Article(id=1226296959846232127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240536, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724774400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1730822400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-06, onlineDate=1770301578723, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1738598400000, pubDateStr=2025-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770301578723, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770301578723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770301578723, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226296952975966478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='2', pageStart='421', pageEnd='861', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770301577085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770353593135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226515124169650204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226515124173844509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=698, endPage=714, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226296962769662212, articleId=1226296959846232127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Culture strategy of chemoautotrophic bacteria based on electron distribution, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] In view of the difficulty in the culture of chemoautotrophic bacteria, this study analyzed the reasons for the difficulty based on the theory of electron distribution and explored the feasibility of using the electron distribution strategy for increasing the biomass of chemoautotrophic bacteria based on pure culture. [Methods] From the perspective of maintaining intracellular pH balance and optimal energy metabolism, we calculated the optimal distribution ratios of electrons produced by the sulfur-oxidizing bacterial strain Halothiobacillus sp. DCM-3, nitrite-oxidizing bacterial strain Nitrobacter sp. N1, and ammonia-oxidizing bacterial strain Nitrosomonas sp. SCUT-1 to O2 and CO2 by oxidizing corresponding substrates. Furthermore, different molar ratios of O2 to HCO3- (CO2) were set respectively to form different electron distribution ratios for pure culture verification of the strains. Substrate and product concentrations were measured by ion chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and cell density was measured by the dilution coating method. [Results] The optimal electron distribution ratios of strains DCM-3, N1, and SCUT-1 were 0.733:0.267, 0.867:0.133, and 0.6:0.4, respectively. Based on the optimal electron distribution ratios, strains DCM-3, N1, and SCUT-1 could synthesize 3.967 ATP/S2O32-, 0.433 ATP/NO2-, and 1.35 ATP/NH3, respectively. According to the calculation results, the main reasons for the difficulty in culture were the small amount of ATP synthesized with the energy provided by per unit substrate and the need to control a low oxygen concentration and supplement an appropriate amount of inorganic carbon. The results of pure culture verification showed that the biomass of DCM-3 under the optimal ratio was 6.5×107 CFU/mL, which was 2.2 times that of the control group. The biomass of N1 under the optimal ratio was 7×106 CFU/mL, which was not significantly different from that of the control group. However, the HCO3- concentration (0.4 mmol/L) of the optimal ratio of strain N1 was significantly lower than that (2.5 mmol/L) of the control group, which meant that the strain showed a growth characteristic of tending to higher oxygen concentration but lower CO2 demand, which was consistent with the calculated optimal ratio. The biomass accumulation per unit NH4+ concentration of SCUT-1 strain in the group with controlled O2 and CO2 was more than 1.3×106 CFU/(mL·(mmol/L)), which was 25%-40% higher than that obtained under sufficient O2 and CO2. [Conclusion] The culture strategy of chemoautotrophic bacteria based on electron distribution restricts the culture conditions of electron distribution by limiting the molar amounts and forming a certain ratio of O2 and CO2, which helps to improve the biomass accumulation under the same substrate condition and provides certain strategic reference for the culture of chemoautotrophic bacteria.

, correspAuthors=Jianfei LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 针对化能自养细菌培养困难的问题,本研究基于电子分配理论分析它们难培养的原因,并基于纯培养探究电子分配策略对提高化能自养细菌生物量的可行性。 【方法】 从维持细胞内pH平衡和最适能量代谢的角度,计算得出硫氧化细菌盐硫小杆菌(Halothiobacillus) DCM-3、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌硝化杆菌(Nitrobacter) N1及氨氧化细菌亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas) SCUT-1氧化相应底物产生的电子最终分配给O2与CO2的最优比例,并以相应菌株为对象,分别设置不同的O2与HCO3- (CO2)摩尔量比例以形成不同的电子分配比例进行纯培养验证,用离子色谱仪和紫外分光光度计检测底物和产物浓度,用稀释涂布法测定细胞密度。 【结果】 DCM-3、N1和SCUT-1菌株的最优分配比例分别为0.733:0.267、0.867:0.133和0.6:0.4。若基于最优电子分配比例的条件,DCM-3、N1和SCUT-1菌株分别可合成3.967 ATP/S2O32-、0.433 ATP/NO2-和1.35 ATP/NH3。根据计算结果,其难培养的原因主要为单位底物提供的能量合成的ATP数量少,且要求适当控制低氧气浓度及补充适量的无机碳。纯培养验证中,DCM-3菌株在最优比例下的生物量为6.5×107 CFU/mL,是不控制比例的对照组的2.2倍。N1菌株在最优比例下的生物量为7×106 CFU/mL,与对照组无显著差异,但最优比例的HCO3-浓度(0.4 mmol/L)明显低于对照组(2.5 mmol/L),该菌株表现出倾向于较高氧气但对CO2需求低的生长特性,与计算得到的最优比例相符。SCUT-1菌株在控制O2和CO2量的实验组中的单位NH4+浓度生物量积累达1.3×106 CFU/(mL·(mmol/L))以上,比充足O2和CO2量条件的高25%-40%。 【结论】 基于电子分配的化能自养细菌培养策略,通过限制O2和CO2摩尔量并形成一定比例从而限制电子分配的培养条件,有助于提高同一底物条件下的生物量积累,为化能自养细菌的培养提供一定的策略参考。

