Article(id=1226296960706069053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240151, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709913600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1717689600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-07, onlineDate=1770301578928, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1738598400000, pubDateStr=2025-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770301578928, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770301578928, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770301578928, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226296952975966478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='2', pageStart='421', pageEnd='861', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770301577085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770353593135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226515124169650204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226515124173844509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=655, endPage=670, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226296961163248228, articleId=1226296960706069053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of antibiotics and galacto-oligosaccharide on behaviors and neurotransmitters in rats, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) as prebiotics can regulate gut microbiota to improve brain development, whereas antibiotics can affect the nervous system by interfering with gut microbiota. The mechanisms of antibiotics and GOS in regulating brain neurotransmitters and animal behaviors remain unknown. [Objective] To investigate the effects of antibiotics and GOS on the behaviors and neurotransmitters in weaned Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. [Methods] Forty 3-week-old male SD rats were selected and assigned into four groups: control (CON, sterilized water), antibiotics (ABX), GOS (5 g/L), and antibiotics+GOS (AG). The antibiotics used in the experiment were composed of ampicillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, imipenem, and metronidazole. The experiment lasted for 16 days. [Results] The body weight of rats in the ABX group was lower than that in the GOS group (P<0.05), and the liver index in the ABX, GOS, and AG groups was lower than that in the CON group (P<0.05). Compared with the CON group, the ABX group showcased decreased phototaxis index (percentage of time in bright during bright-dark box test) and reduced times of self-grooming (P<0.05), and the GOS group had reduced times of self-grooming (P<0.05). The AG group had longer resting time in the open field than the other three groups (P<0.05) and shorter distance, shorter time, and slower movement than ABX and GOS groups (P<0.05). Compared with the CON group, the ABX group showcased elevated level of norepinephrine and lowered level of levodopa in the hippocampus (P<0.05). Compared with the CON group, the GOS and AG groups demonstrated elevated levels of norepinephrine and declined levels of levodopa and epinephrine (P<0.05). Compared with the CON group, the ABX and AG groups presented decreased microbial diversity (P<0.05), where Escherichia_Shigella became dominant. The Chao1 index in the GOS group was lower than that in the CON group (P<0.05). The dominant bacteria in the