Article(id=1226296961184219749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240544, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725206400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1731427200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-13, onlineDate=1770301579042, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1738598400000, pubDateStr=2025-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770301579042, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770301579042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770301579042, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226296952975966478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='2', pageStart='421', pageEnd='861', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770301577085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770353593135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226515124169650204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226515124173844509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=715, endPage=728, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226296961486209672, articleId=1226296961184219749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Application of microbial agents in the rapid detector for BOD in the wastewater from ships, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To develop a rapid detector for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the wastewater from ships entering ports in response to the stringent mandates of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The objective is to facilitate swift detection of domestic wastewater produced by the multitude of vessels arriving at the port. [Methods] When testing the BOD standard solution, Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus subtilis were used to manufacture the biosensitive elements inducing electron transfer during the consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO), which led to a change in electrical conductivity (COND). By treating dissolved oxygen as a pivotal indicator and an intermediary in the monitoring process, this study explored the correlation between changes in electrical conductivity and sample concentration. Through the development of a quadratic polynomial fitting model that correlates electrical conductivity with dissolved oxygen levels, and by establishing a connection between dissolved oxygen and sample concentration, this research delves into the correlation between variations in electrical conductivity and the concentration of the sample. [Results] The changes in electrical conductivity exhibited by different solutions enabled the detector to rapidly distinguish between the wastewater with a BOD concentration higher than 25 mg/L (the slope of the COND variation value is less than -0.01) and that below 25 mg/L (the slope of the COND variation value is greater than -0.01). By establishing a highly correlated fitting curve between dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity (coefficient of determination R2=0.977 83), this study achieved precise reading of samples within the ultra-low concentration range (BOD<25 mg/L). The accuracy rate of the measurements exceeded 85% in the in-suit tests conducted in Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China. [Conclusion] The measurement data read by the rapid detector for BOD is highly consistent with the results obtained by the dilution inoculation method. Moreover, the detector is capable of performing rapid quantitative analysis of BOD in domestic wastewater from ships entering ports within 30 min, demonstrating high detection efficiency.

