Article(id=1226296960265667108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240386, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1731600000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-15, onlineDate=1770301578823, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1738598400000, pubDateStr=2025-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770301578823, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770301578823, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770301578823, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226296952975966478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='2', pageStart='421', pageEnd='861', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770301577085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770353593135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226515124169650204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226515124173844509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=796, endPage=807, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226296960647348788, articleId=1226296960265667108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Epidemiology of Acheta domesticus densovirus and cricket iridovirus in China, columnId=1226236834313847103, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Data Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Acheta domesticus densovirus (AdDV) was first isolated from infected crickets in Switzerland, 1977 and caused several outbreaks in Europe and the United States. Cricket iridovirus (CrIV), first identified in the Netherlands in 1996, caused a high mortality rate, reduced the fertility, and shortened the life span of infected crickets. The house cricket (Acheta domesticus), was originated from south west Asia and introduced into China as food for reptile pets in recent decades. AdDV and CrIV are common pathogenic viruses that infect house crickets. Unveiling the virus epidemics of house crickets becomes increasingly important with the development of the house cricket industry. [Objective] To understand the epidemic status of AdDV and CrIV in China, so as to lay a theoretical basis for controlling AdDV and CrIV infections in the house cricket industry and developing effective prevention and control measures. [Methods] Virus-specific PCR was performed to detect pathogens of the crickets reared in farms spanning different regions of China. The pathogens of the infected crickets were further proved by Sanger sequencing. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe the virions in different tissue samples (e.g., gut and fat body) of the infected crickets. [Results] AdDV virions were icosahedral-shaped particles, nearly spherical, without envelope, with a diameter around 20 nm. It formed dense chromatin regions in the nucleus of the host cell, showing typical features of densovirus. CrIV virions were nonenveloped icosahedral-shaped particles with a diameter of 120-140 nm. A large number of CrIV virions formed a lattice-like arrangement in the cytoplasm, which is a typical feature of iridovirus. The virus-specific PCR detected AdDV in crickets collected from all the on-line shops distributed in different regions of China. CrIV was also detected in crickets collected from most (91%) of the on-line shops. The majority (91%) of detected crickets were infected with both AdDV and CrIV. [Conclusion] For the first time AdDV and CrIV were found to have been widely spread in China.

, correspAuthors=Hong YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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蟋蟀浓核病毒(Acheta domesticus densovirus, AdDV)于1977年在瑞士首次被分离得到,在欧洲与美国曾多次引发疫情。蟋蟀虹彩病毒(cricket iridovirus, CrIV)于1996年在荷兰首次被发现,患病蟋蟀出现死亡率升高、繁殖力降低和寿命缩短的现象。家蟋蟀(Acheta domesticus)原产于西南亚,近几十年来作为爬宠食物引入我国。AdDV与CrIV是家蟋蟀常见的病原体,随着我国家蟋蟀繁育设施的不断完善与宠物市场规模的日益扩大,对家蟋蟀病原的研究愈发重要。 【目的】 了解AdDV与CrIV在我国的传播与流行现状,为控制病毒性病原体给家蟋蟀养殖业带来的危害,以及研发出有效的防治策略奠定理论基础。 【方法】 广泛收集国内不同地区人工养殖的家蟋蟀,进行病毒特异的PCR检测,经Sanger测序进一步确证患病蟋蟀的病毒病原体,同时对患病蟋蟀中肠、脂肪体等组织进行透射电镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM)观察,确定病毒粒子的形态特征。 【结果】 AdDV病毒粒子为二十面体,近似球形,无囊膜,直径约20 nm,且在宿主细胞核内形成致密的染色质区,呈现典型的浓核病毒特征;CrIV病毒粒子呈二十面体,无囊膜,直径120-140 nm,在细胞质内形成类似晶格状的排列,呈现典型的虹彩病毒特征。病毒特异基因PCR检测发现,我国不同地区的家蟋蟀均能检出AdDV病毒,而绝大多数地区的家蟋蟀能检出CrIV病毒(91%)。已检测家蟋蟀中同时携带AdDV和CrIV病毒粒子的比率高达91%。 【结论】 本研究发现AdDV与CrIV已在我国蟋蟀养殖业中广泛流行。