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作者贡献声明

何晓敏:研究设计、数据收集和处理、论文撰写;林炜铁:研究构思、论文修改;罗剑飞:研究构思、论文修改。

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Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(14): 8157-8166., articleTitle=High dissolved oxygen selection against Nitrospira sublineage I in full-scale activated sludge, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514048477475618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=37, issue=5, pageStart=1769, pageEnd=1774, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=39, authorNames=高瑶远, 彭永臻, 包鹏, 郭思宇, 王淑莹, journalName=中国环境科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高瑶远, 彭永臻, 包鹏, 郭思宇, 王淑莹. 低溶解氧环境下全程硝化活性污泥的特性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017, 37(5): 1769-1774., articleTitle=低溶解氧环境下全程硝化活性污泥的特性, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514048582333225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=37, issue=5, pageStart=1769, pageEnd=1774, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=40, authorNames=GAO YY, PENG YZ, BAO P, GUO SY, WANG SY, journalName=China Environmental Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO YY, PENG YZ, BAO P, GUO SY, WANG SY. The characteristic of activated sludge in nitrifying low-DO reactor[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017, 37(5): 1769-1774 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514048708162353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1987, volume=48, issue=1/2, pageStart=105, pageEnd=109, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=41, authorNames=FREITAG A, RUDERT M, BOCK E, journalName=FEMS Microbiology Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FREITAG A, RUDERT M, BOCK E. Growth of Nitrobacter by dissimilatoric nitrate reduction[J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 1987, 48(1/2): 105-109., articleTitle=Growth of Nitrobacter by dissimilatoric nitrate reduction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514048796242740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=94, issue=6, pageStart=1176, pageEnd=1188, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=42, authorNames=VADIVELU VM, YUAN ZG, FUX C, KELLER J, journalName=Biotechnology and Bioengineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VADIVELU VM, YUAN ZG, FUX C, KELLER J. Stoichiometric and kinetic characterisation of Nitrobacter in mixed culture by decoupling the growth and energy generation processes[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2006, 94(6): 1176-1188., articleTitle=Stoichiometric and kinetic characterisation of Nitrobacter in mixed culture by decoupling the growth and energy generation processes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514048909488958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=82, issue=11, pageStart=3310, pageEnd=3318, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=43, authorNames=MELLBYE BL, GIGUERE A, CHAPLEN F, BOTTOMLEY PJ, LA SAYAVEDRA-SOTO, journalName=Applied and Environmental Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MELLBYE BL, GIGUERE A, CHAPLEN F, BOTTOMLEY PJ, LA SAYAVEDRA-SOTO. Steady-state growth under inorganic carbon limitation conditions increases energy consumption for maintenance and enhances nitrous oxide production in Nitrosomonas europaea [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2016, 82(11): 3310-3318., articleTitle=Steady-state growth under inorganic carbon limitation conditions increases energy consumption for maintenance and enhances nitrous oxide production in Nitrosomonas europaea, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514049014346563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1991, volume=137, issue=7, pageStart=1689, pageEnd=1699, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=44, authorNames=KOOPS HP, BOTTCHER B, MOLLER UC, POMMERENING-ROSER A, STEHR G, journalName=Journal of General Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOOPS HP, BOTTCHER B, MOLLER UC, POMMERENING-ROSER A, STEHR G. Classification of eight new species of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: Nitrosomonas communis sp. nov., Nitrosomonas ureae sp. nov., Nitrosomonas aestuarii sp. nov., Nitrosomonas marina sp. nov., Nitrosomonas nitrosa sp. nov., Nitrosomonas eutropha sp. nov., Nitrosomonas oligotropha sp. nov., and Nitrosomonas halophila sp. nov.[J]. Journal of General Microbiology, 1991, 137(7): 1689-1699., articleTitle=Classification of eight new species of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: Nitrosomonas communis sp. nov., Nitrosomonas ureae sp. nov., Nitrosomonas aestuarii sp. nov., Nitrosomonas marina sp. nov., Nitrosomonas nitrosa sp. nov., Nitrosomonas eutropha sp. nov., Nitrosomonas oligotropha sp. nov., and Nitrosomonas halophila sp. nov, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226514049144369995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=186, issue=17, pageStart=5685, pageEnd=5691, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=45, authorNames=YOSHIZAWA Y, TOYODA K, ARAI H, ISHII M, IGARASHI Y, journalName=Journal of Bacteriology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YOSHIZAWA Y, TOYODA K, ARAI H, ISHII M, IGARASHI Y. CO2-responsive expression and gene organization of three ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase enzymes and carboxysomes in Hydrogenovibrio marinus strain MH-110[J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 2004, 186(17): 5685-5691., articleTitle=CO2-responsive expression and gene organization of three ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase enzymes and carboxysomes in Hydrogenovibrio marinus strain MH-110, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226514040608961014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, awardId=91951118, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(91951118), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226514040684458493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, awardId=91951118, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(91951118), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226514040835453441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, awardId=41977034, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(41977034), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226514040961282570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, awardId=41977034, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41977034), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226514035034730654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226514035047313568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, companyId=1226514035034730654, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226514035051507874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, companyId=1226514035034730654, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南理工大学 生物科学与工程学院,广东 广州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226514038734107010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Changes of thiosulfate and sulfate concentrations, biomass change and biomass accumulation in pure culture of DCM-3 strain. A: Thiosulfate; B: Sulfate; C: Biomass change; D: Biomass accumulation., figureFileSmall=l3/+mC/jGQndWH+u3cEN4Q==, figureFileBig=4zWaptWeX2QCRVJwaVrdgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514038834770312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=CN, label=图1, caption=DCM-3菌株纯培养的S2O32-SO42-浓度变化、生物量变化和生物量积累。A:硫代硫酸盐;B:硫酸盐;C:生物量变化;D:生物量积累。, figureFileSmall=l3/+mC/jGQndWH+u3cEN4Q==, figureFileBig=4zWaptWeX2QCRVJwaVrdgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514038977376659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Changes of nitrite and nitrate concentrations, biomass change and biomass accumulation in pure culture of N1 strain. A: Nitrite; B: Nitrate; C: Biomass change; D: Biomass accumulation., figureFileSmall=OVeEtsps2Tluh5/eeyR+ag==, figureFileBig=r5JDo95ubVISmGz30E15ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039115788699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=CN, label=图2, caption=N1菌株纯培养的NO2-NO3-浓度变化、生物量变化和生物量积累。A:亚硝酸盐;B:硝酸盐;C:生物量变化;D:生物量积累。, figureFileSmall=OVeEtsps2Tluh5/eeyR+ag==, figureFileBig=r5JDo95ubVISmGz30E15ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039258395041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Changes of pH, ammonium and nitrite concentrations, biomass change, biomass accumulation and biomass accumulation per unit NH4+ concentration in pure culture of SCUT-1 strain.A: pH; B: Ammonium; C: Nitrite; D: Biomass change; E: Biomass accumulation; F: Biomass accumulation per unit NH4+ concentration., figureFileSmall=fPp/AEctDPvxWEsisbOcHQ==, figureFileBig=cUfyEuETt8N+mhejN9cOuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039359058346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SCUT-1菌株纯培养的pHNH4+NO2-浓度变化、生物量变化、生物量积累和单位NH4+ 浓度生物量积累。A:pH;B:铵盐;C:亚硝酸盐;D:生物量变化;E:生物量积累;F:单位NH4+浓度生物量积累。, figureFileSmall=fPp/AEctDPvxWEsisbOcHQ==, figureFileBig=cUfyEuETt8N+mhejN9cOuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514039476498863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Measurement of oxygen content in liquid headspace and dissolved oxygen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Oxygen addition (mL)Oxygen volume fraction in headspace (%)Molar quantity of oxygen in headspace (×10-4 mol)Dissolved oxygen in liquid (mg/L)Molar quantity of oxygen in liquid (×10-4 mol)Total molar quantity of oxygen (×10-4 mol)
0.000.0920.0271.0400.0160.043
0.861.0670.3141.2050.0190.333
1.722.4700.7261.7100.0270.753
2.623.5091.0311.9030.0301.061
5.007.2232.1233.1100.0492.172
), ArticleFig(id=1226514039581356468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

液体顶空氧气含量与液体溶氧的测定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Oxygen addition (mL)Oxygen volume fraction in headspace (%)Molar quantity of oxygen in headspace (×10-4 mol)Dissolved oxygen in liquid (mg/L)Molar quantity of oxygen in liquid (×10-4 mol)Total molar quantity of oxygen (×10-4 mol)
0.000.0920.0271.0400.0160.043
0.861.0670.3141.2050.0190.333
1.722.4700.7261.7100.0270.753
2.623.5091.0311.9030.0301.061
5.007.2232.1233.1100.0492.172
), ArticleFig(id=1226514039711379900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The groups of DCM-3 strain culture experiment and the actual molar ratio of O2 to HCO3- (CO2) in each group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Groups

Oxygen addition

(mL)

Average oxygen

volume fraction (%)

Average molar quantity of oxygen (×10-4 mol)Molar quantity of bicarbonate (×10-4 mol)

Actual molar ratio of

oxygen to bicarbonate

① (0.15:0.85)0.360.6580.202±0.0020.850.192:0.808
② (0.35:0.65)0.841.2910.395±0.0190.650.378:0.622
③ (0.55:0.45)1.311.7320.530±0.0200.450.541:0.459
④ (0.75:0.25)1.922.5530.782±0.0210.250.758:0.242
⑤ (0.95:0.05)2.603.1710.971±0.0350.050.951:0.049
), ArticleFig(id=1226514039862374853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

DCM-3菌株培养实验的分组及各组的实际O2HCO3-(CO2)的摩尔量比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Groups

Oxygen addition

(mL)

Average oxygen

volume fraction (%)

Average molar quantity of oxygen (×10-4 mol)Molar quantity of bicarbonate (×10-4 mol)