, correspAuthors=Jie LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 针对国际海事组织对进港船舶生化需氧量(biochemical oxygen demand, BOD)检测中的特殊要求,本研究开发一种BOD快速检测仪,旨在实现对大量进港船舶生活污水进行快速检测的目的。 【方法】 丁酸梭菌与枯草芽孢杆菌制作的生物敏感元件在检测BOD标准溶液的过程中,通过消耗溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)引发电子转移,使电导率(conductivity, COND)改变。溶解氧是监测过程中的关键指标及中介桥梁。通过建立电导率与溶解氧的二次多项式拟合模型,并将溶解氧与样品浓度建立联系,由此探索电导率变化与样品浓度之间的相关性。 【结果】 不同溶液表现的电导率变化趋势使BOD快速检测器能够区分BOD浓度超过25 mg/L (COND变化值的斜率小于-0.01)和低于25 mg/L (COND变化值的斜率大于-0.01)的废水。通过构建溶解氧与电导率值之间的高度相关性拟合曲线(决定系数R2=0.977 83),实现了对超低浓度范围(生化需氧量BOD<25 mg/L)样品的高精度读取,并在中国河北秦皇岛的船舶测试中获得超过85%的准确率。 【结论】 BOD快速检测仪所读取的测量数据与传统的稀释接种法所获结果高度一致,并且能够在30 min内对进港船舶生活污水中BOD进行快速量化分析,确保了检测的高效性。

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作者贡献声明

周娟:论文撰写与修改;李捷:研究构思和设计;于雪婷:可视化分析;俄保巴毛:参与论文讨论;扎西求忠:参与论文讨论;李松枝:协助实验操作;明志军:数据收集与处理。

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Microbial Cell Factories, 2016, 15: 8., articleTitle=Butanol production under microaerobic conditions with a symbiotic system of Clostridium acetobutylicum and Bacillus cereus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514052298490390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=37, issue=11, pageStart=1933, pageEnd=1944, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=59, authorNames=ZHAO X, ZHUANG JR, ZHANG FL, LI HT, YU J, WANG CL, LV TJ, LI QZ, ZHANG JM, journalName=Animal Bioscience, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO X, ZHUANG JR, ZHANG FL, LI HT, YU J, WANG CL, LV TJ, LI QZ, ZHANG JM. Effects of compatibility of Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, lipid metabolism, antioxidant status and cecal microflora of broilers during the starter phase[J]. Animal Bioscience, 2024, 37(11): 1933-1944., articleTitle=Effects of compatibility of Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, lipid metabolism, antioxidant status and cecal microflora of broilers during the starter phase, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514052399153690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=1088179, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=60, authorNames=ZOU QQ, FAN XY, XU YH, WANG TL, LI DS, journalName=Frontiers in Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZOU QQ, FAN XY, XU YH, WANG TL, LI DS. Effects of dietary supplementation probiotic complex on growth performance, blood parameters, fecal harmful gas, and fecal microbiota in AA+ male broilers[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2022, 13: 1088179., articleTitle=Effects of dietary supplementation probiotic complex on growth performance, blood parameters, fecal harmful gas, and fecal microbiota in AA+ male broilers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514052512399905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=61, authorNames=中华人民共和国环境保护部, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国环境保护部. 水质生化需氧量(BOD)的测定微生物传感器快速测定法: HJ/T86-2002 [S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2002., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514052638229029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=62, authorNames=Ministry of environmental protection of the People's Republic of China, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ministry of environmental protection of the People's Republic of China. Water quality-determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) speedy testing method of microorganism sensor: HJ/T86-2002 [S]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2002 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514052730503722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=180, issue=null, pageStart=108372, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=63, authorNames=MA YM, DENG DD, ZHAN Y, CAO LB, LIU Y, journalName=Biochemical Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA YM, DENG DD, ZHAN Y, CAO LB, LIU Y. A systematic study on self-powered microbial fuel cell based BOD biosensors running under different temperatures[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 180: 108372., articleTitle=A systematic study on self-powered microbial fuel cell based BOD biosensors running under different temperatures, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226514041200361644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, awardId=2024-SF-143, language=EN, fundingSource=Qinghai