Article(id=1226296953881936145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240564, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1726156800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1729180800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-18, onlineDate=1770301577301, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1738598400000, pubDateStr=2025-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770301577301, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770301577301, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770301577301, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226296952975966478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='2', pageStart='421', pageEnd='861', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770301577085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770353593135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226515124169650204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226515124173844509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226296952975966478, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=551, endPage=566, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226296954150371604, articleId=1226296953881936145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in regulation of picornavirus infections by host kinases, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Kinases are the major category of proteins that regulate intracellular signal transduction by phosphorylating target proteins. They catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups of high-energy donor molecules to specific substrates, serving as the key regulators of cell functions. Host kinases constitute a large protein family with diverse functions, guiding the activation, subcellular localization, and conformational changes of target proteins. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that host kinases play a regulatory role in the processes of picornavirus infections. Picornaviruses can cause a variety of diseases in human and animals. They lead to serious public health problems and huge economic burden in a global scope. A comprehensive understanding of the infection processes of picornaviruses is helpful for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. This paper reviews the research progress in the regulation of picornavirus infections by host kinases, aiming to comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms for interactions between host kinases and picornaviruses. At the same time, we discuss the potential of host kinases as effective treatments and drug targets against picornaviruses infection, aiming to provide implications for the development of new anti-picornavirus agents and vaccines in the future.

, correspAuthors=Shasha LI, Huixia LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: LI Shasha,
LI Huixia,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue'er DOU, Ruiya LIAN, Na WANG, Shasha LI, Huixia LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1226296956272689449, articleId=1226296953881936145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=宿主激酶调控小RNA病毒感染的研究进展, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

