Article(id=1226296961549119639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240556, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725724800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1729526400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-22, onlineDate=1770301579128, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1738598400000, pubDateStr=2025-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770301579128, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770301579128, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770301579128, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226296952975966478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='2', pageStart='421', pageEnd='861', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770301577085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770353593135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226515124169650204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226515124173844509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=808, endPage=827, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226296961905635506, articleId=1226296961549119639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Structures of fungal communities in soil of typical plants in the Yellow River Delta, columnId=1226236834313847103, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Data Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Microorganisms are key executors of the migration and transformation of geochemical elements in intertidal zones. Fungi play an important role in the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and the degradation of organic pollutants. [Methods] In this study, soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of Phragmites australis, Tamarix chinensis, and Suaeda salsa (intertidal zone and saline inland), which were the typical intertidal plants in the Yellow River Delta. The fungal community structures in different soil samples were investigated by high-throughput sequencing. [Results] In the rhizosphere, the soil sample of S. salsa in saline inland showed higher fungal abundance, richness, and evenness than other soil samples, with a distinct fungal community structure. In the non-rhizosphere, the fungal abundance, richness, and evenness were the highest in the soil samples of P. australis, S. salsa in saline inland, and T. chinensis, respectively, and the fungal community structure of P. australis was similar with that of S. salsa in saline inland. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant fungal phyla in both the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere. However, the functional fungi were different among plants. Saprophytic fungi such as Alternaria and Aspergillus were the dominant functional fungi in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of P. australis, T. chinensis, and S. salsa in saline inland, with the relative abundance of 13.60%, 6.33%, and 20.16% in the rhizosphere and 11.98%, 24.25%, and 8.52% in the non-rhizosphere, respectively. Saprophytic fungi were essential for the production of humus by decomposition of organic matter and the improvement of soil aeration and physicochemical properties. Aureobasidium (1.51%) were identified in the non-rhizosphere of T. chinensis, and they were haloduric fungi and could work synergistically with plants to prevent soil salinization. The dominant functional fungi in the rhizosphere of S. salsa in intertidal zone were mainly Talaromyces (15.90%) and Stachybotrys (0.53%), which were involved in sugar degradation. They were able to break down cellulose into glucose, produce humus, and form a stable soil aggregate structure to improve soil aeration. Trichoderma (0.13%) were identified in the rhizosphere of S. salsa in saline inland, and they could promote soil nitrogen and phosphorus conversion and prevent the soil pollution caused by excessive inorganic phosphorus. The relative abundance of functional fungi was less than 0.10% in the non-rhizosphere. In addition, Phanerochaete (0.15%) capable of degrading persistent organic pollutants and Penicillium (1.16%) capable of degrading quinones were identified in the non-rhizosphere, providing microbial resources for the remediation of organic pollution in soil. However, they were not identified in the plant rhizosphere. The fungal diversity and evenness in the rhizosphere were positively correlated with soil factors such as electrical conductance (EC), calcium concentration, and salinity. In the non-rhizosphere, the fungal richness and diversity were positively correlated with total nitrogen, while the fungal evenness was positively correlated with pH, salinity, and ammonia nitrogen. [Conclusion] This study established a framework for understanding the structures and functions of fungal communities in the intertidal zone of the Yellow River Delta. Additionally, it provides a theoretical foundation for the future application of different functional fungi in soil structure improvement, biodiversity maintenance, organic pollution treatment, ecological protection, and saline-alkali land restoration.