Province Key Research and Development and Transformation Project(2024-SF-143), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226514041368133813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, awardId=2024-SF-143, language=CN, fundingSource=青海省重点研发与转化项目(2024-SF-143), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226514041481380028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, awardId=37000000040200120220031, language=EN, fundingSource=Environmental Standards Formulation and Revision Project of Shandong Province Ecological Environment Bureau(37000000040200120220031), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226514041594626244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, awardId=37000000040200120220031, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省生态环境厅生态环境标准制修订项目(37000000040200120220031), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226514031503131207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226514031507325511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, companyId=1226514031503131207, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226514031515714121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, companyId=1226514031503131207, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 青岛理工大学 环境与市政工程学院,山东 青岛)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226514031599600213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226514031603794519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, companyId=1226514031599600213, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Monitoring Station of Ecology and Environment of Yushu Prefecture, Yushu, Qinghai, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226514031607988823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, companyId=1226514031599600213, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 玉树州生态环境监测站,青海 玉树)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226514038474064891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Operating principle of the BOD rapid detector (A) and physical image (B). The positions of each component of the instrument in Figure A are marked in the corresponding positions in Figure B., figureFileSmall=RbsroQJLq+Jcto7ZbZqomQ==, figureFileBig=GtRJjQsHpjIKliWe72UD/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514038583115784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=CN, label=图1, caption=BOD快速检测仪运行原理(A)及实物图(B)。A图中仪器组成各部分所处位置在B图的相应位置进行了标注。, figureFileSmall=RbsroQJLq+Jcto7ZbZqomQ==, figureFileBig=GtRJjQsHpjIKliWe72UD/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514038734110738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Schematic diagram of embedded particles., figureFileSmall=fhPScI5/ensYGdZ+K06/EQ==, figureFileBig=t2qKVjifpbVYclH4+upqNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514038826385435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=CN, label=图2, caption=包埋颗粒示意图, figureFileSmall=fhPScI5/ensYGdZ+K06/EQ==, figureFileBig=t2qKVjifpbVYclH4+upqNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514038960603171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The impact of strain type and salinity on electrical conductivity. A, B, C represent the changes in electrical conductivity when different bacterial species are used to measure the standard BOD solution. A is treated with a single Clostridium butyricum; B is introduced with a single Bacillus subtilis; C is supplemented with a mixed bacterial culture. D, E, F are the changes in electrical conductivity when measuring the standard BOD solution at different salinities (using a mixed bacterial culture, with D, E, F respectively adding 10, 20, 30 mL of high-concentration electrolyte solution). The vertical axis of the graph represents the difference between the instantaneous conductivity values read every 30 seconds and the conductivity value at the initial state., figureFileSmall=YG63F+QHppj5Rbn2KQzwvw==, figureFileBig=0XXWc27s/r9S1R5gvzRaSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039069655082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌种类型和盐度对电导率的影响。