Article(id=1226460577577484563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250394, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747584000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1751212800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-30, onlineDate=1770340588230, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340588230, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340588230, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340588230, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3397, endPage=3412, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460577938194715, articleId=1226460577577484563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Quantitative evolutionary characteristics of microbial communities in paddy fields, columnId=1226460577816559897, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Microbiome in Black Soils, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] The conversion of upland to paddy fields and increased fertilizer application have significantly altered soil properties. However, the dynamic evolutionary characteristics and response mechanisms of microbial communities during habitat evolution different years after conversion remain unclear. [Methods] Soil samples were collected from the paddy fields converted from upland fields for different years (0, 3, 8, 15, 20, and 30). Soil physicochemical analysis, real-time quantitative PCR, and high-throughput sequencing were employed to investigate the dynamic changes in soil chemical and biological properties, microbial community composition and asynchrony characteristics, and the interrelationships among these indicators during the habitat evolution following conversion. [Results] As the years after conversion increased, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, and microbial biomass carbon content gradually increased (by 3 to 4 folds), while pH (decreased by up to 0.80) and nitrate content gradually decreased. However, soil potassium content, microbial abundance, and microbial diversity showed no consistent trends. Microbial community analysis revealed that as the years after conversion increased, stress-tolerant genera (Balneola, Flavobacterium, Myxococcus, and Nitrospira) presented enhanced asynchrony and divergence. This optimized interspecies interactions and functional division, thereby improving ecosystem stability. Conversely, increased convergence in genera such as Liberibacter and Variovorax weakened soil functions such as plant growth promotion and pathogen suppression. Correlation analysis indicated that soil pH, organic carbon, and total nitrogen acted as key environmental drivers. Through synergistic and antagonistic interactions, they governed microbial community succession and exerted decisive influences on changes in community asynchrony. [Conclusion] As the years after upland-to-paddy conversion increased, the microbial community asynchrony became enhanced, which improved system stability and reduced carbon losses while compromising soil capacities of plant growth promotion and disease suppression. In the future, strategies such as water management, organic amendment regulation, precision fertilization, and application of synthetic microbial consortia could be employed to directionally enhance microbial divergence and improve ecosystem functional stability.

, correspAuthors=Xueru HUANG, Zhongjun JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: HUANG Xueru,
JIA Zhongjun,
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【目的】 旱地改为水田以及化肥施用量的增加显著改变了土壤性质,但不同改水年限下的生境演变过程中微生物群落的动态进化特征及其响应机制仍不清楚。 【方法】 以旱地改水田后不同年限(0、3、8、15、20、30年)的旱地土和水稻土为研究对象,通过土壤理化分析、实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术探究旱地改水田后土壤生境演变过程中土壤化学性质、生物学性质的动态变化,微生物群落组成及其异步性特征,以及各指标间的相互关系。 【结果】 随着旱地改水田年限的增加,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、铵态氮以及微生物生物量碳含量逐渐增加(增幅达3-4倍),而pH (最大降低0.80)和硝酸盐含量则逐渐降低。然而土壤钾含量、微生物数量和多样性等指标未呈现规律性变化。微生物群落分析显示,随着旱地改水田年限的增加,耐逆性菌属包括班犹尔斯菌属(Balneola)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、黏球菌属(Myxococcus)和硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)的异步性趋异性增强,通过优化种间互作和功能分工提升了生态系统稳定性;而自由杆菌属(Liberibacter)、贪噬菌属(Variovorax)等菌属的趋同性增强则削弱了土壤的植物促生、病原抑制等功能。相关性分析表明,土壤pH、有机碳和全氮作为关键环境因子,通过协同拮抗作用驱动了微生物群落的演替过程,对群落异步性变化具有决定性影响。 【结论】 随着旱地改水田年限的增加,微生物群落的异步性虽能提升系统稳定性并减少碳损失,但会降低植物促生和抗病能力。未来可通过水分管理、有机物料调控、精准施肥和合成菌肥应用等策略定向增强微生物趋异性,以提升生态系统功能稳定性。

, correspAuthors=黄学茹, 贾仲君, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+dpjPsiymo//Uvhbf9LmcQ==, magXml=cOG8m7bSOR3yRE5vLZ2t1Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cE6kOy3E8sgh3JOW2Ks3kg==, pdfFileSize=2753256, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=MfuHSioaMeU0yNlD3Lw1Cw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=kY77bbP4ziWWpcHYEGuHrA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

