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Article(id=1226236834729083219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226236828399878330, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240695, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730822400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1736956800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-16, onlineDate=1770287243777, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1746288000000, pubDateStr=2025-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770287243777, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770287243777, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770287243777, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226236828399878330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='5', pageStart='1831', pageEnd='2319', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770287242269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770344517883, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226477059812274835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226236828399878330, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226477059816469140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226236828399878330, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2049, endPage=2060, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226236835521806727, articleId=1226236834729083219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=The histidine kinase EnvZ regulates the swarming motility and biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis in humans. Here, we aim to decipher the mechanisms by which the histidine kinase EnvZ regulates the swarming motility and biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus. [Methods] The plasmids pBAD24 and pMal carrying inducible promoters were used to construct the plasmids carrying target genes for overexpression. The recombinant plasmids were introduced into the wild-type strain (WT) and envZ-deleted strain (ΔenvZ) of V. parahaemolyticus. Swarming plates were prepared to measure swarming motility, while biofilm formation was detected by crystal violet staining. The RT-qPCR and bioluminescence reporter assays were employed to explore the mechanisms by which EnvZ regulated the expression of downstream genes. [Results] The swarming motility of ΔenvZ was significantly lower than that of WT, while the introduction of the pBAD24-envZ plasmid into ΔenvZ restored its swarming ability. The transcription levels of the lateral flagellar genes were positively correlated with the swarming motility. The promoter activities of P scrABC -lux in ΔenvZ and ΔenvZΔompR were lower than those in WT and ΔompR. The swarming ability of ΔenvZ was significantly increased when the Scr system was overexpressed via the pMal-scrABC plasmid, while the overexpression of EnvZ in the strain without scrABC did not change the swarming motility. In addition, ΔenvZ exhibited a significant decrease in biofilm formation compared with WT. The pMal-envZ plasmid restored the biofilm formation of ΔenvZ to the level of WT, whereas the pMal-scrABC plasmid did not have this effect. The promoter activity of the extracellular polysaccharide operon (epsA-J) and the transcription levels of the extracellular polysaccharide genes in ΔenvZ were both significantly lower than those in WT. [Conclusion] The histidine kinase EnvZ enhances the swarming motility of V. parahaemolyticus by regulating the expression of the Scr system and promotes the biofilm formation by regulating the expression of extracellular polysaccharides.