GOS group were Firmicutes and Bacteroidota. Compared with that in the ABX group, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus increased in the AG group (P<0.05). [Conclusion] ABX decreased anxiety-like behaviors compared with CON, while reducing levodopa and increasing norepinephrine in the hippocampus and enriching potentially pathogenic bacteria. GOS improved growth without influencing the behaviors of rats, and meanwhile it increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased levodopamine and norepinephrine in the hippocampus. The combined use of ABX and GOS decreased the locomotor activity and increased the anxiety-like behaviors of rats.

, correspAuthors=Long PAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuibing HAN, Xiaoying LIU, Ziyu LIU, Long PAN, Chunlong MU, Weiyun ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1226296962782249755, articleId=1226296960706069053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=抗生素和低聚半乳糖干预对大鼠行为和神经递质的影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

低聚半乳糖(galacto-oligosaccharides, GOS)作为益生元可以调节肠道菌群,改善大脑发育;相反,抗生素可以通过干扰肠道菌群影响神经系统。然而,抗生素和低聚半乳糖如何调节大脑神经递质及动物行为尚不清楚。 【目的】 以断奶SD (Sprague-Dawley, SD)大鼠为试验动物,探究抗生素和低聚半乳糖干预对动物行为和神经递质的影响。 【方法】 选取40只3周龄雄性SD大鼠,分为4组:对照组(CON组)、抗生素组(ABX组)、低聚半乳糖组(GOS组)和抗生素+低聚半乳糖组(AG组)。对照组饮用灭菌水,其余三组饮用含有抗生素、低聚半乳糖或抗生素+低聚半乳糖的灭菌水,其中低聚半乳糖浓度为5 g/L,抗生素由氨苄青霉素、万古霉素、盐酸环丙沙星、亚胺培南、甲硝唑组成,试验为期16 d。 【结果】 与GOS组相比,ABX组大鼠体重显著下降低(P<0.05);ABX、GOS、AG三组肝脏指数显著低于CON组(P<0.05);大鼠行为分析显示,与CON组相比,ABX组趋光性指数(明暗箱试验中明箱时间占比)和理毛次数显著降低(P<0.05),GOS组理毛次数显著低于CON组(P<0.05)。AG组在旷场的静止时间显著高于其他三组(P<0.05),运动距离、时间和运动速度显著低于ABX和GOS两组(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,ABX组海马体去甲肾上腺素的浓度显著增加,左旋多巴浓度显著降低(P<0.05);与CON组相比,含有低聚半乳糖的GOS和AG两组去甲肾上腺素浓度显著增加(P<0.05),而左旋多巴和肾上腺素浓度显著下降(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,ABX和AG组的微生物多样性下降(P<0.05),Escherichia_Shigella是ABX、AG两组的优势菌,GOS组的Chao1指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05),GOS组优势菌主要是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota);与ABX组相比,AG组乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)显著增加(P<0.05)。 【结论】 与对照组相比,抗生素会减少焦虑样行为,同时降低海马神经递质左旋多巴胺、增加去甲肾上腺素,并增加潜在致病菌;低聚半乳糖改善了大鼠生长,对大鼠行为无明显影响,但增加了Lactobacillus丰度,并减少海马左旋多巴胺和肾上腺素;联合使用抗生素和低聚半乳糖降低大鼠运动能力,增加焦虑样行为。

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作者贡献声明

韩水兵:试验设计、试验数据收集和分析、论文撰写等;刘晓英:试验和数据分析;刘子昱:试验和数据分析;潘龙:论文撰写和审核;慕春龙:试验方案设计、试验数据收集和协助分析以及论文修改;朱伟云:试验指导、论文审核修改等。

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Antibiotics create a shift from mutualism to competition in human gut communities with a longer-lasting impact on fungi than bacteria[J]. Microbiome, 2020, 8(1): 133., articleTitle=Antibiotics create a shift from mutualism to competition in human gut communities with a longer-lasting impact on fungi than bacteria, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226514039338090567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, awardId=2022YFD1300403, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1300403), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226514039455531082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, awardId=2022YFD1300403, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1300403), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226514039585554518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, awardId=31902166, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31902166), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226514039719772256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, awardId=31902166, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31902166), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226514031217918498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226514031238890022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, companyId=1226514031217918498, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and AnimalHealth, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science andTechnology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226514031243084327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, companyId=1226514031217918498, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南京农业大学 动物科技学院,消化道微生物研究室,江苏省消化道营养与动物健康重点实验,动物消化道营养国际联合研究中心,江苏 南京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226514036389495741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Animal testing and changes in body weight and organ indices in rats. A: Body weight change; B: Average daily weight gain; C: Heart index; D: Liver index; E: Spleen index; F: Brain index. All values are means±SEM. One-way ANOVA and Fisher's LSD test for multiple comparisons were performed. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01. CON: Control group; ABX: Antibiotics; GOS: Galacto-oligosaccharides; AG: Antibiotics+GOS group; See experimental design for content, the same below., figureFileSmall=fK1QUlN9+yrR9LXSQLFuCQ==, figureFileBig=vX4wwczW7eafIQ//45PjuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514036498547657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, language=CN, label=图1, caption=动物试验和大鼠体重、器官指数变化。A:体重变化;B:平均日增重;C:心脏指数;D:肝脏指数;E:脾脏指数;F:大脑指数。所有数值均为平均值±SEM,进行了单因素方差分析和费歇尔LSD检验的多重比较。星号表示差异具有统计学意义,*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01。CON:对照组;ABX:抗生素;GOS:低聚半乳糖;AG:抗生素+低聚半乳糖组;含量见试验设计,下同。, figureFileSmall=fK1QUlN9+yrR9LXSQLFuCQ==, figureFileBig=vX4wwczW7eafIQ//45PjuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514036687291349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effect of antibiotics and GOS on routine serum biochemical indices in rats. A: Aspartate aminotransferase, AST; B: Alanine aminotransferase, ALT; C: Glucose, GLU; D: Calcium, Ca; E: Urea; F: Hepatic vein glucose on day 16; G, H: Tail-tip vein glucose on day 4, day 9, respectively., figureFileSmall=QiR74w/QT2kXuCQSudX95w==, figureFileBig=7ISw5Li9B7/vexkLs5bFjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514036834092000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, language=CN, label=图2, caption=抗生素和低聚半乳糖对大鼠常规血清生化指标的影响。A:天冬氨酸氨基转移酶,AST;B:丙氨酸氨基转移酶,ALT;C:葡萄糖,GLU;D:钙,Ca;E:尿素,Urea;F:第16天肝静脉血糖;G、H:分别为第4天、第9天尾尖静脉血糖。, figureFileSmall=QiR74w/QT2kXuCQSudX95w==, figureFileBig=7ISw5Li9B7/vexkLs5bFjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514037039612908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Open field test. Pre-experiment: A: Total distance traveled; B: Average speed of movement. Formal experiment: C: Total distance traveled; D: Average moving speed; E: Exercise time; F: Resting time; G: Exercise heat map., figureFileSmall=MWENdoQMHGMsfyZzn023VA==, figureFileBig=FlsgFZYuaksOzFTlMvzJyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514037144470517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, language=CN, label=图3, caption=旷场试验。