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Structure, 1998, 6(11): 1355-1367., articleTitle=The structure of an insect parvovirus (Galleria mellonella densovirus) at 3.7 Å resolution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514048586531245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960265667108, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=112, issue=null, pageStart=S68, pageEnd=S74, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=40, authorNames=BURAND JP, HUNTER WB, journalName=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BURAND JP, HUNTER WB. RNAi: future in insect management[J]. 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A: The morphology of crickets; B: PCR amplification of crickets XS1, XS2 18S rRNA gene (Lane M: 100 bp Plus DNA Marker; Lanes 1, 2: Crickets XS1, XS2 DNA; Lane 3: Negative control); C: The abdominal cavity of healthy cricket;D: The abdominal cavity of infected cricket (the blue arrows show tissues with iridescence)., figureFileSmall=iM8KMI9LHpztNcpbLqPBuQ==, figureFileBig=XHFUonSDGyMmmVFJGJCjHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039338090566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960265667108, language=CN, label=图1, caption=蟋蟀的形态、鉴定及组织病理观察。A:蟋蟀的形态;B:蟋蟀样品XS1、XS2 18S rRNA基因的PCR扩增(泳道M:100 bp Plus DNA Marker;泳道1、2:蟋蟀XS1、XS2 DNA;泳道3:阴性对照);C:健康蟋蟀的腹腔;D:感病蟋蟀的腹腔(蓝色箭头所示组织呈现虹彩)。, figureFileSmall=iM8KMI9LHpztNcpbLqPBuQ==, figureFileBig=XHFUonSDGyMmmVFJGJCjHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039489085518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960265667108, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=PCR amplification of viral genes in cricket samples XS1 and XS2. Lane M: 100 bp Plus DNA Marker; Lanes 1, 4, 7: XS1; Lanes 2, 5, 8: XS2; Lanes 3, 6, 9: Negative control., figureFileSmall=dfWMDaHlxHio+5fVmU54sw==, figureFileBig=MSE5NL98EG2Ki3i36nzQzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039606526042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960265667108, language=CN, label=图2, caption=蟋蟀样品XS1XS2中病毒基因的PCR扩增。泳道M:100 bp Plus DNA Marker;泳道1、4、7:XS1;泳道2、5、8:XS2;泳道3、6、9:阴性对照。, figureFileSmall=dfWMDaHlxHio+5fVmU54sw==, figureFileBig=MSE5NL98EG2Ki3i36nzQzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039723966560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960265667108, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Observation of the midgut and surrounding tissues of infected cricket XS1 with transmission electron microscope. A, C: There were many dense virogenic stroma (VS) in the nuclei of infected cricket midgut and surrounding tissue cells (scale bar: 5 μm) (N: Nucleus); B, D: The enlargement of black frames of A and C (VS: Virogenic stroma). The scale bar of B is 2 μm, the scale bar of D is 200 nm. Arrows in D show AdDV virus particles., figureFileSmall=pa2FtEv0r+NN5RzGMisb2g==, figureFileBig=exLTIUZPEr97TQQUIaHhjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039887544426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960265667108, language=CN, label=图3, caption=患病蟋蟀XS1中肠及其周围组织的透射电镜观察。A、C:患病蟋蟀中肠感染细胞的细胞核中出现很多电子致密的病毒发生基质(VS) (比例尺为5 μm) (N:细胞核);B、D:A、C图中黑框区域的局部放大,显示细胞核中电子致密的病毒发生基质(VS:病毒发生基质)。B图比例尺为2 μm,D图比例尺为 200 nm,D图箭头所指为AdDV病毒粒子。, figureFileSmall=pa2FtEv0r+NN5RzGMisb2g==, figureFileBig=exLTIUZPEr97TQQUIaHhjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514040013373553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960265667108, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Observation of the fat body of infected cricket XS1 with transmission electron microscope. A: The fat body tissues of infected cricket XS1 (scale bar: 5 μm); B: The enlargement of the black frame of A (scale bar: 200 nm). Arrows show CrIV virus particles., figureFileSmall=w6POhmBA3I1TPg7kwZMLLg==, figureFileBig=LupCmcf0n81t7jwOJr4gew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514040176951417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960265667108, language=CN, label=图4, caption=患病蟋蟀XS1脂肪体组织的透射电镜观察。A:患病蟋蟀XS1的脂肪体组织(比例尺为5 μm);B:图A黑框区域的放大(比例尺为200 nm)。箭头所指为CrIV病毒粒子。, figureFileSmall=w6POhmBA3I1TPg7kwZMLLg==, figureFileBig=LupCmcf0n81t7jwOJr4gew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514040277614719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960265667108, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

PCR primers used to screen specific cricket viruses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Virus targetGene targetPrimersPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Amplicon size (bp)References

Acheta domesticus densovirus

(AdDV)-ssDNA

Capsid proteinAdvp2-FCGTAACCCGGATTATCT304[3]
Advp-RGGTCTTGCTACTCTAAATC

Acheta domesticus virus

(AdV)-ssDNA

Capsid proteinAdVFCAGCCATTCCTAATCCAGG356[21]
AdVRGTGTGCACGCACAATGGG

Cricket iridovirus

(CrIV)-dsDNA

Major capsid proteinCrIV1GGTTTCATCGATATCGCCAC1 079[20]
CrIV2GAAATTGAAAAATATATGTA
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040395055239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960265667108, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

用于病毒检测的已知病毒特异的PCR引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Virus targetGene targetPrimersPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Amplicon size (bp)References