, correspAuthors=Qian WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 微生物是潮间带地球化学元素迁移转化的重要执行者。真菌在碳、氮、磷循环及有机污染物降解等方面扮演重要角色。 【方法】 选取黄河三角洲潮间带典型植被芦苇(Phragmites australis)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa) (潮间带盐地碱蓬和盐碱地盐地碱蓬)的根际和非根际土壤为研究对象,通过高通量测序技术研究不同植被下的真菌群落结构差异。 【结果】 植物根际中,盐碱地盐地碱蓬的真菌丰度、丰富度及均匀度最高,与其他3种植物的真菌群落结构相似性最低。在植物非根际中,芦苇的真菌丰度最高,盐碱地盐地碱蓬的丰富度最高,柽柳的真菌分布最均匀;芦苇与盐碱地盐地碱蓬之间的真菌群落结构相似性最高。4种植物根际和非根际共有优势真菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)。不同植物的功能真菌存在差异,芦苇、柽柳、盐碱地盐地碱蓬的根际、非根际优势功能真菌主要为腐生真菌,如链格孢属、曲霉属,它们能够分解有机养料产生腐殖质,从而改善土壤通气性,改良土壤理化性质;以上3种植物根际中腐生真菌占比分别为13.60%、6.33%、20.16%,非根际土壤中分别为11.98%、24.25%、8.52%。在柽柳非根际中,还发现了能与植物共生且耐盐的短梗霉属(1.51%),这种真菌可与植物协同作用,有效防治土壤盐碱化。潮间带盐地碱蓬根际土壤中的优势功能真菌主要为篮状菌属(15.90%)、葡萄穗霉属(0.53%)等参与糖类分解的真菌,它们能够分解纤维素为葡萄糖,产生腐殖质,进而形成稳定的土壤团粒结构,改善土壤通气性。盐碱地盐地碱蓬根际土壤中还存在木霉属(0.13%),这种真菌可以促进土壤氮磷转化,避免土壤中无机磷含量过高造成土壤污染。在非根际土壤中,以上功能真菌的相对丰度均小于0.10%。此外,在植物非根际土壤中,还发现了能够降解持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants, POPs)的原毛平革菌属(0.15%)和降解醌类物质的青霉属(1.16%),这些真菌为有机污染土壤的修复提供微生物资源;以上真菌在植物根际中未检测到。土壤环境因子与真菌群落结构关系表明,根际真菌的多样性、均匀度与电导率(electrical conductance, EC)、钙离子浓度、盐度呈正相关关系;非根际真菌群落的丰富度和多样性均与总氮呈正相关关系,而均匀度则与pH、盐度、氨氮呈正相关关系。 【结论】 本研究为明确黄河三角洲潮间带真菌群落的分布结构和功能奠定了基础,为将来利用相关微生物资源来改善土壤结构、维持生物多样性、治理有机物污染以及盐碱地生态保护与修复等提供理论依据。

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作者贡献声明

张婷:数据处理、研究撰写和修改;宗可金:协助实验操作,参与论文讨论;季银利:提供技术支持,参与论文讨论;宋宪锐:提供技术支持,参与论文讨论;赵聪聪:研究方法指导,参与论文讨论;纪明德:研究方法指导,参与论文讨论;孔强:研究构思和研究方法指导,参与论文讨论;王倩:研究构思和设计,参与论文讨论。

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A: Chao1 index of the rhizosphere soils; B: Shannon index of the rhizosphere soils; C: Simpson index of the rhizosphere soils; D: Pielou_e index of the rhizosphere soils; E: Chao1 index of non-rhizosphere soils; F: Shannon index of the non-rhizosphere soils; G: Simpson index of the non-rhizosphere soils; H: Pielou_e index of the non-rhizosphere soils. LW: Rhizosphere of P. australis; CL: Rhizosphere of T. chinensis; HJP: Rhizosphere of intertidal S. salsa; LJP: Rhizosphere of inland saline S. salsa; FLW: Non-rhizosphere of P. australis; FCL: Non-rhizosphere of T. chinensis; FHJP: Non-rhizosphere of intertidal S. salsa; FLJP: Non-rhizosphere of inland saline S. salsa., figureFileSmall=Hp7D6B4oPKTGRdSLdLzITQ==, figureFileBig=wX2RHp/PBmHrvprOvjaaeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039480693171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=CN, label=图1, caption=四种植物根际与非根际土壤的Chao1指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou_e指数箱线图。A:4种植物根际土壤Chao1指数;B:4种植物根际土壤Shannon指数;C:4种植物根际土壤Simpson指数;D:4种植物根际土壤Pielou_e指数;E:4种植物非根际土壤Chao1指数;F:4种植物非根际土壤Shannon指数;G:4种植物非根际土壤Simpson指数;H:4种植物非根际土壤Pielou_e指数。LW:芦苇根际;CL:柽柳根际;HJP:潮间带盐地碱蓬根际;LJP:盐碱地盐地碱蓬根际;FLW:芦苇非根际;FCL:柽柳非根际;FHJP:潮间带盐地碱蓬非根际;FLJP:盐碱地盐地碱蓬非根际。, figureFileSmall=Hp7D6B4oPKTGRdSLdLzITQ==, figureFileBig=wX2RHp/PBmHrvprOvjaaeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039602327991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Four plants rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils collinear network diagrams. Similarity is the degree of similarity. Where a higher value indicates a higher degree of similarity between species. The lower value indicates, the lower degree of similarity. LW: Rhizosphere soils of P. australis; CL: Rhizosphere of T. chinensis; HJP: Rhizosphere of intertidal S. salsa; LJP: Rhizosphere of inland saline S. salsa; FLW: Non-rhizosphere of P. australis; FCL: Non-rhizosphere of T. chinensis; FHJP: Non-rhizosphere of intertidal S. salsa; FLJP: Non-rhizosphere of inland saline S. salsa., figureFileSmall=Neg+uRhorfGEjWKLcRc2Bw==, figureFileBig=YXuk5YPGWgnFtFBmrbUQsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039723962814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=CN, label=图2, caption=四种植物根际、非根际土壤的共线网络图。Similarity为相似度,数值越大表示物种之间相似度越高,数值越小,相似度越小。LW:芦苇根际;CL:柽柳根际;HJP:潮间带盐地碱蓬根际;LJP:盐碱地盐地碱蓬根际;FLW:芦苇非根际;FCL:柽柳非根际;FHJP:潮间带盐地碱蓬非根际;FLJP:盐碱地盐地碱蓬非根际。, figureFileSmall=Neg+uRhorfGEjWKLcRc2Bw==, figureFileBig=YXuk5YPGWgnFtFBmrbUQsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039862374854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Principal component analysis of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of four plant species. A: Root zone principal component analysis of four plant species; B: Non-rhizosphere principal component analysis of four plant species. LW: Rhizosphere of P. australis; CL: Rhizosphere of T. chinensis; HJP: Rhizosphere of intertidal S. salsa; LJP: Rhizosphere of inland saline S. salsa; FLW: Non-rhizosphere of P. australis; FCL: Non-rhizosphere of T. chinensis; FHJP: Non-rhizosphere of intertidal S. salsa; FLJP: Non-rhizosphere of inland saline S. salsa., figureFileSmall=U8XYGo8x92DY8z9BJhNfeg==, figureFileBig=ZJy6mRaFxlQFtyIgY50R/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514040013369806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=CN, label=图3, caption=四种植物根际、非根际主成分分析图。