Article(id=1226460577938194714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250145, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740499200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1742486400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-21, onlineDate=1770340588316, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340588316, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340588316, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340588316, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3348, endPage=3364, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460578215018781, articleId=1226460577938194714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Comparison on responses of black soil microorganisms to exogenous carbon and nitrogen addition under no-tillage with straw mulching and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, columnId=1226460577816559897, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Microbiome in Black Soils, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Both no-tillage with straw mulching and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can effectively enhance soil fertility. However, the mechanisms by which they influence microbial carbon and nitrogen turnover remain unclear. [Methods] Soil samples included conventional tillage (CK) as the control, along with two management treatments: soils under combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers (CM) and no-tillage with straw mulching (CT). By employing DNA-stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) with 13C-glucose in a laboratory microcosm incubation experiment, we investigated the responses of microbial activities in black soil to exogenous glucose and urea addition. Key processes examined included respiration, mineralization, dissimilatory decomposition (measured by 13C-CO2), assimilatory formation of stable organic carbon (measured by 13C-SOC), priming effects, N2O emissions, carbon neutrality, and active microorganisms. [Results] In the control treatment with water addition, soil microbial respiration and mineralization intensity followed the order of CK<CM<CT, which showed the maximum CO2 emission rates of 0.413, 0.589, and 0.615 µmol/(g⋅d), respectively. Exogenous carbon and nitrogen addition induced positive priming effect, with the intensity ranking as simultaneous carbon and nitrogen addition (Glu+N)>carbon-only addition (Glu)>nitrogen-only addition (N). However, the priming effect did not continuously enhance with the increase in the total amount of exogenous organic matter. Dissimilatory decomposition enhanced as the amount of exogenous addition increased, with cumulative 13C-CO2 emissions following the trend of CK (97.0 nmol/g)>CM (90.4 nmol/g)>CT (81.9 nmol/g). The content of stable 13C-SOC produced by microbial assimilation in CT was 296.4 nmol/g, higher than that in CM (263.5 nmol/g). The carbon use efficiency of soil in the three groups was approximately 80%, and about 30% of N2O emissions were offset by the formation of 13C-SOC. Carbon neutrality analysis revealed that the net CO2 emissions from CK and CT soil samples were 50% higher than those from the CM soil sample. Additionally, under the addition of exogenous carbon and nitrogen, the active ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms during microbial proliferation were primarily ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, specifically Nitrosospira. [Conclusion] CT demonstrates higher respiration, mineralization, and carbon sequestration capabilities and lower dissimilatory decomposition capability in enhancing soil fertility than CM, while it results in higher net CO2 emissions.

, correspAuthors=Xueru HUANG, Jingkuan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: HUANG Xueru,
WANG Jingkuan,
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【目的】 秸秆覆盖免耕与有机无机肥配施均能有效提升土壤肥力,但二者对微生物碳氮周转的影响机制尚待明确。 【方法】 以常规耕作(CK)土壤为对照,有机无机肥配施(CM)和秸秆覆盖免耕(CT)土壤为处理组,采用13C标记葡萄糖结合稳定同位素核酸探针(DNA-SIP)技术的室内微宇宙培养实验,探究了外源葡萄糖与尿素添加条件下黑土微生物活动中的呼吸、矿化、异化分解(以13C-CO2衡量)、同化形成稳定有机碳(以13C-SOC衡量)、激发效应、N2O排放、碳中和及活性微生物特征。 【结果】 对照(+水)处理中,土壤微生物呼吸与矿化强度依次为CK<CM<CT,CO2最大排放速率分别为0.413、0.589、0.615 µmol/(g·d)。外源有机碳氮添加引发正激发效应,且效应强度为碳氮同时添加(Glu+N)>单加碳(Glu)>单加氮(N),但激发效应未随外源有机质总量增加而持续增强。异化分解作用随外源添加量增加而增强,13C-CO2累积量表现为CK (97.0 nmol/g)> CM (90.4 nmol/g)>CT (81.9 nmol/g)。然而,微生物同化作用产生的稳定13C-SOC含量在CT土壤中为296.4 nmol/g,高于CM土壤中的263.5 nmol/g。3种土壤的碳利用效率均约为80%,同时约30%的N2O排放被13C-SOC的形成所抵消。碳中和分析显示,CK与CT土壤的CO2净排放量较CM土壤高出50%。此外,外源碳氮添加下微生物繁殖中活性氨氧化微生物主要为氨氧化细菌中的亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)。 【结论】 相较于长期有机无机肥配施,秸秆覆盖免耕在提升土壤肥力方面展现出更高的呼吸、矿化与固碳能力,且其异化分解能力也相对较低,但导致了较高的CO2净排放量。

, correspAuthors=黄学茹, 汪景宽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=60fywGfNuSqbi/FUCJhRqg==, magXml=WVV+fT+V5VIq9rWxhTQVqQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=vtq/D5oproV+6fbUVXamdA==, pdfFileSize=1588094, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=C1OYoSwtKSim/arZYyPbdQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=6ENbWH9MdVzSPQ7CWNd1Rw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

任陶怡:样品采集,完成实验,数据分析及绘图,初稿撰写;黄学茹:实验构思,样品采集,框架指导,数据分析及绘图,论文定稿;孙浩霖:样品采集,协助实验;解宏图:长期定位点管理和修改论文;贾仲君:框架指导和修改论文;汪景宽:实验构思和修改论文。