秦巾乔:数据分析、完成呈现、撰写;黄学茹:提出概念、方法论、数据分析、完成呈现、撰写、编辑、审阅;张卓:数据收集与监管、撰写;张志明:数据分析;李嵩:数据分析、验证;张鼎:数据收集与监管;蔡元锋:编辑、审阅;汪景宽:监督管理、审阅;贾仲君:提出概念、方法论、编辑、审阅。

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2.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,黑土地保护与利用国家重点实验室,吉林 长春
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水稻土发育过程的微生物群落定量进化特征
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秦巾乔 1 , 黄学茹 1, 2, 3, * , 张卓 1, 4 , 张志明 2 , 李嵩 1 , 张鼎 1 , 蔡元锋 3 , 汪景宽 1 , 贾仲君 2, *
微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025,65(8): 3397-3412
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微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025, 65(8): 3397-3412
水稻土发育过程的微生物群落定量进化特征
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秦巾乔1, 黄学茹1, 2, 3, * , 张卓1, 4, 张志明2, 李嵩1, 张鼎1, 蔡元锋3, 汪景宽1, 贾仲君2, *
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳农业大学 土地与环境学院,辽宁 沈阳
  • 2.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,黑土地保护与利用国家重点实验室,吉林 长春
  • 3.中国科学院南京土壤研究所,土壤与农业可持续发展全国重点实验室,江苏 南京
  • 4.黑龙江省农业科学院黑河分院,黑龙江 黑河
Quantitative evolutionary characteristics of microbial communities in paddy fields
Jinqiao QIN1, Xueru HUANG1, 2, 3, * , Zhuo ZHANG1, 4, Zhiming ZHANG2, Song LI1, Ding ZHANG1, Yuanfeng CAI3, Jingkuan WANG1, Zhongjun JIA2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
  • 4.Heihe Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Heihe, Heilongjiang, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250394
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【目的】 旱地改为水田以及化肥施用量的增加显著改变了土壤性质,但不同改水年限下的生境演变过程中微生物群落的动态进化特征及其响应机制仍不清楚。 【方法】 以旱地改水田后不同年限(0、3、8、15、20、30年)的旱地土和水稻土为研究对象,通过土壤理化分析、实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术探究旱地改水田后土壤生境演变过程中土壤化学性质、生物学性质的动态变化,微生物群落组成及其异步性特征,以及各指标间的相互关系。 【结果】 随着旱地改水田年限的增加,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、铵态氮以及微生物生物量碳含量逐渐增加(增幅达3-4倍),而pH (最大降低0.80)和硝酸盐含量则逐渐降低。然而土壤钾含量、微生物数量和多样性等指标未呈现规律性变化。微生物群落分析显示,随着旱地改水田年限的增加,耐逆性菌属包括班犹尔斯菌属(Balneola)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、黏球菌属(Myxococcus)和硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)的异步性趋异性增强,通过优化种间互作和功能分工提升了生态系统稳定性;而自由杆菌属(Liberibacter)、贪噬菌属(Variovorax)等菌属的趋同性增强则削弱了土壤的植物促生、病原抑制等功能。相关性分析表明,土壤pH、有机碳和全氮作为关键环境因子,通过协同拮抗作用驱动了微生物群落的演替过程,对群落异步性变化具有决定性影响。 【结论】 随着旱地改水田年限的增加,微生物群落的异步性虽能提升系统稳定性并减少碳损失,但会降低植物促生和抗病能力。未来可通过水分管理、有机物料调控、精准施肥和合成菌肥应用等策略定向增强微生物趋异性,以提升生态系统功能稳定性。

旱地土  /  水稻土  /  不同年限  /  异步性  /  趋异性  /  趋同性

[Objective] The conversion of upland to paddy fields and increased fertilizer application have significantly altered soil properties. However, the dynamic evolutionary characteristics and response mechanisms of microbial communities during habitat evolution different years after conversion remain unclear. [Methods] Soil samples were collected from the paddy fields converted from upland fields for different years (0, 3, 8, 15, 20, and 30). Soil physicochemical analysis, real-time quantitative PCR, and high-throughput sequencing were employed to investigate the dynamic changes in soil chemical and biological properties, microbial community composition and asynchrony characteristics, and the interrelationships among these indicators during the habitat evolution following conversion. [Results] As the years after conversion increased, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, and microbial biomass carbon content gradually increased (by 3 to 4 folds), while pH (decreased by up to 0.80) and nitrate content gradually decreased. However, soil potassium content, microbial abundance, and microbial diversity showed no consistent trends. Microbial community analysis revealed that as the years after conversion increased, stress-tolerant genera (Balneola, Flavobacterium, Myxococcus, and Nitrospira) presented enhanced asynchrony and divergence. This optimized interspecies interactions and functional division, thereby improving ecosystem stability. Conversely, increased convergence in genera such as Liberibacter and Variovorax weakened soil functions such as plant growth promotion and pathogen suppression. Correlation analysis indicated that soil pH, organic carbon, and total nitrogen acted as key environmental drivers. Through synergistic and antagonistic interactions, they governed microbial community succession and exerted decisive influences on changes in community asynchrony. [Conclusion] As the years after upland-to-paddy conversion increased, the microbial community asynchrony became enhanced, which improved system stability and reduced carbon losses while compromising soil capacities of plant growth promotion and disease suppression. In the future, strategies such as water management, organic amendment regulation, precision fertilization, and application of synthetic microbial consortia could be employed to directionally enhance microbial divergence and improve ecosystem functional stability.