A:4种植物根际主成分分析图;B:4种植物非根际主成分分析图。LW:芦苇根际;CL:柽柳根际;HJP:潮间带盐地碱蓬根际;LJP:盐碱地盐地碱蓬根际;FLW:芦苇非根际;FCL:柽柳非根际;FHJP:潮间带盐地碱蓬非根际;FLJP:盐碱地盐地碱蓬非根际。, figureFileSmall=U8XYGo8x92DY8z9BJhNfeg==, figureFileBig=ZJy6mRaFxlQFtyIgY50R/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514040168559064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Four dominant fungal phyla in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of plants. LW: Rhizosphere of P. australis; CL: Rhizosphere of T. chinensis; HJP: Rhizosphere of intertidal S. salsa; LJP: Rhizosphere of inland saline S. salsa; FLW: Non-rhizosphere of P. australis; FCL: Non-rhizosphere of T. chinensis; FHJP: Non-rhizosphere of intertidal S. salsa; FLJP: Non-rhizosphere of inland saline S. salsa., figureFileSmall=0K6vtrLk1cMPbK+5jVR9Ag==, figureFileBig=uNvavjDlj+VCElHhsif3gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514040273416670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=CN, label=图4, caption=四种植物根际、非根际优势真菌门丰度。LW:芦苇根际;CL:柽柳根际;HJP:潮间带盐地碱蓬根际;LJP:盐碱地盐地碱蓬根际;FLW:芦苇非根际;FCL:柽柳非根际;FHJP:潮间带盐地碱蓬非根际;FLJP:盐碱地盐地碱蓬非根际。, figureFileSmall=0K6vtrLk1cMPbK+5jVR9Ag==, figureFileBig=uNvavjDlj+VCElHhsif3gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514040353108452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Relationship diagram between soil physicochemical properties and fungal community abundance, richness, and evenness. A: The relationship between the physical and chemical properties of plant rhizosphere soil and the abundance, richness, and evenness of fungal communities; B: The relationship between the physicochemical properties of non-rhizosphere soil of plants and the abundance, richness, and evenness of fungal communities. LW: Rhizosphere of P. australis; CL: Rhizosphere of T. chinensis; HJP: Rhizosphere of intertidal S. salsa; LJP: Rhizosphere of inland saline S. salsa; FLW: Non-rhizosphere of P. australis; FCL: Non-rhizosphere of T. chinensis; FHJP: Non-rhizosphere of intertidal S. salsa; FLJP: Non-rhizosphere of inland saline S. salsa., figureFileSmall=SIIGlqsGK/VMnH1F17gwbg==, figureFileBig=oj44ZSjwIXHuHpQmdypAwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514040420217322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=CN, label=图5, caption=土壤理化性质与真菌群落丰度、丰富度、均匀度关系图。A:植物根际土壤理化性质与真菌群落丰度、丰富度、均匀度关系;B:植物非根际土壤理化性质与真菌群落丰度、丰富度、均匀度关系。LW:芦苇根际;CL:柽柳根际;HJP:潮间带盐地碱蓬根际;LJP:盐碱地盐地碱蓬根际;FLW:芦苇非根际;FCL:柽柳非根际;FHJP:潮间带盐地碱蓬非根际;FLJP:盐碱地盐地碱蓬非根际。, figureFileSmall=SIIGlqsGK/VMnH1F17gwbg==, figureFileBig=oj44ZSjwIXHuHpQmdypAwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514040533463538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and chemical properties of rhizosphere soil in four plants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemLWCLHJPLJP
pH8.280±0.0108.390±0.0308.010±0.0208.000±0.000
TN (g/kg)0.330±0.0050.310±0.0060.410±0.0140.210±0.006
TC (g/kg)12.900±0.91814.020±0.33118.990±0.03312.300±0.497
TOC (g/kg)3.070±0.0925.690±0.1143.110±0.0822.270±0.054
AP (mg/kg)10.810±0.35712.750±0.26925.750±0.18716.570±0.148
Saltness (mg/kg)0.092±0.0070.131±0.0450.147±0.0080.143±0.001
Ca (mg/kg)1.700±0.1751.737±0.3392.877±0.5892.927±0.487
Mn (g/kg)0.158±0.0170.151±0.0260.327±0.0400.193±0.030
Fe (g/kg)10.831±0.97710.448±1.13417.214±0.77711.702±1.621
NH4+-N (mg/kg)5.427±0.7301.000±0.00030.102±0.4604.132±0.400
EC (ms/cm)0.135±0.0006.010±0.0005.450±0.0206.960±0.030
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040659292663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

四种植物根际土壤理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemLWCLHJPLJP
pH8.280±0.0108.390±0.0308.010±0.0208.000±0.000
TN (g/kg)0.330±0.0050.310±0.0060.410±0.0140.210±0.006
TC (g/kg)12.900±0.91814.020±0.33118.990±0.03312.300±0.497
TOC (g/kg)3.070±0.0925.690±0.1143.110±0.0822.270±0.054
AP (mg/kg)10.810±0.35712.750±0.26925.750±0.18716.570±0.148
Saltness (mg/kg)0.092±0.0070.131±0.0450.147±0.0080.143±0.001
Ca (mg/kg)1.700±0.1751.737±0.3392.877±0.5892.927±0.487
Mn (g/kg)0.158±0.0170.151±0.0260.327±0.0400.193±0.030
Fe (g/kg)10.831±0.97710.448±1.13417.214±0.77711.702±1.621
NH4+-N (mg/kg)5.427±0.7301.000±0.00030.102±0.4604.132±0.400
EC (ms/cm)0.135±0.0006.010±0.0005.450±0.0206.960±0.030
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040835453442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical and chemical properties of non rhizosphere soil for four plant species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemFLWFCLFHJPFLJP
pH8.060±0.0008.330±0.0108.100±0.0008.010±0.010
TN (g/kg)0.310±0.0070.230±0.0050.260±0.0050.310±0.001
TC (g/kg)13.790±0.20312.320±0.06814.310±0.10714.960±0.029
TOC (g/kg)2.590±0.0812.930±0.0923.100±0.0863.580±0.121
AP (mg/kg)16.350±0.51420.840±0.29821.010±0.46022.280±0.397
Saltness (mg/kg)0.105±0.0070.269±0.0690.121±0.0120.148±0.025
Ca (mg/kg)3.347±0.2752.776±0.1433.381±0.1572.380±0.781
Mn (g/kg)0.271±0.0170.216±0.0100.284±0.0160.206±0.049
Fe (g/kg)14.494±1.28112.001±0.32615.210±0.80813.223±1.582
NH4+-N (mg/kg)6.853±0.19413.979±1.5406.104±0.20744.241±2.760
EC (ms/cm)3.350±0.0205.720±0.0103.760±0.0203.250±0.030