激酶是一种通过磷酸化作用调控细胞内信号传导的蛋白质,可催化高能供体分子的磷酸基团转移至特定底物上,是细胞功能的关键调节分子。激酶的功能多样,能够调控底物蛋白质的活化、亚细胞定位及构象改变。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,宿主激酶在小RNA病毒感染过程中发挥着重要的调控作用。小RNA病毒科成员可引起人和动物的多种疾病,曾在全球范围内引发严重的公共卫生问题,并造成巨大的经济负担。全面了解小RNA病毒的感染过程有助于预防和治疗这些疾病。本文综述了宿主激酶调控小RNA病毒感染的研究进展,旨在更全面地阐述宿主激酶与小RNA病毒的相互作用机制,同时讨论了宿主激酶作为预防疾病的有效措施及其药物靶点的可操作性,以期为未来开发新的抗小RNA病毒药物和疫苗研发提供启示。

, correspAuthors=李莎莎, 李慧霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=2oDQJSkIT6FZ+55T+25mQg==, magXml=6TT/WfWehmPDYPTvEOBrDw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/04w+V/ptLYsa9Cm/LSyXA==, pdfFileSize=1937355, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ZoYBcRz/CjqeqvbmZzgzhw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=NrkSccDTfHLUSa4DViz+YQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

窦雪儿:数据收集和处理及论文撰写;连瑞雅:数据收集和处理及论文修改;王娜:论文绘图及参与论文讨论;李莎莎:论文整体框架的设计、论文审阅与修改;李慧霞:论文构思和设计、论文修改。

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2 Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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2 Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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process of picornavirus infection.Ⅰ: The kinases that regulate picornavirus entry; Ⅱ: The kinases that involve in the uncoating and replication of picornavirus in host cells; Ⅲ: The kinases that involve in picornavirus infection with unclear mechanisms., figureFileSmall=fJIqJM8EbfGYdHQ8LGcakg==, figureFileBig=p/F+in4MTZktDcgk7pO7Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514036490159044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296953881936145, language=CN, label=图1, caption=宿主激酶对小RNA病毒感染过程的调控。Ⅰ:在小RNA病毒侵入宿主的过程中发挥调控作用的激酶;Ⅱ:小RNA病毒在宿主细胞内脱壳和复制过程中发挥调控作用的激酶;Ⅲ:参与小RNA病毒感染阶段但效应不明确的激酶。, figureFileSmall=fJIqJM8EbfGYdHQ8LGcakg==, figureFileBig=p/F+in4MTZktDcgk7pO7Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226514036599210957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296953881936145, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Picornaviruses associated with various host kinases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Types of kinasesKinasesVirusesReferences
Serine/threonine kinasesAKTFMDV[34]
TPL2FMDV[35]
AKT2CV[36]
MAPKEMCV, TMEV, SVV[37-40]
p38MAPKSVV[40]
AMPKSVV[40]
ERKTMEV, SVV, CV[39-41]
GSK-3βTMEV[42]
ILKCV[43]
PKDFMDV, HRV, PV[44]
Pak1EV[45]
PKCαEV[45]
MAP2K3HAV[46]
Tyrosine kinasesTyrosine kinaseEMCV, HAV[47-49]
AblCV[50]
FynCV[50]
p56LckCV[51]
JAKEV, HAV[52-53]
Other kinasesPI4KAEMCV[54]
PI3KEMCV[55-57]
PKRFMDV, EMCV[58-60]
PERKCV[61]
PIKFYVECV, PV, EV[62]
), ArticleFig(id=1226514036716651480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226296953881936145, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

与各类宿主激酶相关的小RNA病毒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Types of kinasesKinasesVirusesReferences
Serine/threonine kinasesAKTFMDV[34]
TPL2FMDV[35]
AKT2CV[36]
MAPKEMCV, TMEV, SVV[37-40]
p38MAPKSVV[40]
AMPKSVV[40]
ERKTMEV, SVV, CV[39-41]
GSK-3βTMEV[42]
ILKCV[43]
PKDFMDV, HRV, PV[44]
Pak1EV[45]
PKCαEV[45]
MAP2K3HAV[46]
Tyrosine kinasesTyrosine kinaseEMCV, HAV[47-49]
AblCV[50]
FynCV[50]
p56LckCV[51]
JAKEV, HAV[52-53]
Other kinasesPI4KAEMCV[54]
PI3KEMCV[55-57]
PKRFMDV, EMCV[58-60]
PERKCV[61]
PIKFYVECV, PV, EV[62]
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宿主激酶调控小RNA病毒感染的研究进展