预试验:A:总移动距离;B:平均移动速度。正式试验:C:总移动距离;D:平均移动速度;E:运动时间;F:休息时间;G:运动热图。, figureFileSmall=MWENdoQMHGMsfyZzn023VA==, figureFileBig=FlsgFZYuaksOzFTlMvzJyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514038511813630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Light and dark box tests. Pre-experiment: A: Crossing frequency; B: Phototropic index. Formal test: C: Crossing frequency; D: Phototropic index; Three-box socialization test-E: Self-grooming frequency; F: Self-grooming time; G: Socialization index; H: Social preference index., figureFileSmall=voS2GHD7EIXnSN6ozyqlWQ==, figureFileBig=7TAdaXTGH6sNjVu5NI/z1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514038591504392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, language=CN, label=图4, caption=明暗箱试验。预试验:A:穿越频率;B:趋光性指数。正式试验:C:穿越频率;D:趋光性指数;三箱社交测试-E:理毛频率;F:理毛时间;G:社交指数;H:社会偏好指数。, figureFileSmall=voS2GHD7EIXnSN6ozyqlWQ==, figureFileBig=7TAdaXTGH6sNjVu5NI/z1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514038717333518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Hippocampal neurotransmitters. A: Tyrosine; B: Tyramine; C: Levodopa; D: Norepinephrine; E: Epinephrine; F: Acetylcholine., figureFileSmall=Nm5iOv6QkSqRYUNpyZ9jBQ==, figureFileBig=tZutijx4t5t/0Gdy6x89qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514038830579738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, language=CN, label=图5, caption=海马体神经递质。A:酪氨酸;B:酪胺;C:左旋多巴;D:去甲肾上腺素;E:肾上腺素;F:乙酰胆碱。, figureFileSmall=Nm5iOv6QkSqRYUNpyZ9jBQ==, figureFileBig=tZutijx4t5t/0Gdy6x89qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514038973186087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960706069053, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=16S rRNA gene sequencing of colonic microorganisms. 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抗生素和低聚半乳糖干预对大鼠行为和神经递质的影响
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韩水兵 , 刘晓英 , 刘子昱 , 潘龙 * , 慕春龙 , 朱伟云
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(2): 655-670
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(2): 655-670
抗生素和低聚半乳糖干预对大鼠行为和神经递质的影响
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韩水兵, 刘晓英, 刘子昱, 潘龙* , 慕春龙, 朱伟云
作者信息
  • 南京农业大学 动物科技学院,消化道微生物研究室,江苏省消化道营养与动物健康重点实验,动物消化道营养国际联合研究中心,江苏 南京
Effects of antibiotics and galacto-oligosaccharide on behaviors and neurotransmitters in rats
Shuibing HAN, Xiaoying LIU, Ziyu LIU, Long PAN* , Chunlong MU, Weiyun ZHU
Affiliations
  • Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and AnimalHealth, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science andTechnology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2025-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240151
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低聚半乳糖(galacto-oligosaccharides, GOS)作为益生元可以调节肠道菌群,改善大脑发育;相反,抗生素可以通过干扰肠道菌群影响神经系统。然而,抗生素和低聚半乳糖如何调节大脑神经递质及动物行为尚不清楚。 【目的】 以断奶SD (Sprague-Dawley, SD)大鼠为试验动物,探究抗生素和低聚半乳糖干预对动物行为和神经递质的影响。 【方法】 选取40只3周龄雄性SD大鼠,分为4组:对照组(CON组)、抗生素组(ABX组)、低聚半乳糖组(GOS组)和抗生素+低聚半乳糖组(AG组)。对照组饮用灭菌水,其余三组饮用含有抗生素、低聚半乳糖或抗生素+低聚半乳糖的灭菌水,其中低聚半乳糖浓度为5 g/L,抗生素由氨苄青霉素、万古霉素、盐酸环丙沙星、亚胺培南、甲硝唑组成,试验为期16 d。 【结果】 与GOS组相比,ABX组大鼠体重显著下降低(P<0.05);ABX、GOS、AG三组肝脏指数显著低于CON组(P<0.05);大鼠行为分析显示,与CON组相比,ABX组趋光性指数(明暗箱试验中明箱时间占比)和理毛次数显著降低(P<0.05),GOS组理毛次数显著低于CON组(P<0.05)。