Acheta domesticus densovirus

(AdDV)-ssDNA

Capsid proteinAdvp2-FCGTAACCCGGATTATCT304[3]
Advp-RGGTCTTGCTACTCTAAATC

Acheta domesticus virus

(AdV)-ssDNA

Capsid proteinAdVFCAGCCATTCCTAATCCAGG356[21]
AdVRGTGTGCACGCACAATGGG

Cricket iridovirus

(CrIV)-dsDNA

Major capsid proteinCrIV1GGTTTCATCGATATCGCCAC1 079[20]
CrIV2GAAATTGAAAAATATATGTA
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040537661582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960265667108, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The investigation results of two viruses in house cricket samples collected from different regions of China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RegionNumber of cricketsPositive rate of viruses (%)
TotalTestedAdDVCrIV
Shanghai60108060
Beijing25108080
Tianjing60106090
Xingtai, Hebei59106030
Shijiazhuang, Hebei6010800
Shenyang, Liaoning30108060
Qingdao, Shandong6010100100
Zhoukou, Henan58109080
Xian, Shanxi601010050
Hefei, Anhui251010050
Nanchang, Jiangxi60106090
Xiamen, Fujian60108070
Hangzhou, Zhejiang30109080
Wuxi, Jiangsu60109090
Yancheng, Jiangsu601010030
Yichang, Hubei60108020
Changsha, Hunan60107090
Chengdu, Sichuan60104040
Foshan, Guangdong60109060
Guangzhou, Guangdong5010100100
Guilin, Guangxi60108070
Haikou, Hainan50108060
Chuxiong, Yunnan60101000
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040671879320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296960265667108, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国内各地区家蟋蟀样品两种病毒的检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RegionNumber of cricketsPositive rate of viruses (%)
TotalTestedAdDVCrIV
Shanghai60108060
Beijing25108080
Tianjing60106090
Xingtai, Hebei59106030
Shijiazhuang, Hebei6010800
Shenyang, Liaoning30108060
Qingdao, Shandong6010100100
Zhoukou, Henan58109080
Xian, Shanxi601010050
Hefei, Anhui251010050
Nanchang, Jiangxi60106090
Xiamen, Fujian60108070
Hangzhou, Zhejiang30109080
Wuxi, Jiangsu60109090
Yancheng, Jiangsu601010030
Yichang, Hubei60108020
Changsha, Hunan60107090
Chengdu, Sichuan60104040
Foshan, Guangdong60109060
Guangzhou, Guangdong5010100100
Guilin, Guangxi60108070
Haikou, Hainan50108060
Chuxiong, Yunnan60101000
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我国家蟋蟀浓核和虹彩病毒的流行病学分析
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李林霖 1, 2 , 郭昱彤 1, 2 , 陈佳伟 1, 2 , 王欣悦 1, 2 , 方可馨 1, 2 , 曾成育 1, 2 , 旦增列西 1, 2 , 孟洁 1, 2 , 地丽胡玛·阿吉 1, 2 , 徐雨欣 1, 2 , 杨勇波 1, 2 , 杨红 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 数据论文 2025,65(2): 796-807
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微生物学报 | 数据论文 2025, 65(2): 796-807
我国家蟋蟀浓核和虹彩病毒的流行病学分析
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李林霖1, 2, 郭昱彤1, 2, 陈佳伟1, 2, 王欣悦1, 2, 方可馨1, 2, 曾成育1, 2, 旦增列西1, 2, 孟洁1, 2, 地丽胡玛·阿吉1, 2, 徐雨欣1, 2, 杨勇波1, 2, 杨红1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 华中师范大学 生命科学学院,湖北 武汉
  • 2 遗传调控与整合生物学湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉
Epidemiology of Acheta domesticus densovirus and cricket iridovirus in China
Linlin LI1, 2, Yutong GUO1, 2, Jiawei CHEN1, 2, Xinyue WANG1, 2, Kexin FANG1, 2, Chengyu ZENG1, 2, Danzengliexi1, 2, Jie MENG1, 2, Dilihuma·Aji1, 2, Yuxin XU1, 2, Yongbo YANG1, 2, Hong YANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 2 Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2025-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240386
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蟋蟀浓核病毒(Acheta domesticus densovirus, AdDV)于1977年在瑞士首次被分离得到,在欧洲与美国曾多次引发疫情。蟋蟀虹彩病毒(cricket iridovirus, CrIV)于1996年在荷兰首次被发现,患病蟋蟀出现死亡率升高、繁殖力降低和寿命缩短的现象。家蟋蟀(Acheta domesticus)原产于西南亚,近几十年来作为爬宠食物引入我国。AdDV与CrIV是家蟋蟀常见的病原体,随着我国家蟋蟀繁育设施的不断完善与宠物市场规模的日益扩大,对家蟋蟀病原的研究愈发重要。 【目的】 了解AdDV与CrIV在我国的传播与流行现状,为控制病毒性病原体给家蟋蟀养殖业带来的危害,以及研发出有效的防治策略奠定理论基础。 【方法】 广泛收集国内不同地区人工养殖的家蟋蟀,进行病毒特异的PCR检测,经Sanger测序进一步确证患病蟋蟀的病毒病原体,同时对患病蟋蟀中肠、脂肪体等组织进行透射电镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM)观察,确定病毒粒子的形态特征。 【结果】 AdDV病毒粒子为二十面体,近似球形,无囊膜,直径约20 nm,且在宿主细胞核内形成致密的染色质区,呈现典型的浓核病毒特征;CrIV病毒粒子呈二十面体,无囊膜,直径120-140 nm,在细胞质内形成类似晶格状的排列,呈现典型的虹彩病毒特征。病毒特异基因PCR检测发现,我国不同地区的家蟋蟀均能检出AdDV病毒,而绝大多数地区的家蟋蟀能检出CrIV病毒(91%)。已检测家蟋蟀中同时携带AdDV和CrIV病毒粒子的比率高达91%。 【结论】 本研究发现AdDV与CrIV已在我国蟋蟀养殖业中广泛流行。