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窦雪儿 1, 2, 3 , 连瑞雅 1, 2, 3, 4 , 王娜 1, 2, 3 , 李莎莎 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 李慧霞 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(2): 551-566
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(2): 551-566
宿主激酶调控小RNA病毒感染的研究进展
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窦雪儿1, 2, 3, 连瑞雅1, 2, 3, 4, 王娜1, 2, 3, 李莎莎1, 2, 3, 4, * , 李慧霞1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 西北民族大学,生物医学研究中心,细胞基质疫苗关键技术与产业化教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州
  • 2 西北民族大学,生物医学研究中心,甘肃省动物细胞技术创新中心,甘肃 兰州
  • 3 西北民族大学,生物医学研究中心,生物工程与技术国家民委重点实验室,甘肃 兰州
  • 4 西北民族大学,生命科学与工程学院,甘肃 兰州
Research progress in regulation of picornavirus infections by host kinases
Xue'er DOU1, 2, 3, Ruiya LIAN1, 2, 3, 4, Na WANG1, 2, 3, Shasha LI1, 2, 3, 4, * , Huixia LI1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 2 Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 4 School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2025-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240564
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激酶是一种通过磷酸化作用调控细胞内信号传导的蛋白质,可催化高能供体分子的磷酸基团转移至特定底物上,是细胞功能的关键调节分子。激酶的功能多样,能够调控底物蛋白质的活化、亚细胞定位及构象改变。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,宿主激酶在小RNA病毒感染过程中发挥着重要的调控作用。小RNA病毒科成员可引起人和动物的多种疾病,曾在全球范围内引发严重的公共卫生问题,并造成巨大的经济负担。全面了解小RNA病毒的感染过程有助于预防和治疗这些疾病。本文综述了宿主激酶调控小RNA病毒感染的研究进展,旨在更全面地阐述宿主激酶与小RNA病毒的相互作用机制,同时讨论了宿主激酶作为预防疾病的有效措施及其药物靶点的可操作性,以期为未来开发新的抗小RNA病毒药物和疫苗研发提供启示。

宿主激酶  /  小RNA病毒  /  调控  /  感染机制

Kinases are the major category of proteins that regulate intracellular signal transduction by phosphorylating target proteins. They catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups of high-energy donor molecules to specific substrates, serving as the key regulators of cell functions. Host kinases constitute a large protein family with diverse functions, guiding the activation, subcellular localization, and conformational changes of target proteins. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that host kinases play a regulatory role in the processes of picornavirus infections. Picornaviruses can cause a variety of diseases in human and animals. They lead to serious public health problems and huge economic burden in a global scope. A comprehensive understanding of the infection processes of picornaviruses is helpful for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. This paper reviews the research progress in the regulation of picornavirus infections by host kinases, aiming to comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms for interactions between host kinases and picornaviruses. At the same time, we discuss the potential of host kinases as effective treatments and drug targets against picornaviruses infection, aiming to provide implications for the development of new anti-picornavirus agents and vaccines in the future.

host kinases  /  picornaviruses  /  regulation  /  infection mechanisms
窦雪儿, 连瑞雅, 王娜, 李莎莎, 李慧霞. 宿主激酶调控小RNA病毒感染的研究进展. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (2) : 551 -566 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240564