AG组在旷场的静止时间显著高于其他三组(P<0.05),运动距离、时间和运动速度显著低于ABX和GOS两组(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,ABX组海马体去甲肾上腺素的浓度显著增加,左旋多巴浓度显著降低(P<0.05);与CON组相比,含有低聚半乳糖的GOS和AG两组去甲肾上腺素浓度显著增加(P<0.05),而左旋多巴和肾上腺素浓度显著下降(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,ABX和AG组的微生物多样性下降(P<0.05),Escherichia_Shigella是ABX、AG两组的优势菌,GOS组的Chao1指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05),GOS组优势菌主要是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota);与ABX组相比,AG组乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)显著增加(P<0.05)。 【结论】 与对照组相比,抗生素会减少焦虑样行为,同时降低海马神经递质左旋多巴胺、增加去甲肾上腺素,并增加潜在致病菌;低聚半乳糖改善了大鼠生长,对大鼠行为无明显影响,但增加了Lactobacillus丰度,并减少海马左旋多巴胺和肾上腺素;联合使用抗生素和低聚半乳糖降低大鼠运动能力,增加焦虑样行为。

抗生素  /  低聚半乳糖  /  肠道微生物  /  社交行为  /  神经递质

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) as prebiotics can regulate gut microbiota to improve brain development, whereas antibiotics can affect the nervous system by interfering with gut microbiota. The mechanisms of antibiotics and GOS in regulating brain neurotransmitters and animal behaviors remain unknown. [Objective] To investigate the effects of antibiotics and GOS on the behaviors and neurotransmitters in weaned Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. [Methods] Forty 3-week-old male SD rats were selected and assigned into four groups: control (CON, sterilized water), antibiotics (ABX), GOS (5 g/L), and antibiotics+GOS (AG). The antibiotics used in the experiment were composed of ampicillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, imipenem, and metronidazole. The experiment lasted for 16 days. [Results] The body weight of rats in the ABX group was lower than that in the GOS group (P<0.05), and the liver index in the ABX, GOS, and AG groups was lower than that in the CON group (P<0.05). Compared with the CON group, the ABX group showcased decreased phototaxis index (percentage of time in bright during bright-dark box test) and reduced times of self-grooming (P<0.05), and the GOS group had reduced times of self-grooming (P<0.05). The AG group had longer resting time in the open field than the other three groups (P<0.05) and shorter distance, shorter time, and slower movement than ABX and GOS groups (P<0.05). Compared with the CON group, the ABX group showcased elevated level of norepinephrine and lowered level of levodopa in the hippocampus (P<0.05). Compared with the CON group, the GOS and AG groups demonstrated elevated levels of norepinephrine and declined levels of levodopa and epinephrine (P<0.05). Compared with the CON group, the ABX and AG groups presented decreased microbial diversity (P<0.05), where Escherichia_Shigella became dominant. The Chao1 index in the GOS group was lower than that in the CON group (P<0.05). The dominant bacteria in the GOS group were Firmicutes and Bacteroidota. Compared with that in the ABX group, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus increased in the AG group (P<0.05). [Conclusion] ABX decreased anxiety-like behaviors compared with CON, while reducing levodopa and increasing norepinephrine in the hippocampus and enriching potentially pathogenic bacteria. GOS improved growth without influencing the behaviors of rats, and meanwhile it increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased levodopamine and norepinephrine in the hippocampus. The combined use of ABX and GOS decreased the locomotor activity and increased the anxiety-like behaviors of rats.