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E-mail: ZHONG Xiaojun,
YANG Menghua,
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【目的】探究组氨酸激酶EnvZ调控副溶血弧菌群集性爬动和生物被膜形成的作用机制。【方法】利用含有诱导型启动子的pBAD24与pMal质粒，构建相应基因的过表达质粒，并将其导入野生株和envZ基因缺失株中，通过运动性培养基比较各菌株的群集性爬动能力，采用结晶紫染色法检测各菌株的生物被膜形成能力，并结合RT-qPCR与荧光报告系统检测下游基因的表达水平，以探究EnvZ调节副溶血弧菌群集性爬动和生物被膜形成的分子机制。【结果】ΔenvZ菌株的群集性爬动能力显著低于野生株，而导入pBAD24-envZ回补质粒的ΔenvZ菌株能够恢复其群集性爬动能力。这些菌株的群集性爬动能力与侧生鞭毛相关基因的表达水平呈正相关。在envZ基因缺失的菌株中，Scr系统启动子的转录活性显著低于野生株和ΔompR菌株。在envZ基因缺失的菌株中过表达Scr系统，可以显著恢复其群集性爬动；然而，在scrABC基因缺失的菌株中过表达EnvZ，并不能改变其群集性爬动能力。ΔenvZ菌株的生物被膜形成能力显著低于野生株，而pMal-envZ质粒能够使ΔenvZ菌株的生物被膜厚度恢复至野生株水平，但pMal-scrABC重组质粒则无此功能。在ΔenvZ菌株中，胞外多糖操纵子(epsA-J)的启动子活性与关键基因的转录水平均显著低于野生株。【结论】组氨酸激酶EnvZ可通过调控Scr系统的表达来增强副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动能力，同时也可通过调控胞外多糖的表达来促进该菌的生物被膜形成。

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作者贡献声明

袁艺萱：实验操作、数据收集和处理；吴文婷：协助实验操作、数据收集；陆倩：协助实验操作、数据处理；姚宁：协助实验操作；周秀娟：论文讨论；钟孝俊：数据处理、论文撰写和修改；杨梦华：实验设计、论文讨论和修改。

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Journal of Bacteriology, 2008, 190(3): 851-860., articleTitle=Vibrio parahaemolyticus ScrC modulates cyclic dimeric GMP regulation of gene expression relevant to growth on surfaces, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226592756370420045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, awardId=32170174, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170174), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226592756466889043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, awardId=32170174, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32170174), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226592756596912484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, awardId=32202804, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202804), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226592756684992874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, awardId=32202804, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32202804), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226592756856959350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, awardId=LQ22C180002, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LQ22C180002), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226592756940845438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, awardId=LQ22C180002, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省自然科学基金(LQ22C180002), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226592757058285960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, awardId=2013FR012, language=EN, fundingSource=Science Development Foundation of Zhejiang A&F