Xue'er DOU, Ruiya LIAN, Na WANG, Shasha LI, Huixia LI. Research progress in regulation of picornavirus infections by host kinases[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (2) : 551 -566 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240564
宿主激酶广泛存在于真核细胞中,其家族成员众多,可达500多种[1]。激酶转移磷酸基团至底物蛋白的特定氨基酸残基上,调节其活性、定位或分子间的相互作用,进而调控细胞信号转导、细胞代谢、细胞周期以及细胞应激等生物过程[2]。近年来,激酶已成为许多生物学研究和药物开发的重要靶标。据报道,宿主激酶参与多种病毒的感染过程,如嗜肝DNA病毒、疱疹病毒、冠状病毒、正黏病毒、副黏病毒、黄病毒和小RNA病毒(Picornaviruses)等[3-4]。其中大多数小RNA病毒能够引发人兽共患病,严重威胁公共卫生安全[5]。随着对小RNA病毒研究的深入,越来越多的证据表明,激酶在小RNA病毒的生命周期中扮演着重要角色[6]。因此,深入探讨宿主激酶在小RNA病毒感染过程中的作用机制,对于理解病毒的致病及开发新的抗病毒策略具有重要意义。本文综述了宿主激酶在不同小RNA病毒感染中的调控机制,旨在探讨宿主激酶作为潜在抗病毒靶点的可能性,为小RNA病毒抗病毒药物的研发提供理论依据。
宿主激酶在细胞周期进程、细胞生长、分化、迁移、代谢和凋亡等关键细胞过程中对蛋白质活性的控制发挥着重要作用[7]。根据宿主激酶所结合的受体氨基酸的不同,可将蛋白激酶分为5类,即以蛋白质醇基为受体的蛋白质-丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶类、以蛋白质酚基为受体的蛋白质-酪氨酸激酶类、以蛋白质碱性氨基酸基团为受体的蛋白质-组氨酸激酶类、以蛋白质半胱氨酸基团为受体的蛋白质-半胱氨酸激酶类和以蛋白质酰基为受体的蛋白质-酰基或谷氨酰激酶类,其中蛋白质丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶和蛋白质酪氨酸激酶是研究最为深入的2类激酶[8]。除此之外,依据序列相似性、进化保守性和功能特性的不同,宿主激酶还包括一些非典型激酶和类蛋白激酶[9]
蛋白质丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶在宿主蛋白激酶中占据绝大多数,根据功能与结合位点的不同可大致将其分为5组:(1) AGC组即依赖于环磷酸腺苷(cylic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP)的蛋白激酶A (protein kinase A, PKA)、依赖于环磷酸鸟苷(cyclic guanosine monophosphate, cGMP)的蛋白激酶G (protein kinase G, PKG)和依赖于钙离子和磷脂的蛋白激酶C (protein kinase C, PKC);(2) 钙/钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶(Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, CAMK)组;(3) 酪蛋白激酶1 (casein kinase 1, CK1)组;(4) CMGC组,即细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin dependent kinases, CDK)、有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPK)、糖原合成酶激酶3 (glycogen synthesis kinanse 3, GSK3)和类细胞分裂周期激酶(cell division cycle-like kinase, CLK);(5) STE (sterile)组。
AGC组包括PKA、PKG、PKC家族,其主要功能是参与许多关键的细胞内信号转导通路[10],如PKC能够激活核因子-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)信号,从而显著增强干扰素(interferon, IFN)基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes, STING)介导的免疫反应[11],PKC还可以参与干扰素调节因子3 (interferon regulatory factor-3, IRF-3)的激活和I型干扰素(type I interferon, IFN-I)的合成[12]。CAMK组包含多种依赖钙离子/钙调素的蛋白激酶,当钙调素(calmodulin, CaM)结合了Ca2+后,会与CAMK C端的钙结合蛋白结构域(Ca2+/CaM binding domain, CBD)结合,从而使其自抑制结构域(auto-inhibitory domain, AID)打开,并释放出N端的催化域,由此激活CAMK;CAMK广泛参与调节细胞的多种生物学功能,包括氨基酸和脂质代谢、离子通道/受体及神经递质的合成与释放、维持细胞内钙稳态等[13]。CK1组各激酶高度保守且在机体中广谱表达,主要参与DNA加工修复、细胞增殖、细胞骨架动力学、囊泡运输、细胞凋亡和细胞分化等多种生物学过程[14]。然而,目前关于CAMK组和CK1组的激酶与病毒的相互作用鲜有报道。CMGC组包括CDK、MAPK、GSK3和CLK家族,在多个细胞信号通路中发挥关键作用,包括细胞周期调控、增殖、分化、凋亡和基因表达调控过程[15]。研究表明,p38 MAPK可以通过调节干扰素合成和随后的干扰素信号转导来控制高致病性禽流感病毒(highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, HPAIV)诱导的基因表达[16]。STE组主要分为Sterile7、Sterile11和Sterile20三个家族,是MAPK信号通路的关键节点[17]。这些激酶在细胞的信号传导网络中相互作用,形成复杂的调控网络,以确保细胞能够适应外界环境的变化。
蛋白质酪氨酸激酶是分布在细胞膜表面的酶偶联型受体,一般分为受体酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosine kinase, RTKs)和非受体酪氨酸激酶(non-receptor tyrosine kinases, NRTKs) 2类。RTKs是一种跨膜糖蛋白,与同源配体结合后会被激活,并通过使受体本身(自体磷酸化)和下游信号蛋白上的酪氨酸残基磷酸化,将细胞外信号传递到细胞质中;据报道,受体酪氨酸激酶(anexelekto, Axl)是一种新型的新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)候选受体,它可能在促进人类呼吸系统的病毒感染中发挥重要作用,并且是未来临床干预策略的潜在目标[18]。除了RTKs外,还有一个庞大的NRTKs家族,包括Src、Jaks和Abl等[19]。研究表明,新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus, NDV)可以通过与含硅酸的神经节苷脂(gangliosides)结合,并诱导非受体酪氨酸激酶Src活化,通过Src激活多种信号通路以促进病毒通过小窝蛋白(caveolin)介导的内吞途径进入宿主巨噬细胞[20]。日本乙型脑炎病毒(Janpanese encephalitis virus, JEV)通过caveolin介导的内吞途径进入人脑微血管内皮细胞(human brain microvascular endothelial cells, HBMEC)时同样需要Src的参与[21]