A、B、C为不同菌种测定标准BOD溶液时的电导率变化值。A:添加单一丁酸梭菌;B:引入单一枯草芽孢杆菌;C:添加混合菌。D、E、F:不同盐度下测定标准BOD溶液时的电导率变化值(使用混合菌,D、E、F分别加入高浓度电解质溶液10、20、30 mL)。图中纵坐标为每隔30 s读取的瞬时电导率值与初始状态下电导率值的差。, figureFileSmall=YG63F+QHppj5Rbn2KQzwvw==, figureFileBig=0XXWc27s/r9S1R5gvzRaSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039191289913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The changes in dissolved oxygen (A) and conductivity (B) when different volumes of embedded particles are added., figureFileSmall=TD53tsNytMzfbQZ03OTXag==, figureFileBig=eaN/OGmLPLnhPySPdEUPdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039321313346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同体积的包埋剂投加时DOCOND的变化, figureFileSmall=TD53tsNytMzfbQZ03OTXag==, figureFileBig=eaN/OGmLPLnhPySPdEUPdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039476502605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Slope of COND treatment values for different BOD standard solutions., figureFileSmall=NTAp6De2dbrHLScC5pv5BQ==, figureFileBig=FV/yEmWsHK0oVLe/9eSlKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039585554516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同BOD标准溶液的COND处理值斜率, figureFileSmall=NTAp6De2dbrHLScC5pv5BQ==, figureFileBig=FV/yEmWsHK0oVLe/9eSlKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039723966561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Determination of ultra-low concentration relationship curve., figureFileSmall=OOaduM+jkDh6aXD4cS9uqA==, figureFileBig=VdH9v8rot34QasTVCctm3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039879155817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=CN, label=图6, caption=超低浓度关系曲线的确定, figureFileSmall=OOaduM+jkDh6aXD4cS9uqA==, figureFileBig=VdH9v8rot34QasTVCctm3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514040009179248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Repeatability test of BOD standard solution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BOD concentration (mg/L)Measurement value 1Measurement value 2Measurement value 3Standard deviation
101619191.41
304142410.47
6043>5039-
80>50>50>50-
200>50>50>50-
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040168562808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BOD标准溶液的重复性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BOD concentration (mg/L)Measurement value 1Measurement value 2Measurement value 3Standard deviation
101619191.41
304142410.47
6043>5039-
80>50>50>50-
200>50>50>50-
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040273420414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of third-party testing organizations and detector measurements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample IDDilution inoculation (mg/L)BOD rapid detector (mg/L)Relative error
National standard sample 116150.062 5
National standard sample 222180.182 0
National standard sample 360560.066 7
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040403443848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

第三方检测机构与快速检测仪测量值的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample IDDilution inoculation (mg/L)BOD rapid detector (mg/L)Relative error
National standard sample 116150.062 5
National standard sample 222180.182 0
National standard sample 360560.066 7
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040529272973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of BOD rapid measuring instrument and third party test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Project nameDilution inoculation (mg/L)BOD rapid detector (mg/L)
Ship1 in Qinhuangdao Port52.0>50
Ship2 in Qinhuangdao PortExtremely large>50 (1 462)
Hang Tong9.1<25
Hesheng Xinshun17.1>50
East Sea23.6<25
Baoxing Mountain30.8>25
Dongyao Haitai46.8>25
Zhong Hui769.1<25
Xin Rong799.1<25