University(2013FR012), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226592757167337873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, awardId=2013FR012, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江农林大学科研发展启动基金(2013FR012), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226592757259612572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, awardId=2020FR042, language=EN, fundingSource=Science Development Foundation of Zhejiang A&F University(2020FR042), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226592757368664484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, awardId=2020FR042, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江农林大学科研发展启动基金(2020FR042), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226592747851789160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226592747860177769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, companyId=1226592747851789160, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226592747868566378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, companyId=1226592747851789160, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江农林大学 动物科技学院·动物医学院，浙江省畜禽绿色生态健康养殖应用技术研究重点实验室，动物健康互联网检测技术浙江省工程实验室，浙江 杭州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226592753241469108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=EnvZ regulates the swarming motility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A: Comparison of the swarming motility of the V. parahaemolyticus strains; B: The migration diameter of the swarming colonies was measured by using ImageJ software; C: The transcription levels of the lateral flagellar genes in V. parahaemolyticus strains were measured by RT-qPCR. ns: P>0.05; *: P<0.05; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=jedOak0hs0onSaZDFWS1SQ==, figureFileBig=491qm8Wh2jA7M12Lu6Mn2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592753371492539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=CN, label=图1, caption=EnvZ调控副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动。A：副溶血弧菌各菌株群集性爬动能力比较；B：使用ImageJ软件测量各菌株的运动直径；C：通过RT-qPCR检测各菌株侧生鞭毛基因的转录水平。, figureFileSmall=jedOak0hs0onSaZDFWS1SQ==, figureFileBig=491qm8Wh2jA7M12Lu6Mn2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592753539264714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=EnvZ regulates the promoter activity of the scrABC operon. ns: P>0.05; **: P<0.01; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=7rqKK4HU8hYhzv3QcsA8YQ==, figureFileBig=B4tZ2axDTvjH4sA2eV5/4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592754881442005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=CN, label=图2, caption=EnvZ调控 scrABC 操纵子的启动子活性, figureFileSmall=7rqKK4HU8hYhzv3QcsA8YQ==, figureFileBig=B4tZ2axDTvjH4sA2eV5/4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592754986299613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Overexpression of the Scr system affects the swarming motility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A: Comparison of the swarming motility of the V. parahaemolyticus strains; B: The migration diameter of the swarming colonies was measured using ImageJ software (***: P<0.001)., figureFileSmall=KbE4+sjXsAzPvKzEH8p1jQ==, figureFileBig=lVh9WCZLvlXv7goMl5thwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592755091157219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=CN, label=图3, caption=过表达Scr系统影响副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动能力。