Actual molar ratio of

oxygen to bicarbonate

① (0.15:0.85)0.360.6580.202±0.0020.850.192:0.808
② (0.35:0.65)0.841.2910.395±0.0190.650.378:0.622
③ (0.55:0.45)1.311.7320.530±0.0200.450.541:0.459
④ (0.75:0.25)1.922.5530.782±0.0210.250.758:0.242
⑤ (0.95:0.05)2.603.1710.971±0.0350.050.951:0.049
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040009175500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The groups of N1 strain culture experiment and the actual molar ratio of O2 to HCO3- (CO2) in

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Groups

Oxygen addition

(mL)

Average oxygen

volume fraction (%)

Average molar quantity of oxygen (×10-4 mol)Molar quantity of bicarbonate (×10-4 mol)

Actual molar ratio of

oxygen to bicarbonate

① (0.25:0.75)0.741.1430.327±0.0410.950.256:0.744
② (0.55:0.45)1.722.8320.809±0.0120.550.595:0.405
③ (0.85:0.15)2.574.0311.152±0.0130.200.852:0.148
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040164364759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

N1菌株培养实验的分组及各组的实际O2HCO3-(CO2)的摩尔量比例 (each group)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Groups

Oxygen addition

(mL)

Average oxygen

volume fraction (%)

Average molar quantity of oxygen (×10-4 mol)Molar quantity of bicarbonate (×10-4 mol)

Actual molar ratio of

oxygen to bicarbonate

① (0.25:0.75)0.741.1430.327±0.0410.950.256:0.744
② (0.55:0.45)1.722.8320.809±0.0120.550.595:0.405
③ (0.85:0.15)2.574.0311.152±0.0130.200.852:0.148
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040281805280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The groups of SCUT-1 strain culture experiment and the actual molar ratio of O2 to HCO3- (CO2) in each group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Groups

Oxygen addition

(mL)

Average oxygen

volume fraction (%)

Average molar quantity of oxygen (×10-4 mol)Molar quantity of bicarbonate (×10-4 mol)

Actual molar ratio of

oxygen to bicarbonate

① (0.25:0.75)0.000.1250.036±0.0010.190.158:0.842
② (0.55:0.45)0.160.4990.143±0.0260.110.565:0.435
③ (0.85:0.15)0.350.6740.193±0.0180.040.828:0.172
), ArticleFig(id=1226514040395051496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296959846232127, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

SCUT-1菌株培养实验的分组及各组的实际O2HCO3-(CO2)的摩尔量比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Groups

Oxygen addition

(mL)

Average oxygen

volume fraction (%)

Average molar quantity of oxygen (×10-4 mol)Molar quantity of bicarbonate (×10-4 mol)

Actual molar ratio of

oxygen to bicarbonate

① (0.25:0.75)0.000.1250.036±0.0010.190.158:0.842
② (0.55:0.45)0.160.4990.143±0.0260.110.565:0.435
③ (0.85:0.15)0.350.6740.193±0.0180.040.828:0.172
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基于电子分配的化能自养细菌培养策略
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何晓敏 , 林炜铁 , 罗剑飞 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(2): 698-714
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(2): 698-714
基于电子分配的化能自养细菌培养策略
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何晓敏, 林炜铁, 罗剑飞*
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学 生物科学与工程学院,广东 广州
Culture strategy of chemoautotrophic bacteria based on electron distribution
Xiaomin HE, Weitie LIN, Jianfei LUO*
Affiliations
  • School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2025-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240536
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【目的】 针对化能自养细菌培养困难的问题,本研究基于电子分配理论分析它们难培养的原因,并基于纯培养探究电子分配策略对提高化能自养细菌生物量的可行性。 【方法】 从维持细胞内pH平衡和最适能量代谢的角度,计算得出硫氧化细菌盐硫小杆菌(Halothiobacillus) DCM-3、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌硝化杆菌(Nitrobacter) N1及氨氧化细菌亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas) SCUT-1氧化相应底物产生的电子最终分配给O2与CO2的最优比例,并以相应菌株为对象,分别设置不同的O2与HCO3- (CO2)摩尔量比例以形成不同的电子分配比例进行纯培养验证,用离子色谱仪和紫外分光光度计检测底物和产物浓度,用稀释涂布法测定细胞密度。 【结果】 DCM-3、N1和SCUT-1菌株的最优分配比例分别为0.733:0.267、0.867:0.133和0.6:0.4。若基于最优电子分配比例的条件,DCM-3、N1和SCUT-1菌株分别可合成3.967 ATP/S2O32-、0.433 ATP/NO2-和1.35 ATP/NH3。根据计算结果,其难培养的原因主要为单位底物提供的能量合成的ATP数量少,且要求适当控制低氧气浓度及补充适量的无机碳。纯培养验证中,DCM-3菌株在最优比例下的生物量为6.5×107 CFU/mL,是不控制比例的对照组的2.2倍。N1菌株在最优比例下的生物量为7×106 CFU/mL,与对照组无显著差异,但最优比例的HCO3-浓度(0.4 mmol/L)明显低于对照组(2.5 mmol/L),该菌株表现出倾向于较高氧气但对CO2需求低的生长特性,与计算得到的最优比例相符。SCUT-1菌株在控制O2和CO2量的实验组中的单位NH4+浓度生物量积累达1.3×106 CFU/(mL·(mmol/L))以上,比充足O2和CO2量条件的高25%-40%。 【结论】 基于电子分配的化能自养细菌培养策略,通过限制O2和CO2摩尔量并形成一定比例从而限制电子分配的培养条件,有助于提高同一底物条件下的生物量积累,为化能自养细菌的培养提供一定的策略参考。

化能自养细菌  /  电子分配  /  能量代谢  /  纯培养

[Objective] In view of the difficulty in the culture of chemoautotrophic bacteria, this study analyzed the reasons for the difficulty based on the theory of electron distribution and explored the feasibility of using the electron distribution strategy for increasing the biomass of chemoautotrophic bacteria based on pure culture. [Methods] From the perspective of maintaining intracellular pH balance and optimal energy metabolism, we calculated the optimal distribution ratios of electrons produced by the sulfur-oxidizing bacterial strain Halothiobacillus sp. DCM-3, nitrite-oxidizing bacterial strain Nitrobacter sp. N1, and ammonia-oxidizing bacterial strain Nitrosomonas sp. SCUT-1 to O2 and CO2 by oxidizing corresponding substrates. Furthermore, different molar ratios of O2 to HCO3- (CO2) were set respectively to form different electron distribution ratios for pure culture verification of the strains. Substrate and product concentrations were measured by ion chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and cell density was measured by the dilution coating method. [Results] The optimal electron distribution ratios of strains DCM-3, N1, and SCUT-1 were 0.733:0.267, 0.867:0.133, and 0.6:0.4, respectively. Based on the optimal electron distribution ratios, strains DCM-3, N1, and SCUT-1 could synthesize 3.967 ATP/S2O32-, 0.433 ATP/NO2-, and 1.35 ATP/NH3, respectively. According to the calculation results, the main reasons for the difficulty in culture were the small amount of ATP synthesized with the energy provided by per unit substrate and the need to control a low oxygen concentration and supplement an appropriate amount of inorganic carbon. The results of pure culture verification showed that the biomass of DCM-3 under the optimal ratio was 6.5×107 CFU/mL, which was 2.2 times that of the control group. The biomass of N1 under the optimal ratio was 7×106 CFU/mL, which was not significantly different from that of the control group. However, the HCO3- concentration (0.4 mmol/L) of the optimal ratio of strain N1 was significantly lower than that (2.5 mmol/L) of the control group, which meant that the strain showed a growth characteristic of tending to higher oxygen concentration but lower CO2 demand, which was consistent with the calculated optimal ratio. The biomass accumulation per unit NH4+ concentration of SCUT-1 strain in the group with controlled O2 and CO2 was more than 1.3×106 CFU/(mL·(mmol/L)), which was 25%-40% higher than that obtained under sufficient O2 and CO2. [Conclusion] The culture strategy of chemoautotrophic bacteria based on electron distribution restricts the culture conditions of electron distribution by limiting the molar amounts and forming a certain ratio of O2 and CO2, which helps to improve the biomass accumulation under the same substrate condition and provides certain strategic reference for the culture of chemoautotrophic bacteria.