upland soil  /  paddy soil  /  different years  /  asynchrony  /  divergence  /  convergence
秦巾乔, 黄学茹, 张卓, 张志明, 李嵩, 张鼎, 蔡元锋, 汪景宽, 贾仲君. 水稻土发育过程的微生物群落定量进化特征. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3397 -3412 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250394
Jinqiao QIN, Xueru HUANG, Zhuo ZHANG, Zhiming ZHANG, Song LI, Ding ZHANG, Yuanfeng CAI, Jingkuan WANG, Zhongjun JIA. Quantitative evolutionary characteristics of microbial communities in paddy fields[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3397 -3412 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250394
东北黑土是世界上最宝贵的土壤资源之一。作为世界四大黑土带之一,它具有肥力高、结构良好、质地疏松、适宜农耕和农作物生长的特点。东北地区是我国优质水稻的主产区,也是保障我国粮食安全的“压舱石”。一方面,东北水稻种植面积持续增加。根据国家统计局数据(2024年,https://www.stats.gov.cn),1980-2023年全国水稻种植面积减少了493万hm2,而东北地区水稻种植面积却逆势增加了375万hm2。这一增长主要归因于当地旱地改水田的土地利用方式转变。据估算,81%的新增水田来自旱作农田和林地,18%来自湿地,其转化面积占全国总转化面积的90%以上,成为近40年来东北地区农业种植最显著的变化特征[1-3]。另一方面,东北地区化肥施用量长期持续增加,并显著高于全国平均水平。根据国家统计局数据(2024年,https://www.stats.gov.cn),2000-2023年,全国化肥施用量从4 146万t增至5 022万t,增幅为21.1%;而东北地区则从343万t增至591万t,增幅高达72.3%。在旱地改水田和化肥施用量增加的双重影响下,土壤理化性质可能发生显著变化。
在黑土旱地改水田的生境演化中,旱改水不同年限是导致土壤性质改变的最主要因素,也是引发土壤微生物数量和群落组成变化的关键诱因。东北黑土区荒地开垦种稻后,随着种植年限的延长土壤全氮和碱解氮含量呈下降趋势,种稻85年后的表层土壤全氮含量下降了33.8%[4]。也有研究表明,东北黑土区旱地改水田后,表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量在前3年迅速下降,降幅分别达13.6%和10.4%;随后,其含量开始逐年增加,并在改种17-25年期间保持稳定,且均高于旱田土壤[5]。Li等[6]开展的室内旱地改水田盆栽试验发现,相较于旱地土壤,水稻土中的微生物网络呈现出更简单的模块化结构和更少的种间关联,其稳定性显著下降;这种变化与土壤环境因素(如pH值、电导率、有机质和有效钾)的改变有直接关系。
土壤微生物群落在维持生态系统功能和稳定性中扮演着至关重要的角色。群落异步性是指不同微生物类群或功能群对环境变化的响应在时间或空间上存在差异,通过物种间的补偿效应维持群落整体功能的稳定性。在不同环境扰动或长期选择压力下,微生物群落动态通过相似的异步性模式表现出趋同性,同时保留环境差异导致的趋异性特征。群落异步性作为生态系统稳定性的关键机制受到广泛关注。Loreau等[7]提出群落异步性是生态系统稳定性的关键驱动因素,并通过数学模型和实验证明,具有较高异步性(即趋异性较强)的群落对环境扰动具有更强的抵抗力。Hautier等[8]则发现氮添加会降低群落异步性(即增强趋同性),从而导致生态系统功能稳定性下降。李明辉[9]在稻麦轮作系统研究中进一步揭示,施氮量变化通过调节微生物群落异步性影响功能互补性,最终对作物产量产生显著影响。研究表明生物多样性与群落异步性呈正相关关系,高多样性群落能够通过增强异步性来维持更高的功能稳定性[10]。微生物群落功能受外部环境(如长期施肥、土地利用变化、外源物种加入和pH调节等)扰动时表现出特异性差异[11-14]。此外,关于微生物群落影响土壤有机碳固持的研究表明,微生物功能复杂性通过驱动土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)周转的异步性来调控这一过程[15]
基于旱地改水田和化肥施用量增加对土壤理化性质的协同改变及其引发的微生物群落动态响应,本研究采集了旱地改水田后不同年限的土壤样品,通过实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术系统分析了微生物丰度、多样性及群落组成的时序变化特征,并基于属水平物种响应计算了群落异步性指数,解析其时间演变规律。进一步结合土壤化学与生物学性质的多变量分析阐明土壤质量与微生物异步性的关联机制,从而揭示旱改水后农田生态系统中土壤质量演变与微生物群落动态的互作关系,为黑土生态系统稳定性维持与土壤保护提供理论支撑。