A：副溶血弧菌各菌株群集性爬动能力比较；B：使用ImageJ软件测量各菌株的运动直径(***：P<0.001)。, figureFileSmall=KbE4+sjXsAzPvKzEH8p1jQ==, figureFileBig=lVh9WCZLvlXv7goMl5thwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592755229569263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Comparison of the biofilm formation of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains. A: Biofilm formation was measured by using crystal violet staining; B: Biofilm formation was quantified by measuring OD595 (ns: P>0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001)., figureFileSmall=xcSZJVYQ1R/aL1r26mRIVA==, figureFileBig=XQCWy7FfNkPGv64NrUaBlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592755485421822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各菌株的生物被膜形成能力比较。A：结晶紫染色法观察生物被膜形成；B：吸光度值(OD595)检测生物被膜形成量(ns：P>0.05；**：P<0.01；***：P<0.001)。, figureFileSmall=xcSZJVYQ1R/aL1r26mRIVA==, figureFileBig=XQCWy7FfNkPGv64NrUaBlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592755636416773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=EnvZ regulates the expression of exopolysaccharides genes. A: EnvZ regulates the promoter activity of the epsA–J operon; B: The transcription levels of the exopolysaccharide genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were measured by RT-qPCR. ns: P>0.05; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=7H1RwBroIqfQ4FgQuMEwIQ==, figureFileBig=0IML1CkUAVOGODh8CGTGvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592755745468687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=CN, label=图5, caption=EnvZ调控胞外多糖基因的表达。A：EnvZ调控epsA–J操纵子的启动子活性；B：通过RT-qPCR检测副溶血弧菌各菌株中胞外多糖基因的转录水平。, figureFileSmall=7H1RwBroIqfQ4FgQuMEwIQ==, figureFileBig=0IML1CkUAVOGODh8CGTGvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592755854520609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used for the recombinant plasmid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
pBAD24-envZ-FCGGGGTACCAGGATCATTAGGAAATTTCCATGCG
pBAD24-envZ-RCCCAAGCTTTTATTTGGTCGGGAAACTGATTTG
pMal-scrABC-FCAACAAGGACCATAGCATATGTATGGCTAATTTCCGACAAGGAT
pMal-scrABC-RTGCCTGCAGGTCGACTCTAGATTACTTATCATCATCATCCTTATAATCTGACCAAGTAGGTTGGTTTAGAAGTT
pMal-envZ-FCAACAAGGACCATAGCATATGCTCTTACTCGCTTAACCGGCA
pMal-envZ-RACGACGGCCAGTGCCAAGCTTTTATTTGGTCGGGAAACTGATTT
), ArticleFig(id=1226592755946795304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

构建重组质粒所需引物列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
pBAD24-envZ-FCGGGGTACCAGGATCATTAGGAAATTTCCATGCG
pBAD24-envZ-RCCCAAGCTTTTATTTGGTCGGGAAACTGATTTG
pMal-scrABC-FCAACAAGGACCATAGCATATGTATGGCTAATTTCCGACAAGGAT
pMal-scrABC-RTGCCTGCAGGTCGACTCTAGATTACTTATCATCATCATCCTTATAATCTGACCAAGTAGGTTGGTTTAGAAGTT
pMal-envZ-FCAACAAGGACCATAGCATATGCTCTTACTCGCTTAACCGGCA
pMal-envZ-RACGACGGCCAGTGCCAAGCTTTTATTTGGTCGGGAAACTGATTT
), ArticleFig(id=1226592756043264303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers used in RT-qPCR assay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
flgBL -FGTACATCCAGAGGCACTCAAT