chemoautotrophic bacteria  /  electron distribution  /  energy metabolism  /  pure culture
何晓敏, 林炜铁, 罗剑飞. 基于电子分配的化能自养细菌培养策略. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (2) : 698 -714 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240536
Xiaomin HE, Weitie LIN, Jianfei LUO. Culture strategy of chemoautotrophic bacteria based on electron distribution[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (2) : 698 -714 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240536
化能自养细菌固定CO2进行自养生长,它们催化的硫氧化、氨氧化、亚硝酸盐氧化等反应在废水处理中发挥了关键的作用[1-3]。然而,化能自养细菌的生长缓慢、生物量较低,对环境变化高度敏感,导致其培养难度较大。Nowka等[4]培养普通硝化杆菌(Nitrobacter vulgaris)、维氏硝化杆菌(Nitrobacter winogradskyi)、莫斯科硝化螺菌(Nitrospira moscoviensis)等亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, NOB)的研究中,得出它们的生长代时为13-44 h。化能自养硫氧化细菌(sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, SOB),盐硫小杆菌属(Halothiobacillus sp.) LS2,在20%氧浓度下以 1 mmol/L硫代硫酸盐为底物时,最大生物量仅为1.4×107细胞/mL[5]。Wu等[6]对分离得到的氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)菌株进行培养,在1.5 mmol/L底物浓度下,其最大生物量仅能达到106细胞/mL。另外,化能自养细菌对环境变化有高敏感性,如底物浓度、光照、温度、pH值、氧气、金属离子等[7-8]。Wu等[6]的研究中,培养基顶空氧气浓度对5株Nitrosomonas的生长有显著影响。Zhang等研究发现,化能自养细菌释放的小分子有机碳(如氨基酸、有机酸)会通过抑制卡尔文循环的关键酶核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, RuBisCO)基因的转录效率来抑制细菌的CO2固定,异养细菌可帮助消耗这些有机物解除抑制[9]。化能自养细菌对环境变化的高敏感性、对异养细菌解除环境因子毒害的依赖性,极大地加强了培养的难度。关于化能自养细菌的培养策略仍需进一步研究。
有氧条件下,化能自养细菌氧化底物产生的电子进入呼吸链后,一部分沿正向传递给终端氧化酶还原O2同时形成跨膜质子梯度(proton motive force, PMF),由ATP合成酶利用PMF合成ATP;另一部分电子沿逆向传递给复合体I合成NADH等还原力同时消耗PMF,还原力最终主要用于固定CO2。可认为,化能自养细菌氧化底物产生的电子进入呼吸链用于ATP和还原力的合成,最终按一定比例分配给O2和CO2。从维持细胞内pH平衡和最适能量代谢(合成ATP和还原力的比例与固碳途径所需的一致)的角度,可计算出该比例理论值。若忽略细胞内物质代谢对pH的影响,理论上ΔH+outH+in,在电子分配给O2和CO2的过程中,若比例发生变化(如固碳效率降低而底物氧化速率不变时,绝大部分电子传递给O2,细胞缺乏对ATP和还原力的需求),将导致ΔH+outH+in,引起细胞内pH变化,进而影响细胞生长代谢。因此,为了维持高效的底物氧化速率和固碳速率,理论上底物氧化生成的电子必须按一定比例分配给O2和CO2
本研究针对化能自养细菌培养困难的问题,从维持细胞内pH平衡和最适能量代谢的角度,即ΔH+H+out (电子经复合体传递给O2,质子泵出细胞)-ΔH+in (质子泵入细胞用于合成ATP和还原力)=0,以及合成的ATP和还原力都用于固定CO2,从而计算得出SOB菌株Halothiobacillus sp. DCM-3、NOB菌株硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter sp.) N1以及AOB菌株Nitrosomonas sp. SCUT-1氧化相应底物产生的电子,最终分配给O2与CO2的最优比例,根据最优电子分配比例理论上分析其难培养的原因。根据计算结果提出基于电子分配的化能自养细菌培养策略,以相应菌株为对象,分别设置不同的O2与HCO3- (CO2)摩尔量比例以形成不同的电子分配比例进行纯培养验证,探讨最优电子分配比例策略对提高化能自养细菌生物量积累的可行性,为化能自养细菌的培养提供一定的指导。
化能自养硫氧化菌株Halothiobacillus sp. DCM-3由本课题组分离获得。
液体培养基(g/L):MgCl2 0.12,CaCl2·2H2O 0.01,NaCl 1.00,Widdel微量元素液[10] 1 mL/L,121 ℃灭菌20 min后,加入Na2S2O3·5H2O 0.248,NH4Cl 0.027,FeCl2·4H2O 0.008,磷酸缓冲液10 mmol/L,NaHCO3的添加量设置与最优电子分配比例的计算结果及底物氧化产生的电子量有关,试剂使用0.22 μm孔径的聚醚砜滤膜(天津市津腾实验设备有限公司)进行过滤除菌,培养基pH 6.75-7.05。
固体培养基(g/L):K2HPO4 0.40,MgSO4·7H2O 0.12,NH4Cl 0.10,KNO3 0.40,琼脂15.00,121 ℃灭菌20 min后,加入Na2S2O3·5H2O 2.48,NaHCO3 0.20,FeSO4·7H2O 0.02,试剂进行过滤除菌,培养基pH 6.5-6.8。
亚硝酸盐氧化菌株Nitrobacter sp. N1由本课题组[11]于珠江穗石码头水样分离获得,该菌株与Nitrobacter winogradskyi Nb-255相似度最高(99.58%)。
液体培养基(g/L):MgSO4·7H2O 0.25,CaCl2·2H2O 0.01,NaCl 1.00,Widdel微量元素液[10] 1 mL/L,121 ℃灭菌20 min后,加入NaNO2 0.35,磷酸缓冲液20 mmol/L,设定量的NaHCO3,试剂进行过滤除菌,培养基pH 6.9-7.0。
固体培养基(g/L):MgSO4·7H2O 0.25,CaCl2·2H2O 0.01,NaCl 1.00,K2HPO4 0.30,Widdel微量元素液[10] 1 mL/L,琼脂15.00,121 ℃灭菌20 min后,加入NaNO2 0.69,NaHCO3 0.20,试剂进行过滤除菌,培养基pH 6.6-6.9。
氨氧化菌株Nitrosomonas sp. SCUT-1由本课题组[6]于生活废水分离获得,该菌株与菌种Nitrosomonas ureae相似度最高(95.54%)。
液体培养基(g/L):MgSO4·7H2O 0.05,CaCl2·2H2O 0.02,NaCl 0.50,121 ℃灭菌20 min后,加入NH4Cl 0.053 5,磷酸缓冲液6 mmol/L,微量元素[10] 1 mL/L,设定量的NaHCO3,试剂进行过滤除菌,培养基pH 7.50-7.65。