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040663490710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

BOD速测仪与第三方检测结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Project nameDilution inoculation (mg/L)BOD rapid detector (mg/L)
Ship1 in Qinhuangdao Port52.0>50
Ship2 in Qinhuangdao PortExtremely large>50 (1 462)
Hang Tong9.1<25
Hesheng Xinshun17.1>50
East Sea23.6<25
Baoxing Mountain30.8>25
Dongyao Haitai46.8>25
Zhong Hui769.1<25
Xin Rong799.1<25
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040843845791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

BOD rapid measuring instrument measurement results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Project nameBOD rapid detector (mg/L)Project nameBOD rapid detector (mg/L)
Sample 19Sample 1430
Sample 254Sample 152
Sample 335Sample 1637
Sample 444Sample 1726
Sample 553Sample 1821
Sample 648Sample 1972
Sample 713Sample 2077
Sample 825Sample 2123
Sample 914Sample 2228
Sample 1036Sample 2329
Sample 1114Sample 2410
Sample 1219Sample 2513
Sample 1314
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040965480610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296961184219749, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

BOD速测仪测量结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Project nameBOD rapid detector (mg/L)Project nameBOD rapid detector (mg/L)
Sample 19Sample 1430
Sample 254Sample 152
Sample 335Sample 1637
Sample 444Sample 1726
Sample 553Sample 1821
Sample 648Sample 1972
Sample 713Sample 2077
Sample 825Sample 2123
Sample 914Sample 2228
Sample 1036Sample 2329
Sample 1114Sample 2410
Sample 1219Sample 2513
Sample 1314
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微生物菌剂在船舶生化需氧量快速检测仪中的应用
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周娟 1 , 李捷 1, * , 于雪婷 1 , 俄保巴毛 2 , 扎西求忠 2 , 李松枝 1 , 明志军 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(2): 715-728
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(2): 715-728
微生物菌剂在船舶生化需氧量快速检测仪中的应用
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周娟1, 李捷1, * , 于雪婷1, 俄保巴毛2, 扎西求忠2, 李松枝1, 明志军1
作者信息
  • 1 青岛理工大学 环境与市政工程学院,山东 青岛
  • 2 玉树州生态环境监测站,青海 玉树
Application of microbial agents in the rapid detector for BOD in the wastewater from ships
Juan ZHOU1, Jie LI1, * , Xueting YU1, Ebaobamao2, Zhaxiqiuzhong2, Songzhi LI1, Zhijun MING1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
  • 2 Monitoring Station of Ecology and Environment of Yushu Prefecture, Yushu, Qinghai, China
出版时间: 2025-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240544
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【目的】 针对国际海事组织对进港船舶生化需氧量(biochemical oxygen demand, BOD)检测中的特殊要求,本研究开发一种BOD快速检测仪,旨在实现对大量进港船舶生活污水进行快速检测的目的。 【方法】 丁酸梭菌与枯草芽孢杆菌制作的生物敏感元件在检测BOD标准溶液的过程中,通过消耗溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)引发电子转移,使电导率(conductivity, COND)改变。溶解氧是监测过程中的关键指标及中介桥梁。通过建立电导率与溶解氧的二次多项式拟合模型,并将溶解氧与样品浓度建立联系,由此探索电导率变化与样品浓度之间的相关性。 【结果】 不同溶液表现的电导率变化趋势使BOD快速检测器能够区分BOD浓度超过25 mg/L (COND变化值的斜率小于-0.01)和低于25 mg/L (COND变化值的斜率大于-0.01)的废水。通过构建溶解氧与电导率值之间的高度相关性拟合曲线(决定系数R2=0.977 83),实现了对超低浓度范围(生化需氧量BOD<25 mg/L)样品的高精度读取,并在中国河北秦皇岛的船舶测试中获得超过85%的准确率。 【结论】 BOD快速检测仪所读取的测量数据与传统的稀释接种法所获结果高度一致,并且能够在30 min内对进港船舶生活污水中BOD进行快速量化分析,确保了检测的高效性。

BOD快速检测仪  /  BOD监测  /  丁酸梭菌  /  枯草芽孢杆菌  /  快速检测

[Objective] To develop a rapid detector for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the wastewater from ships entering ports in response to the stringent mandates of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The objective is to facilitate swift detection of domestic wastewater produced by the multitude of vessels arriving at the port. [Methods] When testing the BOD standard solution, Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus subtilis were used to manufacture the biosensitive elements inducing electron transfer during the consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO), which led to a change in electrical conductivity (COND). By treating dissolved oxygen as a pivotal indicator and an