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Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(2): 358-366 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596306345444198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=23, issue=11, pageStart=1349, pageEnd=1358, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=53, authorNames=许艳艳, 武兰芳, 李彬彬, 丘清燕, 秦越, journalName=中国生态农业学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许艳艳, 武兰芳, 李彬彬, 丘清燕, 秦越. 不同耕作措施下土壤N2O排放及其农学效率[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2015, 23(11): 1349-1358., articleTitle=不同耕作措施下土壤N2O排放及其农学效率, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596306496439154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=23, issue=11, pageStart=1349, pageEnd=1358, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=54, authorNames=XU YY, WU LF, LI BB, QIU QY, QIN Y, journalName=Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU YY, WU LF, LI BB, QIU QY, QIN Y. Soil N2O emission and its agronomic efficiency under different tillage[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2015, 23(11): 1349-1358 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596306605491064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=254, issue=2, pageStart=361, pageEnd=370, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=55, authorNames=BAGGS EM, STEVENSON M, PIHLATIE M, REGAR A, COOK H, CADISCH G, journalName=Plant and Soil, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAGGS EM, STEVENSON M, PIHLATIE M, REGAR A, COOK H, CADISCH G. Nitrous oxide emissions following application of residues and fertiliser under zero and conventional tillage[J]. Plant and Soil, 2003, 254(2): 361-370., articleTitle=Nitrous oxide emissions following application of residues and fertiliser under zero and conventional tillage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596306739708802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=32, issue=2, pageStart=235, pageEnd=244, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=56, authorNames=郎漫, 许力文, 朱恺文, 吴泓瑾, 张佳音, 李平, journalName=生态环境学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郎漫, 许力文, 朱恺文, 吴泓瑾, 张佳音, 李平. 碳氮施加对农田黑土氮素转化和温室气体排放的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(2): 235-244., articleTitle=碳氮施加对农田黑土氮素转化和温室气体排放的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596306852955016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=32, issue=2, pageStart=235, pageEnd=244, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=57, authorNames=LANG M, XU LW, ZHU KW, WU HJ, ZHANG JY, LI P, journalName=Ecology and Environmental Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LANG M, XU LW, ZHU KW, WU HJ, ZHANG JY, LI P. Effects of carbon and nitrogen addition on nitrogen transformations and greenhouse gas emissions from black cropland soil[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2023, 32(2): 235-244 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596306974589835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=4, pageStart=834, pageEnd=841, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=58, authorNames=夏龙龙, 颜晓元, 蔡祖聪, journalName=农业环境科学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=夏龙龙, 颜晓元, 蔡祖聪. 我国农田土壤温室气体减排和有机碳固定的研究进展及展望[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2020, 39(4): 834-841., articleTitle=我国农田土壤温室气体减排和有机碳固定的研究进展及展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596307079447445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=4, pageStart=834, pageEnd=841, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=59, authorNames=XIA LL, YAN XY, CAI ZC, journalName=Journal of Agro-Environment Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIA LL, YAN XY, CAI ZC. Research progress and prospect of greenhouse gas mitigation and soil carbon sequestration in croplands of China[J]. 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Error bars indicate the standard deviations from three replicate experiments., figureFileSmall=1AYQXIgTPctuqYM9yj3/oQ==, figureFileBig=pb401wLuG2OgUc7iU51sxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596293133385861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=CN, label=图1, caption=外源碳氮添加下不同土壤中的有机碳累积矿化量(A-C)与矿化速率(D-F)。误差线表示3次重复实验的标准差。, figureFileSmall=1AYQXIgTPctuqYM9yj3/oQ==, figureFileBig=pb401wLuG2OgUc7iU51sxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596293280186514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The relative priming effect in different soils under exogenous carbon and nitrogen addition (n=3). A: Nitrogen-only addition (N); B: Carbon-only addition (Glu); C: Simultaneous carbon and nitrogen addition (Glu+N)., figureFileSmall=zIxLWdHTbiolNr4zwuIaOQ==, figureFileBig=lzBfsxXeKOo/l/el7eTnsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596293376655514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=CN, label=图2, caption=外源碳氮添加下不同土壤中的相对激发效应(n=3)。A:单加有机氮(N);B:单加有机碳(Glu);C:有机碳氮同时添加(Glu+N)。, figureFileSmall=zIxLWdHTbiolNr4zwuIaOQ==, figureFileBig=lzBfsxXeKOo/l/el7eTnsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596293506678957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The net production of 13C-CO2 (A-C) , net production of 13C-SOC (D-F), and carbon utilization efficiency (G-I) in different soils under exogenous carbon and nitrogen addition. Error bars indicate the standard deviations from three replicate experiments. Significant differences between treatments are denoted by different letters (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=vOm3dib7dZfw9i9UvNSIcw==, figureFileBig=okcufXv2TdvnZgEV3z6LYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596293603147959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=CN, label=图3, caption=外源碳氮添加下不同土壤中的 13C-CO2 净产生量(A-C)13C-SOC净产生量(D-F)和碳利用效率(G-I)。误差线表示3次重复实验的标准差,不同字母表示处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=vOm3dib7dZfw9i9UvNSIcw==, figureFileBig=okcufXv2TdvnZgEV3z6LYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596293745754312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Nitrification activity (A) and N2O emission fluxion (B) in different soils under exogenous carbon and nitrogen addition after 28 days of DNA-SIP microcosm incubation. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the data from three replicates. Significant differences between treatments are denoted by different letters (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=EVrX7GvOxBtLzow8jpIuzA==, figureFileBig=t4wvq2R1/r5fB+jj3vWbww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596293875777747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=CN, label=图4, caption=DNA-SIP微宇宙培养28 d后外源碳氮添加下不同土壤中的硝化活性(A)N2O排放量(B)。误差线表示3次重复实验的标准差,不同字母表示处理间存在显著差异(p<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=EVrX7GvOxBtLzow8jpIuzA==, figureFileBig=t4wvq2R1/r5fB+jj3vWbww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295251509471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Net CO2 fixation (A), offset ratio between CO2 fixation and N2O emissions (B), and net greenhouse gas CO2 emissions (C) in different soils under exogenous carbon and nitrogen addition after 28 days of DNA-SIP microcosm incubation. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the data from three replicates. Significant differences between treatments are denoted by different letters (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=UnuAS5Sx0MLxqH6CkUnTMA==, figureFileBig=VXiduqXplsGUMXPnFIeNsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295364755693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=CN, label=图5, caption=DNA-SIP微宇宙培养28 d后外源碳氮添加下不同土壤中的净CO2 固定量(A)CO2 固定与N2O排放的抵消率(B)和温室气体CO2 净排放量(C)。误差线表示3次重复实验的标准差,不同字母表示处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=UnuAS5Sx0MLxqH6CkUnTMA==, figureFileBig=VXiduqXplsGUMXPnFIeNsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295465419000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Relative abundance of soil microorganisms, and relative distribution of 16S rRNA gene and AOB amoA in each buoyant density layer. A: Relative abundance of priming effect-associated microorganisms; B: Relative abundance of Nitrosospira; C‒E: Relative distribution of 16S rRNA genes in each buoyant density layer; F‒H: Relative distribution of amoA genes in each buoyant density layer for AOB. Error bars represent standard deviations from three replicates. Significant differences between treatments are indicated by different lowercase letters (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=SsLgtMpOnZplK9fxnXc/9w==, figureFileBig=8ehjxNdWXmxMTbMRVE2g7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295582859527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=CN, label=图6, caption=土壤微生物的相对丰度以及各浮力密度层DNA16S rRNA基因和AOB amoA 的相对分布。A:激发效应相关微生物的相对丰度;B:亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)的相对丰度;C-E:浮力密度层DNA中16S rRNA基因相对分布;F-H:浮力密度层DNA中AOB的amoA基因相对分布。误差条展示的是3个重复实验所得数据的标准差。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=SsLgtMpOnZplK9fxnXc/9w==, figureFileBig=8ehjxNdWXmxMTbMRVE2g7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295733854483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Soil chemical properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

处理

Treatments

pH

土壤有机碳

Soil organic C (g/kg)

全氮

Total N (g/kg)

碳氮比

C/N ratio

铵态氮

Ammonium-N (mg/kg)

硝态氮

Nitrate-N (mg/kg)

CK5.31±0.04c8.04±0.11c0.88±0.02c9.07±0.38b9.16±0.04a0.123±0.003b
CM6.00±0.11a14.00±0.35a1.33±0.05a10.60±0.05a9.00±0.37a0.069±0.004c
CT5.52±0.02b12.70±0.30b1.21±0.01b11.00±0.10a9.72±0.36a0.165±0.014a
), ArticleFig(id=1226596295855489311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460577938194714, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土壤化学性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

处理

Treatments

pH

土壤有机碳

Soil organic C (g/kg)

全氮

Total N (g/kg)

碳氮比

C/N ratio

铵态氮

Ammonium-N (mg/kg)

硝态氮

Nitrate-N (mg/kg)