固体培养基(g/L):MgSO4·7H2O 0.05,NaCl 0.50,KH2PO4 0.10,CaCO3 5.00,琼脂15.00,121 ℃灭菌20 min后,加入NH4Cl 0.535,NaHCO3 0.42,微量元素[10] 2 mL/L,试剂进行过滤除菌,培养基pH 7.9-8.0。AOB固体培养基采用血清瓶密封平板[6],以125 mL血清瓶为容器,并使用丁腈胶塞与铝盖构建密闭环境,使用Parafilm™封口膜包裹血清瓶口。
五水硫代硫酸钠、盐酸萘乙二胺,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;氯化铵、碳酸氢钠、水杨酸钠、亚硝基铁氰化钠二水化合物、二氯异氰尿酸钠,阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司;亚硝酸钠、磺胺,天津市大茂化学试剂厂;氨基磺酸,上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司;高氯酸,成都市科隆化学品有限公司。
振荡培养箱,上海知楚仪器有限公司;气相色谱仪,浙江福立分析仪器股份有限公司;离子色谱仪,赛默飞世尔科技公司;紫外分光光度计,尤尼柯(上海)仪器有限公司。
液体培养基顶空条件的制备:每个125 mL血清瓶分装50 mL液体培养基,顶空体积为70 mL。血清瓶用丁腈胶塞和铝盖密封后沸水浴20 min,利用循环水式真空泵抽真空7 min,充入0.15 MPa氩气1 min,之后抽真空4 min充入Ar 1 min循环4次,最后充入0.12-0.13 MPa Ar 2 min。顶空添加各实验条件所需的氧气量。
对装有50 mL液体的125 mL血清瓶完成顶空去除空气的操作后,加入一定量的氧气并高温湿热灭菌,液体溶氧使用氧电极测定,该预实验结果表明,当不额外添加氧气时顶空氧气的量与液体溶氧相近,添加氧气后,液体溶氧占比随着顶空氧气添加量的提高而减小,占比减小至约5%(表1)。因此液体培养基的氧含量可以顶空氧气的量表征。
液体培养基顶空氧气的量采用气相色谱仪测定,使用ECD检测器和Porapak-Q柱,Ar作载气,进样口、ECD检测器和柱温度分别为100、300、70 ℃,载气流速为30 mL/min,进样体积为1 mL。标准曲线为氧气体积分数与峰面积的线性关系。氧气体积分数与氧气摩尔量的换算如公式(1)所示。
N=v×0.07/24.5
式中,N为氧气的量(mol),v为氧气体积分数,0.07指顶空体积为0.07 L,24.5为25 ℃下的气体摩尔常数(L/mol)。
S2O32-和SO42-含量的检测使用离子色谱仪,Dionex IonPac AS19 IC柱,淋洗液为18 mmol/L KOH,流速为1 mL/min,抑制器电流为45 mA,柱温30 ℃,背景电导4-6 μs/cm,进样量25 μL。
NO2-含量的检测:参照国标(HJ 634—2012),选用盐酸萘乙二胺显色法进行检测[12]
NO3-含量的检测参照Cawse的方法进行[13]。将100 μL培养液与100 μL质量分数为2%的氨基磺酸溶液充分混匀,并于室温条件下反应 2 min,再加入800 μL体积分数为5%的高氯酸溶液,混合均匀后于203 nm处读取吸光值。
NH4+含量的检测参照Hood-Nowotny等的方法进行[14]。显色液A:8.5 g水杨酸钠、0.6 g氢氧化钠、0.063 9 g亚硝基铁氰化钠二水化合物溶于50 mL去离子水中;显色液B:0.2 g二氯异氰尿酸钠溶于50 mL去离子水中。将100 μL培养液与100 μL显色液A、100 μL显色液B以及1.7 mL水充分混合,室温条件下反应30 min后,于660 nm处读取吸光值。
最优电子分配比例计算根据CO2固定中ATP和还原力的比例,以及维持细胞内pH平衡的原则,计算时只考虑与底物氧化、CO2固定途径及呼吸链相关的胞内质子浓度变化,忽略胞内其他代谢途径导致的质子浓度变化,且只涉及相应细菌的某一主要底物及电子受体为O2的计算。在计算相应菌株的最优分配比例时,需对该菌株的基因组进行分析,明确其主要底物的代谢途径、固碳途径及呼吸链组分,从而确定电子去向、ATP和还原力的来源等。维持胞内pH平衡是指胞内增加的质子数等于胞内减少的质子数。假设胞内增加质子为 “-”,减少质子为 “+”,则胞内ΔH+H+outH+胞内消耗H+胞内产生H+in=0。
细菌的电子传递链是分支型的,底物被氧化产生的电子可直接传递给细胞色素c或醌(ubiquinone, Q),而不一定从复合物I开始按顺序传递。其中,电子传递链的复合体I、复合体III、复合体IV及复合体V (ATP合成酶)的催化活性都与PMF耦合。细菌中的典型复合体I (NDH-I酶)催化NADH和Q之间的电子传递,每个电子的传递驱动2个质子的跨膜转移,与线粒体复合体I密切相关,该质子泵是完全可逆的,因此该酶也可以催化QH2还原NAD+产生NADH,并消耗PMF[15-16]。原核生物的复合体III催化QH2和细胞色素c之间的电子传递,每传递2电子会将胞质的2H+转移到质膜外,且质膜上QH2氧化也会释放2H+到膜外,则真正涉及胞内质子变化的是从胞质转运的2H+,因此设复合体III的H+/e-比为1[17]。不同细菌含有的复合体IV类型不同,不同培养条件下也可能表达不同类型的复合体IV,其中典型的细胞色素aa3终端氧化酶传递1e-给O2跨膜转运1H+,并消耗胞内1H+形成H2O[18]。此处假设复合体IV的H+/e-比为1,且有氧条件下消耗胞内1H+形成H2O。复合体V (ATP合成酶)消耗PMF合成ATP,细菌中主要的ATP合成酶是F0F1-ATP合成酶。大肠杆菌的F0F1-ATP合成酶结构中,胞质侧的F1部分起催化作用且有3个催化位点;质子跨膜的途径位于F0部分,转运的质子数与c亚基数量有关,而c亚基的数量随物种而不同,截至目前已报道的细菌ATP合成酶的c亚基数量为9-15个,一个包含n个c亚基的转子环每转移n个质子产生3个ATP[19-20]。然而,目前硫氧化细菌和硝化细菌的ATP合成酶具体结构尚未被报道,此处假设其ATP合成酶的c亚基数量为12,则合成1分子ATP需跨膜转运4H+。根据底物氧化产生的电子进入呼吸链的位置,假设需x电子沿传递链正向传递给氧气,y电子沿传递链逆向传递,合成还原力,最终传递给CO2,该过程合成的ATP与还原力正好符合CO2固定途径中的相应比例。由于还原1分子O2需要4e-,则氧化1分子底物需要x/4分子O2。所需CO2的量与具体固碳途径中CO2的化学计量数相关。
从固体培养基上挑取菌落到50 mL液体培养基(顶空为空气,添加0.20 g/L NaHCO3)中,在30 ℃、150 r/min的条件下摇床培养,SOB和NOB菌株在底物消耗80%以上后以2%接种量传代,AOB菌株在底物消耗50%以上后以4%接种量传代。
将上述的SOB和NOB传代培养物以3%接种量,接种至2瓶顶空为空气的150 mL液体培养基中,AOB传代培养物以6%接种量接种至6瓶顶空为空气的50 mL液体培养基中。在30 ℃、150 r/min的条件下摇床培养,当SOB和NOB培养液的底物消耗80%以上、AOB培养液的底物消耗50%以上,用孔径0.22 μm的聚醚砜滤膜抽滤收集菌体,再用150 mL无底物和HCO3-的空白培养基重悬膜上的菌体,再次用新的滤膜抽滤收集菌体,最终加入约25 mL空白培养基重悬菌体并取出滤膜,作为实验种子液。