antibiotics  /  galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)  /  gut microbiota  /  social behavior  /  neurotransmitters
韩水兵, 刘晓英, 刘子昱, 潘龙, 慕春龙, 朱伟云. 抗生素和低聚半乳糖干预对大鼠行为和神经递质的影响. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (2) : 655 -670 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240151
Shuibing HAN, Xiaoying LIU, Ziyu LIU, Long PAN, Chunlong MU, Weiyun ZHU. Effects of antibiotics and galacto-oligosaccharide on behaviors and neurotransmitters in rats[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (2) : 655 -670 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240151
低聚半乳糖是一种复杂的碳水化合物,能够到达后肠,并诱导后肠碳水化合物降解菌的丰度改变[1],从而增加有益菌(如乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌)的相对丰度[2]。因此,低聚半乳糖常被作为一种益生元物质广泛使用。Mcevy等和Arnold等发现膳食中补充低聚半乳糖可以改变微生物结构和宿主基因表达,主要表现为糖酵解菌(拟杆菌和乳酸杆菌)的丰度增加,并伴随肠道屏障功能的改善[3-4],但低聚半乳糖对动物行为的影响尚不清楚。相反,抗生素能够影响肠道菌群结构。大量研究发现,抗生素引起的菌群紊乱会通过微生物-肠-脑轴影响行为[5],还可以通过影响神经系统导致其他神经疾病的发生[6]。目前,关于抗生素与低聚半乳糖的研究主要聚焦于成年动物,而对于动物早期阶段的相关研究尚显不足。至于低聚半乳糖是否能有效缓解断奶大鼠因菌群紊乱所导致的神经化学及行为变化,目前尚缺乏明确结论。
抗生素和低聚半乳糖常被添加在饲料或者动物饮水中,用来治疗和预防动物疾病。抗生素和低聚半乳糖首先进入胃肠道,调节肠道生理功能。胃肠道的微生物种类复杂[7],基因组数量庞大[8-9]。大量研究表明,抗生素和低聚半乳糖参与胃肠道微生物组成的调节。例如,研究发现经过低聚半乳糖和低聚果糖(fructooligosaccharides, FOS) 2种益生元联合治疗后,小鼠肠道中阿克曼氏菌属(Akkermansia)和拟杆菌属丰度增加,同时大肠中短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs)含量上升,血浆色氨酸水平降低[10]。据此推测,低聚半乳糖可能通过增加SCFAs来减少抑郁样和焦虑样行为。无菌动物、抗生素干预[11]和益生菌干预是试验中调控微生物群的主要手段,常用于研究微生物-肠-脑轴的双向信号在神经疾病中的调节机制(如自闭症谱系障碍[12]、帕金森病[13]、癫痫[14]等)中的调节机制,以及肠道疾病与肠道微生物的关系等。研究表明,抗生素和低聚半乳糖通过微生物介导的途径参与神经炎症免疫激活、迷走神经信号传导[15]、血清素的调节[16],以及具有神经活性潜能代谢物的产生,进一步影响神经行为。
为了研究早期肠道菌群改变与动物神经行为变化之间的关系,本研究选用断奶的SD (Sprague-Dawley)大鼠作为试验对象。在断奶1周后,这些大鼠饮用含低聚半乳糖和抗生素的灭菌水,通过分析大鼠的社交行为、运动行为和焦虑行为,并结合海马神经递质分析,旨在阐明低聚半乳糖和抗生素干预对大鼠行为表现以及神经递质合成产生的影响。
试验动物购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,共40只雄性3周龄SD大鼠,于南京农业大学动物医学院试验动物中心饲养,适应1周后按体重平均分配到4个组。(1) CON组;(2) ABX组,包含氨苄青霉素1 g/L、万古霉素500 mg/L、盐酸环丙沙星20 mg/L、亚胺培南250 mg/L、甲硝唑1 g/L,选用多种类型抗生素[17]减少肠道微生物[18],浓度参考Hoban等[19]的方案,并根据Wong等[20]的方案做了试验时间的调整;(3) GOS组,包括低聚半乳糖5 g/L,参考Hong等[21]结果,该浓度与母乳和配方奶粉中浓度大致接近[22];(4) AG组,包括氨苄青霉素1 g/L、万古霉素500 mg/L、盐酸环丙沙星20 mg/L、亚胺培南250 mg/L、甲硝唑1 g/L、低聚半乳糖5 g/L,均溶解于灭菌水中,大鼠自由饮用,饲料为协同生物试验鼠维持饲料(江苏省协同医药生物工程有限责任公司)。试验期为16 d,试验期间测定大鼠的体重,分别在第4天、第9天使用血糖仪测定尾尖静脉血糖,并在试验中进行行为试验测定,动物试验获得南京农业大试验动物福利与伦理委员会审批许可(审核编号:NJAU.No 20211129181)。
在第1天和第13天进行旷场测试。旷场测试是一种评估啮齿动物运动能力和焦虑水平的技术手段,广泛应用于精神疾病药物研发,动物在24 h内有其活动周期,试验均在白天(12 h内)进行。测试使用白色中空板制作的60 cm×60 cm×40 cm的旷场试验箱,在安静自然光照条件下,试验前使用酒精喷洒并用纸巾擦拭试验箱,确保干净无异味,大鼠提前放于试验箱适应一段时间。将大鼠置于旷场试验箱中心,在安静环境下采集10 min行为视频[19],使用Ethovision软件对动物行为进行分析。
试验在第2天和第12天进行,采用2个50 cm×50 cm×30 cm的试验箱(黑色和白色)连接组成,中间隔板开一扇门,允许大鼠自由通过,暗箱用盖板遮光,允许大鼠适应10 min。然后将大鼠放置在明箱中央,在安静环境下采集第2天和第12天的视频进行行为分析。
试验在第3天和第13天进行,三室是由3个60 cm×40 cm×40 cm的矩形盒子组成,中间两块透明隔板,底部各有一扇门允许大鼠通过,两边的盒子放各放一铁丝网小笼,试验主要分3个阶段。第一阶段适应期:测试大鼠放于中间盒子10 min,此时小门关闭记录大鼠理毛行为;第二阶段社交测试:一侧的小笼放入一只陌生大鼠1,另一侧小笼空置,小门打开使大鼠自由探索10 min;第三阶段社交偏好测试:在第二阶段空置的小笼放入陌生大鼠2,让中间测试大鼠自由探索10 min,采集每个阶段录制的视频进行分析。
在第16天试验结束后,采用二氧化碳麻醉,然后断颈处死,在肝静脉使用针管抽取血液,用于测定血糖浓度,剩余血液静置1-2 h后,以3 000 r/min离心15 min,吸取上层血清并保存于-80 ℃冰箱中,收集大鼠器官组织样品称重,并采集部分样品进行保存,对海马体组织样品于冰上采集后,立即于-80 ℃冰箱保存。
使用血糖仪[雅培贸易(上海)有限公司]测定静脉血糖浓度,于肝静脉采集的血液经离心后取部分血清,使用AU5800全自动生化分析仪(Beckman Coulter有限公司)测定血清生化指标。