CK5.31±0.04c8.04±0.11c0.88±0.02c9.07±0.38b9.16±0.04a0.123±0.003b
CM6.00±0.11a14.00±0.35a1.33±0.05a10.60±0.05a9.00±0.37a0.069±0.004c
CT5.52±0.02b12.70±0.30b1.21±0.01b11.00±0.10a9.72±0.36a0.165±0.014a
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秸秆覆盖免耕与有机无机肥配施下黑土微生物对外源碳氮添加的响应比较
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任陶怡 1 , 黄学茹 1, 2, * , 孙浩霖 1 , 解宏图 3 , 贾仲君 2 , 汪景宽 1, *
微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025,65(8): 3348-3364
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微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025, 65(8): 3348-3364
秸秆覆盖免耕与有机无机肥配施下黑土微生物对外源碳氮添加的响应比较
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任陶怡1, 黄学茹1, 2, * , 孙浩霖1, 解宏图3, 贾仲君2, 汪景宽1, *
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳农业大学 土地与环境学院,辽宁 沈阳
  • 2.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,黑土地保护与利用国家重点实验室,吉林 长春
  • 3.中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,辽宁 沈阳
Comparison on responses of black soil microorganisms to exogenous carbon and nitrogen addition under no-tillage with straw mulching and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers
Taoyi REN1, Xueru HUANG1, 2, * , Haolin SUN1, Hongtu XIE3, Zhongjun JIA2, Jingkuan WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
  • 3.Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250145
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【目的】 秸秆覆盖免耕与有机无机肥配施均能有效提升土壤肥力,但二者对微生物碳氮周转的影响机制尚待明确。 【方法】 以常规耕作(CK)土壤为对照,有机无机肥配施(CM)和秸秆覆盖免耕(CT)土壤为处理组,采用13C标记葡萄糖结合稳定同位素核酸探针(DNA-SIP)技术的室内微宇宙培养实验,探究了外源葡萄糖与尿素添加条件下黑土微生物活动中的呼吸、矿化、异化分解(以13C-CO2衡量)、同化形成稳定有机碳(以13C-SOC衡量)、激发效应、N2O排放、碳中和及活性微生物特征。 【结果】 对照(+水)处理中,土壤微生物呼吸与矿化强度依次为CK<CM<CT,CO2最大排放速率分别为0.413、0.589、0.615 µmol/(g·d)。外源有机碳氮添加引发正激发效应,且效应强度为碳氮同时添加(Glu+N)>单加碳(Glu)>单加氮(N),但激发效应未随外源有机质总量增加而持续增强。异化分解作用随外源添加量增加而增强,13C-CO2累积量表现为CK (97.0 nmol/g)> CM (90.4 nmol/g)>CT (81.9 nmol/g)。然而,微生物同化作用产生的稳定13C-SOC含量在CT土壤中为296.4 nmol/g,高于CM土壤中的263.5 nmol/g。3种土壤的碳利用效率均约为80%,同时约30%的N2O排放被13C-SOC的形成所抵消。碳中和分析显示,CK与CT土壤的CO2净排放量较CM土壤高出50%。此外,外源碳氮添加下微生物繁殖中活性氨氧化微生物主要为氨氧化细菌中的亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)。 【结论】 相较于长期有机无机肥配施,秸秆覆盖免耕在提升土壤肥力方面展现出更高的呼吸、矿化与固碳能力,且其异化分解能力也相对较低,但导致了较高的CO2净排放量。

DNA-SIP  /  有机碳周转  /  活性微生物  /  温室气体  /  碳中和

[Objective] Both no-tillage with straw mulching and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can effectively enhance soil fertility. However, the mechanisms by which they influence microbial carbon and nitrogen turnover remain unclear. [Methods] Soil samples included conventional tillage (CK) as the control, along with two management treatments: soils under combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers (CM) and no-tillage with straw mulching (CT). By employing DNA-stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) with 13C-glucose in a laboratory microcosm incubation experiment, we investigated the responses of microbial activities in black soil to exogenous glucose and urea addition. Key processes examined included respiration, mineralization, dissimilatory decomposition (measured by 13C-CO2), assimilatory formation of stable organic carbon (measured by 13C-SOC), priming effects, N2O emissions, carbon neutrality, and active microorganisms. [Results] In the control treatment with water addition, soil microbial respiration and mineralization intensity followed the order of CK<CM<CT, which showed the maximum CO2 emission rates of 0.413, 0.589, and 0.615 µmol/(g⋅d), respectively. Exogenous carbon and nitrogen addition induced positive priming effect, with the intensity ranking as simultaneous carbon and nitrogen addition (Glu+N)>carbon-only addition (Glu)>nitrogen-only addition (N). However, the priming effect did not continuously enhance with the increase in the total amount of exogenous organic matter. Dissimilatory decomposition enhanced as the amount of exogenous addition increased, with cumulative 13C-CO2 emissions following the trend of CK (97.0 nmol/g)>CM (90.4 nmol/g)>CT (81.9 nmol/g). The content of stable 13C-SOC produced by microbial assimilation in CT was 296.4 nmol/g, higher than that in CM (263.5 nmol/g). The carbon use efficiency of soil in the three groups was approximately 80%, and about 30% of N2O emissions were offset by the formation of 13C-SOC. Carbon neutrality analysis revealed that the net CO2 emissions from CK and CT soil samples were 50% higher than those from the CM soil sample. Additionally, under the addition of exogenous carbon and nitrogen, the active ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms during microbial proliferation were primarily ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, specifically Nitrosospira. [Conclusion] CT demonstrates higher respiration, mineralization, and carbon sequestration capabilities and lower dissimilatory decomposition capability in enhancing soil fertility than CM, while it results in higher net CO2 emissions.