假设由于物理化学平衡,顶空加入的O2随着液体溶氧的消耗而不断溶于液体中,加入的HCO3-随着CO2的减少而不断转化为CO2直至耗完。将种子液以1%接种量接种至不同O2与HCO3- (CO2)摩尔量比例的实验组及不控制比例的对照组培养基(顶空为空气,添加0.20 g/L NaHCO3)中,各组设2个生物平行。接种后使用Parafilm™封口膜包裹血清瓶口,30 ℃、150 r/min摇床培养。后续定时取样检测各瓶培养液的底物和产物浓度,各组其中一个生物平行使用稀释涂布法监测细菌的细胞密度。待培养物生长到对数末期时,各组的2个生物平行都进行细胞密度测定直至衰退期。各组的生物量积累为各组2个生物学重复在稳定期的生物量平均值。
利用Origin 2019软件进行统计分析,各组生物量积累使用方差分析,当P<0.05时,认为存在显著差异。
Halothiobacillus sp. DCM-3的基因组序列分析发现,其可通过周质中的硫氧化酶(Sox)系统将S2O32-氧化为SO42-,完整的Sox系统由SoxXA、SoxYZ、SoxB、Sox(CD)2 4部分组成,其中SoxXA含有c型血红素[21-23]。该菌株氧化S2O32-产生的电子由细胞色素c (cyt c)传递进入呼吸链,其氧化S2O32-产生电子的主要传递路径见图S1 [图S1、图S2和图S3数据已提交国家微生物科学数据中心(http://nmdc.cn),编号为NMDCX0001727]。
另外,对该菌株的基因组分析表明,其呼吸链由典型的复合体组成,其CO2固定途径为卡尔文循环,起始酶为I型RuBisCO,另外还有编码羧酶体结构的基因。卡尔文循环的总反应式如式(2)所示。
CO2+2NADPH+2H++3ATP→(CH2O)+2NADP++3ADP+3Pi+H2O
式中,(CH2O)为糖的简式,可得固定1分子CO2形成1分子(CH2O),需要3分子ATP和 2分子NADPH[24]。细菌通常以NADPH为还原力固定CO2,而在真核细胞线粒体和一些细菌中广泛存在着一种膜结合的转氢酶(transhydrogenase, TH),消耗PMF催化NAD(H)与NADP(H)之间转氢——1分子NADH形成1分子NADPH并转运1H+进入胞内[25]。本次计算假设细菌用于固碳的NADPH来源于消耗PMF的转氢酶催化NADH转氢,计算如式(3)所示。
x (O2为电子受)+y (CO2为电子受)=8胞内ΔH+=ΔH+out+ΔH+胞内消耗-ΔH+in=x (复合IV,泵出1H+/e-)+x (0.5O2+2H++2e-H2O)+0.5y (NAD++2e-+H+NADH)+0.5y (固定CO2需要消耗H+)-y (复合III,泵入1H+/e-)-2y (复合I,泵入2H+/e-)-0.5y (NADP++NADH+H+outNADPH+NAD++H+in)-0.75y (ATP/NADPH=3/2)×4 (复合V,泵入4H+/ATP)=2x-5.5y=0
计算得出1 mol S2O32-氧化产生的8 mol e-需有88/15 mol e-传递给O2,32/15 mol e-逆向传递形成还原力最终传递给CO2,即最优电子分配比例为0.733:0.267。根据计算结果,Halothiobacillus sp. DCM-3氧化1 mmol/L S2O32-需1.467 mmol/L O2 (即3.59%)和0.533 mmol/L CO2 (即1.31%)。若基于最优电子分配比例的条件,由于DCM-3在周质侧氧化1分子S2O32-产生10H+,则8e-按比例传递给O2,可产生3.967 ATP/S2O32-
NOB利用亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶(nitrite oxidoreductase, NXR)将NO2- 氧化为NO3-。NXR结合在细胞质膜上,可能由NxrA (α)、NxrB (β)和NxrC (γ) 3个亚基组成,含底物结合位点的NxrA亚基位于Nitrobacter的胞质侧[26]。NxrC是一个双血红素的细胞色素c,可能作为终端氧化酶的电子供体[27]
Nitrobacter winogradskyi Nb-255的基因组序列分析[28]表明,该菌株的nxrAnxrB与细胞色素c及NO2- /NO3- 转运体narK在同一基因簇上,推测NO2- 氧化产生的电子经细胞色素c介导进入呼吸链。其呼吸链由典型的复合体组成,其CO2固定途径为卡尔文循环,起始酶为I型RuBisCO,另外还有编码羧酶体结构的基因与RuBisCO基因相邻。该菌株氧化NO2- 产生电子的主要传递路径如附图S2所示。计算假设细菌用于固碳的NADPH由转氢酶催化产生。计算列式如公式(4)所示。
x (O2为电子受)+y (CO2为电子受)=2胞内ΔH+=ΔH+out+ΔH+胞内消耗-ΔH+胞内产生-ΔH+in=x (复合IV,泵出1H+/e-)+x (0.5O2+2H++2e-H2O)+0.5y (NAD++2e-+H+NADH)+0.5y (固定CO2需要消耗H+)-2 (胞质NXR氧化NO2-产生H+)-y (复合III,泵入1H+/e-)-2y (复合I,泵入2H+/e-)-0.5y (NADP++NADH+H+outNADPH+NAD++H+in)-0.75y (ATP/NADPH=3/2)×4 (复合V,泵入4H+/ATP)=-2+2x-5.5y=0
计算得出1 mol NO2- 氧化产生的2 mol e - 需有26/15 mol e - 传递给O2,4/15 mol e - 逆向传递形成还原力最终传递给CO2,即最优电子分配比例为0.867:0.133。根据计算结果,Nitrobacter sp. N1氧化1 mmol/L NO2- 需0.433 mmol/L O2 (即1.06%)和0.067 mmol/L CO2 (即0.164%)。若基于最优电子分配比例的条件,1分子NO2- 产生2e - 按比例传递给O2,可产生0.433 ATP/NO2-
AOB利用膜结合的氨单加氧酶(ammonia monooxygenase, AMO)将周质中的NH3氧化为羟胺,再由周质中的羟胺氧化还原酶(hydroxylamine oxidoreductase, HAO)将羟胺氧化为NO,但氧化NO形成NO2- 的酶尚未明确[29-30]。AMO将氨氧化为羟胺的过程需要2e -,羟胺氧化为NO2- 产生4e -,其中HAO氧化羟胺产生的3e - 经过cyt c554传递给膜上的cyt cm552,假设NO氧化产生的1e - 也传递给cyt cm552,而cyt cm552有醌还原酶活性,则羟胺氧化产生的4e - 通过cyt cm552传递给Q,并假设其中2e - 由QH2回补给AMO反应[31-32]。对Nitrosomonas sp. SCUT-1的基因组并结合Nitrosomonas europaea的基因组[33]分析表明,其CO2固定途径为卡尔文循环,存在典型的呼吸链复合体I、II、III、IV、V,以及依赖PMF的膜结合转氢酶。Nitrosomonas sp. SCUT-1将氨氧化为NO2- 过程中的主要电子传递路径见图S3,计算列式如公式(5)所示。
x (O2为电子受)+y (CO2为电子受)=2胞内ΔH+=ΔH+out+ΔH+胞内消耗-ΔH+in=x (复合III,泵出1H+/e-)+x (复合IV,泵出1H+/e-)+x (0.5O2+2H++2e-H2O)+0.5y (NAD++2e-+H+NADH)+0.5y (固定CO2需要消耗H+)-2y (复合I,泵入2H+/e-)-0.5y (NADP++NADH+H+outNADPH+NAD++H+in)-0.75y (ATP/NADPH=3/2)×4 (复合V,泵入4H+/ATP)=3x-4.5y=0