使用EZNA® DNA粪便试剂盒(Omega Bio-Tek公司)提取结肠食糜DNA,使用引物515F (5′-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGG-3′)和907R (5′-CCGTCAATTCMTTTRAGTTT-3′),通过PCR扩增细菌16S rRNA基因的V4-V5区域。PCR反应体系(20 μL):5×FastPfu缓冲液4 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 μL,上、下游引物(5 μmmol/L)各0.8 μL,FastPfu聚合酶(5 U/μL) 0.4 μL,模板DNA 10 ng,ddH2O补足20 μL。PCR反应条件:95 °C 2 min;95 °C 30 s,55 °C 30 s,72 °C 30 s,共25个循环;72 °C延伸 5 min。使用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定PCR产物,然后对扩增产物进行免疫荧光定量,将扩增得到的产物用于文库构建和测序,对测序数据进筛选,使用QIIME 2软件对高质量测序数据进行分析,利用RDP分类器(http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/)分析每个16S rRNA基因序列(此处称为amplicon sequence variant, ASV)。与Silva (SSU132) 16S rRNA基因数据库比对,获得相关微生物丰度注释表和序列。最后通过MicrobiomeAnalyst (https://www.microbiomeanalyst.ca/)在线分析平台进行数据处理,将得到的数据进行分析作图。
海马体神经递质采用Xu等[23]的测定方法:使用高效液相色谱和质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)方法,并优化色谱分离时间等参数,以此提高检测的灵敏度,进而提高神经递质测定的准确性,该方法用于测定海马体中酪氨酸(tyrosine, Tyr)、酪胺(tyramine, TyrA)、左旋多巴(levodopa, DOPA)、去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine, NE)、肾上腺素(epinephrine, E)、乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine, Ach)的含量。
数据经过Excel计算整理后,使用GraphPad Prism 9软件进行数据分析和可视化,分析方法采用单因素方差分析,LSD法进行事后多重比较,使用Kruskal-Wallis检验对细菌相对丰度进行分析,P<0.01 (**)表示差异极显著,P<0.05 (*)表示差异显著,为了显示具有显著差异趋势结果,将0.05<P<0.1的数据在图中标注具体P值。
抗生素和低聚半乳糖对断奶大鼠体重和器官指数的影响如图1所示。在整个试验期间,GOS组大鼠体重高于其他三组,ABX组大鼠体重显著低于GOS组(P<0.05,图1A);与CON组相比,ABX组大鼠的平均日增重有降低趋势(P=0.07,图1B)。抗生素和低聚半乳糖对心脏、脾脏指数无显著影响(图1C1E)。与CON组相比,ABX、GOS、AG三组的肝脏指数均显著降低(P<0.05,图1D)。GOS组大脑指数有低于ABX组的趋势(P=0.07,图1F)。
血清生化测定结果显示(图2A-2E),抗生素和低聚半乳糖处理对血清中天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、葡萄糖(glucose, GLU)、钙(calcium, Ca)和尿素(urea)无明显影响,抗生素和低聚半乳糖对第9天尾尖静脉血糖和第16天肝静脉血糖无显著影响(图2F2H),仅在第4天时,相比于CON组,其他三组处理使得血糖有下降趋势(0.05<P<0.1,图2G)。
在试验第1天发现,4个组之间的运动距离和平均运动速度均无显著差异(图3A3B)。经过抗生素和低聚半乳糖处理后11 d时,行为分析数据分析显示,与CON组比较,ABX、GOS、AG三组运动距离、平均速度、运动时间均无差异(图3C-3E),但是联合使用抗生素和低聚半乳糖的AG组运动距离、平均速度、运动时间都显著低于ABX组和GOS组的大鼠(图3C-3EP<0.05)。另外AG组大鼠的静止休息时间明显低于其他三组(图3FP<0.05),大鼠的移动热图也可以看到AG组大鼠多停留在角落(图3G)。
明暗箱试验中,试验处理的第2天发现,各组大鼠穿越明暗箱的频率和趋光性指数(大鼠停留在明箱和暗箱的时间比值)无显著的差异(P>0.05,图4A4B)。在试验第12天,与CON组相比,ABX组的趋光性指数、理毛次数显著降低(P<0.05,图4D4E),穿越明暗箱无显著差异;与CON组相比,GOS组理毛次数下降(P<0.05,图4E),理毛的时间未见显著变化(P>0.05,图4F);与CON、GOS组相比,AG组穿越频率和趋光性指数也发生了显著降低(P<0.05,图4C4D)。大鼠更偏向于有大鼠或者已熟悉大鼠的箱室,而不是无大鼠的箱室。在社交测试中,社交指数(测试大鼠接触大鼠箱室和空箱室时间比值)在各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05,图4G4H)。
大鼠海马体神经递质测定结果显示,ABX组和低聚半乳糖处理组对酪氨酸均无明显的影响(P>0.05,图5A)。与CON组相比,GOS组酪胺浓度呈下降的趋势(0.05<P<0.1,图5B);与CON组相比,ABX、GOS、AG三组处理显著降低了海马体中左旋多巴含量(P<0.05,图5C),显著提高了海马体去甲肾上腺素含量(P<0.05,图5D)。与CON组相比,GOS组和AG组肾上腺素水平明显降低(P<0.05,图5E)抗生素对海马体肾上腺素和乙酰胆碱的浓度无明显影响。与ABX组相比,低聚半乳糖有降低海马体中乙酰胆碱的浓度的趋势(P=0.08,图5F)。
对16S rRNA基因测序结果进行分析显示,与CON组相比,含抗生素的ABX组和AG组Chao1指数、Shannon指数(图6A6B)显著下降(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,GOS组Chao1指数显著降低,Shannon指数无显著影响(图6A6B)。非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)结果显示,与CON组相比,ABX组、AG组微生物组成发生了变化,而GOS组微生物组成未分开(图6C)。在门水平上,Firmicutes是CON组优势菌门,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是ABX组、AG组的优势菌,GOS组优势菌门主要是Firmicutes和Bacteroidota (图6D);属水平上,选出丰度前20的菌属(图6E6F),含抗生素的两组埃希氏菌属(Escherichia_Shigella)显著高于CON组,与ABX组相比,AG组Lactobacillus丰度显著升高(图6EP<0.05)。
在本研究中,相较于GOS组,抗生素降低了大鼠体重和日增重,同时降低肝脏器官指数;低聚半乳糖则增加了大鼠的体重,并降低了大鼠的肝脏指数。研究发现,大鼠摄入的食物在肠胃中吸收消化不完全,会导致其体重下降[24],食物通过咀嚼、消化酶等分解消化以及肠道的蠕动等运动,在肠胃中被吸收,而抗生素和低聚半乳糖不会改变大鼠的采食量[25]。在Ge等[26]的研究中,接受抗生素治疗的小鼠展现出更重的盲肠组织和粪便,说明抗生素可能影响肠道的蠕动和吸收,因此推测抗生素和低聚半乳糖可能会影响肠道的营养代谢吸收,进而改变大鼠的生长和体重。在血清生化指标中,抗生素对肝功能指标丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)无显著影响,表明抗生素可能是通过改变营养素的利用和代谢,进而影响器官的重量。Silva等[27]研究发现,低聚半乳糖通过调节肠道菌群平衡,降低胰岛素抵抗、甘油三酯和胆固醇[28]。这些结果表明,低聚半乳糖可能通过减少脂肪生成来降低肝脏重量。