DNA-SIP  /  organic carbon turnover  /  active microorganisms  /  greenhouse gas  /  carbon neutrality
任陶怡, 黄学茹, 孙浩霖, 解宏图, 贾仲君, 汪景宽. 秸秆覆盖免耕与有机无机肥配施下黑土微生物对外源碳氮添加的响应比较. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3348 -3364 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250145
Taoyi REN, Xueru HUANG, Haolin SUN, Hongtu XIE, Zhongjun JIA, Jingkuan WANG. Comparison on responses of black soil microorganisms to exogenous carbon and nitrogen addition under no-tillage with straw mulching and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3348 -3364 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250145
东北黑土区是全球范围内极为珍稀且最为适宜农耕的黑土地带之一,是我国重要的粮食生产基地,素有“耕地中的大熊猫”之美誉。然而,自20世纪80年代以来,该地区长期面临重用轻养、水土流失等外部不利因素的严峻挑战,导致土壤肥力急剧下降,并伴随土壤板结现象的出现。鉴于此严峻形势,国家高度重视东北黑土地的保育与肥力提升工作,明确提出需通过增加外源有机物质投入以维持并提高土壤有机质含量,进而优化土壤结构。这一战略举措已获得了学术界的广泛认可[1-2]。当前研究揭示,相较于单施化肥或有机肥,外源有机肥与化肥的配施能更有效地增强土壤有机碳的固存能力[3]。同时,在近年来广泛推广的保护性耕作模式中,秸秆覆盖免耕技术即便在不额外施肥的条件下也显著提升了土壤有机碳的固持效率[4]。因此,在实施黑土地保育与肥力提升策略时,外源有机无机肥配施以及秸秆覆盖免耕模式常被作为主要农田管理措施纳入黑土地保护方案之中。这2种方式不仅显著提高了作物产量,更为我国粮食安全生产提供了坚实的保障。秸秆免耕还田与有机无机配施对土壤的改良效果相似,因此常被放在一起比较。例如,胡星[5]通过3年田间定位试验,探讨了秸秆全量还田与有机无机肥配施对水稻产量的影响;陆强等[6]则在稻麦轮作体系中研究了秸秆还田结合有机无机肥配施对籽粒产量及氮素利用率的效应;杨娜[7]基于长期定位试验分析了秸秆还田与不同施肥策略下土壤肥力、酶活性变化及其对作物产量的作用。尽管如此,关于有机无机肥配施与秸秆覆盖免耕条件下黑土微生物对土壤有机碳氮周转的内在作用机制,目前仍缺乏清晰的认识。因此,深入追踪并揭示这2种耕作方式下土壤有机碳氮周转过程中微生物响应的差异,以及探讨该差异对土壤有机质提升和土壤结构改善的潜在影响机制显得尤为重要。这不仅有助于深化对黑土地保育与肥力提升机制的理解,为制定更为有效的农田管理措施提供了科学依据。
从内因角度分析,土壤碳氮周转过程中原有有机无机碳氮转化以及相关微生物在土壤有机碳固持及无机碳排放之间的平衡关系是控制有机碳固持的关键因素。一方面,在土壤碳素周转过程中,由生物非生物过程产生的呼吸、矿化和异化代谢起着至关重要的作用,它是将土壤碳库[即土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)]转化为大气碳库[即二氧化碳(carbon dioxide, CO2)]的关键步骤,决定了土壤有机碳固持和温室效应强度。另一方面,硝化微生物主导的硝化作用将土壤中的NH3转化为NO3-,这一过程连接着土壤中各种形态氮素的循环,是调控一系列氮素污染如温室气体N2O排放、富营养化及土壤酸化等的关键。然而,值得注意的是,农业土壤中的硝化微生物主要为化能自养型微生物,它们具有将大气中的CO2同化为自身生物量的能力[8],其死亡残体是土壤有机碳的主要组成[9]。因此,硝化过程对CO2的固定有助于提升土壤中的有机碳含量。例如,在针对3种提取自海洋中的氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)的培养实验中,氨氧化作用调控的有机碳产生量达到了0.04-1.35 fmol·C/(cell·h) [10]。此外,海洋中的氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)每年向深海释放的新产生的溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)达到了20-90 Tg[11]。新产生的SOC在一定程度上抵消了这些生物产生的N2O所带来的温室效应。据估计,由于氨氧化微生物的繁殖而新固定的CO2,在草地土壤中能够抵消21%的由N2O排放引发的温室效应[12]。因此,研究土壤呼吸与硝化作用产生的有机碳固持的平衡是当前农业固碳减排研究中的重要内容。
从外部环境因素来看,外源性有机物料的添加所触发的土壤原有有机与无机碳氮的激发效应,以及这一效应所引发的土壤有机碳氮平衡状态的变动,构成了控制有机碳固定过程的关键因素。首先,外源碳的输入能够显著增强土壤呼吸的活力及其速率[13],并触发激发效应,深刻影响土壤原有有机碳的矿化过程[14-15]。大量研究表明,添加葡萄糖等简单化合物可产生显著的激发效应,但其持续时间较短[16-17]。同时,外源氮源的引入同样能显著加强土壤呼吸,并触发激发效应,对土壤有机碳矿化产生深远影响[13-15]。其次,不同类型的土壤对于外源碳的响应存在差异。值得注意的是,外源碳的添加已被证实能有效激发异养微生物的呼吸矿化作用,然而在全球碳循环的研究中,土壤对外源氮的响应往往被忽视。实际上,外源碳氮的补充不仅显著提升了土壤中微生物的种群数量,还可能通过调整土壤的碳氮比来影响微生物的活跃程度[15-16,18-19]。这一变化促使土壤中甲烷氧化菌、氨氧化细菌及反硝化细菌的丰度大幅提升[20],进而可能对微生物的代谢活动产生影响。此外,植物多样性的增加通过提升根系向土壤的碳输入,以及一系列尚未明确的其他机制,借助微生物的代谢活动来调节土壤中碳的储存状态[21]。这表明外源碳氮输入与植物多样性之间存在复杂的相互作用,共同影响土壤碳的固存。
外源有机物料输入后引发的激发效应以及硝化固碳能力对土壤有机碳氮平衡关系的影响是控制有机碳固存的关键因素。鉴于此,本研究采用了13C标记的葡萄糖和尿素进行培养实验,通过分析土壤呼吸产生的13CO2通量(代表异化分解过程)、土壤激发效应、硝化强度以及土壤13C-有机碳(反应微生物合成代谢)的变化,并结合土壤微生物数量及活性的变化情况,深入研究了在有机无机肥配施与秸秆覆盖免耕条件下微生物的响应机制。本研究旨在为微生物介导的碳氮周转过程中的土壤有机碳固持和转化提供科学依据。