家蟋蟀  /  蟋蟀浓核病毒  /  蟋蟀虹彩病毒  /  流行病学

Acheta domesticus densovirus (AdDV) was first isolated from infected crickets in Switzerland, 1977 and caused several outbreaks in Europe and the United States. Cricket iridovirus (CrIV), first identified in the Netherlands in 1996, caused a high mortality rate, reduced the fertility, and shortened the life span of infected crickets. The house cricket (Acheta domesticus), was originated from south west Asia and introduced into China as food for reptile pets in recent decades. AdDV and CrIV are common pathogenic viruses that infect house crickets. Unveiling the virus epidemics of house crickets becomes increasingly important with the development of the house cricket industry. [Objective] To understand the epidemic status of AdDV and CrIV in China, so as to lay a theoretical basis for controlling AdDV and CrIV infections in the house cricket industry and developing effective prevention and control measures. [Methods] Virus-specific PCR was performed to detect pathogens of the crickets reared in farms spanning different regions of China. The pathogens of the infected crickets were further proved by Sanger sequencing. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe the virions in different tissue samples (e.g., gut and fat body) of the infected crickets. [Results] AdDV virions were icosahedral-shaped particles, nearly spherical, without envelope, with a diameter around 20 nm. It formed dense chromatin regions in the nucleus of the host cell, showing typical features of densovirus. CrIV virions were nonenveloped icosahedral-shaped particles with a diameter of 120-140 nm. A large number of CrIV virions formed a lattice-like arrangement in the cytoplasm, which is a typical feature of iridovirus. The virus-specific PCR detected AdDV in crickets collected from all the on-line shops distributed in different regions of China. CrIV was also detected in crickets collected from most (91%) of the on-line shops. The majority (91%) of detected crickets were infected with both AdDV and CrIV. [Conclusion] For the first time AdDV and CrIV were found to have been widely spread in China.