除RTKs和NRTKs之外,还存在一种酪氨酸激酶样(tyrosine kinase-like, TKL)的蛋白激酶,其中的受体相互作用蛋白激酶(receptor-interacting protein kinase, RIPK)同时具有酪氨酸激酶和丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶的活性[22]。研究表明缺乏受体相互作用蛋白激酶3 (receptor-interacting protein kinase-3, RIPK3)的小鼠极易感染西尼罗河病毒(West nile virus, WNV),证明RIPK3对神经炎症具有重要的保护作用,并将RIPK3确立为控制神经病毒感染的关键宿主因子[23]
非典型激酶是一类与传统蛋白激酶结构和作用机制不同的蛋白激酶[24],包括共济失调毛细血管扩张突变相关蛋白(ataxia-telangiectasia mutated proteins, ATM)、共济失调毛细血管扩张和Rad3相关蛋白(ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related kinase, ATR)和哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)等常见蛋白[25]。它们在细胞生物学和病理生理学中具有重要意义。例如,mTOR是磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mTOR, PI3K/Akt/mTOR)信号通路的关键激酶,该信号通路是细胞生长、增殖和存活的关键调节通路,与多种疾病尤其是癌症的发生和发展密切相关[26]。Xiang等研究表明PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路能够抑制乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)的复制过程[27]。同时该通路还是SARS-CoV-2感染期间的重要信号通路,其能够促进SARS-CoV-2复制,使用该通路的抑制剂能够为抗SARS-CoV-2提供更为有效的治疗方法[28]。因此,对非典型激酶的研究不仅有助于深入理解细胞信号传导的复杂机制,还能为相关疾病的治疗提供重要靶点。
类蛋白激酶包括一系列脂质、糖类和其他小分子激酶,它们的功能与蛋白激酶相似,都是通过磷酸化脂质、糖类或其他小分子,在细胞内发挥重要的动态调节功能。例如,核黄素代谢中的关键酶核黄素激酶(riboflavin kinase, RFK)[29],它是一种类蛋白激酶,可以催化核黄素磷酸化为黄素单核苷酸(flavin mononucleotide, FMN)[30]。胸苷激酶1 (thymidine kinase 1, TK1)是肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)发生发展进程中的一个关键驱动因素,敲除TK1能有效缓解HCC的进展,而过表达会显著加剧HCC的进展[31]
除此之外,存在一些脂质的类蛋白激酶。例如,脂质激酶家族中的PI3K,它能使细胞膜上磷脂酰肌醇环的3-羟基磷酸化[32]。Lambert等研究表明,PI3K与MAPK的信号通路在卡波氏肉瘤相关疱疹病毒(Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus, KSHV)感染和致病过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,以这些通路为靶点能够抑制病毒的复制[33]
综上所述,以上4类激酶都可参与调控病毒复制。本文重点讨论以上各类宿主激酶和小RNA病毒感染之间的相互作用关系,表1列出了各类激酶与其调控的小RNA病毒。
小RNA病毒为无包膜、单股正链的RNA病毒,它们的基因组从7-10 kb不等,依次由5′非翻译区(untranslated region, UTR)、单个开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)、3′ UTR和3′ poly(A)尾组成[63]。许多小RNA病毒是感染人类和家畜的重要病原体,可感染中枢神经系统、肝脏、心脏、呼吸道和胃肠道;根据组织嗜性不同,小RNA病毒(picornavirus)可分为口蹄疫病毒属(Aphthovirus)、心病毒属(Cardiovirus)、肠病毒属(Enterovirus)、肝病毒属(Hepatovirus)和塞内卡病毒属(Senecavirus) 5个属[64]
口蹄疫病毒(foot and mouth disease virus, FMDV)是口蹄疫病毒属的成员,为口蹄疫的致病病原体;FMDV基因组为正链RNA,长度约为8.5 kb,包含一个单股RNA分子,基因组被包裹在由4种结构蛋白VP1-VP4形成的二十面体衣壳中[65]。FMDV有7个血清型,分别为O、A、C、Asia1、SAT1、SAT2和SAT3型,各型之间无交叉保护反应;这些亚型都可以感染哺乳动物,特别是牛、猪和羊等偶蹄动物,引起发烧、跛行以及口腔、蹄部、鼻和乳头上的水泡状病变等临床症状[66]。此外,FMDV还会损伤心脏,从而引起感染,导致幼畜高死亡率的发生;然而FMDV并不会引起成年动物高死亡率的发生,只会使动物体征衰弱包括体重减轻和产奶量下降等,从而在长时间内丧失生产力[67]
FMDV是对家畜危害最大的动物病毒之一。2021年以来,全球多个国家报告有口蹄疫疫情,以亚洲和非洲最为严重;境外毒株的传入,造成我国口蹄疫疫情多发,流行毒株较复杂,需要持续强化针对性的高效疫苗研发和储备[68]。因此,急需深入阐明口蹄疫与宿主的相互作用机制。宿主激酶是一类参与宿主多个生物学过程的关键蛋白,研究表明,多个宿主激酶参与调控FMDV的感染过程,具体的激酶与调控机制如下。
研究表明,丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶参与调控FMDV感染。Raf丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶的抑制剂索拉非尼(sorafenib)是一种抗癌药物,索拉非尼剂量依赖地抑制FMDV复制;进一步研究表明,索拉非尼有望成为一种治疗FMDV感染的药物,其作用机制可能是通过靶向丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶来抑制FMDV复制[69]。以上结果提示Raf可能对FMDV具有一定的调控作用,但其详细机制还需进一步地探究。
AKT又称蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, PKB),它能够激活mTOR信号通路进而调节自噬相关蛋白5 (autophagy-related protein 5, ATG5)的表达和自噬进程;有研究表明AKT激酶会协助FMDV完成其生命周期,AKT通过与FMDV结构蛋白VP3合作在病毒感染期间促进自噬过程,在AKT-mTOR-ATG5依赖性自噬途径中与组蛋白去乙酰化酶8 (histone deacetylase 8, HDAC8)相互作用,并降解HDAC8,FMDV得以逃避宿主的天然免疫反应;这是口蹄疫病毒进化出的一种策略,即在病毒感染期间通过自噬途径降解相关宿主蛋白来促进病毒复制[34]