intermediary in the monitoring process, this study explored the correlation between changes in electrical conductivity and sample concentration. Through the development of a quadratic polynomial fitting model that correlates electrical conductivity with dissolved oxygen levels, and by establishing a connection between dissolved oxygen and sample concentration, this research delves into the correlation between variations in electrical conductivity and the concentration of the sample. [Results] The changes in electrical conductivity exhibited by different solutions enabled the detector to rapidly distinguish between the wastewater with a BOD concentration higher than 25 mg/L (the slope of the COND variation value is less than -0.01) and that below 25 mg/L (the slope of the COND variation value is greater than -0.01). By establishing a highly correlated fitting curve between dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity (coefficient of determination R2=0.977 83), this study achieved precise reading of samples within the ultra-low concentration range (BOD<25 mg/L). The accuracy rate of the measurements exceeded 85% in the in-suit tests conducted in Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China. [Conclusion] The measurement data read by the rapid detector for BOD is highly consistent with the results obtained by the dilution inoculation method. Moreover, the detector is capable of performing rapid quantitative analysis of BOD in domestic wastewater from ships entering ports within 30 min, demonstrating high detection efficiency.

rapid detector for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)  /  BOD monitoring  /  Clostridium butyricum  /  Bacillus subtilis  /  rapid detection
周娟, 李捷, 于雪婷, 俄保巴毛, 扎西求忠, 李松枝, 明志军. 微生物菌剂在船舶生化需氧量快速检测仪中的应用. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (2) : 715 -728 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240544
Juan ZHOU, Jie LI, Xueting YU, Ebaobamao, Zhaxiqiuzhong, Songzhi LI, Zhijun MING. Application of microbial agents in the rapid detector for BOD in the wastewater from ships[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (2) : 715 -728 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240544
人类产生的污水主要来自陆地,如城市下水道或污水处理厂。然而,船舶向海洋排放污水也会造成海洋污染和生态入侵。国际海事组织(International Maritime Organization, IMO)在2011年7月15日通过的防污公约附件IV [RESOLUTION MEPC.200(62)]要求总吨位在400 t及以上或经认证可载运15人以上的国际航运船舶必须配备经批准的污水处理装置或经批准的污水混合和消毒系统或污水贮槽[1]。《污水处理装置排放标准和性能测试实施指南》(IMO发布)中对特殊区域外的船舶出水样品的耐热大肠菌群数、总悬浮固体(total suspended solid, TSS)、无硝化的五日生化需氧量(biochemical oxygen demand, BOD)和化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)、pH等指标规定了限值[2]。上述指标中,BOD是海事部门无法对进港船舶进行大量检查的关键因素。
传统的BOD检测采用的稀释接种法受水温、接种液活性、稀释比例等多种因素影响,需要耗费较长时间(5 d),导致大量进港船舶无法及时得到检测[3-4]。目前,BOD的快速测定有 2种方法可以实现。一种是通过BOD和COD、总有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)、溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)、混合液悬浮固体(mixed liquor suspended solid, MLSS)、氧化还原电位(oxidation-reduction potential, ORP)、pH等参数构建BOD检测模型,利用机器学习实现BOD含量的间接检测,但由于诸多模型参数间不易调节,从而限制了该方法的使用[5-6]。1977年,日本科学家Karube等发明的微生物传感器仅几十分钟就可完成BOD测量,自此传感器成为BOD快速测量的第二种方法[7]。微生物传感器是根据微生物消耗代谢有机物时产生的各种变化对BOD进行测定,如荧光传感器[8]、生物电化学系统的生物传感器[9-11]、介质传感器[12-16]等。荧光传感器利用微生物代谢过程中产生色氨酸进行测定,将色氨酸的荧光信号转化为等效的BOD值。荧光传感器检测速度极短,灵敏性和自动化程度高,但水中荧光干扰物质的存在会影响鉴定结果[3,17]。基于微生物电化学技术的传感器通过电位、电荷、电流、电导率(conductivity, COND)、工作电极阻抗等的变化响应不同的分析物浓度,包括微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell, MFC)和微生物电解电池(microbial electrolytic cell, MEC)类型的传感器,该方法稳健、准确,可用于定量和定性分析[9,18-19]
电活性生物膜是电信号输出的主要来源[20-23],决定信号响应过程和灵敏度。随着时间的推移,生物膜堵塞以及恒温自降解等问题影响BOD监测[20]。生物膜的适应性较差,在检测印染废水这类含毒重金属离子的污水时,受到毒害的微生物无法发挥作用,从而导致测试结果偏差增大[24]。固定化技术在限制微生物流失的基础上具有良好的机械强度,对微生物具有一定的保护能力,操作上减少了微生物培养和测量前的离心和洗涤等烦琐的工作过程[14,25]。常用的固定化材料包括聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol, PVA)[26]、海藻酸钠(sodium alginate, SA)[27]、聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide, PAM)[28]、琼脂[29]等在内的多种材料,有研究将PVA-SA凝胶中包埋地变形杆菌(Proteus terrae) ZQ02-MB,制备的包埋颗粒对农药污染物具有良好的降解效果[30]。本研究使用PVA和SA作为固定化材料,将微生物截留在一定空间内,保持高浓度、高活性的状态,在增强了对外界环境抵抗能力的同时减少了反应过程中微生物的流失[31]