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040952893960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

四种植物非根际土壤理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemFLWFCLFHJPFLJP
pH8.060±0.0008.330±0.0108.100±0.0008.010±0.010
TN (g/kg)0.310±0.0070.230±0.0050.260±0.0050.310±0.001
TC (g/kg)13.790±0.20312.320±0.06814.310±0.10714.960±0.029
TOC (g/kg)2.590±0.0812.930±0.0923.100±0.0863.580±0.121
AP (mg/kg)16.350±0.51420.840±0.29821.010±0.46022.280±0.397
Saltness (mg/kg)0.105±0.0070.269±0.0690.121±0.0120.148±0.025
Ca (mg/kg)3.347±0.2752.776±0.1433.381±0.1572.380±0.781
Mn (g/kg)0.271±0.0170.216±0.0100.284±0.0160.206±0.049
Fe (g/kg)14.494±1.28112.001±0.32615.210±0.80813.223±1.582
NH4+-N (mg/kg)6.853±0.19413.979±1.5406.104±0.20744.241±2.760
EC (ms/cm)3.350±0.0205.720±0.0103.760±0.0203.250±0.030
), ArticleFig(id=1226514041066140172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Relative abundance of four plant rhizosphere functional fungi (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Fungal speciesLWCLHJPLJP
Carbon cycleTrichoderma---0.13
Cystofilobasidium----
Stachybotrys--0.531.87
Talaromyces3.48-15.902.73
Mycothermus-0.16--
Moesziomyces-3.55--
Nitrogen, phosphorus cycleTrichoderma---0.13
Symbiosis with plantsTrichoderma---0.13
Aureobasidium----
Botryotrichum---0.58
Salt tolerant fungiWallemia---0.16
Monosporascus-4.59--
Hortaea-0.95--
Neocamarosporium--0.291.63
Aureobasidium----
Saprophytic fungiAlternaria6.072.8115.0514.87
Aspergillus7.532.54-4.91
Nectria----
Coprinellus---0.22
Macrophoma----
Kernia-0.98--
Wallemia---0.16
Degradation of organic pollutantsPhanerochaete----
Penicillium----
), ArticleFig(id=1226514041200357903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

四种植物根际功能真菌相对丰度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Fungal speciesLWCLHJPLJP
Carbon cycleTrichoderma---0.13
Cystofilobasidium----
Stachybotrys--0.531.87
Talaromyces3.48-15.902.73
Mycothermus-0.16--
Moesziomyces-3.55--
Nitrogen, phosphorus cycleTrichoderma---0.13
Symbiosis with plantsTrichoderma---0.13
Aureobasidium----
Botryotrichum---0.58
Salt tolerant fungiWallemia---0.16
Monosporascus-4.59--
Hortaea-0.95--
Neocamarosporium--0.291.63
Aureobasidium----
Saprophytic fungiAlternaria6.072.8115.0514.87
Aspergillus7.532.54-4.91
Nectria----
Coprinellus---0.22
Macrophoma----
Kernia-0.98--
Wallemia---0.16
Degradation of organic pollutantsPhanerochaete----
Penicillium----
), ArticleFig(id=1226514041342964245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Relative abundance of non-rhizosphere functional fungi in four plant species (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Fungal speciesFLWFCLFHJPFLJP
Carbon cycleTrichoderma----
Cystofilobasidium---0.32
Stachybotrys---6.56
Talaromyces0.94---
Mycothermus----
Moesziomyces----
Nitrogen, phosphorus cycleTrichoderma----
Symbiosis with plantsTrichoderma----
Aureobasidium-1.51--
Botryotrichum----
Salt tolerant fungiWallemia-9.68--
Monosporascus----
Hortaea-2.78--
Neocamarosporium----
Aureobasidium-1.51--
Saprophytic fungiAlternaria0.176.19-4.01
Aspergillus11.514.61-0.27
Nectria0.303.77--
Coprinellus---2.87
Macrophoma---1.37
Kernia----
Wallemia-9.68--
Degradation of organic pollutantsPhanerochaete0.15---
Penicillium---1.16
), ArticleFig(id=1226514041439433244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961549119639, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

四种植物非根际功能真菌相对丰度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Fungal speciesFLWFCLFHJPFLJP
Carbon cycleTrichoderma----
Cystofilobasidium---0.32
Stachybotrys---6.56
Talaromyces0.94---
Mycothermus----
Moesziomyces----
Nitrogen, phosphorus cycleTrichoderma----
Symbiosis with plantsTrichoderma----
Aureobasidium-1.51--
Botryotrichum----
Salt tolerant fungiWallemia-9.68--
Monosporascus----
Hortaea-2.78--
Neocamarosporium----
Aureobasidium-1.51--
Saprophytic fungiAlternaria0.176.19-4.01
Aspergillus11.514.61-0.27
Nectria0.303.77--
Coprinellus---2.87
Macrophoma---1.37
Kernia----
Wallemia-9.68--
Degradation of organic pollutantsPhanerochaete0.15---
Penicillium---1.16
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黄河三角洲典型植被下真菌群落结构组成
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张婷 1 , 宗可金 1 , 季银利 2 , 宋宪锐 2 , 赵聪聪 1 , 纪明德 1 , 孔强 1, 3 , 王倩 1, *
微生物学报 | 数据论文 2025,65(2): 808-827
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微生物学报 | 数据论文 2025, 65(2): 808-827
黄河三角洲典型植被下真菌群落结构组成
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张婷1, 宗可金1, 季银利2, 宋宪锐2, 赵聪聪1, 纪明德1, 孔强1, 3, 王倩1, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东师范大学 地理与环境学院,山东 济南
  • 2 山东省黄河三角洲可持续发展研究院,山东 东营
  • 3 山东师范大学 东营研究院,山东 东营
Structures of fungal communities in soil of typical plants in the Yellow River Delta
Ting ZHANG1, Kejin ZONG1, Yinli JI2, Xianrui SONG2, Congcong ZHAO1, Mingde JI1, Qiang KONG1, 3, Qian WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
  • 2 Shandong Yellow River Delta Sustainable Development Research Institute, Dongying, Shandong, China
  • 3 Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2025-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240556