土壤样品于2022年10月采自辽宁省铁岭市昌图县亮中桥镇永丰村(123°32′-124°26′E,42°33′-43°29′N)。该地区具有温带湿润季风大陆性气候特征,年平均气温为7.0 ℃,年降水量约为655 mm。年平均生长期为135 d,无霜期年平均时间为146 d。该地是典型的北方平原旱作农业地区,具有四季分明、日照丰富、年降水量适中的特点。采样点经历了多年传统耕作、化肥与有机肥配施耕作、秸秆覆盖免耕处理,作物和种植方式为玉米连作,土壤类型为黑土。本研究以常规耕作(CK)土壤为对照,选择长期有机无机肥配施(CM)和秸秆覆盖免耕(CT)土壤为处理组。采样时,CT土壤持续种植13年,CM土壤持续种植20年以上。有机无机肥施肥量为无机肥NPK:urea-N 165 kg/hm2,P2O5 2.5 kg/hm2和K2O 82.5 kg/hm2;有机肥(猪厩肥):3 000 kg/hm2。采集作物收获后0-20 cm土样,将其置于冰盒内运至实验室处理。土样被均分为3份:20 g鲜土样本存放于-80 ℃冰箱,用于后续分子生物学分析;大约500 g鲜土样本,在剔除草根、石子等杂质后,过2 mm筛,于4 ℃冰箱保存,用于室内培养实验(2周内完成);剩余土样风干后保存,用于土壤化学性质检测。
13C-DNA-SIP的微宇宙培养设置6种处理:(1) 只添加水(water);(2) 只添加12C葡萄糖(C6H12O6, 12C-Glu);(3) 只添加尿素(urea, N);(4) 添加12C葡萄糖和尿素(12C-Glu+N);(5) 只添加13C葡萄糖(13C6H12O6, 13C-Glu);(6) 添加13C葡萄糖和尿素(13C-Glu+N)。每次处理3个重复,其中13C葡萄糖(13C6H12O6, 13C全标)的丰度为5%,是由99%丰度的13C葡萄糖(13C全标)与12C葡萄糖按1:25比例稀释而成。13C葡萄糖购自武汉纽瑞德特种气体有限公司,未标记的葡萄糖购自国药集团化学试剂沈阳有限公司。
称取新鲜土样(相当于12 g干土重)于培养瓶中,调节土壤含水量至田间持水量(water holding capacity, WHC)的40%,用黑色丁基塞密封,置于培养箱中预培养2周。其间通过称重法定期校正土壤含水量。预培养旨在降低本底土壤CO2排放量,减少土壤呼吸对13CO2标记底物的稀释效应。正式培养时,加铝盖进一步密封,每周向瓶中加入0.05 mg/g的葡萄糖-C和尿素-N(以干土计),以研究外源碳氮添加下的微生物响应机制。添加后调节土壤含水量至60% WHC。密封培养瓶,用合成空气(20% O2和80% N2)进行3次抽真空-曝气循环,以消除瓶中残留CO2对外源碳添加量的干扰。将培养瓶置于25 ℃培养箱中、黑暗培养28 d。分别于第7、14、21、28天抽取培养瓶顶部15 mL气体保存于集气瓶,用于测定CO2、N2O浓度及13C-CO2原子百分比。集气完成后,开盖用合成空气冲洗培养瓶以排出累积CO2。再次补充外源碳氮,重复3次抽真空-曝气操作后继续培养。培养结束时(第28天),完成最终气体采集后对土壤进行破坏性取样:每个重复取1 g土样于-20 ℃冰箱保存,用于分子生物学分析;另取6 g土样经真空冷冻干燥后过1 mm筛,取1 g测定土壤有机碳含量及13C-SOC原子百分比;剩余约4 g土样按1:5的土水比用2 mol/L KCl浸提,测定土壤无机氮含量。以培养前土样(零时刻)作为背景对照,用于土壤化学性质、核酸提取及分子生物学分析。
土壤pH值采用pH计(土水比1:2.5)测定;土壤有机碳(soil organic C, SOC)和全氮(total N, TN)含量使用元素分析仪(Elementar公司)测定;土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)含量通过流动分析仪(SEAL Analytical公司)测定。土壤有机碳中13C原子丰度(13C-SOC)和13CO213C原子丰度(13C-CO2)采用元素分析仪-稳定同位素比例质谱联用仪(Elementar公司)测定。
土壤化学性质的分析结果如表1所示。
分别取培养前(0 d)和培养后(28 d)的土样各0.5 g,用FastDNA® Spin Kit for Soil (MP Biomedicals公司)提取基因组总DNA。提取步骤包括:通过冷冻粉碎和SDS法提取高分子量DNA,使用苯酚提取的低熔点琼脂糖凝胶进行纯化。采用微量紫外分光光度计(Thermo Scientific公司)测定纯化后DNA样品的浓度和纯度。所有DNA样品均保存于-20 ℃冰箱备用。
采用超高速密度梯度离心法对培养28 d后的土壤DNA样品进行分层,以获取微生物的13C-DNA。具体操作步骤参照贾仲君的方法[22],其原理是基于不同分子质量的DNA的浮力密度不同,进而将13C-DNA和12C-DNA分开。主要操作流程包括:将提取的总DNA样品溶于氯化铯(CsCl)溶液中,进行超高速等密度梯度离心;离心完成后,对形成密度梯度的CsCl溶液进行等体积分层收集;回收各层DNA,并使用PEG 6000沉淀不同浮力密度区的DNA样品。
对经过超高速密度梯度离心分层获得的13CO2标记和12CO2对照DNA样品,采用SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM (TaKaRa公司)试剂盒在实时荧光定量PCR扩增仪(Bio-Rad公司)上进行扩增分析。选用2对特异性引物:515F (5′-GTGC CAGCMGCCGCGG-3′)/907R (5′-CCGTCAATTC MTTTRAGTTT-3′)扩增总微生物16S rRNA基 因;amoA-1F (5′-GGGGTTTCTACTGGTGGT-3′)/ amoA-2R (5′-CCCCTCKGSAAAGCCTTCTTC-3′)扩增氨氧化细菌(AOB)的amoA功能基因。qPCR的标准曲线釆用向载体质粒中导入功能基因的克隆子进行制备。对原始质粒进行10倍梯度稀释,得到6-8个数量级的标准曲线。PCR反应体系(20 μL):TB Green Premix Ex Taq II (Tli RNaseH Plus) [宝生物工程(大连)有限公司] 10 µL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/μL)各0.8 µL,ROX Reference Dye II 0.4 µL,DNA模板2 µL,灭菌水6 µL。16S rRNA基因的PCR反应条件:94 ℃ 5 min;94 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 45 s,30个循环;72 ℃ 10 min;4 ℃保存。AOB amoA功能基因的PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 30 s,39个循环;72 ℃ 10 min;4 ℃保存。阴性对照采用灭菌水代替DNA样品作为反应模板。根据16S rRNA基因和amoA基因丰度确定总微生物丰度和AOB的13C-DNA所在浮力密度梯度区间以及标记程度。
分别对培养前(0 d)和培养后(28 d)获得的土壤DNA样品,采用通用引物515F/907R对微生物16S rRNA基因的V4-V5区进行PCR扩增。所有引物均按照Illumina MiSeq测序平台要求进行修饰,在前引物5′端添加测序接头及10 bp特异性barcode序列。PCR产物使用Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up Kit (Promega公司)进行凝胶回收纯化。纯化后的产物委托北京百迈客生物科技有限公司进行高通量测序。测序平台为Illumina NovaSeq。所有测序原始数据已保存于NCBI Sequence Read Archive数据库,可通过序列号PRJNA1228262获取。