抗生素和低聚半乳糖对葡萄糖代谢的影响较弱。Canfora等[29]通过在饮食中添加低聚半乳糖干预肥胖人群,并未观察到空腹血糖、胰岛素、甘油以及脂多糖结合蛋白或其他炎症标志物的明显改变。在本试验中,测定肝静脉血糖时由于未对大鼠进行空腹处理,结果可能受到了大鼠采食时间的影响,因此并未观察到有明显改变。此外,在第4天时,ABX组和GOS组大鼠的尾尖血液葡萄糖浓度都呈现出降低趋势,可能是因为大鼠处于适应抗生素和低聚半乳糖的时期,肠道对碳水化合物的吸收发生了改变,同时低聚半乳糖也能够影响微生物和肠道对糖的代谢。以上结果表明,抗生素和低聚半乳糖都会导致肠道菌群的改变,进而影响消化代谢,最终影响大鼠的肝脏和机体代谢。
本研究结果显示,抗生素和低聚半乳糖都具有一定的抗焦虑作用。相较于抗生素和低聚半乳糖的单独效应,联合使用这两者显著降低了大鼠的运动距离和运动速度,而在明暗箱试验中,仅抗生素组表现了对光暴露区域的回避行为,这提示抗生素可能会导致大鼠对光敏感性的改变。同时,抗生素和低聚半乳糖均降低了大鼠的理毛频率,表明它们具有一定的抗焦虑样行为作用。Desbonnet等[30]发现,长期抗生素治疗导致小鼠肠道微生物缺失,焦虑样行为减少,但伴有社交行为的缺陷,这可能与抗生素的种类、作用时间长短等因素有关。然而,在本研究的三箱测试中,并未观察到抗生素和低聚半乳糖对大鼠社交行为产生显著影响,这与Champagne-Jorgensen等[31]的研究结果一致。Perez-Burgos等[32]研究发现,补充低聚半乳糖和益生菌鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus) JB-1可以逆转长期抗生素治疗导致的焦虑样行为和认知行为的改善,但短期内效果并无明显差异。尽管目前已有研究表明抗生素会导致社交行为缺陷[5],而低聚半乳糖有助于社交行为的增加[33],但本实验并未发现这些结果,原因可能有两方面,一方面,本实验的处理时间较短,从而抗生素组大鼠社交行为略有降低,与抗生素组和GOS联合组相比,低聚半乳糖可能通过增加乳酸菌(例双歧杆菌)的数量来缓解抗生素诱导的社交行为减少。另一方面,断奶大鼠的神经系统处于发育期间,其社交行为在这段时间内可能无法明显体现[34]。以上结果表明,抗生素和低聚半乳糖对大鼠社交行为的影响与作用时间有关,这还需要进行更多的研究。
抗生素和低聚半乳糖可能通过改变肠道微生物,进而影响机体功能。本研究结果显示,抗生素和低聚半乳糖增加了大鼠海马体中的去甲肾上腺素。有研究表明,微生物和植物体内含有的去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺含量通常高于动物体内[35-36],但细菌产生的神经递质能否穿越血脑屏障进入中枢神经系统,目前尚不确定。肠道微生物来源的神经递质可能通过刺激外周神经系统,经迷走神经传递信息到中枢神经系统,从而影响大脑功能。同时,本研究还发现,低聚半乳糖降低了肾上腺素含量,而并未改变酪氨酸和酪胺的含量。Nankova等研究显示,细菌产生的短链脂肪酸能够上调酪氨酸羟化酶的表达,酪氨酸羟化酶是调节去甲肾上腺素合成的关键限速酶[37],这与本试验结果相似,即短链脂肪酸可能促进去甲肾上腺素的合成。然而,目前关于短链脂肪酸在大脑中浓度及其功能调节的研究仍然匮乏[38]。此外,大脑各个部分协同完成各项功能,还需要更多关于微生物代谢物与大脑功能之间关系的数据来进一步证实。
抗生素和低聚半乳都可以影响胃肠道微生物群落[39],进而对肠-脑轴的形态和功能发育产生影响[40-41]。本研究发现,抗生素和低聚半乳糖均降低了结肠微生物的多样性。在属水平上,抗生素增加了潜在致病菌Escherichia_Shigella的丰度,而低聚半乳糖则增加了有益菌Lactobacillus的丰度。肠道微生物可以通过肠道迷走神经和微生物代谢物这两条途径和中枢神经进行交流[42-43]。例如,抗生素诱导潜在致病菌的增加,可能导致炎症的产生,而炎症因子诱导的神经炎症会影响中枢神经系统的行为改变。相反,低聚半乳糖可以诱导双歧杆菌丰度的增加[2]。当肠道发生炎症时,迷走神经会被激活,而迷走神经的活性也会对肠道内的有益微生物产生积极影响[43]。低聚半乳糖通过细菌的无氧发酵产生短链脂肪酸[44],这些短链脂肪酸是调节肠道和大脑中枢神经系统的重要代谢物,能够有效减少炎症的发生[45-46]。低聚半乳糖诱导肠道益生菌的增加,有助于机体免疫细胞吞噬作用增强和抗炎因子IL-10的含量增加,同时减少促炎细胞因子(IL-6、IL-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α)的产生[47]。此外,低聚半乳糖还能增加短链脂肪酸的产生,从而减少神经炎症的发生,对中枢神经系统产生有益影响。Seelbinder等[48]研究发现,抗生素对中等丰度的细菌物种影响最大,且对肠道真菌的影响比肠道细菌更加持久;另外,短期使用环丙沙星和甲硝唑治疗大鼠增加了大脑中五羟色胺(5-HT)的含量[24],这可能是大鼠焦虑样行为减少的原因。
综上所述,使用抗生素和低聚半乳糖对大鼠进行治疗干预时,抗生素会减少大鼠的焦虑样行为,同时降低海马神经递质左旋多巴胺的含量,增加去甲肾上腺素的含量,并增加潜在致病菌的丰度;而低聚半乳糖能够改善大鼠的生长状况,对大鼠行为无明显影响,但会增加Lactobacillus的丰度,并伴减少左旋多巴胺和肾上腺素的含量。此外,联合使用抗生素和低聚半乳糖也会降低大鼠运动能力,增加焦虑抑郁样行为。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1300403)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31902166)
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2025年第65卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240151
  • 接收时间:2024-03-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-09
  • 录用日期:2024-06-07
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National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1300403)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1300403)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31902166)
国家自然科学基金(31902166)
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    南京农业大学 动物科技学院,消化道微生物研究室,江苏省消化道营养与动物健康重点实验,动物消化道营养国际联合研究中心,江苏 南京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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