假设固碳途径所需的NADPH由转氢酶催化产生,1分子NH3氧化产生的4e - 最终有2e - 通过Q进入呼吸链。计算得出,进入呼吸链的2 mol e - 需有1.2 mol e - 传递给O2,0.8 mol e - 逆向传递形成还原力最终传递给CO2,即最优电子分配比例为0.6:0.4。根据计算结果,Nitrosomonas sp. SCUT-1氧化1 mmol/L NH3需0.3 mmol/L O2 (即0.735%)和0.2 mmol/L CO2 (即0.49%)。若基于最优电子分配比例的条件,由于SCUT-1在周质侧氧化1分子NH3产生3H+,则进入呼吸链的2e - 按比例传递给O2可产生1.35 ATP/NH3
在50 mL液体培养基中,添加的1 mmol/L S2O32-被氧化后产生的电子量为4×10-4 mol,由于还原O2和CO2分别需4个电子,则所需O2和CO2的总量为1×10-4 mol。根据最优比例计算结果,设置不同O2与HCO3- (CO2)摩尔量比例分组,以及实际的O2与HCO3- (CO2)摩尔量比例如表2所示,表2中平均氧气摩尔量的数据以平均值±误差的形式呈现,为各组测得的2个生物平行的氧气摩尔量平均值。其中比例④(0.75:0.25)与Halothiobacillus sp. DCM-3的最优比例计算结果相近。
在培养过程中,随着S2O32-氧化产生SO42-,各组培养液的pH均出现小幅度下降,但都保持在6.0以上。如图1所示,S2O32-与产生的SO42-的化学计量数大概呈1:2的关系,且底物消耗及产物产生的速率表现为与氧气的量呈正相关。各组生长到达稳定期的时间与底物耗完的时间邻近,但生物量积累与氧气的量不呈正相关。对各组的生物量积累进行方差分析,⑤的生物量积累显著低于不控制比例的空白对照(Control),①与空白对照不存在显著差异,②③④显著高于空白对照,表明在相同底物条件下,适当控制O2和HCO3- (CO2)的摩尔量比例有利于提高该菌株的生物量积累。其中,最优比例④的生物量积累显著高于②③,达到6.5×107 CFU/mL,是对照组的2.2倍,表明在相同底物条件下,通过控制O2和HCO3- (CO2)的摩尔量比例形成相应的最优电子分配比例,确实有助于得到该硫氧化菌株的最优生物量积累。
在50 mL液体培养基中,添加的5 mmol/L NO2-被氧化后产生的电子量为5×10-4 mol,所需O2和CO2的总量为1.25×10-4 mol。根据最优比例计算结果设置的不同O2与HCO3- (CO2)摩尔量比例分组,以及实际的O2与HCO3- (CO2)摩尔量比例如表3所示,表3中平均氧气摩尔量的数据以平均值±误差的形式呈现,为各组测得的2个生物平行的氧气摩尔量平均值。其中比例③(0.85:0.15)与Nitrobacter sp. N1的最优比例计算结果相近。培养实验的初始pH都接近中性,为6.9-7.0。
图2所示,在培养过程中,各组底物消耗及产物产生的速率表现为与氧气的量呈正相关。当氧气的量高于最优分配比例所需的量时(即③和对照组),生长的稳定期与底物消耗完的时间相邻,在底物耗完后的48 h内进入衰亡期。当氧气的量低于最优分配比例所需的量时(即①②),生物量最大的稳定期与底物消耗完的时间不相关,稳定期在底物消耗速率下降时出现,且在底物消耗完之前已出现衰亡期。推测该Nitrobacter菌株在5 mmol/L NO2-条件下生长时,若长期处于低于最优比例氧含量的环境中,生长增殖受一定的抑制,表明在该底物条件下其对氧的依赖性较高。对各组的生物量积累进行方差分析,①②③组之间的生物量积累存在显著差异,①②的生物量积累显著低于③和对照组,表明在该底物条件下,高于最优比例的氧含量有利于其生物量的积累。相比之下,③与对照组的生物量积累不存在显著差异,能达到7×106 CFU/mL,其中③培养基的HCO3-浓度为0.4 mmol/L,显著低于对照组的2.5 mmol/L HCO3-浓度,但仍能达到与对照组相近的生物量,表明该菌株对CO2的需求量较低。在5 mmol/L NO2-条件下,该Nitrobacter菌株表现出倾向于较高氧气但对CO2需求低的生长特性,与计算得到的最优分配比例相符。
在50 mL液体培养基中,所添加的1 mmol/L NH4+被氧化后进入呼吸链的电子量为1×10-4 mol,所需O2和CO2的总量为0.25×10-4 mol。根据最优比例计算结果设置的不同O2与HCO3- (CO2)摩尔量比例分组,以及实际的O2与HCO3- (CO2)摩尔量比例如表4所示,表中平均氧气摩尔量的数据以平均值±误差的形式呈现,为各组测得的2个生物平行的氧气摩尔量平均值。其中比例②(0.55:0.45)与Nitrosomonas sp. SCUT-1的最优比例计算结果相近。
图3所示,在培养过程中,实验组培养液的pH在7.0-7.5之间,而对照组pH上升到8.0,可能是导致对照组氨氧化和细胞增殖停止的主要原因,则对照组的生长量被显著低估。实验组均在600 h后消耗完底物,但在培养前期消耗不同浓度底物后进入稳定期并快速进入衰亡期,为了更严谨地比较,利用单位NH4+浓度生物量积累来校正。在该底物条件下,比例③有最高生物量积累,达6.5×105 CFU/mL,比例①有最优的单位NH4+浓度生物量积累,达1.5×106 CFU/(mL·(mmol/L))。方差分析表明,①②③的单位NH4+浓度生物量积累之间不存在显著差异,均达到1.3×106 CFU/(mL·(mmol/L))以上。在P<0.1下可认为实验组的单位NH4+浓度生物量积累都显著高于对照组。由于本研究的对照组生物量被显著低估,则与Wu等[6]研究中同一菌株在O2和HCO3-充足条件下的单位NH4+浓度生物量积累[1.07×106 CFU/(mL·(mmol/L))]相比,本研究实验组的单位NH4+浓度生物量积累高25%-40%。该结果表明,控制O2和CO2的摩尔量比例有助于提高该AOB菌株对底物氨的利用效率,从而提高单位NH4+浓度的生物量积累,与最优电子分配比例的计算原则部分相符。然而,当O2和CO2的量都较低时,可能不利于该菌株固碳的正常进行,只能维持细胞的代谢,导致后期的细胞增殖终止。
化能自养细菌在废水处理中起重要作用,但其生长缓慢、生物量较低、对环境变化高度敏感,导致培养难度较大。有氧条件下,化能自养细菌氧化底物产生的电子进入呼吸链用于ATP和还原力的合成,最终按一定比例分配给O2和CO2。本研究针对化能自养细菌培养困难的问题,从维持细胞内pH平衡和最适能量代谢的角度,计算得出了SOB菌株Halothiobacillus sp. DCM-3、NOB菌株Nitrobacter sp. N1以及AOB菌株Nitrosomonas sp. SCUT-1氧化相应底物产生的电子最终分配给O2与CO2的最优比例。根据计算结果,以上化能自养细菌氧化1 mmol/L的底物时,对O2的需求低于空气的氧气浓度(21%),而所需CO2浓度高于空气的CO2浓度(0.04%),因此其难培养的可能原因之一是培养过程中需适当控制低氧气浓度及补充适量的无机碳。另外,即使是基于最优电子分配比例的条件,以上化能自养细菌的能量合成效率仍低于异养细菌。异养细菌氧化1分子葡萄糖经过糖酵解和TCA循环形成CO2,即可产生4分子ATP、10分子NADH、2分子FADH2,最终可形成26 ATP/葡萄糖(假设1分子NADH氧化形成2分子ATP,1分子FADH2氧化形成1分子ATP)。相较于异养细菌,化能自养细菌的单位底物浓度能量合成效率较低,且底物氧化产生的电子还需用于合成还原力,因此单位底物浓度积累的生物量比较低。
