深入分析了5′-UTR对mRNA丰度的影响。
经过对原始数据的清洗和筛选,统计得到共1.2×107条reads,涵盖了518个5′-UTR变体,平均每个5′-UTR变体检出数为22 278条reads。根据测序所得每条5′-UTR变体对应RNA与DNA的reads数之比计算得到RNA相对丰度,该文库中在不同5′-UTR调控下RNA相对丰度跨度为7.9倍(图3A)。为检验该方法计算所得的RNA相对丰度的可信度,在文库中根据RNA相对丰度从高到低选取4条5′-UTR变体用于调控下游egfp基因表达,并通过RT-qPCR检测其mRNA丰度。试验结果表明,根据测序数据计算所得的RNA相对丰度与试验检测得到的mRNA丰度在不同样本间的差异趋势与幅度一致(图3B)。这表明通过高通量测序估计不同5′-UTR调控下目的基因的mRNA丰度差异是准确和可靠的。
对5′-UTR突变体的序列进行特征统计,这些序列特征包括碱基组成(A、C、T、G、A+T、A+G、A+C、T+G、T+C、G+C)、5′-UTR最小自由能[MFE,单位为kcal/mol,计算公式见1.8.2节,计算结果原始数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(http://nmdc.cn,编号为NMDCX0002120)]、5′-UTR与核糖体16S rRNA基因(5′-ACCUCCUUA-3′)的结合强度[以结合自由能绝对值|ΔG|表示,单位为kcal/mol,计算公式见1.8.2节,计算结果原始数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(编号为NMDCX0002120)] (以下简称结合强度)、间隔区域类型(AC富集或GT富集),并将RNA相对丰度与这些特征进行相关性分析(图4A)。对RNA相对丰度从高到低按照最大-最小归一化后的数值(范围为0-1)分为5组[高(0.8, 1.0)、较高(0.6, 0.8)、中(0.4, 0.6)、较低(0.2, 0.4)、低(0, 0.2)],根据各组的5′-UTR序列制作seqlogo图以解析不同组间的碱基偏好性(图4B)。
相关性分析结果(图4A)显示,RNA相对丰度与结合强度之间存在显著的强正相关(rs=0.76, P<0.001),表明与核糖体结合强度高的5′-UTR更有利于提高mRNA水平。非线性回归分析(三阶多项式拟合,Radj2=0.78,P<10-5) (图5A)表明,随着结合强度的提高,RNA相对丰度也随之增加。这可能是因为具有高结合强度的5′-UTR与核糖体结合更牢固,提高了mRNA的翻译起始速率[25],使核糖体稳定覆盖mRNA[26],从而阻碍了RNases的结合位点[11],导致RNA相对丰度增加。然而,过高的结合强度使mRNA相对丰度值略有下降,这可能是由于过强的结合强度一定程度上降低了总体翻译效率[25],反而使mRNA上核糖体的覆盖率有所降低[26],进而削弱了核糖体对mRNA的保护作用。通过人工设计并构建不同结合强度的5′-UTR用于调控下游egfp表达,利用RT-qPCR检测其mRNA丰度,以评估其对基因表达转录后的影响水平。试验结果显示(图5B),随着结合强度的增加,mRNA丰度呈上升趋势,但当结合强度增加到一定程度后继续增加,mRNA丰度表现出下降趋势,该现象与回归分析预测的结果一致。由此证明具有与核糖体中等偏高结合强度的5′-UTR可以使mRNA丰度最大化,过高或过低会使其出现不同程度的下降。
各RNA丰度分组的5′-UTR突变体的seqlogo图(图4B)显示,高、较高和中RNA丰度分组的5′-UTR突变体在-7位处均为碱基G,具有高保守性;而较低和低RNA丰度分组则在该处表现出明显的碱基偏好性下降。此外,低RNA丰度分组的5′-UTR突变体在-9位碱基处的碱基保守性也存在下降现象。-9和-7位碱基都位于核心SD序列(core SD, cSD)中。根据核心SD序列GGAGG[27]的保守类型将206个5′-UTR突变体分为3组:GGAGG (完全保守)、GGAHG和GHAGG (H为简并碱基,代表A/T/C)。从不同分组对应的RNA相对丰度分布可以看出(图6A),当核心SD序列不完全保守时,RNA相对丰度表现出显著的下降现象。通过人工设计并构建具有不同核心SD序列保守性的5′-UTR用于调控下游egfp表达,利用RT-qPCR检测其mRNA丰度(图6B)。试验结果显示,当核心SD序列不完全保守时,mRNA丰度明显下降,表明核心SD序列的保守性会对mRNA丰度产生巨大影响。进一步分析其原因,发现核心SD序列不完全保守的5′-UTR与核糖体的结合强度相比于完全保守的5′-UTR显著减弱。在与anti-SD完整互补配对的SD序列(5′-TAAGGAGGT-3′,称之为完整SD序列)基础上,各个碱基处分别设置A、T、C和G四种碱基,按照引入的位置分组(例如NAAGGAGGT组表示在第一位设置4种碱基)。计算并统计各组内SD序列的结合强度分布(图6C),发现当第4-8位的碱基与完整SD序列不同时,即核心SD序列不完全保守时,结合强度出现显著下降。由此可见保证核心SD序列的完全保守对于目的基因的高水平表达具有重要作用。
各RNA丰度分组的5′-UTR突变体的seqlogo图(图4B)显示,高RNA丰度分组的5′-UTR突变体相比其他组在-15和-14位碱基处存在明显的碱基偏好性,-13位碱基处也表现出略微的碱基偏好性。分别对-15、-14和-13位碱基处不同的碱基组成的5′-UTR突变体统计其RNA相对丰度分布(图7A),发现在-15和-14位碱基处具有碱基偏好性:当5′-UTR突变体-15位碱基为A或C时,RNA相对丰度整体比碱基为G或T更高;而-14位碱基为A时相对丰度整体比碱基为C、G和T更高;-13位碱基为C时,RNA相对丰度整体比碱基为A、G和T更低。相关性分析结果表明(图4A),RNA相对丰度与MFE存在显著的弱正相关关系(rs=0.10, P<0.001),MFE为5′-UTR最小自由能,其数值越小表明在5′-UTR处越有可能形成稳定的二级结构[28]。因此,推测-15和-14位碱基可能是通过改变5′-UTR的局部二级结构从而影响mRNA丰度。将518个5′-UTR突变体的最小自由能与结合强度结合统计RNA相对丰度的分布(图7B),发现当结合强度一定时,最小自由能越大,RNA相对丰度越高。对本研究中通过RT-qPCR检测的所有5′-UTR调控下egfp表达的mRNA丰度数据进行同样的统计,结果表现出同样的规律(图7C)。由此推测,在相似的结合强度下,5′-UTR最小自由能越大越不容易形成稳定的局部二级结构。然而mRNA的二级结构不利于核糖体对起始位点的识别[6,8],因此减少5′-UTR二级结构的形成增加了RBS对核糖体的可及性[29],可以有效提高核糖体与mRNA结合并提高基因表达的效率。