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【目的】 微生物是潮间带地球化学元素迁移转化的重要执行者。真菌在碳、氮、磷循环及有机污染物降解等方面扮演重要角色。 【方法】 选取黄河三角洲潮间带典型植被芦苇(Phragmites australis)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa) (潮间带盐地碱蓬和盐碱地盐地碱蓬)的根际和非根际土壤为研究对象,通过高通量测序技术研究不同植被下的真菌群落结构差异。 【结果】 植物根际中,盐碱地盐地碱蓬的真菌丰度、丰富度及均匀度最高,与其他3种植物的真菌群落结构相似性最低。在植物非根际中,芦苇的真菌丰度最高,盐碱地盐地碱蓬的丰富度最高,柽柳的真菌分布最均匀;芦苇与盐碱地盐地碱蓬之间的真菌群落结构相似性最高。4种植物根际和非根际共有优势真菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)。不同植物的功能真菌存在差异,芦苇、柽柳、盐碱地盐地碱蓬的根际、非根际优势功能真菌主要为腐生真菌,如链格孢属、曲霉属,它们能够分解有机养料产生腐殖质,从而改善土壤通气性,改良土壤理化性质;以上3种植物根际中腐生真菌占比分别为13.60%、6.33%、20.16%,非根际土壤中分别为11.98%、24.25%、8.52%。在柽柳非根际中,还发现了能与植物共生且耐盐的短梗霉属(1.51%),这种真菌可与植物协同作用,有效防治土壤盐碱化。潮间带盐地碱蓬根际土壤中的优势功能真菌主要为篮状菌属(15.90%)、葡萄穗霉属(0.53%)等参与糖类分解的真菌,它们能够分解纤维素为葡萄糖,产生腐殖质,进而形成稳定的土壤团粒结构,改善土壤通气性。盐碱地盐地碱蓬根际土壤中还存在木霉属(0.13%),这种真菌可以促进土壤氮磷转化,避免土壤中无机磷含量过高造成土壤污染。在非根际土壤中,以上功能真菌的相对丰度均小于0.10%。此外,在植物非根际土壤中,还发现了能够降解持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants, POPs)的原毛平革菌属(0.15%)和降解醌类物质的青霉属(1.16%),这些真菌为有机污染土壤的修复提供微生物资源;以上真菌在植物根际中未检测到。土壤环境因子与真菌群落结构关系表明,根际真菌的多样性、均匀度与电导率(electrical conductance, EC)、钙离子浓度、盐度呈正相关关系;非根际真菌群落的丰富度和多样性均与总氮呈正相关关系,而均匀度则与pH、盐度、氨氮呈正相关关系。 【结论】 本研究为明确黄河三角洲潮间带真菌群落的分布结构和功能奠定了基础,为将来利用相关微生物资源来改善土壤结构、维持生物多样性、治理有机物污染以及盐碱地生态保护与修复等提供理论依据。

黄河三角洲  /  真菌群落  /  微生物利用  /  环境因子

[Objective] Microorganisms are key executors of the migration and transformation of geochemical elements in intertidal zones. Fungi play an important role in the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and the degradation of organic pollutants. [Methods] In this study, soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of Phragmites australis, Tamarix chinensis, and Suaeda salsa (intertidal zone and saline inland), which were the typical intertidal plants in the Yellow River Delta. The fungal community structures in different soil samples were investigated by high-throughput sequencing. [Results] In the rhizosphere, the soil sample of S. salsa in saline inland showed higher fungal abundance, richness, and evenness than other soil samples, with a distinct fungal community structure. In the non-rhizosphere, the fungal abundance, richness, and evenness were the highest in the soil samples of P. australis, S. salsa in saline inland, and T. chinensis, respectively, and the fungal community structure of P. australis was similar with that of S. salsa in saline inland. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant fungal phyla in both the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere. However, the functional fungi were different among plants. Saprophytic fungi such as Alternaria and Aspergillus were the dominant functional fungi in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of P. australis, T. chinensis, and S. salsa in saline inland, with the relative abundance of 13.60%, 6.33%, and 20.16% in the rhizosphere and 11.98%, 24.25%, and 8.52% in the non-rhizosphere, respectively. Saprophytic fungi were essential for the production of humus by decomposition of organic matter and the improvement of soil aeration and physicochemical properties. Aureobasidium (1.51%) were identified in the non-rhizosphere of T. chinensis, and they were haloduric fungi and could work synergistically with plants to prevent soil salinization. The dominant functional fungi in the rhizosphere of S. salsa in intertidal zone were mainly Talaromyces (15.90%) and Stachybotrys (0.53%), which were involved in sugar degradation. They were able to break down cellulose into glucose, produce humus, and form a stable soil aggregate structure to improve soil aeration. Trichoderma (0.13%) were identified in the rhizosphere of S. salsa in saline inland, and they could promote soil nitrogen and phosphorus conversion and prevent the soil pollution caused by excessive inorganic phosphorus. The relative abundance of functional fungi was less than 0.10% in the non-rhizosphere. In addition, Phanerochaete (0.15%) capable of degrading persistent organic pollutants and Penicillium (1.16%) capable of degrading quinones were identified in the non-rhizosphere, providing microbial resources for the remediation of organic pollution in soil. However, they were not identified in the plant rhizosphere. The fungal diversity and evenness in the rhizosphere were positively correlated with soil factors such as electrical conductance (EC), calcium concentration, and salinity. In the non-rhizosphere, the fungal richness and diversity were positively correlated with total nitrogen, while the fungal evenness was positively correlated with pH, salinity, and ammonia nitrogen. [Conclusion] This study established a framework for understanding the structures and functions of fungal communities in the intertidal zone of the Yellow River Delta. Additionally, it provides a theoretical foundation for the future application of different functional fungi in soil structure improvement, biodiversity maintenance, organic pollution treatment, ecological protection, and saline-alkali land restoration.