土壤样品于2022年10月底采自黑龙江省鸡西市密山市建三江水稻区(131°14′-133°08′E,45°01′-45°55′N),该地区位于黑龙江省东南部,属于三江平原第二区。该地区具有寒温带大陆性季风气候,年平均气温为3.5-3.8 °C,年积温为2 500 °C,全年日照时数达到2 400-2 500 h,年降水量为510-600 mm,年平均无霜期为110-135 d。该地区土壤为典型黑土,采样区域土壤种植历史以大豆为主,生产和管理条件基本一致。通过实地调研,本研究以长期种植大豆的旱地土壤(upland soil, US)作为对照,选取旱地改水田后不同年限(旱地改水田后3、8、15、20和30年)的水稻土[paddy soil (PS),分别标注为3PS、8PS、15PS、20PS和30PS]作为处理组。该年限梯度设计基于实地和文献[5],可覆盖旱改水后土壤演替的3个关键阶段:快速响应期(0-5年)、过渡调整期(5-15年)和相对稳定期(>15年)。各年限地块的土壤类型、耕作制度和管理措施均保持一致。采集作物收获后0-20 cm土样,采集后的土样置于冰盒内运至实验室处理。土样被均分为3份:20 g鲜土样本存放于-20 ℃冰箱,用于后续分子生物学分析;500 g左右新鲜土样去除草根、石子等杂物后,过2 mm筛,于4 ℃冰箱保存,用于室内培养实验(2周内完成);剩余土样风干后保存,用于土壤化学性质检测。
土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(total N, TN)采用干烧法于元素分析仪检测(Elementar公司)。土壤pH值采用pH计(土水比1:2.5)测定。土壤全磷(total P, TP)、全钾(total K, TK)、有效磷(available P, AP)和速效钾(available K, AK)的测定方法参照《土壤农化分析》[16]。土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)含量由2 mol/L KCl (土液比为1:5)浸提后通过流动分析仪测定。土壤微生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon, MBC)和微生物量氮(microbial biomass nitrogen, MBN)测定采用氯仿熏蒸-硫酸钾浸提法[17]提取,通过总有机碳分析仪(Elementar公司)测定。
取-20 ℃保存的新鲜土样0.5 g,用FastDNA® Spin Kit for Soil试剂盒(MP Biomedicals公司)提取基因组总DNA。简单步骤包括:通过冷冻粉碎和SDS法提取高分子量DNA,使用苯酚提取的低熔点琼脂糖凝胶进行纯化。采用微量紫外分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定纯化后DNA样品的浓度和纯度。所有DNA样品均保存于-20 °C冰箱备用,用于后续氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)、氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)的amoA功能基因和总微生物16S rRNA基因的定量分析。
采用SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM试剂盒(TaKaRa公司)对获得的DNA样品在实时荧光定量PCR扩增仪(Bio-Rad公司)上进行扩增。选用引物515F (5′-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGG-3′)和907R (5′-CCGTCAATTCMTTTRAGTTT-3′)扩增总微生物16S rRNA基因,amoA-1F (5′-GGGGTTT CTACTGGTGGT-3′)和amoA-2R (5′-CCCCTC KGSAAAGCCTTCTTC-3′)扩增氨氧化细菌(AOB)的amoA功能基因,amoAF (5′-STAATGGTCT GGCTTAGACG-3′)和amoAR (5′-GCGGCCAT CCATCTGTATGT-3′)扩增氨氧化古菌(AOA)的amoA功能基因。qPCR的标准曲线釆用向载体质粒中导入功能基因的克隆子进行制备。对原始质粒进行10倍梯度稀释,得到6-8个数量级的标准曲线。PCR反应体系(20 μL):TB Green Premix Ex Taq II (Tli RNaseH Plus) [宝生物工程(大连)有限公司] 10 µL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/μL)各0.8 µL,ROX Reference Dye II 0.4 µL,DNA模板2 µL,灭菌水6 µL。16S rRNA基因的PCR反应条件:94 °C 5 min; 94 °C 30 s,55 °C 30 s,72 ℃ 45 s,30个循环;72 ℃ 10 min;4 °C保存。AOB和AOA amoA功能基因的PCR反应条件:95 °C 3 min;95 °C 30 s,55 °C 30 s,72 °C 30 s,39个循环;72 °C 10 min;4 °C保存。阴性对照采用灭菌水代替DNA样品作为反应模板。