获取测序数据后,使用QIIME 2软件(2020.6版)进行生物信息学分析[23]。采用dada2方法进行数据处理[24],包括:序列去噪、双端序列拼接以及嵌合体序列剔除,最终获得高质量非嵌合体序列(有效数据)。进一步对有效数据进行操作分类单元(OTUs)聚类分析。通过计算以下5个主要菌门的相对丰度之和,分析参与土壤有机碳激发效应的微生物群落组成变化:假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、蓝细菌(Cyanobacteriota)和芽孢杆菌门(Gemmatimonadota)[25-27]
CO2排放速率根据单位时间内CO2的累积排放量计算;13C-CO2净产生量由CO213C原子百分比及其排放量计算得到;13C-SOC净产生量由SOC的13C原子百分比及其含量计算得到。
碳利用效率(carbon use efficiency, CUE)按公式(1)计算。
CUE=13C-SOC净产生量/(13C-SOC净产生量+13C-CO2净产生量)×100%
相对激发效应通过外源有机物添加处理与对照处理(+Water)的CO2排放量比值计算。
N2O的CO2当量排放量基于N2O的全球增温潜能(GWP,100年尺度)计算,其中N2O的GWP值比CO2高273倍(IPCC 2021标准)。13C-SOC净产生量的当量净CO2固定量基于SOC与CO2的碳摩尔数1:1换算得到。CO2固定与N2O排放的抵消率按公式(2)计算。
抵消率=净CO2固定量/(N2O排放量×273)×100%
温室气体CO2净排放量用于评估微生物活动对土壤碳中和的贡献,按公式(3)计算。
温室气体CO2净排放量=N2O的CO2当量排放量-
净CO2固定量
采用Microsoft Excel 2019和IBM SPSS Statistics 24软件进行数据处理与统计分析。组间差异通过单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)进行检验,显著性水平设为P<0.05表示差异显著,数据以均值±标准差(mean±SD)形式表示。所有图均使用OriginPro 2021软件绘制。
土壤微生物呼吸和矿化过程通过生物和非生物作用将有机碳转化为无机碳(CO2) (图1),是土壤碳周转的重要环节。微宇宙培养28 d后,土壤呼吸强度由培养过程中产生的CO2累积排放量表征,该量是由每培养7 d后检测的CO2排放量累积计算得到的。如图1A-1C所示,随着培养时间的延长,CO2排放量逐渐增加。在未添加碳氮的对照(water)处理中,CT土壤产生的CO2累积排放量最高,达到12.2 µmol/g,其次是CM土壤(11.0 µmol/g),而CK土壤最低(9.35 µmol/g)。这表明长期秸秆覆盖免耕处理较有机无机肥配施和常规耕作处理产生了更高的土壤微生物呼吸强度。当外源有机碳氮加入后,3种土壤中的CO2累积排放量均表现出以下趋势:单加有机氮(N)<单加有机碳(Glu)<有机碳和有机氮同时添加(N+Glu),说明外源有机物的加入显著提升了土壤的呼吸作用。有机氮(尿素)添加后与对照处理相比,3种土壤产生的CO2累积排放量增加了约1.5倍,28 d的累积排放速率分别为CK土壤0.482 µmol/(g·d)、CM土壤0.562 µmol/(g·d)和CT土壤0.633 µmol/(g·d)。这说明3种土壤的呼吸作用都存在显著的氮限制特征。单加有机碳(葡萄糖)后,CO2累积排放量显著高于单加有机氮处理,是对照处理的约2倍。当外源有机碳氮同时输入后,CO2累积排放量进一步增加,分别达到CK土壤21.3 µmol/g、CM土壤26.0 µmol/g和CT土壤29.0 µmol/g,分别是对照处理的2.28倍、2.36倍和2.38倍。
土壤矿化作用强度由每7 d培养时间内计算得到的CO2排放速率表征,如图1D-1F所示。在对照处理中,CK土壤的CO2排放速率在0-7 d时最高[0.413 µmol/(g·d)],随后显著降低;而CM和CT土壤均在7-14 d时产生最大的CO2排放速率,分别为0.589 µmol/(g·d)和0.615 µmol/(g·d)。本研究为每周新加入与培养初期加入的同等含量的外源碳氮,因此随着培养时间增加,外源有机碳氮输入量随之增加。在有机碳氮单加或同时添加的处理中,CO2排放速率均在7-14 d时最高,14-21 d时降至最低,随后保持一致或有略微上升。这表明当外源碳氮输入产生的土壤矿化速率达到一定强度时,不再随外源碳氮的增加而增加。土壤矿化作用与呼吸作用在各处理中表现出相同趋势:有机碳氮同时添加>单施有机碳>单施有机氮>对照。矿化速率在各土壤中同样表现出与呼吸作用相同趋势:CT土壤>CM土壤>CK土壤。以7-14 d产生的CO2排放速率为例,单施有机氮处理中CK、CM和CT土壤的矿化作用分别为0.644、0.709和0.861 µmol/(g·d)。
外源碳氮添加促使土壤微生物剧烈繁殖,对本底有机碳产生激发效应。本研究将每7 d外源碳氮处理与对照(water)处理间CO2排放量的净增加倍数用来量化这种激发效应,并将其表征为相对激发效应(图2)。这个指标能够直观地反映出外源碳氮添加后土壤微生物活动增强所导致的CO2排放量相对于未添加外源碳氮的对照组的增加程度。结果显示,3种土壤在各处理中的相对激发效应表现出相同趋势:有机碳氮同时添加(Glu+N)>单加有机碳(Glu)>单加有机氮(N),其最大值分别为257.9% (Glu+N)、153.3% (Glu)和41.2% (N)。在培养的0-7 d,3个处理的相对激发效应均表现出CM (271.6%)>CT (234.5%)>CK (205.3%)的趋势;7 d后,各处理土壤的相对激发效应随培养时间(即碳氮添加量增加)的增加而增强,但3种土壤的相对激发效应表现为CK>CM>CT的变化趋势。这说明随着外源有机碳氮添加量的增加显著提升了CK土壤的有机碳激发效应;而CM和CT土壤在培养初期少量有机碳氮加入后促进了激发效应,但随着有机碳氮添加量的增加却抑制了CM和CT土壤的激发效应。尤其是在有机碳氮同时加入时,这种效果更为明显,使得培养末期21-28 d的相对激发效应在CK土壤中最高,为257.9%,接着是CM土壤(225.3%),最低的是CT土壤(200.8%)。这表明相较于有机无机肥配施,外源有机碳氮加入量增加抑制了秸秆覆盖免耕处理的土壤激发效应。
进一步地,通过13C标记处理产生的CO2浓度及其13C丰度可以计算得到微宇宙培养中产生的13C-CO2净产生量,从而揭示土壤微生物分解13C-葡萄糖产生的异化分解强度(图3A-3C)。结果显示,相比单独添加有机碳,同时加入有机氮后CK土壤异化产生的总13C-CO2净产生量显著增加,从71.3 nmol/g增加到97.0 nmol/g,增加了1.36倍;CM土壤异化产生的总13C-CO2净产生量(90.4 nmol/g)略有增加,但差异不显著;而CT土壤(81.9 nmol/g)则略有降低,差异不显著。这表明氮素添加显著增加了CK土壤微生物异化分解有机碳的能力,而对CM和CT土壤的分解作用影响不显著。在有机碳氮同时添加处理中,3种土壤累积产生的13C-CO2净产生量表现出CK (97.0 nmol/g)>CM (90.4 nmol/g)>CT (81.9 nmol/g)的趋势,说明秸秆覆盖免耕相较于有机无机肥配施能降低微生物异化分解造成的有机碳损失。此外,不同时间段内微生物异化分解有机碳的作用表现出随时间增加而增加的趋势,表明随着外源有机碳氮添加量的累积,土壤微生物异化分解的作用随之增强。