flgBL -RAACTTAGGTCTTTCGCCAAGTA
lafAL -FATAAAGACCGCGCAGCAATG
lafAL -RAGATGCGTCTACGTCTAGAG
epsC-FAATTGGCCTAGCTCTGCTAC
epsC-RCCCGTAAACTTGCACTGAAATAG
epsE-FGAGTCACATGCTCAAACGTAAAC
epsE-RTCTGCCATCCAGAAAGGTAAAG
epsG-FTCCACTCCTTGCAGCTATTAC
epsG-RGGCGATTAAGCCAACAGAAAG
16S rRNA-FACCGCCTGGGGAGTACGGTC
16S rRNA-RTTGCGCTCGTTGCGGGACTT
), ArticleFig(id=1226592756135539003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236834729083219, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RT-qPCR所需引物列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
flgBL -FGTACATCCAGAGGCACTCAAT
flgBL -RAACTTAGGTCTTTCGCCAAGTA
lafAL -FATAAAGACCGCGCAGCAATG
lafAL -RAGATGCGTCTACGTCTAGAG
epsC-FAATTGGCCTAGCTCTGCTAC
epsC-RCCCGTAAACTTGCACTGAAATAG
epsE-FGAGTCACATGCTCAAACGTAAAC
epsE-RTCTGCCATCCAGAAAGGTAAAG
epsG-FTCCACTCCTTGCAGCTATTAC
epsG-RGGCGATTAAGCCAACAGAAAG
16S rRNA-FACCGCCTGGGGAGTACGGTC
16S rRNA-RTTGCGCTCGTTGCGGGACTT
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组氨酸激酶EnvZ调节副溶血弧菌群集性爬动和生物被膜形成的作用机制
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袁艺萱 , 吴文婷 , 陆倩 , 姚宁 , 周秀娟 , 钟孝俊 , 杨梦华
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(5): 2049-2060
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(5): 2049-2060
组氨酸激酶EnvZ调节副溶血弧菌群集性爬动和生物被膜形成的作用机制
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袁艺萱, 吴文婷, 陆倩, 姚宁, 周秀娟, 钟孝俊 , 杨梦华
作者信息
  • 浙江农林大学 动物科技学院·动物医学院，浙江省畜禽绿色生态健康养殖应用技术研究重点实验室，动物健康互联网检测技术浙江省工程实验室，浙江 杭州
The histidine kinase EnvZ regulates the swarming motility and biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Yixuan YUAN, Wenting WU, Qian LU, Ning YAO, Xiujuan ZHOU, Xiaojun ZHONG , Menghua YANG
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2025-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240695
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摘要
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【目的】探究组氨酸激酶EnvZ调控副溶血弧菌群集性爬动和生物被膜形成的作用机制。【方法】利用含有诱导型启动子的pBAD24与pMal质粒，构建相应基因的过表达质粒，并将其导入野生株和envZ基因缺失株中，通过运动性培养基比较各菌株的群集性爬动能力，采用结晶紫染色法检测各菌株的生物被膜形成能力，并结合RT-qPCR与荧光报告系统检测下游基因的表达水平，以探究EnvZ调节副溶血弧菌群集性爬动和生物被膜形成的分子机制。【结果】ΔenvZ菌株的群集性爬动能力显著低于野生株，而导入pBAD24-envZ回补质粒的ΔenvZ菌株能够恢复其群集性爬动能力。这些菌株的群集性爬动能力与侧生鞭毛相关基因的表达水平呈正相关。在envZ基因缺失的菌株中，Scr系统启动子的转录活性显著低于野生株和ΔompR菌株。在envZ基因缺失的菌株中过表达Scr系统，可以显著恢复其群集性爬动；然而，在scrABC基因缺失的菌株中过表达EnvZ，并不能改变其群集性爬动能力。ΔenvZ菌株的生物被膜形成能力显著低于野生株，而pMal-envZ质粒能够使ΔenvZ菌株的生物被膜厚度恢复至野生株水平，但pMal-scrABC重组质粒则无此功能。在ΔenvZ菌株中，胞外多糖操纵子(epsA-J)的启动子活性与关键基因的转录水平均显著低于野生株。【结论】组氨酸激酶EnvZ可通过调控Scr系统的表达来增强副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动能力，同时也可通过调控胞外多糖的表达来促进该菌的生物被膜形成。

副溶血弧菌  /  组氨酸激酶  /  EnvZ/OmpR  /  群集性爬动  /  生物被膜

[Objective] Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis in humans. Here, we aim to decipher the mechanisms by which the histidine kinase EnvZ regulates the swarming motility and biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus. [Methods] The plasmids pBAD24 and pMal carrying inducible promoters were used to construct the plasmids carrying target genes for overexpression. The recombinant plasmids were introduced into the wild-type strain (WT) and envZ-deleted strain (ΔenvZ) of V. parahaemolyticus. Swarming plates were prepared to measure swarming motility, while biofilm formation was detected by