Acheta domesticus  /  Acheta domesticus densovirus  /  cricket iridovirus  /  epidemiology
李林霖, 郭昱彤, 陈佳伟, 王欣悦, 方可馨, 曾成育, 旦增列西, 孟洁, 地丽胡玛·阿吉, 徐雨欣, 杨勇波, 杨红. 我国家蟋蟀浓核和虹彩病毒的流行病学分析. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (2) : 796 -807 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240386
Linlin LI, Yutong GUO, Jiawei CHEN, Xinyue WANG, Kexin FANG, Chengyu ZENG, Danzengliexi, Jie MENG, Dilihuma·Aji, Yuxin XU, Yongbo YANG, Hong YANG. Epidemiology of Acheta domesticus densovirus and cricket iridovirus in China[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (2) : 796 -807 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240386
家蟋蟀(Acheta domesticus L., house cricket)属于昆虫纲(Insecta)直翅目(Orthoptera)蟋蟀亚科(Gryllinae)[1]。家蟋蟀原产于西南亚[2],于18世纪从欧洲传入北美[3],我国最早关于家蟋蟀的报道见于2000年,史树森等对家蟋蟀生物学特性进行了初步研究[4]。近年来,国内学者对家蟋蟀翅二型机理[5]、落翅规律[6]、飞行肌降解机理[7]和影响卵孵化因素[8]等进行了研究。家蟋蟀成虫整体呈灰色或褐色,体长约16-21 mm,头部色浅,且有深色横带,属杂食性昆虫,可将植物、动物、衣服等作为食物,甚至可互残[9]。家蟋蟀因其蛋白质含量高,现已成为爬行类、鸟类、鱼类等宠物的饲料,遍布于世界各地,目前中国和日本分布最广[5],且在中国已建立了较为完善的家蟋蟀繁育设施。
家蟋蟀除了能作为爬宠饲料外,在减少和替代肉类方面也具有良好的应用前景[10]。研究表明,食用昆虫可改善人类肠道中与健康有关的生物标志物水平[11]。由于人类和节肢动物之间存在巨大的遗传差异,病毒从昆虫传播给人类的可能性远低于从哺乳动物或禽畜传播给人类的可能性[12]。此外,在养殖家蟋蟀过程中,沙门氏菌、单增李斯特菌、大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌等食源性病原体常不存在[13]。目前,冷冻、干燥、部分脱脂的家蟋蟀已通过欧洲食品安全局的安全评估并被批准为一类新食品[14]。家蟋蟀还有生产化妆品中抗皮肤衰老的活性物质的潜力。从家蟋蟀中分离出来的蛋白水解物(protein hydrolysate, PH)对于抗皮肤衰老具有极强的生物活性,如抑制脂质过氧化、清除1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)自由基等[15]
蟋蟀浓核病毒(Acheta domesticus densovirus, AdDV)属于细小病毒科(Parvoviridae)浓核病毒亚科(Densovirinae),为无囊膜的正二十面体单链DNA病毒,直径约20 nm,于1977年首次从瑞士患病蟋蟀中分离出来[16]。该病毒传播迅速,并导致家蟋蟀很高的死亡率,给当地蟋蟀养殖业造成毁灭性的打击。从1988年1月至1989年春天,美国东南部曾暴发一次小规模疫情[17]。21世纪初,AdDV在欧洲也数次暴发疫情,尤其是德国,分别于2004年6月、2006年7月、2007年5月和2009年8月发生了AdDV疫情。2012年12月,日本首次发现了AdDV[18]。商业饲养的家蟋蟀经常感染AdDV并致死。死亡家蟋蟀主要集中在幼虫末期和成虫期。被感染的蟋蟀体型较小,不活跃,死之前会瘫痪并仰卧,成年雌性产卵少,生长速度缓慢,很少存活超过10-14 d;消化道几乎是空的[3]。用苏木素、曙红和甲苯胺蓝O对被包埋的感染组织染色,并于光学显微镜下观察发现,在表皮、气管上皮、中肠上皮、脂肪体,尤其是马氏管中有数量不等的肥大的细胞核以及核内包涵体,表明感染组织包括脂肪体、中肠、表皮和马氏管等[17]。目前,我国尚未见AdDV感染家蟋蟀的报道。
蟋蟀虹彩病毒(cricket iridovirus, CrIV)属于虹彩病毒科(Iridoviridae)虹彩病毒属(Iridovirus),是无囊膜的二十面体颗粒,直径约130 nm,包含约140-210 kb的双链DNA,DNA的复制始于细胞核,但在细胞质中完成。1996年在荷兰Ermelo的一家商业蟋蟀养殖场(Kreca)的两种蟋蟀(Gryllus campestris L.和Acheta domesticus L.)的幼虫和成虫中发现了虹彩病毒,蟋蟀感染后出现了极高的死亡率,以及繁殖力和寿命大大缩短的现象。对病重蟋蟀的病理研究表明,这两种蟋蟀的脂肪体都明显肥大,解剖后显蓝色,这是虹彩病毒感染的典型症状[19]。CrIV的病理症状包括血淋巴呈乳白色,生殖力下降,行为迟缓,黑色病变等[20]。病毒组装主要发生在显著肥大的脂肪体细胞的细胞质中,并建立了致密的颗粒状病毒发生基质网络。在疾病晚期,昆虫的皮下、气管基质、肠道肌层、性腺包膜和血细胞中也观察到病毒发生基质[20]