采用通用引物515F/907R对获得的土壤DNA样品进行微生物16S rRNA基因的V4-V5区PCR扩增。所有引物均按照Illumina NovaSeq测序平台要求进行修饰,在前引物5′端添加测序接头及10 bp特异性barcode序列。PCR产物使用Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up Kit (Promega公司)进行凝胶回收纯化。纯化后的产物委托北京百迈客生物科技有限公司进行高通量测序,测序平台为Illumina NovaSeq。所有测序原始数据已保存于NCBI Sequence Read Archive数据库,可通过序列号PRJNA1254430获取。
获取测序数据后,使用QIIME 2软件(v2020.6)进行生物信息学分析[18]。采用DADA2方法进行数据处理[19],包括序列去噪、双端序列拼接以及嵌合体序列剔除,最终获得高质量非嵌合体序列(有效数据)。进一步对有效数据进行操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)聚类分析。
使用相对丰度计算每个土样中属分类水平下的微生物异步性,土壤微生物异步性的计算如公式(1)所示。
1-φ=1σ2(i=1sσi)
式中:φ为同步性,1-φ为异步性,σ2为属相对丰度的方差,σi为物种i相对丰度的标准偏差。
异步性为0代表种群内物种波动完全同步,异步性为1代表种群内物种波动完全异步。通过线性回归拟合微生物种群异步性和旱地改水田年限之间的关系。当微生物群落异步性与年限呈显著正相关时,异步性值随年限增加逐渐趋近于1,表明微生物群落内的物种波动由同步逐渐变为异步。本研究将微生物异步性随年限增加而呈现的这一现象定义为群落趋异性。反之,则定义为趋同性。
利用Excel 2010、SPSS 13对数据进行处理与统计分析,Origin 8.5软件作图,采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Duncan法进行差异显著性检验(ɑ=0.05),用Pearson法进行相关分析。
旱地改水田后不同年限土壤属性的变化如图1所示。在旱地改水田的生境变化中,随着水田种植年限的增加土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量显著增加。SOC含量从旱地(US)土壤的19.50 g/kg增加到30PS土壤的65.20 g/kg,增加了3.34倍;TN含量从1.76 g/kg增加到5.56 g/kg,增加了3.16倍。相反,土壤pH值逐渐降低,从旱地土壤的6.33降低到30PS的5.53,降低了0.80。随着旱改水年限的增加,土壤C/N比并未表现出明显的规律性变化趋势。土壤全磷(TP)含量总体呈上升趋势,从0.330 g/kg (US)增加到0.593 g/kg (30PS),但在旱地改水田后3年和8年时略有下降;土壤全钾含量总体呈先上升后降低的趋势,从14.70 g/kg (US)增加到18.70 g/kg (8PS)后降低到9.11 g/kg (30PS)。土壤有效磷(AP)含量变化不显著,表现为20PS (53.6 mg/kg)>3PS (47.7 mg/kg)>30PS (40.7 mg/kg)>US (19.7 mg/kg)> 8PS (16.3 mg/kg)>15PS (14.7 mg/kg)。土壤速效钾(AK)含量在旱地改水田后20年呈现增加趋势,但在30年水田中降低,从164.0 mg/kg (20PS)降低到101.0 mg/kg (30PS)。土壤NH4+-N含量随着旱地改水田年限的增加而增加,从6.89 mg N/kg (US)增加到23.70 mg N/kg (30PS)。土壤NO3--N含量在US土壤中最高(10.40 mg N/kg),不同年限水稻土硝态氮含量差异不显著,平均为1.22 mg N/kg。
旱地改水田的生境变化中,生物属性的变化结果如图2所示。微生物量碳(MBC)含量随着旱地改水田年限的增加而增加,从173.0 mg/kg (US)增加到735.0 mg/kg (20PS),但在15PS (334.0 mg/kg)和30PS (563.0 mg/kg)中低于20PS。微生物量氮(MBN)含量随着旱地改水田年限的增加先增加后降低,从4.55 mg/kg (US)增加到5.54 mg/kg (15PS),然后降低到0.65 mg/kg (30PS)。qPCR的定量结果显示,总微生物16S rRNA基因的丰度在US土壤中为5.74×1011 copies/g,在3PS和8PS土壤中平均为7.28×1011 copies/g,在15PS、20PS和30PS土壤中平均为 4.24×1011 copies/g。旱地改水田后,AOA和AOB表现出不同的变化趋势:AOA的amoA基因丰度降低,从3.84×106 copies/g (US )降低到7.90×104 copies/g (30PS),而AOB的amoA基因丰度增加,从8.90×103 copies/g (US)增加到5.43×104 copies/g (30PS)。