crystal violet staining. The RT-qPCR and bioluminescence reporter assays were employed to explore the mechanisms by which EnvZ regulated the expression of downstream genes. [Results] The swarming motility of ΔenvZ was significantly lower than that of WT, while the introduction of the pBAD24-envZ plasmid into ΔenvZ restored its swarming ability. The transcription levels of the lateral flagellar genes were positively correlated with the swarming motility. The promoter activities of P scrABC -lux in ΔenvZ and ΔenvZΔompR were lower than those in WT and ΔompR. The swarming ability of ΔenvZ was significantly increased when the Scr system was overexpressed via the pMal-scrABC plasmid, while the overexpression of EnvZ in the strain without scrABC did not change the swarming motility. In addition, ΔenvZ exhibited a significant decrease in biofilm formation compared with WT. The pMal-envZ plasmid restored the biofilm formation of ΔenvZ to the level of WT, whereas the pMal-scrABC plasmid did not have this effect. The promoter activity of the extracellular polysaccharide operon (epsA-J) and the transcription levels of the extracellular polysaccharide genes in ΔenvZ were both significantly lower than those in WT. [Conclusion] The histidine kinase EnvZ enhances the swarming motility of V. parahaemolyticus by regulating the expression of the Scr system and promotes the biofilm formation by regulating the expression of extracellular polysaccharides.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus  /  histidine kinase  /  EnvZ/OmpR  /  swarming motility  /  biofilm
袁艺萱, 吴文婷, 陆倩, 姚宁, 周秀娟, 钟孝俊, 杨梦华. 组氨酸激酶EnvZ调节副溶血弧菌群集性爬动和生物被膜形成的作用机制. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (5) : 2049 -2060 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240695
Yixuan YUAN, Wenting WU, Qian LU, Ning YAO, Xiujuan ZHOU, Xiaojun ZHONG, Menghua YANG. The histidine kinase EnvZ regulates the swarming motility and biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (5) : 2049 -2060 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240695
正文
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副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是一种革兰氏阴性嗜盐菌，广泛存在于海水和海产品中，是我国沿海地区常见的食物源性病原菌[1-2]。副溶血弧菌能感染多种海产品，如虾、蟹、贝类等，给水产养殖带来巨大经济损失；该病原菌也可通过这些受污染的食物传播给人类，引发以腹痛、腹泻、发热、呕吐和脱水等为特征的急性肠胃炎[1]。副溶血弧菌具有强大的环境适应能力。众多研究报道显示，除海产品外，该病原菌还可在畜禽肉类、淡水鱼和小龙虾中被检测出[3-4]。因此，副溶血弧菌及其感染已构成较为严重的公共卫生安全问题。
副溶血弧菌需应对各种生物和非生物因素的胁迫，如渗透压、酸碱度、氧含量变化及营养物质匮乏等。为应对外部环境变化，该病原菌采取了一系列策略，其中包括控制鞭毛运动和产生生物被膜等[5-6]。副溶血弧菌表面具有细长弯曲的鞭毛结构，通常分为极生鞭毛和侧生鞭毛[5]。极生鞭毛负责在液体环境中的游动(swimming motility)，而侧生鞭毛则负责在固体表面或黏性环境中的群集性爬动(swarming motility)[5]。当副溶血弧菌通过鞭毛运动到达到新的有机或无机表面后，其将从孤立的浮游态生存方式过渡为群体的生物被膜态的生存方式[5]。生物被膜是副溶血弧菌在自然界中的重要存在形式之一，其结构主要包括多糖、蛋白质和胞外核酸，能在恶劣环境中有效保护细菌群体[6-7]。目前，关于副溶血弧菌调控运动性和生物被膜形成的机制尚待深入探究。
典型的双组分系统(two-component system)由组氨酸激酶(histidine kinase)和响应调节蛋白(response regulator)组成[8]。组氨酸激酶负责感应外部环境变化，而响应调节蛋白则调控菌体基因表达，从而提高细菌对外部环境的适应能力[8]。副溶血弧菌具有大小2条染色体，至少编码50对双组分系统。目前，已有多对双组分系统被鉴定参与副溶血弧菌的多种生理过程。例如，VbrK/VbrR可感应β-内酰胺类抗生素，增强副溶血弧菌对该类抗生素的抵抗力[9]；在铁限制条件下，PeuRS与细胞外碱性pH和肠杆菌素协同作用，诱导负责肠杆菌素利用的PeuA蛋白表达[10]；TtrRS可感应外部信号分子连四硫酸盐，促进副溶血弧菌对含硫化合物的代谢，从而增强其在宿主肠道的定殖能力[11]。双组分系统EnvZ/OmpR由组氨酸激酶EnvZ和响应调节蛋白OmpR组成，参与调节多种细菌对外部渗透压的适应能力[12-14]。姚宁等[15]研究报道，双组分系统EnvZ/OmpR通过调控孔道蛋白的表达，增强副溶血弧菌抵抗碱胁迫的能力。同时，还发现组氨酸激酶envZ基因缺失影响了副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动[16]，但具体机制尚不清楚。