Yellow River Delta  /  fungal community  /  application of microorganisms  /  environmental factors
张婷, 宗可金, 季银利, 宋宪锐, 赵聪聪, 纪明德, 孔强, 王倩. 黄河三角洲典型植被下真菌群落结构组成. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (2) : 808 -827 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240556
Ting ZHANG, Kejin ZONG, Yinli JI, Xianrui SONG, Congcong ZHAO, Mingde JI, Qiang KONG, Qian WANG. Structures of fungal communities in soil of typical plants in the Yellow River Delta[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (2) : 808 -827 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240556
黄河三角洲湿地是全球陆海相互作用最活跃的地区之一,是陆地和水生生态系统的交错带[1],对水循环、气候调节、生物多样性维护以及污染物降解等过程具有重要的生态意义。黄河三角洲潮间带还是CH4与N2O等温室气体的汇[2],在全球碳、氮、磷循环及其他污染物的降解等过程中发挥着重要作用。
真菌作为地球化学元素循环的重要参与者,在有机物分解及碳、氮、磷等元素的循环过程中具有不可忽视的作用[3],与植物的相互作用在农业生产、生态修复等领域具有重要的研究价值。菌根真菌能够将植物光合作用固定的碳输送至土壤中,参与土壤有机质的输入与形成过程[4],是重要的大气碳汇途径之一。此外,真菌菌丝附着于土壤颗粒之上,并将其紧密缠绕,促进形成稳定的土壤聚合体,从而保护土壤有机碳免受分解[5]。部分真菌还能通过分泌氮代谢相关的酶,如硝酸盐还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶等,来提高植物氮代谢水平[6-7];外生菌根真菌则可形成根外菌丝网,从而促进植物对氮元素的吸收和利用[7]。不仅如此,作为腐生真菌的一种,外生菌根真菌还能够通过释放氧化酶,从植物凋落物中汲取氮元素,进而使腐殖质的碳氮比得以提升[8]。此外,地下菌根真菌通过分泌磷酸单酯酶和磷酸二酯酶等酶类,将土壤中的磷酸盐分解,从而增加土壤中有效磷的含量[9]
真菌和植物之间的相互作用具有重要的研究意义。丛枝菌根真菌在干旱条件下,可以通过改变由菌丝网络进出的水流,上调或下调叶或根中的植物水通道蛋白基因,以增加根导水率和叶水势,并降低叶蒸腾速率,从而增强植物对干旱环境的适应能力[10];在高盐浓度下,它们则可以通过调节渗透压帮助植物适应环境[11]。同时,植物根部释放的葡萄糖、木糖等营养物质可以被真菌利用,或者植物凋落物可以被一些腐生真菌作为碳源分解利用,以此促进真菌自身的生长繁殖[12]
一些对氯化钠浓度有特殊适应能力,能适应较高盐度环境的真菌被称为耐盐真菌,它们可通过多种调节途径来适应盐胁迫的环境。例如,土生空团菌(Cenococcum geophilum)可以通过控制Na+的内流和主动外流,提高K+的吸收能力,并增强超氧化物歧化酶的活性,从而适应盐胁迫环境。此外,季也蒙毕赤酵母(Meyerozyma guilliermondii)在受到高盐胁迫时,会在细胞内迅速积累甘油,盐度越高,甘油积累量越多。M. guilliermondii利用甘油的生物相容性来适应高盐条件对其产生的胁迫[13]
腐生真菌是土壤中根际和非根际的重要组成成分,能够产生内切葡聚糖酶、内切多聚甲基半乳糖醛酸酶和内切木聚糖酶,这些酶将纤维素等大分子物质分解为葡萄糖等小分子物质。此外,腐生真菌还能分泌一系列胞外酶,包括纤维二糖水解酶、木糖苷酶、酸性磷酸酶,它们能够将复杂的有机大分子物质转化为CO2、H2O等无机小分子物质。同时,胞外酶的活性对凋落物与腐殖质的分解速度具有重要影响。
除了腐生真菌,有些真菌能够通过分泌漆酶与过氧化物酶等酶类,降解双酚A、三氯生、日落黄和橙色G染料等有机污染物质。漆酶利用分子氧作为电子受体,并利用有机或无机金属化合物作为底物,催化有机污染物中的酚类、苯环等结构发生羟基化、羧基化等反应,从而将其转化为更易被分解的小分子化合物,这些小分子化合物随后继续被氧化还原分解,最终转化为CO2、H2O等无机物。另一方面,木质素过氧化物酶则使用过氧化氢作为共底物,氧化有机化合物,将含有木质素及其木质素非酚衍生物的化合物降解为醛或酮。此外,它还能促进芳环裂解反应中亚甲基羟基化,并增强一些酚类化合物(如乙酰丁香酮、儿茶酚、愈创木酚、丁香酸和香草醇)的氧化过程。
目前,针对黄河三角洲真菌群落的研究大多聚焦于同种植物真菌群落结构的识别,而对于不同植被之间根际与非根际真菌功能差异的研究相对较少。本研究选取黄河三角洲地区的典型植被——芦苇(Phragmites australis)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)的根际与非根际区域作为研究对象,运用高通量测序技术解析不同植物下真菌群落的结构组成,并从功能角度出发,进一步解析不同植物下功能真菌的差异,以期为深入揭示黄河三角洲地区典型植物与真菌的相互作用机理奠定基础,并为利用真菌等功能微生物进行盐碱地生态保护与修复提供理论依据。
研究区域位于山东省东营市黄河三角洲的潮间带湿地内,样品采集区域为黄河入海口处(37°26′-37°32′N,118°44′-118°55′E),该区域属于典型的暖温带季风气候区。黄河三角洲地区的年均气温约为12.3 ℃,年均降水量达到 542.3 mm[14]。芦苇(Phragmites australis)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)以及盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)是黄河三角洲区域内典型的植物种类,盐地碱蓬根据其生长环境的不同,被进一步区分为潮间带生境盐地碱蓬(简称 “潮间带盐地碱蓬” )与盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬(简称 “盐碱地盐地碱蓬” )。其中,潮间带盐地碱蓬生长于海水经常浸没的潮间带区域,而盐碱地盐地碱蓬则生长在潮上带以及内陆的盐碱地环境中[15]
选定芦苇、柽柳、潮间带盐地碱蓬与盐碱地盐地碱蓬这4种植物生长区样地,根据五点取样法,设置3个样方(20 cm×20 cm)作为重复。使用土壤取样器,在距离地表5-10 cm的深度范围内采集土样。将距离根部0-0.5 cm的土壤作为根际土壤,根际土壤外围土壤样品作为非根际土壤。采集到的土壤去除杂质(植系与砾石)后,放入密封袋中并分成两部分,一部分土壤被置于-80 ℃的条件下冷冻保存,另一部分则直接用于分析土壤理化性质。
使用Power Soil DNA分离试剂盒(MoBio公司)提取DNA[16]。PCR扩增以ITS1F (5′-CTTGG TCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′)和ITS2R (5′-GCT GCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′)为引物。PCR反应体系(20 µL):2×Pro Taq DNA聚合酶(20 ng/µL) 10 µL,上、下游引物(5 µmol/L)各0.8 µL,模板DNA 10 ng,补足超纯水至20 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性45 s,56 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,共35个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。PCR扩增产物委托上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司,使用MiSeq Reagent Kit v3 (600 cycles)进行2×250 bp的双端测序[17]
取过20目筛的干土,使用去离子水按照 5:1的水土比例制备浸提液,使用pH计[梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司]测定pH,电导计(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司)测定电导率(electrical conductance, EC)。土壤盐分含量根据研究区土壤盐分与电导率的关系计算,如公式(1)[18]所示。
S=0.271 1×EC1:52+4.680 4×EC1:5
式中,S为土壤盐分,EC1:5为水土比5:1的土壤浸提液电导率。
直接使用空气干燥的土壤样品,通过元素分析仪(Elementar公司)测定总氮(total nitrogen, TN)和总碳(total carbon, TC);总有机碳分析仪(Elementar公司)测量土壤总有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)。连续流动离子分析仪(SEAL Analytical公司)测量氨氮(NH4+-N)的含量;采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)检测锰(Mn)和铁(Fe)的浓度。速效磷(available phosphorous, AP)采用碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)溶液-钼锑反分光光度法测定。Thermo Fisher Scientific Niton XL2800 (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)手持式X射线荧光光谱仪测定土壤样品中Ca的含量[19]
利用DADA2方法去除原始双端测序数据的嵌合体,得到操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)。利用QIIME 2中的ASV表来计算Chao1指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou_e指数。其中,Chao1指数用于评估微生物菌群的丰度,Shannon指数与Simpson指数则共同反映了微生物种类的丰富度,Pielou_e指数用于衡量微生物分布的均匀度[20-21]。此外,利用IBM SPSS Statistics 21等软件计算α多样性指数、物种分类学组成等。使用SPSS软件对4种植物的根际与非根际土壤进行方差分析,设定显著性水平为P<0.05。采用主成分分析法(principle component analysis, PCA)对真菌组成进行β多样性分析。使用R语言、Origin 2021等软件对实验数据进行绘图,用R语言绘制土壤理化性质与真菌群落丰度、丰富度、均匀度之间的关系热图,4种植物根际与非根际土壤的主成分分析图,以及共线网络分析图。在共现网络分析图中,每一个节点代表一个特定物种或类群(如OTU或属等),节点大小表示物种的相对丰度,而节点出现的频次则体现物种的多样性。原始数据上传至NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA)数据库。