旱地改水田后不同年限土壤微生物多样性的变化通过高通量测序分析得到的α多样性指数表征,结果如图2所示。α多样性结果中,Chao1值越大代表物种总数越多;Shannon指数综合考虑了群落的物种数目和均匀度,值越高表明群落的α多样性越高;Simpson指数值越大,说明群落多样性越低。结果表明,旱地改水田后土壤微生物群落的α多样性指数未随种植年限的延长呈现显著规律性变化。其中,Chao1指数在旱地改水田后3年和8年显著增加,15年时显著降低,20年时再次上升,而30年后又显著下降。
高通量测序16S rRNA基因在微生物门水平与属水平物种分类的结果如图3所示。在门水平上,各土壤的优势物种为芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)等。其中,旱地土壤中的假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota)显著高于水田土壤,而水田土壤中的绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)显著高于旱地土壤。
在属水平上,各土壤的优势物种为脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum)、红色杆形菌属(Rubrobacter)、黏球菌属(Myxococcus)、美丽线菌属(Ornatilinea)、动胶菌属(Zoogloea)、Candidatus Solibacter、脱硫单胞菌属(Desulfuromonas)、微短杆菌属(Microbacter)和欧研会菌属(Ercella)。其中,旱地土壤中的红色杆形菌属(Rubrobacter)和Candidatus Solibacter的相对丰度高于水田土壤;而相比旱地土壤,水田土壤中黏球菌属(Myxococcus)、美丽线菌属(Ornatilinea)、动胶菌属(Zoogloea)、脱硫单胞菌属(Desulfuromonas)、微短杆菌属(Microbacter)和欧研会菌属(Ercella)的相对丰度较高。
土壤微生物属水平群落异步性与旱地改水田后年限增加的关系如图4所示,自由杆菌属(Liberibacter)、农杆菌属(Agrobacterium)、贪噬菌属(Variovorax)、棒杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)的群落异步性与旱地改水田年限呈负相关。其异步性值从接近1逐渐降低,表明这些菌属内的物种波动由异步逐渐转变为同步。这一结果表明,随着水田种植年限的增加,上述微生物菌属的群落动态表现出趋同性。相反,班犹尔斯菌属(Balneola)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、黏球菌属(Myxococcus)和硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)的群落异步性与年限呈正相关,异步性值逐渐增加并趋近于1,表明其物种波动由同步逐渐转为异步。因此随着水田种植年限的延长,这些菌属的群落动态表现出趋异性。
针对随旱地改水田年限增加而群落异步性差异显著的微生物,采用相关分析和随机森林回归模型解析其与土壤属性的相关性(图5)。结果显示,与旱改水年限呈趋同演替的微生物属(包括VariovoraxAgrobacteriumCorynebacteriumBacteroidesPseudomonasMethylobacterium)与土壤pH及NO3- 含量呈正相关关系,但与SOC、TN、C/N、TP及NH4+含量呈负相关关系。相反,呈现趋异演替的BalneolaFlavobacterium属表现出完全相反的关联模式:与pH和NO3- 含量负相关,而与SOC、TN、C/N、TP、TK及AK含量正相关。模型分析显示,除Corynebacterium的解释率为负值外,其余微生物属的解释率均为正值,范围在10.6%-72.1%之间。这些结果表明,驱动微生物趋同与趋异演替的关键环境因子之间存在显著的拮抗作用。
群落异步性差异显著的微生物属与生物因子的相关性分析如图6所示。与旱改水年限呈趋同演替的LiberibacterVariovorax等属与AOA和Simpson多样性指数呈正相关关系,而呈现趋异演替的BalneolaFlavobacterium则与这2个生物因子呈负相关关系。除Corynebacterium的模型解释率较低(1.65%)外,其他微生物属的解释率均高于20.00%,分布在20.70%-70.10%。上述结果表明,AOA和Simpson多样性指数作为关键生物因子,在驱动微生物趋同与趋异演替中存在显著的拮抗效应。