2023年夏秋以来,国内家蟋蟀养殖户陆续发现家蟋蟀大批量死亡的现象,造成严重的经济损失。从养殖户描述的症状和传播情况来看,患病家蟋蟀具有传染性,推测是病毒病原引起的疫病。为调查国内养殖业家蟋蟀大批量死亡的病因,本研究收集了来自全国20个省市自治区的家蟋蟀进行病毒病原检测,以明确家蟋蟀发病的原因,为制定大规模家蟋蟀养殖所面临的病害防治策略奠定理论基础。
本研究所用的典型感染病毒蟋蟀样品XS1、XS2来自国内某蟋蟀养殖场。病毒普查蟋蟀样品(2-3龄)于2024年8月购自全国各地蟋蟀销售网店。大部分蟋蟀购回时为生活状态,少量已死亡。从每个网店样品中随机取10只蟋蟀解剖(仅少数店铺样品中有死亡蟋蟀,死亡蟋蟀取虫尸),取样后立即置于-20 ℃冰箱冻存,其余存活的蟋蟀置于养虫笼,室温下以干饲料和大白菜喂养。
用于病毒检测的引物序列如表1所示[3,20-21]。引物合成与序列测定由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成。测序结果用SeqMan软件校对编辑,并在NCBI的BLAST中进行序列比对。
准备数套已灭菌的解剖工具,每套工具仅用于解剖一个样品,防止交叉污染。从某养殖场典型感染病毒的蟋蟀样品XS1、XS2中随机取2-3只蟋蟀进行解剖。将蟋蟀分别置于75%乙醇、无菌PBS溶液中各清洗3次;转移至洁净蜡盘中,在酒精灯火焰附近解剖蟋蟀。用尖头手术剪剪开腹部,细大头针固定,解剖镜下观察血淋巴、肠道、脂肪体等组织。同时,分离肠道、脂肪体等组织内容物,并置于无菌EP管中,做好标记,-20 ℃冻存待用。从全国各地网店购买的蟋蟀样品均以同样方法进行取样及解剖。
向蟋蟀组织内容物加入500 μL 5×TE Buffer,冰上研磨匀浆。取200 μL匀浆液,分别加入20 μL 10% SDS溶液,与20 μL 20 mg/mL蛋白酶K,50 ℃水浴2 h以上。加入等体积酚:氯仿:异戊醇(25:24:1,体积比)混匀,4 ℃、 12 000 r/min离心10 min收集上清,重复2次。再加入等体积氯仿:异戊醇(24:1,体积比)混合均匀,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心5 min收集上清。与等体积异丙醇混匀,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心 5 min。弃上清,加入70%乙醇洗涤2次,倒置于纸巾上干燥10-20 min。最后,加入30-50 μL ddH2O以溶解DNA,用NanoDrop分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)检测DNA浓度及纯度,并保存于-20 ℃。
对蟋蟀样品进行形态观察。同时,使用真核生物18S rRNA基因通用引物EUK18 (5′- TGAGGATCCMGGTTGATYCTGCC-3′)和MO18S3′ (5′-CWDCBGCAGGTTCACCTAC-3′)[22],以总DNA为模板进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(25 μL):上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,2×Rapid Taq Master Mix (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司) 12.5 μL,DNA 1 μL,ddH2O 9.5 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 60 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 60 s,35个循环;72 ℃ 7 min。PCR产物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司以Sanger法测序,所得到的结果用SeqMan软件进行编辑。将序列输入到NCBI数据库中进行比对,得到最相似物种信息。
利用病毒特异性引物对上述蟋蟀DNA进行PCR扩增,PCR反应体系(25 μL):上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.5 μL,2×Rapid Taq Master Mix 12.5 μL,DNA 1 μL,ddH2O 10.5 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 60 s,50 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 60 s,30个循环;72 ℃ 7 min。1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PCR结果。
取具有典型病毒感染症状的蟋蟀XS1样品,置于蜡盘固定,于解剖镜下对蟋蟀进行解剖。用无菌尖头手术剪剪开蟋蟀腹部,扒开表皮,用无菌镊子从表皮内壁挑取脂肪体组织,同时挑取中肠及其周围组织,分别置于1% OsO4溶液中固定,4 ℃保存。固定样品转交武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司进行脱水、包埋、切片及透射电镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM)观察,电镜制样方法详见文献[23]。