原始数据已上传至NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA)数据库,序列号为SRR30550866-SRR30550889。
图1A所示,植物根际土壤中,真菌Chao1指数从高到低为盐碱地盐地碱蓬(81.053 1±12.138 7)>柽柳(50.825 4±2.034 8)>芦苇(46.582 5±13.255 3)>潮间带盐地碱蓬(42.161 6±7.073 0),其中盐碱地盐地碱蓬与其他3种植物的Chao1指数差异显著(P<0.05)。真菌Shannon指数(图1B)从高到低依次为盐碱地盐地碱蓬(3.461 5±0.230 6)、柽柳(2.853 9±0.533 1)、潮间带盐地碱蓬(1.714 1±0.631 8)、芦苇(1.605 3±1.250 4),柽柳、盐碱地盐地碱蓬均与芦苇、潮间带盐地碱蓬Shannon指数差异显著(P<0.05)。真菌Simpson指数(图1C)分别为盐碱地盐地碱蓬(0.844 9±0.043 7)>柽柳(0.793 1±0.080 1)>潮间带盐地碱蓬(0.590 5±0.141 5)>芦苇(0.492 4±0.337 0),且Simpson指数表现为芦苇与柽柳、盐碱地盐地碱蓬差异显著(P<0.05),其他植物之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。此外,盐碱地盐地碱蓬出现的频次较多,节点较大(图2),表明盐碱地盐地碱蓬的真菌丰度较高,与盐碱地盐地碱蓬真菌的Chao1指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数相对较高一致。芦苇在图2中出现的频次较少,节点较小,说明芦苇的真菌丰度与多样性较低,这也与芦苇真菌的多样性与丰富度较低一致。如表1所示,4种植物根际土壤的电导率大小为盐碱地盐地碱蓬(6.960±0.030) ms/cm>柽柳(6.010±0.000) ms/cm>潮间带盐地碱蓬(5.450±0.020) ms/cm>芦苇(0.135±0.000) ms/cm,真菌丰富度大小与土壤电导率呈正相关关系,这与李华军等[22]得到的生物多样性指数与电导率基本呈正相关关系的结果一致。Pielou_e指数(图1D)大小为盐碱地盐地碱蓬(0.550 5±0.015 5)>柽柳(0.505 9±0.093 4)>潮间带盐地碱蓬(0.326 5±0.130 8)>芦苇(0.284 8±0.206 9),Pielou_e指数为芦苇与柽柳、盐碱地盐地碱蓬差异显著(P<0.05),潮间带盐地碱蓬与盐碱地盐地碱蓬差异显著(P<0.05)。
植物非根际土壤中,真菌Chao1指数(图1E)从高到低为芦苇(61.629 4±22.538 3)>盐碱地盐地碱蓬(55.917 8±12.470 5)>潮间带盐地碱蓬(50.058 8±2.185 6)>柽柳(41.516 4±15.381 7),4种植物之间Chao1指数差异不显著(P>0.05)。此外,图2中可以看出在同一个节点中,芦苇的占比相对较大,即同种真菌在芦苇中的相对丰度较高,与芦苇Chao1指数较高相对应。Shannon指数(图1F)为盐碱地盐地碱蓬(2.571 4±0.297 4)>芦苇(2.468 9±0.056 2)>柽柳(2.439 6±0.342 6)>潮间带盐地碱蓬(0.835 9±0.517 1);Simpson指数(图1G)为盐碱地盐地碱蓬(0.729 1±0.067 6)>柽柳(0.728 6±0.100 4)>芦苇(0.713 1±0.045 1)>潮间带盐地碱蓬(0.239 4±0.187 5)。盐碱地盐地碱蓬的真菌丰富度最高,潮间带盐地碱蓬的真菌丰富度最低;盐碱地盐地碱蓬节点出现的频次较多(图2),表明盐碱地盐地碱蓬真菌群落结构丰富度较高,这也与α多样性中Shannon指数与Simpson指数较高相符。如表2所示,4种植物土壤NH4+-N的含量分别为盐碱地盐地碱蓬(44.241±2.760) mg/kg>柽柳(13.979±1.540) mg/kg>芦苇(6.853±0.194) mg/kg>潮间带盐地碱蓬(6.104±0.207) mg/kg,Mn、Ca的含量从高到低分别为潮间带盐地碱蓬(0.284±0.016) mg/kg、(3.381±0.157) mg/kg>芦苇(0.271±0.017) mg/kg、(3.347±0.275) mg/kg>柽柳(0.216±0.010) mg/kg、(2.776±0.143) mg/kg>盐碱地盐地碱蓬(0.206±0.049) mg/kg、(2.380±0.781) mg/kg;4种植物非根际土壤的Simpson指数与NH4+-N呈正相关关系,与Mn、Ca的含量呈负相关关系,这与前人得到的结果一致[23-24]。Pielou_e指数从大到小依次为柽柳(0.471 2±0.116 5)、盐碱地盐地碱蓬(0.449 1±0.078 9)、芦苇(0.423 0±0.029 6)、潮间带盐地碱蓬(0.149 1±0.092 0) (图1H)。4种植物中Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou_e指数均只有潮间带盐地碱蓬与其他3种植物之间差异显著(P<0.05),其他植物之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
四种植物的根际、非根际土壤微生物的丰度和均匀度差异较大,植物根际土壤中,盐碱地盐地碱蓬的真菌丰度、均匀度均高于其他植物,潮间带盐地碱蓬的真菌丰度相对较低,芦苇的真菌均匀度相对较低。非根际土壤中,芦苇的真菌丰度相对较高,柽柳较低;柽柳的真菌均匀度较高,潮间带盐地碱蓬的真菌均匀度较低。根际、非根际土壤中盐碱地盐地碱蓬的真菌丰富度均高于其他3种植物。
β多样性的主成分分析(PCA)可以观察4种植物根际、非根际土壤真菌群落的相似性和差异性。如图3所示,在4种植物根际土壤中,主成分1 (PC1)为第一主坐标,其代表性贡献率为63.8%;而在非根际土壤中,PC1的代表性贡献率则高达79.9%。主成分2 (PC2)为第二主坐标,在根际土壤中的代表性贡献率为24.9%,在非根际土壤中的贡献率为16.5%。在PCA图中,芦苇、柽柳、潮间带盐地碱蓬的根际土壤真菌群落距离较近,与盐碱地盐地碱蓬距离较远,表明3种植物之间的真菌群落组成具有较高的相似性,而与盐碱地盐地碱蓬的真菌群落组成相似性较低(图3A)。4种植物根际共有的优势菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota) (图4),其中子囊菌门在4种植物根际中的相对丰度从高到低依次为:芦苇(70.44%)、盐碱地盐地碱蓬(56.94%)、潮间带盐地碱蓬(55.80%)、柽柳(47.97%),担子菌门的相对丰度则为:柽柳(27.00%)>芦苇(16.34%)>盐碱地盐地碱蓬(10.66%)>潮间带盐地碱蓬(1.63%)。此外,芦苇与盐碱地盐地碱蓬的根际土壤中还共有罗兹菌门(Rozellomycota),相对丰度分别为1.19%和4.99%。如图3B所示,在非根际土壤中,芦苇与盐碱地盐地碱蓬之间的真菌群落组成相似性较高,而芦苇、盐碱地盐地碱蓬分别与柽柳、潮间带盐地碱蓬之间的真菌群落组成相似性较低。4种植物非根际共有的真菌为子囊菌门和担子菌门(图4),在非根际土壤中,子囊菌门的相对丰度为:盐碱地盐地碱蓬(49.62%)>潮间带盐地碱蓬(30.11%)>柽柳(29.72%)>芦苇(16.72%),担子菌门相对丰度由高到低依次为:芦苇(68.47%)、盐碱地盐地碱蓬(57.56%)、柽柳(34.05%)、潮间带盐地碱蓬(3.39%)。柽柳非根际土壤中存在特有的真菌罗兹菌门(6.58%),而潮间带盐地碱蓬非根际土壤中存在相对丰度为1.27%的被孢菌门(Mortierellomycota)。4种植物根际、非根际土壤中共有的真菌门为子囊菌门和担子菌门,这与已有研究结果[25]子囊菌门与担子菌门是芦苇、柽柳、盐地碱蓬中共有优势真菌门一致。4种植物根际(R2=0.14, P=0.66)、非根际(R2=0.33, P=0.36)真菌群落结构差异不显著。
相关性分析表明,如图5A所示,4种植物根际中Chao1指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou_e指数与EC、Ca、盐度呈正相关关系,与TN呈负相关关系;此外,Simpson指数与Pielou_e指数还与TC呈负相关关系。可见,EC、Ca、盐度与4种植物根际真菌群落多样性和均匀度呈正相关性,TN则呈负相关性,这与李华军等[22]得到的生物多样性指数与EC基本呈正相关的结论相符,并且与已有研究结果——黄河内蒙古段表层沉积物微生物群落多样性与TN呈负相关关系[26]的结果一致。
图5B表示的是4种植物非根际中Chao1指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou_e指数与土壤理化因子之间的关系。Chao1指数与TN、TC、Fe呈正相关关系,并且与TN呈显著性正相关;同时,Chao1指数与pH、盐度、EC呈负相关关系。这一结果与邹春景[27]的研究结果,Chao1指数与盐度呈负相关关系相一致。此外,Shannon指数和Simpson指数与TN、盐度、NH4+-N呈正相关关系;而Pielou_e指数与pH、盐度、NH4+-N呈正相关关系。这与已有的结果[28],NH4+与真菌群落的Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou_e指数均呈正相关一致;Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou_e指数均与Ca、Mn、Fe呈负相关关系。总体来看,4种植物非根际真菌群落多样性和均匀度受到pH、TN、TC、Fe、盐度、EC、Ca、Mn等多种因子的影响。
表3表4分别显示了4植物根际与非根际参与碳循环过程中糖类分解的真菌相对丰度。本研究检测到了葡萄穗霉属(Stachybotrys)、篮状菌属(Talaromyces)、莫氏黑粉菌属(Moesziomyces)、嗜热杆菌属(Mycothermus)、囊担菌属(Cystofilobasidium)和木霉属(Trichoderma)等能参与碳循环的真菌,这些真菌通过产生分解酶,能够将含碳有机物分解为小分子糖类(如葡萄糖),随后被植物根际吸收转化为CO2[29]
四种植物根际的真菌相对丰度如表3所示,芦苇中参与糖类分解的真菌为篮状菌属(3.48%)。篮状菌属可以产生内切葡聚糖酶和纤维素酶[30]。内切葡聚糖酶分解纤维素链分子内β-1,4-葡萄糖苷键产生新的链端,进而将纤维素分解为葡萄糖;而纤维素酶同样具有分解纤维素的能力,将其转化为葡萄糖,参与碳循环过程。在柽柳根际中,参与碳循环的真菌为莫氏黑粉菌属(3.55%)和嗜热杆菌属(0.16%)。莫氏黑粉菌属能够分泌产生水解乳糖的酶[31],将乳糖水解为葡萄糖;同时,它还能分泌β-半乳糖苷酶[31],该酶将乳糖分解为半乳糖和葡萄糖。嗜热杆菌属则能分泌内切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶[32],其中木聚糖酶将木聚糖分解为葡萄糖。在潮间带盐地碱蓬中,检测到的主要真菌为篮状菌属(15.90%)和葡萄穗霉属(0.53%),其中葡萄穗霉属能分泌β-葡萄糖苷酶[33],将纤维生物糖和纤维寡糖分解为葡萄糖。在盐碱地盐地碱蓬中,参与碳循环的真菌有葡萄穗霉属(1.87%)、篮状菌属(2.73%)和木霉属(0.13%),木霉属分泌蔗糖酶,将植物产生的蔗糖分解为葡萄糖[34]。上述篮状菌属等分解糖类的真菌,能够将土壤中的纤维素等有机物质分解为葡萄糖等物质,从而增加土壤中的葡萄糖含量,这些葡萄糖不仅可以作为微生物生长的碳源和能量来源,还能刺激微生物的代谢和繁殖,进而增加生物量。同时,微生物活动的增加有助于将有机物质转化为土壤有机质的重要组成成分——腐殖质。腐殖质通过其胶结作用,能够形成稳定的土壤团粒结构,对提高土壤的保水保肥能力、改善土壤的通气性和排水性具有积极作用。