旱地改水田后,土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、速效钾(AK)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量逐渐增加,而其他养分如全钾(TK)和有效磷(AP)含量在不同年限中既有增加也有降低。SOC、TN、TP等养分的持续积累主要源于淹水环境抑制有机质分解以及长期施肥的叠加效应[20]。然而TK和AP的波动性凸显了水田养分管理的复杂性。TK的下降可能反映了水稻高吸收与钾肥投入不足的矛盾,而AP的波动则受氧化-还原驱动的磷形态转化主导[21]。随着旱地改水田后水稻种植时间的增加,土壤pH和硝酸盐(NO3--N)含量逐渐降低。其中,土壤pH由旱地土壤的6.33降低到旱地改水田30年土壤的5.53,降低了0.80个单位。这可能是由于旱地改水田后,厌氧环境促进了微生物厌氧呼吸和有机酸积累(增加SOC但降低pH),同时土壤含水量上升加剧了盐基离子的淋失,加之长期化肥施用增强硝化作用释放H+,共同导致土壤pH下降[22]。旱地改水田后,土壤硝酸盐含量也随之降低,由旱地土壤的10.40 mg N/kg降低到水田土壤的1.22 mg N/kg (图1)。这主要源于水田土壤长期厌氧环境为反硝化微生物提供了良好的生存环境,提高了土壤的反硝化作用,导致土壤硝酸盐转化为N2O排放至大气中,从而减少了硝酸盐富集量[23]
微生物作为土壤最重要的组成部分和土壤有机质与养分转化的核心驱动力,其数量和活性(如微生物生物量碳、呼吸速率)能够精确反映土壤养分状况[24]。本研究发现随着旱地改水田年限的增加,土壤微生物量碳(MBC)总体呈上升趋势,但在15年和30年时出现阶段性降低,微生物量氮(MBN)则呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势(图2)。这种非线性动态响应可能主要受水分环境改变驱动的微生物群落演替调控。在旱地改水田初期(0-15年),厌氧环境的形成可能促进了MBC的积累;到中期(15年),严格厌氧条件可能抑制了部分微生物的活性,导致MBC暂时下降;而在后期(30年),随着专性厌氧微生物群落的逐步建立,MBC可能得到恢复;MBN的变化趋势可能反映了早期氮素输入增加和后期反硝化作用增强导致的氮损失过程[25]。这些发现暗示着旱地改水田过程中微生物群落结构和功能可能经历了一个复杂的适应和重组过程。值得注意的是,最新研究强调微生物通过生长繁殖将有机或无机碳同化为自身生物量,其残体对土壤有机碳(SOC)的贡献率超过50%[26-27]。此外,本研究发现随着旱地改水田年限增加,硝化微生物AOA和AOB丰度呈相反变化趋势:与旱地土壤相比,水稻土中AOA丰度显著降低而AOB丰度显著增加(图2),说明硝化强度增加主要源于AOB的贡献。尽管既往研究认为酸性土壤中AOA主导硝化过程[28],但最新证据显示AOB也可能在酸性条件下起主导作用[29],因此需要通过稳定同位素核酸标记或宏基因组测序进一步验证2类微生物对硝化活性的具体贡献。
微生物群落异步性结果表明,随着旱地改水田年限的增加土壤中班犹尔斯菌属(Balneola)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、黏球菌属(Myxococcus)和硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)的异步性值趋近于1 (图4),表明这些微生物群落的物种波动由同步转变为异步,表现出明显的趋异性特征。这些具有特殊生理特性的微生物(嗜盐的Balneola、耐低温的FlavobacteriumNitrospira、耐干旱的Myxococcus)在水田环境中展现出独特的生态功能。它们不仅参与复杂多糖和芳香族化合物的降解,还能通过分泌胞外酶调控其他微生物的生长[30-33]。这种异步性变化通过减少资源竞争和时间生态位分化增强物种共存稳定性,利用功能冗余提升生态系统抗干扰能力[7];促进r-K策略物种互补共存并增强群落对环境变化的适应性[34]。在门水平上,水田土壤的优势菌属为绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota);属水平上,水田土壤的优势物种包括黏球菌属(Myxococcus)、美丽线菌属(Ornatilinea)、动胶菌属(Zoogloea)等(图3)。这些微生物的关键功能特征包括降解复杂有机物(如多糖、蛋白质、脂类)[35],形成生物膜增强环境抗逆性[36],以及适应高温厌氧的极端生境[37]。由此说明,旱地改水田导致的微生物群落趋异性变化,通过优化物种互作模式和功能分工显著提升了生态系统应对环境扰动的稳定性。
随着旱地改水田年限增加,土壤中自由杆菌属(Liberibacter)、贪噬菌属(Variovorax)、农杆菌属(Agrobacterium)等7个菌属的物种波动由异步转变为同步(图4),表现出趋同性特征。这一同步化过程通过加剧种间资源竞争(碳源、氧气等)促进r策略物种(如假单胞菌门)占据主导而边缘化K策略物种(如放线菌)[12,38],在减少生态位分化和降低群落多样性的同时,显著增加了群落脆弱性(环境突变易导致氮循环等关键功能中断)并削弱恢复力(缺乏异步群落的功能补偿机制)[7],还限制了群落对新胁迫(盐碱化、抗生素等)的适应能力。值得注意的是,这些呈现趋同性的菌属(包括LiberibacterVariovorax等)具备重要的生态功能:它们能够分泌植物激素促进植物生长[39-41],产生抗生素和铁载体抑制植物病原菌[42-43],降解有机污染物(如甲醇、甲醛、农药、塑化剂)[44-46],参与C1化合物代谢和复杂碳源分解[47],促进固氮和硝酸盐还原[32],并可作为生物肥料接种剂[38]。因此旱地改水田导致的微生物群落趋同性变化可能会显著降低土壤的多项关键功能,包括植物促生长能力、病原菌抑制功能、有机污染物降解效率以及生物肥料潜力,这些功能退化可能对农业生态系统的可持续性产生深远影响。