蟋蟀的形态如图1A所示,左侧为健康蟋蟀,身体呈棕褐色。右侧为感染病毒的蟋蟀,可见其身体明显肿大。从每个网店购买的蟋蟀中取3只分别提取其四肢的DNA,使用真核生物18S rRNA基因的通用引物对蟋蟀DNA进行PCR扩增,得到约1 800 bp的条带(图1B)。测序分析发现蟋蟀样品的18S rRNA基因与家蟋蟀(A. domesticus)的基因序列相似性达99.8% (GenBank登录号为X95741.1),共检测不同批次、来源的蟋蟀样品60余个,说明目前国内大规模养殖的用于爬宠饲料的蟋蟀品种为家蟋蟀。
对健康蟋蟀和感病蟋蟀腹部进行解剖,健康蟋蟀血淋巴清亮,脂肪体、消化道、马氏管等组织清晰可见(图1C),而感病蟋蟀血淋巴呈乳白色,脂肪体因存在大量病毒而呈现五彩斑斓的虹彩(图1D),为典型的虹彩病毒感染[20]
对典型感病蟋蟀样品XS1和XS2进行PCR检测,结果如图2所示,其中AdDV特异性引物对Advp2-F/Advp-R和CrIV特异引物对CrIV1/CrIV2分别扩增得到约300 bp与1 000 bp的特异性条带,阴性对照样品中未检测到特异性条带。经进一步测序分析,扩增得到的AdDV的部分VP基因与GenBank中2012年从日本分离得到的AdDV-AdJP12 (GenBank登录号为KF015279.1)的VP基因相似性达99.6%,而CrIV的MCP部分基因片段则与Liz-CrIV_USDA_2019 (GenBank登录号为OK181107.1)的MCP基因序列相似性达100.0%,说明蟋蟀XS1和XS2同时感染了蟋蟀浓核病毒AdDV和蟋蟀虹彩病毒CrIV。
透射电镜观察结果如图3图4所示,患病蟋蟀XS1中肠及其周围组织细胞中的细胞核内有大量病毒粒子复制,形成致密的染色质区,放大后可见细胞核内的病毒粒子近球形,直径约20 nm,表现出典型的蟋蟀浓核病毒特征(图3)。
患病蟋蟀XS1脂肪体组织如图4所示,脂肪体细胞的细胞膜裂解,大量病毒粒子游离在细胞质内,形成类似晶格的排列;病毒粒子呈二十面体,无囊膜,衣壳内部充满电子致密的物质,直径约120-140 nm,呈现出虹彩病毒的典型形态特征。
对采自全国各地家蟋蟀网店蟋蟀样品(包括死亡蟋蟀和看似健康的蟋蟀)的两种病毒检测结果如表2所示。从不同网店购买的蟋蟀数量25-60只不等,从每个网店样品中随机取10只蟋蟀,分别提取DNA进行检测,结果如表2所示。所有地区网店家蟋蟀均携带AdDV;除河北石家庄和云南楚雄外,其余网店家蟋蟀均携带CrIV,根据检测结果,绝大部分地区(91%)的家蟋蟀同时感染了AdDV和CrIV。
本研究发现AdDV和CrIV已在我国家蟋蟀养殖业中广泛流行。家蟋蟀起源于西南亚[2],是青蛙、蟾蜍等两栖类和蜥蜴等爬行动物宠物的首选食物,欧美各国将其作为爬宠饲料大规模饲养,根据2009/2010年美国宠物产品协会调查,2010年美国爬行动物食品支出估计为6.5亿美元,其中家蟋蟀占爬行动物食物购买量的18%-29%[3]。随着我国宠物行业日益兴盛,家蟋蟀也由此引入我国并开始大规模养殖。然而,家蟋蟀对细菌、病毒和真菌等病原体高度敏感。蟋蟀微小双义浓核病毒(Acheta domesticus mini ambidensovirus, AdMADV)、蟋蟀裸杆状病毒(Gryllus bimaculatus nudivirus, GbNV)、Acheta dometicus volvovirus (AdVVV)、AdDV和CrIV等DNA病毒,以及蟋蟀麻痹病毒(cricket paralysis virus, CrPV)和蟋蟀软化病病毒(Acheta dometicus iflavirus, AdIV)等RNA病毒,均能感染家蟋蟀并使其致病[20,24]。其中,AdDV和CrIV是家蟋蟀大规模养殖场中常见的病原,会造成家蟋蟀的高死亡率。CrIV具有较广的宿主范围,除了感染蟋蟀科昆虫家蟋蟀、黄斑黑蟋蟀(Gryllus bimaculatus)、欧洲蟋蟀(G. campestris)、德克萨斯蟋蟀(G. texensis)等,还能感染直翅目蝗科昆虫如非洲飞蝗(Locusta migratoria migratorioides)和蜚蠊目昆虫如德国小蠊(Blattella germanica)等[18-20],甚至感染无脊椎动物和变温脊椎动物[25],因此具有一定的安全隐患。AdDV除了感染家蟋蟀,也能感染灶马蟋(Gryllodes sigillatus)、黑蟋蟀(Gryllus assimilis)、黄斑黑蟋蟀(G. bimaculatus)和G. locorojo等蟋蟀,但仅对家蟋蟀致死,而对其他蟋蟀和爬宠基本无影响[26]。自2023年9月以来,国内某些地区的蟋蟀养殖场出现大量家蟋蟀死亡,且死亡蟋蟀多表现为腹部肿大,解剖观察到其内部组织液化。研究发现,患病家蟋蟀大多同时感染了AdDV和CrIV。对国内主要家蟋蟀销售网店蟋蟀样品的调查发现,除个别地区外,大多数地区的家蟋蟀均同时感染了AdDV和CrIV。根据本研究的结果,我们认为AdDV和CrIV已经在国内大面积流行。