本研究通过对突变文库所在区域建立测序文库,利用高通量测序检测目的基因表达的DNA和RNA (逆转录为cDNA)片段数量,通过计算RNA的reads数与DNA的reads数比值得到RNA相对丰度。经过试验验证,这一方法是较为准确和有效的。通过该方法,可以在一次试验中获取大量有关突变体的表达数据,并以单碱基分辨率从突变体序列中提取多维度特征,满足了对目标序列构效关系进行详尽系统分析的要求。本研究中构建的文库理论库容为518个突变体,高通量测序3 Gb数据检出的实际库容达到了全覆盖,平均每个突变体序列检出数约为2万,其中检出数最低为1 026,远高于大多数分析筛选阈值10[13,19,21],理论上库容设计仍有约100倍的提升空间。因此,在设计突变文库时,至少可将理论库容扩大至16 384个突变体(对应7个饱和突变碱基位点),在扩大分析样本容量的同时保证每个突变体的测序深度以满足分析要求。
通过对518个5′-UTR突变体的序列特征与RNA相对丰度的相关性分析,发现SD序列与核糖体的结合强度以及5′-UTR序列的最小自由能分别与RNA相对丰度呈显著的强正相关和弱正相关。然而,结合强度与RNA相对丰度的正相关并非线性关系,而是随着结合自由能绝对值的增加,RNA相对丰度先上升后下降,峰值出现在中等偏高结合强度的SD序列处。过高的结合强度会导致RNA相对丰度一定程度地下降。此外,核心SD序列的保守性是影响RNA相对丰度的重要因素,核心SD序列不完全保守时会造成RNA相对丰度的明显下降。5′-UTR序列的最小自由能表征的是5′-UTR局部二级结构信息,其对RNA相对丰度的整体影响并不明显。然而在结合强度一定时,5′-UTR序列的最小自由能越大,对应的RNA相对丰度越高。
以上5′-UTR序列各特征对RNA相对丰度的影响均可从核糖体对mRNA的保护作用角度进行解释。当核糖体在mRNA上覆盖的范围越大越能阻碍RNA降解酶对其进行降解,从而将mRNA丰度维持在较高水平。SD序列与核糖体的结合强度越强则mRNA招募核糖体的能力越强,而完全保守的核心SD序列是保证较高结合强度的关键。然而,过强的结合力反而导致核糖体由起始状态转变为翻译延伸状态的速率变小[27],导致核糖体在mRNA上的整体覆盖率降低。因此,综合来看中等偏高结合强度的SD序列更有助于提高mRNA丰度,这一现象与许多研究中观察到的现象相似,即总体翻译效率[26-27]和蛋白表达水平[25]在SD序列与anti-SD之间的中等互补水平下最大化。5′-UTR存在局部二级结构可能会影响核糖体识别SD序列从而不能很好地与mRNA结合,因此也在一定程度上调控着mRNA的丰度。由于构建突变文库时未针对二级结构进行设计,本研究并未深入探究具体二级结构特征(如茎环结构的茎长、环大小、所处位置等)对mRNA的转录后调控作用,而是以5′-UTR序列的最小自由能整体上表征二级结构的稳定性,并探究其与mRNA丰度之间的关联;从核糖体保护机制角度看,5′-UTR局部二级结构的特征和所处位置,特别是相对于SD序列的位置(茎邻近SD序列、SD序列在茎内部、SD序列暴露在环上)会对核糖体与mRNA的结合产生巨大影响[30],从而造成mRNA丰度的明显变化。
综合来看,在构建基因表达盒或调控代谢途径时,设计或选用与核糖体具有中等偏高结合强度的SD序列以及避免产生二级结构的5′-UTR有利于维持较高的mRNA丰度,实现蛋白的高水平表达;而缺少核心SD序列则会大幅降低mRNA丰度,从而下调目的基因的表达水平。本研究结果可为代谢工程及基因线路中元件的理性设计提供重要参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFA0918000)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32171421)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250007
  • 接收时间:2025-01-03
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-03
  • 录用日期:2025-03-23
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFA0918000)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFA0918000)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171421)
国家自然科学基金(32171421)
作者信息
    1.江南大学 生物工程学院,江苏 无锡
    2.江南大学,粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心,江苏 无锡
    3.江南大学 生命科学与健康工程学院,江苏 无锡
    4.四川大学 轻工科学与工程学院,四川 成都

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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