本研究通过相关分析和随机森林回归模型揭示了旱地改水田过程中土壤微生物群落趋同/趋异演替的驱动机制。研究发现环境-生物因子间存在显著的协同拮抗作用:在氧化还原梯度上,趋同菌属(如Variovorax等)与NO3-显著正相关,体现了该菌属的好氧特性,而趋异菌属(如Balneola等)与NH4+显著正相关,反映了该菌属的厌氧适应性;在碳氮化学计量方面,高C/N (>15)显著促进Flavobacterium生长,但抑制Pseudomonas的发育[48]。同时,生物因子表现出明显的级联效应:AOA与趋同菌属正相关并通过硝化作用调节NO3-/NH4+平衡,Simpson多样性指数对Balneola的解释率高达70.10%,反映了生态位分化程度。值得注意的是,Corynebacterium表现异常(解释率-9.90%)可能与其特殊的肽聚糖细胞壁结构或噬菌体共生关系有关,需通过宏基因组学进一步验证。这些发现为土壤管理提供了新思路,包括通过水分管理调控氧化还原状态[49]、优化有机物料输入调节C/N比[50-51]、基于pH-SOC关系调整施肥策略[52],以及调控合成菌肥提升植物促生及抗病能力等[53-54]
随着旱地改水田种植年限的增加,土壤生境发生了系统性演变,表现为SOC、TN、TP、AK、铵态氮和MBC含量显著提升,而土壤pH和硝态氮含量则逐渐降低。这种生境变化导致微生物群落组成发生重塑,优势物种更替,并显著影响群落异步性特征:趋异性增强通过优化物种互作模式和功能分工提升了生态系统稳定性,而趋同性增强则会削弱土壤的植物促生、病原抑制、污染物降解和生物肥力等关键功能。环境与生物因子间的协同拮抗作用驱动了这一演替过程。未来可通过水分管理调控氧化还原状态、优化有机物料输入调节C/N比、基于pH-SOC关系调整施肥策略以及应用合成菌肥等措施进行定向调控。综上所述,对微生物群落异步性特征的定量解析可为筛选功能微生物及制定黑土地保护与质量提升技术提供理论依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFD150180404)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1500205-2)
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA28020203)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42107317)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42277321)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250394
  • 接收时间:2025-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-19
  • 录用日期:2025-06-30
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD150180404)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFD150180404)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1500205-2)
Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28020203)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA28020203)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42107317)
国家自然科学基金(42107317)
国家自然科学基金(42277321)
作者信息
    1.沈阳农业大学 土地与环境学院,辽宁 沈阳
    2.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,黑土地保护与利用国家重点实验室,吉林 长春
    3.中国科学院南京土壤研究所,土壤与农业可持续发展全国重点实验室,江苏 南京
    4.黑龙江省农业科学院黑河分院,黑龙江 黑河

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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