微宇宙培养28 d后,通过检测经13C标记处理的土壤有机碳(SOC)含量及其13C丰度,可以计算出土壤13C-SOC的净产生量,用来表征土壤微生物同化作用强度(图3D-3F)。相较于单独添加有机碳,有机碳氮同时添加显著增强了CK和CT土壤的同化作用强度,而在CM土壤中虽有所增加,但差异不显著。值得注意的是,CM和CT土壤产生的最大13C-SOC净产生量呈现出与土壤异化作用相反的趋势:CT (296.4 nmol/g)>CM (263.5 nmol/g),表明相较于有机无机肥配施,秸秆覆盖免耕能够固定更多的有机碳。进一步计算发现,3种土壤中的碳利用效率均达到了约80% (图3G-3I),然而,有机碳氮同时添加与单独添加有机碳之间的碳利用效率差异并不显著。
外源碳氮添加增加了微生物可利用底物,对土壤氮素转化过程产生影响。微宇宙培养28 d后,外源氮素添加显著增加了土壤中的硝化活性(图4A)。结果显示单加有机氮(N)和有机碳氮同时添加(Glu+N)均显著增加了土壤的硝化活性。其中,CM和CT土壤的硝化活性差异不显著,但都(平均61.1 mg N/kg)显著高于CK土壤(52.3 mg N/kg) (图4A)。相反,单加有机碳(Glu)与对照(+water)间差异不显著,但表现出CT土壤>CM土壤>CK土壤的趋势。这表明有机氮的加入显著增加了土壤的硝化强度,但有机无机肥配施和秸秆覆盖免耕土壤的硝化强度都显著高于常规耕作土壤。相应地,硝化过程产生了一定量的N2O气体(图4B)。结果显示N和Glu+N处理中的N2O排放量最高,在CK和CT土壤中差异不显著(平均3.99 nmol/g),但都显著高于CM土壤(2.51 nmol/g)。相反,Glu与+water处理中的N2O排放量最低,各处理间差异不显著,但数值表现出CK和CT土壤(平均0.874 nmol/g)高于CM土壤(0.579 nmol/g)的趋势。这表明有机氮的加入显著增加了土壤N2O排放通量,但相较于有机无机肥配施,秸秆覆盖免耕土壤的N2O排放更高。
根据培养结束后土壤13C-SOC净产生量(图3D-3F)计算得到相应的净CO2固定量,如图5A所示。在13C-Glu和13C-Glu+N处理中,该指标均表现出CK土壤>CT土壤>CM土壤的趋势。在13C-Glu处理中,净CO2固定量在CK、CT和CM土壤中分别为292.6、259.3和241.4 nmol/g;在13C-Glu+N处理中,净CO2固定量在CK、CT和CM土壤中分别为325.2、296.4和263.5 nmol/g。这表明外源有机碳氮的输入有效地弥补了CK土壤因碳氮限制而引起的有机碳损失,并显著提升了有机无机肥和秸秆覆盖免耕土壤的有机碳固持能力,且相较于有机无机肥配施土壤,秸秆覆盖免耕的有机碳固持量更高。基于N2O的增温潜能是CO2的273倍,可计算得到N2O排放量的CO2当量排放量。在13C-Glu处理中,CO2的当量排放量在CT、CK和CM土壤中分别为286.2、236.0和185.6 nmol/g;在13C-Glu+N处理中,该值在CT、CK和CM土壤中分别为1 110、1 080和741.6 nmol/g。CO2固定与N2O排放之比可以表征外源有机碳氮添加产生的碳固定对温室气体N2O的抵消率。结果显示,单施有机碳(Glu)处理的抵消率显著大于有机碳氮同时添加(Glu+N)处理。在Glu处理中,抵消率表现出CM土壤(146.5%)>CK土壤(124.1%)>CT土壤(97.4%)的趋势;在Glu+N处理中,3种土壤中的抵消率差异不显著,平均为31.1% (图5B)。虽然Glu处理产生的抵消率最高,但主要原因在于单加有机碳处理并未导致N2O排放量的增加,反而提升了土壤CO2的固定量。因此,这可以证明外源有机碳的加入能够增强土壤有机碳的固持作用,并且不会引发温室气体N2O排放量的增加。相反,当有机碳氮同时添加时,秸秆覆盖免耕和有机无机肥配施展现出相同的有机碳固持抵消N2O排放的能力。然而,N2O的CO2当量排放量减去净CO2固定量可以得到温室气体CO2净排放量,用于表征外源有机碳氮同时添加处理下微生物繁殖中的土壤碳中和(图5C)。结果显示,CK和CT土壤的温室气体CO2净排放量(平均785.3 nmol/g)是CM土壤(479.3 nmol/g)的1.64倍。
高通量测序分析表明,相较于培养前(0 d),外源有机碳氮添加培养28 d后土壤微生物群落组成中与激发效应相关的门水平微生物相对丰度均呈现显著增加(图6A)。各土壤间与激发效应相关的门水平微生物数量表现为:CM与CT土壤间差异不显著,但显著高于CK土壤。在单施有机氮(N)和有机碳氮同时添加(N+Glu)处理中仅发现氨氧化细菌(AOB)的亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)的相对丰度显著增加(图6B)。进一步采用DNA-SIP技术对SIP离心得到的分层DNA进行16S rRNA基因和AOB amoA基因拷贝数的定量分析。结果如图6所示,13C-Glu和13C-Glu+N两种处理中的13C-标记结果相同,均表现出16S rRNA基因相对占比集中在浮力密度较低的轻层(1.72 g/mL) (图6C-6E),说明16S rRNA基因并未被13C标记。然而,AOB的amoA基因相对占比集中在浮力密度较高的重层(1.74 g/mL或1.75 g/mL) (图6F-6H),说明该基因被13C标记,硝化作用的主导微生物为AOB。由土壤DNA中仅发现AOB的亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)的结果(图6B),可说明亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)为AOB的主导微生物种群。
土壤呼吸、矿化和异化过程通过生物和非生物作用,直接或间接地将土壤有机碳转化为无机CO2并释放到大气中,进而加剧温室效应。这些过程的强弱受到多种因素的影响,包括土壤碳氮含量、pH等理化性质,以及土壤类型、植被覆盖和土地利用方式等[28-29]。本研究发现,相较于常规耕作土壤,秸秆覆盖免耕土壤和有机无机肥配施土壤中拥有更高的呼吸和矿化强度。这主要源于后两者的有机碳和氮含量显著高于前者(表1),证实了秸秆覆盖免耕的保护性耕作技术和有机无机肥配施都能够有效提升土壤肥力。有机无机肥配施能够通过调节碳、氮、磷等营养元素的含量,激活相关的微生物胞外酶活性,进而加速土壤有机质的累积[30]。秸秆覆盖免耕技术则通过减少机械扰动和对作物根系的破坏,以及大量有机物的输入,形成了较高的胶结物质和良好的团聚结构,从而促进了土壤中的水、肥、气、热交换[31-32]。值得注意的是,秸秆覆盖免耕土壤的呼吸和矿化强度甚至高于有机无机肥配施土壤(图1),表明其在提升土壤肥力方面的作用甚至可能超越了有机无机肥配施的效果。
外源有机碳氮添加导致土壤产生正激发效应,但外源有机质总量的增加并不会持续导致激发效应增强。本研究发现,当外源有机碳氮输入量逐渐增加,秸秆覆盖免耕和有机无机肥配施土壤中的相对激发效应只在前期达到最高,但随着时间延长,两者的激发效应都呈现出先降低后逐渐增加的趋势(图2)。这说明外源有机质总量的增加,虽然能够为土壤微生物带来更多可利用的碳源和氮源,但这并不会简单地导致激发效应增强[33]。例如,Paterson等[34]和Wang等[35]均发现,激发效应随碳输入量增加呈非线性增长趋势,并认为这种非线性响应可能是由于碳输入量超过了土壤微生物的饱和利用能力。Guenet等[36]发现,0.5 mg C/g和5 mg C/g输入秸秆所产生的激发效应的差异不显著。de Graaff等[37]研究发现,随着外源碳输入量增加(0.7-21.7 mg C/g),微生物对底物的选择性利用增强,表现为低碳诱导正激发效应,中等碳输入无效应,而高碳输入则转为负向。相应地,激发效应的变化也导致土壤矿化作用产生相同的变化。例如,在有机碳氮单加或同时添加的处理中,矿化作用产生的CO2排放速率都表现为7-14 d时最高,14-21 d时降为最低,随后保持一致或有略微上升(图1)。值得注意的是,对于常规耕作而言,无论是单独添加还是混合添加,随着外源有机碳氮含量的增加,土壤的相对激发效应均显著提升(图2),表明外源有机碳氮的添加缓解了常规耕作土壤长期存在的微生物碳氮限制问题,激发了微生物活性并促进土壤有机碳矿化(图1)。