病毒感染过程中与宿主的相互作用对感染的进程至关重要。TPL2是一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,属于丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, MAP3K)家族,在病原感染中发挥着重要作用。Zhang等的研究首次证明,宿主TPL2在FMDV复制过程中通过上调干扰素和抗病毒细胞因子的表达来发挥抗病毒作用[35],间接抑制FMDV的复制。
双链RNA依赖性蛋白激酶(double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR)在宿主抵抗病毒感染过程中发挥重要作用[70]。病毒进入细胞开始复制后,细胞内PKR会检测到双链RNA,随之被激活,进而磷酸化真核翻译起始因子2α (eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, eIF2α),这是一种翻译起始因子,其磷酸化会抑制蛋白质的合成,从而抑制病毒的复制和传播,这一研究说明了PKR具有抗病毒的特性[71]。此外,Chinsangaram等[58]发现,PKR可能抑制FMDV复制,为了证实这一猜想,作者用PKR抑制剂2-氨基嘌呤处理猪和牛的细胞;与未处理的感染细胞相比,病毒的产量分别增加了8.8倍和11.2倍。上述研究证明了PKR在抑制FMDV复制中具有重要作用。同时在FMDV感染PK-15细胞的过程中,Li等发现FMDV的非结构蛋白3Cpro通过溶酶体途径诱导PKR的降解,抑制细胞中PKR的表达和活化[70],更加证实了PKR与FMDV二者存在相互拮抗作用。
综上所述,在病毒感染过程中,宿主激酶对病毒的调控方式多样。有些激酶能够抑制病毒的复制过程,同时在调控过程中也存在协同病毒进行生命周期的宿主激酶。
心病毒属病毒可以感染多种哺乳动物,包括啮齿类动物和人类,其中研究较多的是脑心肌炎病毒(encephalomyocarditis virus, EMCV)和泰勒氏小鼠脑脊髓炎病毒(Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, TMEV)[72]。EMCV可感染多种哺乳动物,导致脑炎、心肌炎、神经系统疾病、糖尿病和繁殖障碍等疾病,严重危害公共卫生安全[73]。TMEV可在易感株系小鼠的中枢神经系统中建立持续感染,并引发症状类似于人类多发性硬化症的自身免疫性脱髓鞘疾病,Tsunoda等利用TMEV感染小鼠,诱导出了多发性硬化症、癫痫发作和心肌炎3种免疫媒介性的疾病模型[74]。为了应对心病毒属病毒带来的公共卫生挑战,并利用这些病毒开发更多的疾病模型,对病毒的感染过程进行研究势在必行。已知多个宿主激酶控制心病毒属病毒感染的进程,具体激酶与调控机制如下。
有报道称,EMCV可能会通过反式激活应答RNA结合蛋白(transactivation response RNA-binding protein, TRBP)的磷酸化而减弱IFN应答,从而逃避宿主的天然免疫反应;机制研究显示,EMCV感染宿主细胞后会引起MAPK对TRBP的磷酸化,从而激活TRBP,减弱了IFN应答以促进病毒复制[37]。该研究说明MAPK协同EMCV复制过程。此外,还有2种MAPK激酶,细胞外信号调节激酶(extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK)和p38也可能影响EMCV复制,研究发现,ERK和P38的抑制剂(U0126和SB203580)能够阻断EMCV感染[38],证明ERK和p38在EMCV感染中可能存在一定的协同作用。
Moore等[39]报道,在TMEV感染巨噬细胞期间,内源性IL-6的表达依赖于ERK和MAPK,但在早期感染期间,IL-6的表达量不足,无法减少病毒复制,而增加外源性IL-6可提高巨噬细胞对TMEV感染的抑制能力。此项研究为ERK和MAPK可能是抑制TMEV复制的潜在靶点提供理论依据。
Benítez-fernández等构建出类似于原发进展型多发性硬化症(primary progressive multiple sclerosis, PPMS)的临床前模型,即泰勒氏小鼠脑脊髓炎病毒诱导的脱髓鞘疾病(Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinated disease, TMEV-IDD),通过该模型研究了糖原合酶激酶3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β)的抑制剂即小分子VP3.15;VP3.15能延缓TMEV感染小鼠的进程,改善运动障碍,在治疗脱髓鞘疾病方面显示出了巨大的治疗潜力[42]。研究证实,GSK-3β对于TMEV感染可能存在的协同作用。
Src家族激酶(Src family kinases, SFKs)是一种非受体酪氨酸激酶。Freudenburg等报道,在病毒感染巨噬细胞时期的炎症基因表达中,SFKs发挥了积极的调控作用,抑制SFKs可减弱EMCV诱导的环氧化酶-2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2)等的表达,从而减弱机体的抗病毒过程[47]。同时,Dvorak等[48]发现,EMCV L蛋白的序列有一个位于中心位置的酪氨酸磷酸化基序(KYDEEWY),该基序可被酪氨酸激酶识别;在病毒感染过程中,EMCV的L蛋白与锌结合后被磷酸化,降低了病毒基因组翻译的效率。综上所述,SFKs抑制了EMCV感染进程,并对其复制过程有一定的抑制作用。然而并未证实发挥调控作用的具体Src激酶。
Li等[75]研究发现,Src家族激酶对EMCV的感染过程有一定的调控作用,证明EMCV通过内吞作用进入细胞,其入侵BHK21细胞依赖于小窝蛋白-1 (caveolin-1)介导的内吞作用。据报道,非受体酪氨酸激酶Src与caveolin介导的内吞途径相关[20-21],为进一步探究EMCV感染入侵的详细机制,继续探索了Src在EMCV感染过程中的作用机制,已确证Src促进EMCV的增殖(该数据尚未发表),其具体机制的阐明将帮助我们深刻理解Src家族激酶与小RNA病毒的相互作用调控网络。
EMCV在进行基因组复制时需要PI4KA的协助,该激酶在EMCV的复制过程中起协同作用[54]。雷帕霉素是磷脂酰肌醇3激酶-FK506结合蛋白-雷帕霉素相关蛋白(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-FK506 binding protein-rapamycin-associated protein, PI3K-FKBP-FRAP)通路的抑制剂,在EMCV感染后,能轻度提升病毒蛋白质的合成水平,并切断宿主细胞蛋白质的合成[55],反映出PI3K在病毒蛋白质合成过程中可能起到抑制作用。研究表明PI3K在EMCV感染巨噬细胞过程中起着核心作用,当EMCV进入巨噬细胞后,PI3K会被迅速短暂地激活并参与调控炎症基因的表达,而将PI3K抑制后巨噬细胞就无法启动炎症反应和抗病毒反应,并因细胞凋亡而死亡[56]。同时,Prejean等[57]也证明了干扰素激活PI3K后,可阻止EMCV诱导的细胞死亡。综上所述,PI3K在一定程度上能够抑制EMCV的感染过程,延缓病毒引发的细胞死亡。