经计算,NOB另一类群Nitrospira的最优电子分配比例约为0.6:0.4,氨氧化古菌的最优电子分配比例为0.586:0.414 (或0.524:0.476),计算过程在附图[数据已提交国家微生物科学数据中心(http://nmdc.cn),编号:NMDCX0001727]。中。以上计算结果有助于解释化能自养硝化微生物在低氧浓度下的表现。Hink等[34]的研究表明,在相同底物浓度下,AOA可能表现出比AOB略高的氧气亲和力,与AOA和AOB的最优比例计算结果相符。根据计算结果,AOB和Nitrospira对氧的需求均低于Nitrobacter,而AOB与Nitrospira的相近。Sliekers等[35]的研究表明,在AOB与NOB共培养过程中,当溶氧浓度维持在2.3 μmol/L (0.005 6%)时,AOB、NitrospiraNitrobacter分别约占真细菌细胞群的65%、15%和3%,AOB和Nitrospira体现出比Nitrobacter更高的氧亲和力。相比之下,在Law等[36]的研究中,与共存的AOB相比,Nitrospira对O2的亲和力更高。由此可得,在同一混合样品中,低氧浓度下AOB和Nitrospira都有可能成为优势菌,即两者对氧的亲和力相近,与计算结果吻合。
本研究根据最优分配比例的计算结果提出了基于电子分配的化能自养细菌培养策略,设置O2与HCO3- (CO2)的摩尔量比例,以形成相应的电子分配比例。其中,以1 mmol/L S2O32-为底物时,Halothiobacillus sp. DCM-3的最优分配比例确实有助于得到该菌株的最优生物量积累。SOB菌株Halothiobacillus sp. LS2以 1 mmol/L硫代硫酸盐为底物时,在20%氧浓度下的最大生物量为1.4×107 CFU/mL,在5%氧浓度下的最大生物量为1.7×107 CFU/mL,表明适当控制低O2摩尔量有助于提高该SOB菌株的生物量积累(是20%氧浓度的1.2倍),与本研究的计算结果部分相符[5]。本研究中,DCM-3菌株在最优比例组的生物量积累是对照组的2.2倍,表明限制O2和CO2摩尔量并形成最优比例,对于提高该SOB菌株的生物量积累更有效果。
以5 mmol/L NO2-为底物培养Nitrobacter sp. N1,当氧气的量低于最优分配比例所需的量时,该菌株在底物未耗完且消耗速率下降的时候进入稳定期,生物量积累显著低于氧含量较高的情况,可能与长期处于低氧环境有关。在高瑶远等[37]的研究中,用低溶氧条件驯化硝化活性污泥后,其中未检测到Nitrobacter。推测长期低于最优比例氧含量的环境对Nitrobacter的生长活性有抑制作用。①②实验组的生物量积累较低,也可能与缺氧条件下固定的CO2不同程度地形成PHB储存在胞内,用于生长的固碳量降低有关[38]。然而,在该底物浓度下,生长活性正常的Nitrobacter对CO2的需求较低。Vadivelu等[39]的研究中,存在或不存在CO2不会影响Nitrobacter富集培养物对NO2-的亲和常数Ks,即不影响能量代谢效率,与本研究的结果相符。因此在5 mmol/L底物浓度下,Nitrobacter倾向于较高氧气但对CO2需求低的生存要求与计算得到的最优分配比例相符,在该底物浓度下,给予限制的O2和CO2摩尔量,并形成最优比例,可达到和充足O2与HCO3- (CO2)条件下相近的生物量积累。
以1 mmol/L NH4+为底物培养Nitrosomonas sp. SCUT-1,实验组中该菌株在培养前期就进入稳定期,但与Wu等[6]研究中同一菌株的生物量积累(1.6×106 CFU/mL)相比,本研究的生物量积累约为其培养结果的37%,可能受到碳限制的影响。Mellbye等[40]的研究发现,在碳限制时,Nitrosomonas europaea的RuBisCO表达显著上调,而细胞密度下降至碳充足时的37%-66%,与本研究中实验组的生长速率高但生物量积累降低的现象相符。另外,在Nitrosomonas ureae的基因组中缺乏编码羧酶体的基因,固碳途径的起始酶为胞质的I型RuBisCO,对CO2的浓度要求提高[41-42]。氧浓度低CO2浓度高的①组有较优的单位NH4+浓度生物量积累。与Wu等[6]研究中同一菌株在O2和HCO3-充足条件下的单位NH4+浓度生物量积累相比,本研究实验组的单位NH4+浓度生物量积累高出25%-40%。这可能是因为通过限制O2和CO2摩尔量比例限制了RuBisCO的加氧酶活性,以及限制了氨氧化产生电子的分配去向,从而提高了实验组的固碳效率。对该AOB菌株最优电子分配比例的计算高估了缺乏羧酶体情况下RuBisCO的固碳效率,低估了碳限制对AOB的复杂影响。给予的CO2浓度偏低,导致生物量积累低于适宜条件下的表现。然而,实验组的单位NH4+浓度生物量积累显著高于对照组,表明控制O2和CO2的摩尔量并形成一定比例,有助于提高该AOB菌株对底物NH4+的利用效率,从而提高单位NH4+浓度的生物量积累,与最优电子分配比例的计算原则部分相符。
本研究结果表明,基于电子分配的化能自养细菌培养策略,通过限制O2和CO2摩尔量,并形成一定比例,从而限制电子分配的培养条件,有助于提高同一底物条件下的生物量积累,为化能自养细菌的培养提供一定的策略参考。在ATCC保藏中心,用于培养Halothiobacillus的培养基ATCC Medium 290:S-6 medium for Thiobacilli、用于培养Nitrobacter winogradskyi Nb-255的培养基ATCC Medium 480:Nitrobacter medium 203、用于培养Nitrosomonas的培养基ATCC Medium 2265:Nitrosomonas europaea medium,均未写明一定底物条件下所需的O2和CO2摩尔量。相比之下,在Wu等[6]的研究中,低于21% O2更有利于5株Nitrosomonas的生长,表明好氧的化能自养细菌并不一定最适合在21% O2下生长。在设计培养条件时,除了参考现有可查阅的培养条件,还应根据酶的底物亲和力给予适当浓度的电子供体,并根据其氧化产生的电子量给予相应摩尔量及一定比例的O2和CO2,使电子合理分配,提高固碳效率和细胞得率。本研究的培养策略有助于对化能自养细菌的培养条件进行精细的优化,使底物氧化产生的有限电子能够更充分地被用于细胞的生长增殖。然而,该策略在其他化能自养细菌培养中的适用性及设置O2和CO2比例的量值限制有待进一步探究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(91951118)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41977034)
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2025年第65卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240536
  • 接收时间:2024-08-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-28
  • 录用日期:2024-11-06
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(91951118)
国家自然科学基金(91951118)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41977034)
国家自然科学基金(41977034)
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    华南理工大学 生物科学与工程学院,广东 广州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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