对两种病毒衣壳蛋白部分序列的分析表明,CrIV与蜥蜴-蟋蟀虹彩病毒毒株Liz-CrIV_USDA_2019序列相似性达100.0%,而Liz-CrIV可通过口摄入感染昆虫,在爬行动物和两栖动物中引发疾病[25]。除此之外,家蟋蟀具有较高的营养价值,常作为鱼类、宠物饲料和食物来源被大规模饲养[3,27],因此,亟须准确且非破坏性地检测和量化病毒的完善方案,这对于可持续饲养家蟋蟀以及流行病学研究和检测十分重要,从而最大限度地减少生产损失和降低污染人类食品或动物饲料的风险,并保护易感野生动物种群免受疾病侵害。大多数蟋蟀病毒都经口感染,并在肠道内积累,作为粪便的一部分排入环境,因此粪便中的核酸比来自昆虫组织的核酸具有更高病毒基因组比例,提高了发现低丰度病毒的机会,且粪便中的病毒核酸主要来自肠道内脱落的病毒颗粒,而昆虫组织中的病毒核酸则主要是复制或转录-翻译中间体[21]。此外,粪便作为一种非破坏性的材料,更适用于大规模集中饲养的无创诊断。Semberg等以蟋蟀粪便的萃取物为材料,对其进行实时定量检测(real-time quantitative detection, qPCR),使得单个qPCR分析和整个诊断方案的检出限(limits of detection, LOD)比常规PCR的LOD低得多[28]。在大规模养殖设施中,感染病毒的常见来源是患病蟋蟀的尸体(蟋蟀常同类相食)、粪便污染的食物和水,以及生产周期结束后留下的残渣[29]。因此,对养殖场蟋蟀粪便、尸体和食物残渣进行病毒检测是可行的方法。
本研究对国内20多个地区家蟋蟀2-3龄幼虫的检测发现,AdDV与CrIV的隐性感染十分普遍,说明二者主要以隐蔽状态存在于家蟋蟀中,而这两种病毒的隐性感染普遍存在于敏感昆虫中[20-21,26]。本研究所采购到的家蟋蟀,最初取样检测后均分开饲养于实验室,两周内家蟋蟀大部分死亡,只有少数能够存活到成虫期。对死亡家蟋蟀虫尸的PCR检测发现,虫尸中均含有两种病毒。说明这些家蟋蟀在幼龄期虽生长活跃,但也都携带有病毒,随着龄期的增长,病毒也会在其组织细胞内不断增殖,最终导致家蟋蟀死亡。据报道,某些因素可以刺激病毒的繁殖,从隐性感染转变为致病感染,包括养殖密度大、不平衡或不合理的饮食、过高的温度与湿度、化学应激以及第二病原体的感染等[29]。Takacs等的研究表明,高的饲养密度和温度会使病毒丰度增加,但对致死率影响很小[30]。不同个体的免疫差异可能是健康蟋蟀预防病原性疾病的原因之一,比如沃尔巴克氏体对某些昆虫具有抗病毒保护作用[31],而在一项关于家蟋蟀微生物群落的研究中曾报道过沃尔巴克氏体的存在[32]。值得注意的是,已有的研究发现,AdDV对家蟋蟀的致病性很强,曾导致20世纪七八十年代欧、美部分地区及21世纪初欧、美及日本等地家蟋蟀养殖业的毁灭性打击[16-18],而CrIV对直翅目蟋蟀亚科及蝗亚科的致病性不及AdDV,常常导致隐性感染[20,33]。本研究发现,绝大多数家蟋蟀体内都同时携带AdDV和CrIV两种病毒,长时间带毒生长后仍然能使蟋蟀致死。AdDV与CrIV在家蟋蟀体内的增殖是相互竞争还是相互促进,以及这两种病毒如何从隐性感染发展成致死性感染值得深入研究。
在检测到病毒性疾病时,可以采取一些常见措施:一是去除病虫,防止病毒增殖[34];二是将育雏种虫与其他昆虫群体分开培养,并避免从其他地区进口,这是美国一家商业公司在家蟋蟀感染AdDV时曾采取的应对措施[17];三是选择和培育病毒抗体,将抗体注入用于饲养的水中或包被在饲料颗粒中,以中和病毒多肽,或者培育抗病毒昆虫品系[35]。采用RNA干扰(RNA interference, RNAi)或基于CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术阻断病原体基因的表达[36],也可能是未来防治蟋蟀病毒的一种策略。
本研究首次报道在国内商业养殖的家蟋蟀中检测到蟋蟀浓核病毒AdDV和蟋蟀虹彩病毒CrIV,这两种病毒已经在国内不同地区家蟋蟀群体中广泛传播并产生致病感染或隐性感染,给养殖户造成了严重的经济损失。调查显示,国内中等规模的养殖场一年的经济损失就超过一百万元。AdDV和CrIV在家蟋蟀不同种群和直翅目不同亚科昆虫间很容易相互传染,且在调查取样过程中我们发现,不同地区销售门店售卖同一养殖场家蟋蟀的现象十分普遍,这也导致两种病毒迅速在国内传播。建立灵敏快速的病毒检测手段,研发有效的病毒防治策略对家蟋蟀的规模化养殖和应用意义重大,将是未来一个重要的研究方向。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(CCNU20CG005)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240386
  • 接收时间:2024-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-24
  • 录用日期:2024-11-15
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Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(CCNU20CG005)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(CCNU20CG005)
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    1 华中师范大学 生命科学学院,湖北 武汉
    2 遗传调控与整合生物学湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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