在建立EMCV持续感染模型的过程中发现,PKR在原核细胞U937中的表达受到抑制后,高度细胞溶解性的EMCV感染可转变为持续性感染;由于PKR具有凋亡潜能,EMCV在感染缺乏PKR的U937细胞后,由病毒诱导的凋亡被延迟,造成了在U937细胞中EMCV的持续感染[59]。Khabar等[60]也发现,PKR的缺失会适度促进EMCV的生长周期。由此可见,PKR可调控EMCV感染,促进病毒感染进程。
肠病毒属的小RNA病毒包含脊髓灰质炎病毒(Poliovirus, PV)、柯萨奇病毒(Coxsackievirus, CV)和肠道病毒(Enterovirus, EV)等[76]。肠道病毒感染机体后会在肠道内增殖,很少导致肠道疾病,主要引起神经系统、呼吸系统和皮肤黏膜损伤,如脊髓灰质炎、无菌性脑膜炎、疱疹性咽峡炎、手足口病和急性出血性结膜炎等[77]。根据病毒的组织嗜性将小RNA病毒进行分类,能够引起普通感冒的鼻病毒也属于肠病毒属[64]。目前,对于宿主激酶调控肠病毒属病毒感染的研究进展较多,具体激酶与调控机制如下。
研究表明,AKT2参与各种心肌细胞信号转导过程,包括对生存和新陈代谢非常重要的过程;已知柯萨奇病毒B3 (coxsackievirus B3, CVB3)是引起人类心肌炎最常见的病原体之一,由于AKT2在CVB3感染中的作用尚不清楚,Kim等[36]利用AKT2基因敲除小鼠与野生型小鼠进行对照开展实验,以此确定AKT2在CVB3介导的心肌炎中发挥的作用;在急性心肌炎期间,心肌细胞中的AKT2通过激活先天性免疫应答,使心脏免受损伤。综上所述,AKT2可缓解病毒感染后带来的心脏损伤,但其具体作用机制尚不明确。ERK对CVB3的复制至关重要,据报道,ERK会在CVB3感染后被激活,进而协同CVB3的复制[41]
细胞外基质蛋白激活整合素时会触发整合素连接激酶(integrin-linked kinase, ILK),进而激活下游靶标,包括AKT和GSK-3β。Lowenstein[43]的研究表明,ILK在CV的生命周期中起着关键作用;CV感染后会激活ILK,从而触发AKT信号转导,进而抑制细胞凋亡途径,并促进病毒复制。
PKD参与控制高尔基体囊泡和脂质转运,同时小RNA病毒的复制会重塑高尔基体膜和内质网膜,研究发现PKD可能协助病毒复制[78-79]。Guedán等[44]通过实验证明,PKD在病毒复制中发挥积极作用,他们利用小分子靶向PKD,HRV和PV的复制被抑制,因此,PKD可能是一种新的抗病毒药物靶点。
B型肠道病毒(enterovirus B, EVB)可导致多种不同程度的急性感染。Marjomäki等[45]对病毒感染的侵入途径进行研究,发现它们都具有显著相似性,同时还发现Pak1和PKCα可协助病毒的感染与进入。
另一类常见的蛋白激酶酪氨酸蛋白激酶主要分布于细胞膜表面[80]。研究表明,酪氨酸激酶Abl和Fyn被激活后,可协助柯萨奇病毒B (coxsackievirus B, CVB)的侵入;CVB在感染初期必须穿过上皮细胞屏障,引起紧密连接的完整性被短暂破坏,进而感染细胞,然而病毒无法单独从细胞表面进入;Coyne等[50]发现,CVB可以利用糖鞘脂锚定蛋白(glycosphingolipid-anchored protein, GPI)衰变加速因子(decay accelerating factor, DAF)介导的信号通路跨越上皮屏障;病毒附着于细胞表面的DAF后能够激活酪氨酸激酶Abl,引发依赖性肌动蛋白重排,从而允许病毒向紧密连接处移动;同时,病毒与DAF的相互作用还能激活酪氨酸激酶Fyn,而Fyn激酶是小窝蛋白磷酸化和病毒通过小窝蛋白途径运输到细胞内所必需的激酶之一。胎儿感染CVB后会导致严重的疾病,Delorme-Axford等[81]使用滋养细胞系和原代人类滋养细胞来证明CVB进入极化胎盘滋养细胞的机制,研究发现,CVB进入胎盘滋养细胞的机制与上述跨越上皮细胞屏障的机制十分相似,也需要DAF的结合,并涉及病毒从细胞表面到细胞间紧密连接的重新定位;同时CVB进入胎盘滋养细胞还需要酪氨酸激酶Src家族成员的参与,但涉及到的具体激酶尚未可知。Liu等[51]的研究表明,Src家族p56Lck是CVB3在T细胞系中有效复制,以及病毒在体内复制和持续存在所必需的激酶,发现p56Lck可能协同CVB3的复制过程;野生型小鼠感染人类致病性CVB3会引起急性和症状严重的心肌炎、脑膜炎和扩张性心肌病等,而缺乏p56Lck基因的小鼠感染后未出现CVB3引起的急性致病性和慢性心脏病的明显症状。这表明p56Lck是调控CVB3复制过程和致病性的重要宿主因子。
IFN-I已被证明可以抑制肠道病毒71 (enterovirus 71, EV71)的复制过程,但其下游的具体机制尚未可知。Zheng等[52]的研究揭示,EV71感染早期完整的IFN-β1b/JAK/STAT1/OAS3先天性免疫反应途径,即由IFN-β1b通过IFN-β1b/JAK/STAT1途径诱导2′,5′-寡腺苷酸合成酶3 (2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetases 3, OAS3)以达成抑制EV71感染的目的,其中酪氨酸激酶JAK在抑制EV71感染的过程中发挥积极作用。
PERK可参与调控CVB3的感染过程。内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER)是蛋白质合成、折叠和运输的重要细胞器,ER功能受到干扰会导致未折叠或者错误折叠的蛋白质在ER腔内积累,这种情况统称为内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERs);ERs发生时,会引发活化转录因子6 (activating transcription factor 6, ATF6)和PERK的激活,并诱导复杂的细胞保护信号通路活化,以促进ER的平衡以及功能的恢复[82]。C/EBP同源蛋白(C/EBP homologous protein, CHOP)是ERs相关凋亡途径中的重要分子,Cai等[61]在对CVB3诱导的急性病毒性心肌炎(acute viral myocarditis, AVMC)的研究中发现,CHOP信号传导与该过程有关;实验证明ERs/CHOP信号通过促凋亡途径参与了CVB3诱导的AVMC,并为开发AVMC的治疗方案提供了新策略,同时也是PERK间接调控病毒感染的有力证据。
Luo等发现,含FYVE指磷酸肌醇激酶(phosphoinositide kinase, five finger-containing, PIKFYVE)可以调节内体分选转运复合体(endosomal sorting complex required for transport, ESCRT)通路参与RNA病毒复制过程,并在病毒的复制过程中起协同作用;且PIKFYVE的特异性抑制剂YM201636可以通过抑制PIKFYVE激酶从而阻断ESCRT通路和内体转运,导致亚细胞组分中调控EV71进入和复制的复合物被破坏,抑制细胞内EV71复制和病毒诱导的炎症反应;进一步研究发现,YM201636能广泛抑制其他小RNA病毒的复制,包括CVB3和PV1[62]。因此,靶向PIKFYVE激酶的抑制剂有潜力成为开发小RNA病毒抗病毒药物的靶点。
肝病毒属中的甲型肝炎病毒(hepatitis A virus, HAV)是直径约27 nm的球形颗粒,由32个壳微粒组成对称的二十面体核衣壳,内含线型单股RNA;HAV具有4个结构蛋白,即VP1-VP4,其中VP1与VP3为构成病毒衣壳蛋白的主要抗原多肽,可诱导中和抗体的产生[83]。HAV是全球范围内急性病毒性肝炎的最主要诱因之一,个别病例会出现急性肝衰竭(acute liver failure, ALF)和慢加急性肝衰竭(acute on chronic liver failure, ACLF)[84]。然而,目前临床上还未出现有效的抗甲型肝炎病毒的药物,因此急需揭示HAV与宿主之间的相互作用机制。宿主激酶是宿主进行生物学过程中必不可少的关键物质。据报道,有多个宿主激酶调控HAV感染过程,具体的激酶与调控机制如下。
丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶3 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-3, MAP2K3)可协助HAV的复制。氯化锌能有效对抗HAV感染,Kanda等[46]发现,氯化锌抑制HAV复制可能与其抑制MAP2K3活性有关,临床研究表明,MAP2K3可以作为抗HAV感染的候选药物靶点,并且通过抑制MAP2K3可防止感染HAV的患者最终发展为重症甲型肝炎。
Sasaki-Tanaka等[49]利用稳定表达且携带萤火虫荧光素酶基因的HuhT7-HAV/Luc细胞筛选抗HAV药物,证明了酪氨酸激酶抑制剂马西替尼能抑制HAV亚基因组和基因组的复制,同时抑制HAV蛋白的翻译,证实了酪氨酸激酶对于HAV的复制具有一定的协同调控作用。此外,Kanda等在非洲绿猴肾GL37细胞系中发现,JAK抑制剂SD-1029和AG490通过降低La蛋白表达,抑制HAV的内部核糖体进入位点(internal ribosome entry sites, IRES)活性及病毒复制[53],表明JAK在HAV复制过程中发挥了重要作用。
塞内卡谷病毒(Seneca Valley virus, SVV)是小RNA病毒科塞内卡病毒属的成员,为单股正链RNA病毒,基因组全长约7.3 kb,由5′非编码区、单一且完整的ORF、3′非编码区以及poly(A)尾组成,它的ORF编码一个多聚蛋白,最终裂解为结构蛋白VP1-VP4和非结构蛋白L、2A、2B、2C、3A、3B、3C和3D[85]。SVV感染引起猪口腔、口鼻和蹄部的水泡病变,类似于口蹄疫的临床症状,其他临床表现包括腹泻、厌食、嗜睡和神经系统症状等[86]。近年来,SVV疫情在中国、美国以及巴西等地不断报告,造成了严重的经济损失[87]
SVV能通过PERK和ATF6未折叠蛋白反应途径激活自噬,并促进病毒复制;Song等[40]发现,SVV感染激活丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶AMPK、ERK、MAPK和p38MAPK,促进了自噬诱导和病毒复制的过程,研究表明丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶可调控SVV感染过程,但是目前其他类宿主激酶调控SVV感染过程的研究较少,该领域还有待深入探究。
综上所述,各类宿主激酶可以在小RNA病毒的生命周期中发挥至关重要的作用,但因其研究的局限性,一些宿主激酶如何调控病毒的感染过程尚不清楚,还需后续探索研究。如图1所示,本文综述了在小RNA病毒感染细胞的不同阶段中,各类宿主激酶与不同属别病毒之间的调控作用,旨在揭示宿主激酶作为抗病毒药物潜在靶点的可能性,为后续研究提供理论依据。
宿主体内激酶的种类众多,它们都在小RNA病毒感染的各个阶段执行着不同的使命。目前,宿主激酶参与调控口蹄疫病毒属、肠病毒属和心病毒属病毒感染过程的研究较多。PKR、AKT和MAPK等激酶还有酪氨酸激酶家族成员均在小RNA病毒感染阶段发挥调控作用。虽然部分激酶对小RNA病毒感染的具体调控机制尚不明确,还需后续进一步地研究和确认,但是各种激酶抑制剂的作用也可以从侧面反映一种宿主激酶作用小RNA病毒感染过程调控的可能性,也揭示了开发这些激酶作为抗病毒药物的潜在靶点的重要意义。此外,宿主激酶调控肝病毒属和塞内卡病毒属病毒感染的研究目前仍处于起步阶段,具有广阔的未来与应用前景。
宿主激酶对宿主本身来说是一种必不可少的关键蛋白,发挥着重要的调节作用,尤其是在炎症反应和免疫应答中。在宿主与病毒的共进化中,有些病毒会开发出一种策略,利用与宿主激酶协同的方式逃避宿主的先天性免疫应答,从而建立感染。在共进化的过程中,还有一些宿主激酶可以拮抗病毒感染的过程,在其中发挥着关键性作用。在未来,可以进一步深入探究宿主激酶调控小RNA病毒感染的具体机制,通过研究宿主激酶与小RNA病毒的相互作用,可以揭示如何阻断病毒的入侵、复制和释放等关键步骤,阐明宿主激酶在病毒感染中的具体作用,为开发新型抗病毒药物和治疗策略提供重要的科学依据。同时聚焦于开发针对宿主激酶的特异性抑制剂或激活剂,以增强抗病毒免疫反应,为小RNA病毒感染提供新的治疗策略。此外,还可以结合患者的具体情况,研究患者基因组与激酶活性之间的关系,探索个体化治疗方案,可能为个体化抗小RNA病毒感染的防治提供新的思路。最后,通过与分子生物学、免疫学和药理学等多学科合作,推动在这一领域内的研究,有助于揭示宿主激酶在病毒感染过程中的潜在应用价值。
总之,宿主激酶调控小RNA病毒感染的研究具有广阔的未来发展空间和重要的研究价值,通过深入了解宿主激酶与病毒相互作用的机制,将开发出更有效的抗病毒药物和治疗策略,为防控病毒感染和保障公共卫生做出重要贡献。
  • 甘肃省青年科技基金(23JRRA1742)
  • 甘肃省青年科技基金(21JR1RA212)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(31920240116)
  • 西北民族大学引进人才项目(xbmuyjrc2020021)
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2025年第65卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240564
  • 接收时间:2024-09-13
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-13
  • 录用日期:2024-10-18
基金
Gansu Youth Science and Technology Fund(23JRRA1742)
甘肃省青年科技基金(23JRRA1742)
Gansu Youth Science and Technology Fund(21JR1RA212)
甘肃省青年科技基金(21JR1RA212)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(31920240116)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(31920240116)
Talent Introduction Research Projects of Northwest Minzu University(xbmuyjrc2020021)
西北民族大学引进人才项目(xbmuyjrc2020021)
作者信息
    1 西北民族大学,生物医学研究中心,细胞基质疫苗关键技术与产业化教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州
    2 西北民族大学,生物医学研究中心,甘肃省动物细胞技术创新中心,甘肃 兰州
    3 西北民族大学,生物医学研究中心,生物工程与技术国家民委重点实验室,甘肃 兰州
    4 西北民族大学,生命科学与工程学院,甘肃 兰州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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