外源有机碳氮的添加激活了微生物活性,显著增强了土壤微生物的异化降解能力。本研究显示,微生物异化降解所产生的13C-CO2排放量随有机碳氮含量的增加而上升(图3),这一趋势与激发效应相反。这暗示了有机碳氮的含量是决定微生物异化降解强度的关键因素。常规耕作土壤中,有机碳氮同时施入所产生的13C-CO2排放量明显高于单施有机碳的处理,表明该土壤中的异化降解能力的限制因子是有机氮含量,这与该土壤较低的C/N (表1)相一致。然而,在秸秆免耕和有机无机肥配施土壤中,有机碳氮同时施入和单施有机碳处理在异化降解能力上并未展现出显著差异,表明2种土壤的异化降解能力主要由外源有机碳氮的输入量所控制。这一发现与先前的研究结果相吻合,Tian等[38]发现,在有机碳氮含量较高的表层土壤中,微生物分解土壤有机质即可满足其对氮元素的需求,此时碳氮共同输入会削弱氮矿化,从而抑制激发效应。与有机无机肥配施相比,秸秆覆盖免耕能够减少由微生物异化分解产生的13C-CO2排放(图3),进而降低土壤有机碳的损失。这进一步证实了秸秆覆盖免耕在提升有机碳固持方面相较于有机无机肥配施的优势。
土壤微生物通过生长繁殖将有机或无机碳同化为自身生物量,其残体构成了土壤有机碳(SOC)的重要组成部分,贡献率超过50%[9]。利用外源13C标记的葡萄糖来追踪土壤有机碳的周转情况,发现外源有机碳氮的添加显著增加了土壤13C-SOC的固定,碳利用效率高达约80%。这一发现与前人的研究结果相一致,即碳输入导致SOC急剧增加,尤其是表层SOC的增加最为显著[39-40]。与有机碳单独添加相比,有机碳氮同时添加显著提升了土壤的有机碳固定能力,固定了大量有机和无机碳。这一结果表明,相较于有机碳单独添加,外源有机碳氮同时添加更能激发土壤微生物的繁殖。这与微生物群落组成中与激发效应相关的门水平微生物相对丰度显著增加的结果相符合(图6A)。此外,相较于有机无机肥配施,秸秆覆盖免耕能够导致更高水平的13C-SOC固定(图3),这再次有力地证明了在提升土壤有机碳固持能力方面,秸秆覆盖免耕相较于有机无机肥配施具有更为明显的优势。
外源有机氮的添加导致了土壤硝化活性的增加(图4A),并显著增加了温室气体N2O的排放(图4B)。然而,值得注意的是,尽管外源有机氮的添加使得秸秆覆盖免耕土壤和有机无机肥配施土壤的硝化活性达到相同水平,但相较于有机无机肥配施,秸秆覆盖免耕土壤中产生的N2O排放量却更高。以往研究中也有相同结果,主要原因在于免耕措施产生较强的硝化作用,导致大量N2O的排放[41-42]。相反,有机无机肥配施降低了土壤N2O的排放量,其可能原因在于有机碳氮同施降低了净氮矿化速率,减少了土壤无机氮的含量,并促进了氮素的固定[43]。然而,在13C-SOC净增加量方面,秸秆覆盖免耕土壤和有机无机肥配施土壤的结果却相反(图5A),但2个土壤中13C-SOC净增加量对N2O排放的抵消率却相同,都达到了约30%。Xia等[12]研究也发现,草地土壤中的氨氧化微生物繁殖中新固定的CO2与其排放的N2O间的抵消量为21%。这表明外源有机碳氮同时输入激发了氨氧化微生物的繁殖,且该过程中新生成的13C-SOC能够抵消掉一部分N2O的排放。DNA-SIP的结果也进一步证实了外源有机碳氮激发的硝化作用中的活性氨氧化微生物是AOB的亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)(图6)。值得注意的是,在扣除微生物繁殖抵消掉的这部分N2O排放后,外源有机碳氮同施下微生物繁殖产生的温室气体CO2净产生量(即土壤碳中和)表现出秸秆覆盖免耕土壤显著高于有机无机肥配施土壤。由此可见,对于秸秆覆盖免耕土壤,在管理措施上应该注重土壤微生物对外源氮素的固定,以降低温室气体的排放[44]
与常规耕作土壤相比,秸秆覆盖免耕土壤和有机无机肥配施土壤展现出更高的呼吸和矿化强度。长期采用秸秆覆盖免耕的土壤,其呼吸和矿化强度甚至高于有机无机肥配施土壤。外源有机碳氮的添加促使土壤产生正激发效应,但外源有机质总量的增加并不会持续增强这一激发效应。对于常规耕作土壤而言,外源有机碳氮的添加缓解了其长期存在的微生物碳氮限制问题,从而激发了微生物活性。随着外源有机碳氮添加量的增加,秸秆覆盖免耕土壤相较于有机无机肥配施土壤,展现出更高的13C-SOC固碳能力和更低的异化分解能力。然而,这2种土壤中的碳利用效率均达到了约80%,且微生物繁殖过程中产生的13C-SOC对N2O排放的抵消率也均约为31.2%。然而,秸秆覆盖免耕土壤的温室气体CO2净排放量(土壤碳中和)是有机无机肥配施土壤的1.70倍。此外,外源有机碳氮的添加引起的微生物繁殖中活性氨氧化微生物是氨氧化细菌(AOB)中的亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)。这些结果表明,秸秆覆盖免耕土壤在提升土壤肥力方面相较于有机无机肥配施土壤具有优势,但同时也会释放更多的温室气体CO2。因此,在农田管理中,采用秸秆覆盖免耕时需要综合考虑其固氮能力和温室气体CO2排放的问题,以寻求最佳的平衡策略。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1500205-2)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFD150180404)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42107317)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42277321)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250145
  • 接收时间:2025-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-26
  • 录用日期:2025-03-21
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1500205-2)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1500205-2)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFD150180404)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42107317)
国家自然科学基金(42107317)
国家自然科学基金(42277321)
作者信息
    1.沈阳农业大学 土地与环境学院,辽宁 沈阳
    2.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,黑土地保护与利用国家重点实验室,吉林 长春
    3.中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,辽宁 沈阳

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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