由于船舶生活污水中有可能存在海水成分,这与陆地污水水体性质存在差异。呼吸速率型传感器往往会因为真实废水样品中复杂的有机成分而导致分析结果变得不真实[21,32]。使用单菌株的微生物传感器具有相对较好的稳定性和较长的寿命,但受其对广谱底物的有限检测能力的限制,混合群落在面对复杂培养基时有自我优化的能力[32-33]。从海水提取培养的多种微生物组成的生物膜可耐受高浓度盐,从而提高了生物膜在极端条件下的寿命和稳定性[34-35]。以上研究为生物敏感元件的改进提供了研究思路——即采用混合微生物来制备包埋剂,构建适应性强、功能稳定的生物敏感元件来提高其对海水的耐受性。枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)是单菌株传感器的常用菌种[14,36-37],由于混合菌种对有机物的广谱性比较好,识别性比较强,可以扩大被氧化底物的范围[38],本研究引入丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)。丁酸梭菌优势在于其耐高温、耐胃酸、耐胆盐等特性,能在复杂的环境中维持较强的活力,有望适应各种类型的检测样品[39]。微生物产生的胞外活性氧可促进有机污染物生物降解,为理解丁酸梭菌在微氧条件下的行为提供了可参考的背景信息[40]。易至等研究了丁酸梭菌的遗传多样性和生物学特性,有助于理解其在不同环境条件下的行为,包括微氧条件下的表现[41]。青贮好氧变质时,氧气的渗透间接刺激厌氧微生物的生长,说明了微氧状态下丁酸梭菌存在的合理性[42]。丁酸梭菌在微氧条件下对某些环境污染物的降解能力,使其在环境修复和监测领域具有应用潜力。
本研究旨在解决船舶污水中BOD的快速检测问题,研发了一种基于新型生物敏感材料的快速检测仪器。期望实现对超低浓度BOD的快速、准确检测,同时考察所制备的包埋颗粒在海水环境中的适应性。通过在河北秦皇岛地区的船舶上进行测试,验证该快速检测仪在实际应用中的性能,以期为进一步推广该技术至国内外的船舶生活污水BOD快速检测领域提供科学依据和技术保障。
BOD速测仪测量系统的示意图如图1A所示。将新材料包埋颗粒(直径约为3 mm)作为反应元件,采用的电导率探头(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司),可以捕捉有机物消耗时的电子转移信号,表现为电导率值(每30 s读取1次)。电子的产生和转移参与活细胞内各种酶催化的代谢活动,包括呼吸、光合作用、乳酸代谢和其他酶催化的反应[43]。Han等使用的兼性电养生物呼吸产生的电流作为基准值,水样被有机物污染时,微生物转为异养呼吸,变现为阴极电流的下降。这是由于外源呼吸时,可生物降解的有机物质中获取的电子被转移到细菌细胞内部,扩散电流从恒定状态表现为电流下降[44]。按照传统的快速监测方法,根据溶解氧传感器的输出信号和目标底物浓度与BOD的相关性,可以通过溶解氧的还原计算出BOD[25]。电导率探头插在反应器的中心,采集到的电流信号经过发送器到达控制器,根据已经编辑好的计算方式,控制器会对接收到的电导率信号执行移动平均处理,并输出测试结果至显示屏。BOD速测仪实物如图1B所示,内部由发送器、控制器、显示屏、温度控制装置、磁力搅拌装置构成。为适应海上实地检测的环境,在测定之前需用温度控制装置分别对包埋剂和BOD标准溶液保温15 min,在180 r/min的转速下电磁搅拌10 s使包埋剂与水样充分混合。
聚乙烯醇(PVA)、氯化钾(KCl),天津市光复精细化工研究所;海藻酸钠(SA),上海强顺化学试剂有限公司;葡萄糖(C6H12O6),上海埃彼化学试剂有限公司;谷氨酸(C5H9NO4),无水氯化钙(CaCl2),国药集团化学试剂有限公司;磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4),天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司;磷酸氢二钠(Na2HPO4·12H2O),天津市恒兴化学试剂制造有限公司。除非另有说明,本研究中使用的所有试剂均为实验室级材料,所有溶液均使用高纯度去离子水(Milli-Q)制备。
BOD标准溶液的制备:将葡萄糖和谷氨酸在103 ℃下干燥2 h,冷却至室温,分别称取136.4 mg葡萄糖和谷氨酸配制BOD标准溶液,该溶液已知生化需氧量值为(2 000±160) mg/L,低浓度的BOD溶液通过稀释该BOD标准溶液制备。
电解质溶液:低浓度电解质溶液配制方法为称取745 mg氯化钾(KCl)溶解于去离子水中并定容至100 mL。高浓度电解质溶液配制方法为称取12 g氯化钾(KCl)溶解于去离子水中并定容至100 mL。
磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS,5 mol/L,pH 7.0)用于稀释样品和活化并洗涤微生物球形颗粒,根据标准方法制备。
交联溶液(浓度为6%):称取6 g CaCl2固体溶解于去离子水中并定容至100 mL。
本研究中使用枯草芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭菌以及二者混合菌的菌粉进行包埋,菌粉均由无锡虞衡环境科技有限公司生产。丁酸梭菌菌粉与枯草芽孢杆菌菌粉制备步骤如下:(1) 生物发酵:将丁酸梭菌和枯草芽孢杆菌分别进行生物发酵,得到大量的微生物菌体;(2) 沸腾干燥:分别对发酵后的产物进行70 ℃干燥,获得含水量≤5%的微生物菌剂产品;(3) 粉碎:分别将干燥后的生物发酵产物进行粉碎,丁酸梭菌含菌量为100亿/g,枯草芽孢杆菌含菌量为1 000亿/g。混合菌粉是由丁酸梭菌和枯草芽孢杆菌粉碎后的生物发酵产物按含菌量的比例混合复配。
将质量比为1:10的PVA与SA (PVA质量为0.12 g)溶于20 mL去离子水中,然后冷却至40 ℃,混合溶液中添加0.8 g丁酸梭菌或0.08 g枯草芽孢杆菌或0.12 g混合菌(每1 mL包埋剂中约含4亿菌种)。取适量交联剂(CaCl2溶液)置于培养皿中,利用5 mL注射器吸取一定量的加有菌种的混合液,将混合液体缓慢滴入交联剂中形成大小均匀(直径约为3 mm)的球形颗粒。交联一定时间后,用生理盐水洗涤颗粒,然后在4 ℃下干燥24 h。使用前在4 ℃条件下储存。包埋颗粒如图2所示。
微生物传感器检测方法中,生物识别元件为微生物传感器的核心部件,对待测底物具有高选择性分子识别功能。本文将单一菌种或者混合菌种作为生物敏感元件,对包埋剂的类型以及配比进行优化,为包埋剂在实际工程中的应用提供了标准化流程。
(1) 为探究投加不同菌种对不同BOD溶液区分的准确度,进行目标菌的筛选。实验室有好氧菌枯草芽孢杆菌、厌氧菌丁酸梭菌以及两者的混合菌种。丁酸梭菌含量为100亿/g,枯草芽孢杆菌含量为1 000亿/g。采用单一菌粉以及混合菌粉所制作的包埋剂分别对BOD标准溶液进行测量,选择出读数最为稳定准确的菌种。
(2) 探究投加不同质量的包埋剂对曲线制作的影响。在筛选出合适菌种条件下,设置32、64、96、128亿单位菌种4个浓度梯度,分别投进标样中进行实验测量(实际操作时为加入8、16、24、32 mL包埋剂作为含菌量变化梯度),确定合适的投加量。当适宜投加量超出此区间后,增加3.5、5、6.5 mL的含菌量变化梯度。
(3) 对BOD标准溶液(BOD10、BOD30、BOD60、BOD100、BOD400)进行测量,通过电导率变化值区分不同浓度的BOD标准溶液。
Liu等[25]之前已经确立了针对市政污水、生活污水的高(>800 mg/L)、中(400-800 mg/L)、低(<400 mg/L) 3种针对不同浓度范围的BOD曲线[25]。这3条曲线不能满足IMO对BOD的检测需求。因此需对检测范围进行重新地划分(BOD≤25 mg/L,25 mg/L<BOD<50 mg/L,BOD≥50 mg/L)。本研究建立的一条超低浓度曲线可针对BOD≤25 mg/L的溶液进行测量,并重复多次试验,校准曲线系数。
现场的船舶测试是检测该快速检测仪是否符合IMO检测标准的重要手段。在实际应用前,将开发出的BOD速测仪与拥有CMA、CNAS资质的第三方检测机构秦皇岛清宸环境检测技术有限公司对国家标准样品的测定结果进行比较。仪器测试结果符合IMO要求后,与河北秦皇岛海事局一同进行海上船试,并与第三方测验BOD进行比对。所取溶液在未经稀释的情况下进行保温,对包埋剂进行活化后,经过磁力搅拌器混合10 s后即可上机测量。