本研究首先通过构建回补质粒，确认了组氨酸激酶EnvZ参与副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动，随后探究了EnvZ对副溶血弧菌生物被膜形成的作用，并重点分析了EnvZ调控副溶血弧菌群集性爬动和生物被膜形成的作用机制。本研究有助于进一步理解副溶血弧菌在接触物体表面后如何调控鞭毛运动和生物被膜形成，并为探究副溶血弧菌的综合防治策略提供理论基础。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 材料
1.1.1 菌株
副溶血弧菌野生株RMID 2210633 (WT)和envZ基因缺失株(ΔenvZ)，质粒pDS132、pBAD24、pMal和pBBR-lux，以及大肠杆菌DH5α-λpir均为实验室自备。其中，副溶血弧菌具有链霉素抗性，而所有质粒均携带氯霉素抗性基因。
1.1.2 主要试剂和仪器
异丙基-β-d-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)、蔗糖、阿拉伯糖，生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司；质粒提取试剂盒、PCR产物纯化/胶回收试剂盒，上海莱枫生物科技有限公司；限制性核酸内切酶，NEB公司。
pH计，Sartorius公司；PCR仪、小型台式高速离心机，Eppendorf公司；核酸电泳仪，北京六一仪器厂；高压灭菌锅，致微(厦门)仪器有限公司；恒温振荡培养箱，太仓市科教器材厂；多功能酶标仪，Bio-Tek公司。
1.1.3 培养基
LB液体培养基(g/L)：NaCl 10.0，酵母提取物5.0，胰蛋白胨10.0，去离子水定容到1.0 L；121 ℃灭菌15 min。
MLB液体培养基(g/L)：NaCl 30.0，酵母提取物5.0，胰蛋白胨10.0，去离子水定容到1.0 L；121 ℃灭菌15 min。
群集性爬动培养基(g/L)：NaCl 30.0，酵母提取物5.0，胰蛋白胨10.0，琼脂粉12.0，去离子水定容到1.0 L；121 ℃灭菌15 min。
1.2 重组质粒的构建
利用pBAD24或pMal空质粒构建过表达EnvZ或ScrABC的重组质粒，使用Clone Manager软件设计用于构建重组质粒的各对引物(表1)。其中，pBAD24质粒含有阿拉伯糖诱导型启动子，而pMal质粒含有IPTG诱导型启动子。以副溶血弧菌全基因组为模板进行PCR，扩增envZ或scrABC基因的开放阅读框，并对DNA片段进行纯化回收。利用特异性的限制性内切酶对DNA片段和上述空质粒进行过夜酶切，再利用T4 DNA连接酶进行连接。将连接产物电转至大肠杆菌DH5α-λpir感受态细胞中，并涂布至LB平板(含20 μg/mL氯霉素)，置于37 ℃培养过夜。对平板上的单菌落进行PCR验证，并将PCR阳性的克隆菌株进行测序验证(杭州有康生物科技有限公司)。
1.3 副溶血弧菌基因缺失株的构建
利用本实验室保存的pDS132-ompR与pDS132-scrABC重组质粒，构建ΔenvZΔompR和ΔscrABCΔenvZ多基因缺失株[15,17]。通过三亲结合的方式[18]，分别将上述质粒导入ΔenvZ菌株中，以进行基因同源重组。将含有pDS132-ompR或pDS132-scrABC的DH5α-λpir、辅助菌pRK2013-HB101以及ΔenvZ菌株，在LB或MLB液体培养基中，37 ℃、120 r/min培养过夜后，4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体，将3种菌体混合，并在无抗生素的LB固体培养基上接合6 h；收集菌落，涂布到含有链霉素(0.1 mg/mL)和氯霉素(0.02 mg/mL)的MLB固体培养基上。将单菌落依次在含双抗的MLB平板、含0.1 mg/mL链霉素的MLB平板，以及含有20%的蔗糖LB平板上划线传代，以筛选相应的缺失株。
1.4 副溶血弧菌群集性爬动能力的检测
将副溶血弧菌野生株WT、ΔenvZ以及含质粒的大肠杆菌从-80 ℃冰箱中取出，分别接种至含链霉素的MLB液体培养基或含氯霉素的LB液体培养基中，并置于37 ℃、120 r/min振荡培养过夜。其中，大肠杆菌含有空质粒(pBAD24或pMal)或重组质粒(pBAD24-envZ或pMal-scrABC)。以三亲接合的方法将空质粒或重组质粒导入副溶血弧菌中[18]。用牙签轻轻挑取大小均匀的副溶血弧菌单菌落，并轻轻点在群集性爬动培养基(含0.02%阿拉伯糖或0.01 mmol/L IPTG)上。将该平板置于37 ℃培养箱中静置培养16-24 h，观察细菌的运动半径并拍照记录。
1.5 副溶血弧菌总RNA提取和RT-qPCR
将各菌株接种到群集性爬动培养基上，37 ℃静置培养16-24 h；或在10 mL MLB液体培养基中，37 ℃静置培养约11 h，随后4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心5 min收菌。采用TRIzol法提取菌体总RNA[17]。利用反转录试剂盒去除基因组DNA并生成cDNA。RT-qPCR引物由南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司合成(表2)。使用实时荧光定量PCR仪进行荧光定量PCR，荧光定量PCR体系与反应程序参考文献[15]。以16S rRNA作为内参基因[17]，并采用2-ΔΔCt法计算基因的转录水平。
1.6 利用荧光报告系统检测目的基因启动子活性
本实验室已成功构建含有Scr系统启动子区域的重组荧光质粒P scrABC -lux和含有胞外多糖操纵子epsA-J启动子区域的重组荧光质粒P eps -lux[17-18]。通过三亲接合的方法将这2个重组荧光质粒分别导入副溶血弧菌各菌株中。其中，P scrABC -lux质粒分别导入WT、ΔenvZ、ΔompR和ΔenvZΔompR菌株中，P eps -lux质粒分别导入WT和ΔenvZ菌株中；将生长良好的菌株按1:100的比例转接至MLB液体培养基中，置于37 ℃培养箱中静置培养3 h。随后，各取200 μL菌液分别加入到96孔培养板和荧光板中。各菌株静置培养9-11 h后，测量各菌株的OD600值和Lux荧光值。各菌最终的荧光强度=Lux/OD600。每种菌株至少进行3个生物学重复。
1.7 副溶血弧菌生物被膜的测定
利用三亲接合的方法将pMal空质粒以及pMal-envZ和pMal-scrABC重组质粒分别导入副溶血弧菌WT和ΔenvZ菌株中。将生长良好的菌液按1:100的比例转接至1 mL含有100 μg/mL链霉素、5 μg/mL氯霉素和0.01 mmol/L IPTG的MLB液体培养基中。取已灭菌的玻璃小管，每管中加入300 μL菌液，每种菌株做3个重复。将玻璃小管封口，置于37 ℃恒温培养箱中静置培养24 h。随后，用移液枪将菌液吸出，用1×PBS轻洗3遍，加入300 μL浓度为0.5%的结晶紫溶液，静置染色20 min。将染液吸出，用1×PBS洗去多余的结晶紫溶液，直至加入1×PBS呈透明清澈状态。对玻璃小管进行拍照，再用500 μL无水乙醇对生物被膜进行溶解，使用多功能酶标仪测定其OD595数值。