四种植物非根际(表4)中,芦苇中参与糖类分解的真菌为篮状菌属(0.94%)。盐碱地盐地碱蓬中为囊担菌属(0.32%)、葡萄穗霉属(6.56%),囊担菌属分泌冷活性淀粉酶[35],将淀粉水解为葡萄糖。柽柳和潮间带盐地碱蓬中能够分解多糖的真菌的相对丰度均小于0.10%。
此外,盐碱地盐地碱蓬根际中的木霉属不仅能够参与碳循环,还可以参与氮循环和磷循环,其相对丰度为0.13%,木霉属在其他植物根际、非根际土壤中的相对丰度则小于0.10%。在氮循环方面,木霉属能够提升土壤脲酶的活性,从而加快酰胺化合物分解为氨的速率。同时,木霉属也能够增强碱性磷酸酶的活性,促进有机磷向无机磷的转化,进而参与磷循环[34],并改善土壤的理化性质。土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的增强,加速了土壤氮、磷成分的转化,这既有助于减少因有机磷含量过高而引发的土壤污染问题,又使得植物能够吸收利用土壤中的无机磷,促进自身生长。因此,木霉属对于优化土壤养分状况和促进植物生长具有重要意义。
表3表4展示了植物共生真菌的相对丰度。结果显示,在4种植物根际土壤以及盐碱地盐地碱蓬中,主要植物共生真菌为毛葡孢属(Botryotrichum) (0.58%)和木霉属(0.13%),这2种真菌在其他植物中的相对丰度低于0.10%。毛葡孢属具备分解木质素的能力,并且能够分泌脂肪分解酶[36],该酶可将植物产生的脂肪分解为醇和脂肪酸,供植物吸收利用。木霉属则能分泌生长素和嗜铁素(siderophore)[34],生长素能够刺激植物细胞伸长和分裂[34];木霉属能够通过分泌的嗜铁素转运、吸收土壤中的铁,这些铁可以被植物吸收利用,从而改善植物的铁营养状况[37];嗜铁素还能螯合土壤中的Fe3+,导致病原菌缺铁,进而抑制其生长,对植物起到生物防治的效果。通过测定不同植物土壤中铁的含量(表1),发现盐碱地盐地碱蓬土壤中铁的含量相对较低,为(11.702±1.621) mg/kg,因此可能需要依赖嗜铁素来转运Fe3+,以促进盐碱地盐地碱蓬对铁的吸收。
四种植物非根际土壤中,仅在柽柳中检测到了植物共生真菌短梗霉属(Aureobasidium),其相对丰度为1.51%,而在其他植物中未检测到该真菌。短梗霉属具有产生淀粉酶与脂肪酶的能力[38],能够分解淀粉和脂肪为葡萄糖与醇、脂肪酸,这些分解产物可供植物吸收利用;该真菌在其他植物中的相对丰度均低于0.10%。以上3种真菌(毛葡孢属、木霉属以及短梗霉属)均能利用植物产生的葡萄糖等物质作为自身生长的碳源,从而促进自身生长。在盐碱地盐地碱蓬根际中,毛葡孢属和木霉属与植物形成了共生关系;同样,在柽柳非根际中,短梗霉属也与植物建立了共生的关系。这些共生关系有助于促进植物与微生物之间的和谐共存,进而促进植物的生长。通过利用真菌与植物之间的共生的关系,可以形成微生物修复模式,在维持植物多样性方面展现出潜在的应用价值。
表3表4所示,在4种植物根际中,柽柳根际检测到的耐盐真菌为单孢囊菌属(Monosporascus)(4.59%)和何德霉属(Hortaea) (0.95%),其中何德霉属的生长速度与盐度呈正相关关系[39]。潮间带盐地碱蓬根际中的耐盐真菌为新壳格孢霉属(Neocamarosporium),其相对丰度为0.29%;盐碱地盐地碱蓬根际的耐盐真菌则包括新壳格孢霉属(1.63%)和节担菌属(Wallemia) (0.16%);节担菌属是一种严格的嗜盐真菌,其菌落生长速度随着培养基中盐度的增加而加快,显示出对高盐环境的良好适应[40]。以上的耐盐真菌在芦苇、潮间带盐地碱蓬、盐碱地盐地碱蓬中的相对丰度均低于0.10%。在4种植物非根际中,柽柳的耐盐真菌有节担菌属、何德霉属和短梗霉属,其相对丰度分别为9.68%、2.78%和1.51%。在芦苇、潮间带盐地碱蓬以及盐碱地盐地碱蓬的非根际土壤中,这些耐盐真菌的相对丰度低于0.10%。综上所述,4种植物中均含有耐盐真菌。因此,可以根据土壤的盐碱程度选择种植相适应的耐盐植物,从而形成植物-微生物联合修复模式,这为土壤盐碱化的防治提供了科学的理论基础。
在本次检测中,4种植物的根际及非根际土壤中均检测到了链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、丛赤壳属(Nectria)、小鬼伞属(Coprinellus)、大茎点菌属(Macrophoma)、丝壳属(Kernia)、节担菌属等腐生真菌(表1表2)。腐生真菌作为森林凋落物的最活跃分解者之一[40],对生物地球化学循环和土壤条件具有重要影响,包括调节土壤的矿化和腐殖质化过程。此外,腐生真菌还是细菌-真菌共生网络中的主要功能真菌[41]
四种植物的根际土壤中,芦苇中的腐生真菌为曲霉属(7.53%)和链格孢属(6.07%);柽柳中的腐生真菌为链格孢属(2.81%)、曲霉属(2.54%)和丝壳属(0.98%);潮间带盐地碱蓬中腐生真菌为链格孢属(15.05%)。盐碱地盐地碱蓬中腐生真菌为链格孢属(14.87%)、曲霉属(4.91%)、小鬼伞属(0.22%)、节担菌属(0.16%)。
四种植物的非根际土壤中,芦苇中的腐生真菌为链格孢属(0.17%)、曲霉属(11.51%)和丛赤壳属(0.30%)。柽柳中的腐生真菌为链格孢属(6.19%)、曲霉属(4.61%)、丛赤壳属(3.77%)和节担菌属(9.68%)。丛赤壳属在柽柳非根际(3.77%)中的相对丰度大约是芦苇非根际(0.30%)的13倍。盐碱地盐地碱蓬中的腐生真菌有链格孢属(4.01%)、曲霉属(0.27%)、小鬼伞属(2.87%)和大茎点菌属(1.37%);以上腐生真菌在潮间带盐地碱蓬非根际中的相对丰度均低于0.10%。腐生真菌分解土壤中的有机养料(糖类、蛋白质、脂类、核酸等),并在此过程中产生腐殖质,从而改善土壤的通气性和排水性,为改善土壤理化性质提供了科学依据。
表3表4分别展示了4种植物根际、非根际降解有机污染物真菌的相对丰度。在4种植物的根际中,研究区域存在的有机污染物降解真菌主要为原毛平革菌属(Phanerochaete)和青霉属(Penicillium),原毛平革菌属在芦苇非根际中的相对丰度为0.15%。原毛平革菌属具有降解持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants, POPs)的能力,这些污染物包括氯化芳香族化合物、弹药、杀虫剂和染料等[42]。此外,原毛平革菌属还能通过分泌过氧化物酶,并以H2O2作为电子受体,催化氧化酚类或者胺类物质,将其分解为醌类物质[43]。然而,在盐碱地盐地碱蓬非根际中,能降解有机污染物的真菌为青霉属,其相对丰度为1.16%。青霉属具有合成漆酶的能力[44],漆酶能够催化有机污染物中的酚类、苯环等结构发生羟基化、羧基化等反应,最终将其分解为水和二氧化碳等无机物。在原毛平革菌属和青霉属分布于其他植物根际、非根际的环境中时,它们的相对丰度通常小于0.10%。芦苇非根际中的原毛平革菌属为修复POPs等有机污染物质提供了潜在的微生物资源;同样,盐碱地盐地碱蓬非根际中的青霉属也为修复酚类、胺类等有机污染物质污染的土壤提供了更多的微生物资源。
通过对4种植物根际、非根际真菌α多样性与共线网络分析,在4种植物根际中,盐碱地盐地碱蓬展现出更高的真菌丰度、丰富度和均匀度;在植物非根际中,芦苇的真菌丰度较高,而盐碱地盐地碱蓬中真菌丰富度较高,柽柳真菌则分布更为均匀。β多样性分析结果显示,芦苇、柽柳、潮间带盐地碱蓬之间的根际真菌群落结构相似性较高,而盐碱地盐地碱蓬与其他3种植物的真菌群落结构相似性则相对较低;在非根际中,芦苇与盐碱地盐地碱蓬之间的真菌群落结构相似性较高,而芦苇、盐碱地盐地碱蓬分别与柽柳、潮间带盐地碱蓬之间的真菌群落相似性较低;这4种植物根际与非根际真菌群落结构差异并不显著。此外,4种植物根际与非根际均共有子囊菌门与担子菌门,而芦苇、盐碱地盐地碱蓬的根际以及柽柳的非根际中还发现了罗兹菌门的存在,潮间带盐地碱蓬的非根际则特有被孢菌门。
通过分析土壤环境因子与真菌群落多样性之间的关系,发现EC、Ca、盐度、TN是影响根际真菌群落结构多样性与均匀度的主要环境因子;土壤环境因子与非根际真菌之间也存在密切关系,其中TN、TC、Fe与Chao1指数呈正相关,盐度、NH4+-N含量均与真菌多样性和均匀度呈正相关,而Ca、Mn、Fe的含量与之呈负相关。
在四种植物根际中,均发现了能够分解糖类物质的篮状菌属等能功能真菌,以及具有腐生功能的链格孢属、曲霉属等真菌。此外,相较于芦苇,柽柳、潮间带盐地碱蓬、盐碱地盐地碱蓬的根际中还分布着更为丰富的耐盐真菌,如单孢囊霉属等。盐碱地盐地碱蓬的根际中还存在既能参与N、P循环又能与植物共生的木霉属真菌,而在其他植物中,木霉属的相对丰度均小于0.10%。
在四种植物的非根际土壤中,未检测到共有的优势功能真菌。具体而言,芦苇、柽柳、盐碱地盐地碱蓬的非根际中均存在腐生功能真菌,如链格孢属、曲霉属。芦苇和盐碱地盐地碱蓬的非根际中还存在分解糖类物质的功能真菌,如葡萄穗霉属、篮状菌属;同时,这2种植物的非根际中还发现了降解有机污染物的真菌,如存在于芦苇中具有降解POPs功能的原毛平革菌属和存在于盐碱地盐地碱蓬中降解醌类物质的青霉属,上述2种功能真菌在柽柳、潮间带盐地碱蓬的非根际中相对丰度均小于0.10%。相比之下,柽柳的非根际中则拥有相对其他植物更高丰度的与植物共生的真菌短梗霉属,以及耐盐真菌节担菌属。
黄河三角洲潮间带存在的篮状菌属能够改善土壤结构,而木霉属则能促进氮、磷转化,减少有机磷污染,并增强植物对营养元素的吸收。毛葡孢属、木霉属及短梗霉属与盐碱地盐地碱蓬及柽柳形成了共生关系,这种共生关系有助于促进植物生长并维护生物多样性。相比之下,耐盐真菌与植物协同作用,在有效防治土壤盐碱化方面展现出了显著效果。此外,芦苇非根际中的原毛平革菌属和盐碱地盐地碱蓬非根际中的青霉属,具备修复有机污染物的能力。合理利用这些真菌微生物资源,将为改善土壤结构、维持生物多样性、治理有机物污染以及盐碱地生态保护与修复治理等提供新的思路和途径。本研究为明确黄河三角洲潮间带真菌群落分布结构和功能奠定了基础,为将来利用不同功能真菌微生物资源进行流域污染治理、盐碱地生态修复及保护提供了理论依据。
  • 东营市市校合作资金(SXHZ-2023-01-6)
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2025年第65卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240556
  • 接收时间:2024-09-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-08
  • 录用日期:2024-10-22
基金
Dongying City School Cooperation Fund(SXHZ-2023-01-6)
东营市市校合作资金(SXHZ-2023-01-6)
作者信息
    1 山东师范大学 地理与环境学院,山东 济南
    2 山东省黄河三角洲可持续发展研究院,山东 东营
    3 山东师范大学 东营研究院,山东 东营

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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