图3展示了在引入不同菌种时电导率(COND)的变化情况,包埋剂添加量为5 mL。将瞬时电导率值减去初始状态下的电导率值,以消除初始电导率值的影响,图中显示的是6 min后的处理值,去除了不稳定的测量前期读数。根据IMO对船舶出水样品的管控要求,对 BOD≤25 mg/L (曲线1,BOD浓度为10 mg/L)、25 mg/L<BOD<50 mg/L (曲线2,BOD浓度为30 mg/L)、BOD≥50 mg/L (曲线3,BOD浓度为60 mg/L) 3种标准溶液的斜率进行区分与判读。在单独添加丁酸梭菌的情况下,曲线2呈现出显著的离散趋势,曲线1与曲线3则相互靠近,这一现象与预期目标不符。然而,值得注意的是,在测定丁酸梭菌时,曲线的波动幅度较小,显示出较高的稳定性,这为检测仪器在数据提取与分析过程中提供了极大的便利。当仅投加枯草芽孢杆菌时,曲线1与其他曲线相比展现出显著的区分度,枯草芽孢杆菌的介入显著影响了低浓度BOD溶液的电导率变化。在检测过程中,曲线3在后期出现了急剧的下降和上升,其波动幅度较大,这一现象可能引起检测仪器的误判。此外,在活化枯草芽孢杆菌菌液的过程中,振荡混合时产生了大量气泡,这些气泡在菌液中弥漫,可能导致取样过程中出现不准确的情况。混合菌种测量过程中,曲线1与其他曲线的显著差异为判断25 mg/L以下BOD标准溶液提供了更为精确的依据。样品检测时处于封闭状态,在检测后期,随着DO的消耗,水体逐渐趋近于厌氧状况,丁酸梭菌开始发挥作用。Sun等富集筛选了非严格厌氧条件下化工厂废水样品中能够将粗甘油转化为1,3-丙二醇的微生物联合体,其中严格厌氧的梭菌类占比达85%[45]。这是因为在发酵初期,克雷伯氏菌和埃希氏菌等兼性厌氧菌消耗DO,促进厌氧条件的建立,为丁酸梭菌的生长提供条件。微氧条件下,乙酰丁酸梭菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌共生体系生产乙醇时微厌氧条件的建立与此类似[46]。这也是工业上采用的混合菌种包括丁酸梭菌的原因,正是由于兼性菌的存在,操作者不需要创造严格厌氧环境[47-48]。丁酸梭菌的存在使电导率变化值更加稳定,从而提高了检测的可靠性。本快速检测仪对高盐度的BOD溶液进行测定,发现,曲线1、曲线2、曲线3依然能够明确区分,见图3D-3F。在盐度较高的存在下,曲线的区分形状与添加单一的丁酸梭菌类似(图3A),丁酸梭菌抵抗不良环境的干扰强,使该包埋剂仍然能够发挥作用。
包埋剂的制备原料选用了混合菌粉,通过精确调配其加入量,以便绘制后续的反应曲线。在此过程中,通过调整包埋剂的加入体积来控制其投加量,结果如图4所示。在保持BOD标准溶液浓度为50 mg/L的条件下,记录了不同包埋剂体积加入后溶液中DO和COND的变化情况。实验结果显示,当包埋剂小球的投加量为5 mL时,DO值在最初的5 min内迅速下降,并在5-10 min内逐渐趋于平衡,这符合快速检测的要求。相比之下,当包埋剂投加量分别为8、16、24、32 mL时,DO值的下降速度过快,导致有效监测时间大幅缩短。此外,随着包埋剂投加量的增加,溶液的原始COND值也逐渐增大,表明包埋剂投加量越小,对水质初始COND的影响越小。选择添加5 mL的包埋剂进行检测,这是为保证其在不良环境中能够活化使用的稳妥选择。
通过对不同BOD标准溶液的斜率进行多次试验的统计与分析,发现在BOD浓度为10 mg/L (代表BOD≤25 mg/L的溶液),COND变化值的斜率均小于-0.01,超低浓度的溶液由超低浓度关系曲线进一步读取具体数值。在BOD浓度为30 mg/L (代表25 mg/L<BOD<50 mg/L的溶液),COND变化值的斜率均小于-0.002,这足以将该浓度与其他更高浓度的溶液区分开来。值得注意的是,当BOD浓度进一步增加时(BOD≥50 mg/L的溶液),COND变化值的斜率往往呈现出正值,如图5所示,这可能是由于细菌细胞在高浓度有机物条件下发生了复杂的生化过程。
本研究建立了超低浓度关系曲线,该曲线可针对BOD<25 mg/L的溶液进行测量。关系曲线的建立采用移动平均法对COND值与DO值进行处理,对移动平均法处理后的值进行时间累加,最后建立二者关系曲线,如图6所示。使用该曲线检测BOD值在25 mg/L以下的BOD标准溶液,并重复多次试验。然后,检测超低浓度关系曲线的偏差程度,并校准曲线系数,所建立曲线相关性系数高达0.977 83。
图5所示,在BOD浓度偏低时,电导率下降值很大,随着BOD浓度的上升,电导率值的变化逐渐减小,甚至有时会出现上升趋势,由此可以判断出BOD浓度是在25 mg/L以上还是25 mg/L以下,再经由超低浓度曲线的读数,就可对水质进行的判断。
重复性是一个重要的参数,可以用来指示原型的精度。在相同的条件下对相同的样品进行了测试,以分析原型的精度。本研究中,在每个适用范围内选择5个不同质量浓度的标准样品进行检测,并对每个浓度样品进行3次重复测试,测量值如表1所示。BOD在60 mg/L的溶液处于分界线左右,存在误判的可能,其他浓度的BOD都显示出测量结果的准确性,对实验数据的分析表明,该检测方法具有较高的检测精度。
实际应用前,将开发出的BOD速测仪与第三方检测机构的测定结果进行比较,第三方检测机构为秦皇岛清宸环境检测技术有限公司,采用稀释接种法进行BOD的测定。如表2所示,快速检测仪测量的国标样品BOD测量值与稀释接种法得到的结果较为一致,准确度达到实际样品测定要求。
测试原型的各种性能的最终目的是探索原型用于检测实际废水样本的可行性。本仪器于2022年7月和2023年10月,在河北秦皇岛与当地海事局进行联合测试,共检测9只船。检测结果如表3所示。
此次船舶测试专用款仪器,因考虑到所取水样为船舶生活污水处理后出水,因此没有加载专门针对类似清水的判断程序,从而导致仪器程序对于极低有机物水样出现一定几率的误判,导致表3中对青岛合盛鑫顺再生资源有限公司的检测出现错误,未来添加此类工况到程序中可以帮助判断水样接近于清水的状况。由第三方检测单位实验室人员提供的国标BOD低浓度盲样(BOD=18 mg/L),仪器可准确测量出结果(测量结果BOD<25 mg/L)。仪器在第三方的应用测量结果见表4
我国于2002年发布的《水质 生化需氧量(BOD)的测定 微生物传感器快速测定法》[49]采用丝孢酵母菌制成菌膜。菌膜内菌种应均匀,膜与膜之间应尽可能一致,以保证测定结果的一致。此外生物菌膜的连续使用寿命应大于30 d。(1) 本研究使用混合菌种制成的包埋剂为敏感元件,包埋剂实现定量化固定微生物并保证较好的传质能力,减少反应过程中微生物的流失的同时可以保证待检测水样与微生物的充分混合和反应,无须解决菌膜之间不一致的问题。(2) 每份包埋剂为次抛,也不用考虑其菌膜替换的问题。(3) 基于微生物的BOD检测仪器一般面临着实际应用时微生物将受到环境温度变化的显著影响[50],一种基于生物电化学系统(bioelectrochemical system, BES)的BOD生物传感器在养猪废水中得到应用,生物传感器在测试槽中精确测量了BOD,但在不断变化的水温条件下无法做到[10],可通过恒温器解决这一问题。(4) 包埋剂对高盐度海水的耐受增强,提高了对船舶生活污水检测的适用性与针对性,海水存在下不影响其检测性能。
BOD快速检测仪30 min内输出检测结果,投入使用多台检测仪能快速测定进港的船只,减少国际航船的停泊时长,但该BOD快速检测仪仍有需要改进的地方,作为船试机,要想做到便捷上船测量,有两点硬件是需改进的。一是装置的一体化,各部分功能器件要集合为一体。二是装置需自带独立电源,实际船舶测试需要寻找有电源插座的位置检测,因为有的船是买的日本船,船上插座是日标(110 V)。
本研究与中华人民共和国海事局合作开发了一种船舶生活污水的快速BOD检测仪,此检测仪能在30 min以内准确区分BOD在25 mg/L以上及25 mg/L以下的船舶生活污水。使用的新型包埋剂在混有海水的检测中也能维持稳定的检测性能。实验室重复性检测结果表明,除了分界线左右的BOD值存在误判的可能,其他浓度的BOD都显示出了测量结果的准确性,且重复性较好,表明该检测方法具有较高的检测精度。在中国河北秦皇岛的实际应用中,该仪器检测准确度大于85%,能够满足船舶生活污水中BOD快速测定的要求。
  • 青海省重点研发与转化项目(2024-SF-143)
  • 山东省生态环境厅生态环境标准制修订项目(37000000040200120220031)
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2025年第65卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240544
  • 接收时间:2024-09-02
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-02
  • 录用日期:2024-11-13
基金
Qinghai Province Key Research and Development and Transformation Project(2024-SF-143)
青海省重点研发与转化项目(2024-SF-143)
Environmental Standards Formulation and Revision Project of Shandong Province Ecological Environment Bureau(37000000040200120220031)
山东省生态环境厅生态环境标准制修订项目(37000000040200120220031)
作者信息
    1 青岛理工大学 环境与市政工程学院,山东 青岛
    2 玉树州生态环境监测站,青海 玉树

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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