1.8 数据分析
利用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件中的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Student’s t-test 统计学方法对数据进行分析并作图(ns：P>0.05；*：P<0.05；**：P<0.01；***：P<0.001；****：P<0.000 1)。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 组氨酸激酶EnvZ促进副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动
实验室前期研究发现，组氨酸激酶envZ基因缺失会导致副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动能力显著减弱[16]。为进一步验证这一结果，本研究利用含有阿拉伯糖诱导型启动子的pBAD24质粒，构建了envZ基因的回补质粒pBAD24-envZ。将该质粒导入envZ基因缺失株(ΔenvZ)，同时将pBAD24空质粒分别导入ΔenvZ和野生株作为对照。通过在含有0.02%阿拉伯糖的群集性爬动培养基表面检测这些菌株的群集性爬动能力，发现与WT相比，ΔenvZ菌株的群集性爬动能力显著减弱(图1A、1B)。此外，与回补pBAD24空质粒的ΔenvZ菌株相比，回补pBAD24-envZ质粒的ΔenvZ菌株的群集性爬动能力显著增强(图1A、1B)。由于侧生鞭毛负责调控副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动，因此本研究通过RT-qPCR检测了这些菌株在群集性爬动培养基上侧生鞭毛基因的转录水平。结果如图1C所示，ΔenvZ菌株中侧生鞭毛基因flgBL 和lafAL 的转录水平显著低于WT菌株，而含有pBAD24-envZ回补质粒的ΔenvZ菌株中这些基因的表达水平明显恢复。这些结果说明组氨酸激酶EnvZ能够调控副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动。
2.2 EnvZ调控副溶血弧菌Scr系统的表达
Scr系统由scrABC操纵子编码的3个蛋白构成，该系统通过调节环二鸟苷酸(c-di-GMP)信号分子的合成，进而影响副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动能力[19]。为了探究EnvZ调控副溶血弧菌群集性爬动的分子机制，本研究将含有scrABC操纵子启动子区域的重组荧光质粒P scrABC -lux分别导入WT、ΔenvZ、ΔompR和ΔenvZΔompR中，通过检测荧光强度分析了双组分系统EnvZ和OmpR对scrABC操纵子是否存在转录调控。结果如图2所示，ΔenvZ和ΔenvZΔompR菌株中P scrABC -lux的荧光强度均显著低于WT菌株；然而，ΔompR菌株的P scrABC -lux荧光强度与WT菌株无显著差异。结果表明组氨酸激酶EnvZ独立于OmpR调控Scr系统的表达。
2.3 Scr系统介入EnvZ调控副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动过程
为了探究Scr系统是否影响EnvZ对副溶血弧菌群集性爬动的调控过程，本研究构建了表达scrABC基因的重组质粒pMal-scrABC，并将该质粒导入WT菌株中。通过比较分别含有2种质粒的WT菌株的群集性爬动表型发现，含有pMal-scrABC重组质粒的WT菌株的群集性爬动能力显著强于含有pMal空质粒的WT菌株(图3A、3B)。这说明pMal-scrABC重组质粒能够表达具有活性的Scr系统。因此，进一步将该质粒导入ΔenvZ菌株中，并检测了该质粒对ΔenvZ菌株群集性爬动能力的影响。如图3所示，含有pMal-scrABC重组质粒的ΔenvZ菌株的群集性爬动能力显著强于含有pMal空质粒的ΔenvZ菌株。通过比较ΔscrABC和ΔscrABCΔenvZ菌株的群集性爬动能力发现，这2个缺失株均丧失了群集性爬动能力，说明在ScrABC缺失的背景下，EnvZ无法再促进副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动能力。然而，ΔscrABCΔenvZ菌株的爬动能力比ΔenvZ菌株更弱，表明在EnvZ不起作用的情况下，ScrABC仍然在一定程度上能够促进副溶血弧菌在固体表面爬动。此外，本研究还发现ΔscrABC和ΔscrABCΔenvZ菌株的群集性爬动能力均显著低于WT菌株，而通过回补pMal-scrABC重组质粒可以在一定程度上恢复这些菌株的群集性爬动能力，但回补pMal-envZ的重组质粒则无此效果(图3A、3B)。这些结果提示Scr系统位于EnvZ的调控通路下游，并参与了EnvZ对副溶血弧菌群集性爬动的调控过程。
2.4 EnvZ独立于Scr系统调控副溶血弧菌的生物被膜形成
生物被膜是副溶血弧菌的一种重要生物表型，且与细菌的运动性密切相关[20]。因此，本研究采用结晶紫染色法检测了各菌株的生物被膜形成能力。如图4所示，ΔenvZ菌株的生物被膜形成能力显著低于WT菌株。为验证该表型确实由envZ基因缺失导致，利用pMal质粒构建了envZ基因的回补质粒pMal-envZ，并将该质粒导入ΔenvZ菌株中。结果显示，含有pMal-envZ回补质粒的ΔenvZ菌株的生物被膜形成能力显著高于含有pMal空质粒的ΔenvZ菌株(图4A、4B)。同时，本研究还检测了含有pMal-scrABC重组质粒的ΔenvZ菌株的生物被膜形成能力，结果显示该菌株的生物被膜形成能力与含有pMal空质粒的ΔenvZ菌株无显著差异，并且明显低于含有pMal-envZ回补质粒的ΔenvZ菌株(图4A、4B)。结果表明EnvZ能够促进副溶血弧菌的生物被膜形成，且该过程不依赖于Scr系统。因此，EnvZ与Scr系统可能通过不同的作用机制来调控副溶血弧菌的生物被膜形成。
2.5 EnvZ促进胞外多糖基因操纵子的表达
胞外多糖作为细菌生物被膜的主要成分，在生物被膜形成过程中发挥了关键作用[20]。在副溶血弧菌中，胞外多糖主要由epsA-J操纵子编码表达。为了探究EnvZ是否通过调控胞外多糖的表达来影响副溶血弧菌的生物被膜形成，本研究利用实验室已成功构建的重组荧光质粒P eps -lux[18]，将其分别导入WT和ΔenvZ菌株中，通过检测荧光强度来评估epsA-J启动子的活性。如图5A所示，在ΔenvZ菌株中epsA-J启动子荧光质粒的荧光强度显著低于WT菌株，表明在envZ基因缺失后，胞外多糖的表达水平明显降低。此外，通过RT-qPCR试验发现，ΔenvZ菌株中eps相关基因的转录水平也显著低于WT菌株，而含有pMal-envZ回补质粒的ΔenvZ菌株中eps相关基因的表达量则明显高于WT菌株(图5B)。这些结果说明EnvZ能够促进副溶血弧菌胞外多糖的表达。
3 讨论与结论
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副溶血弧菌可以适应复杂多变的体内外环境，这依赖于各种信号调节系统，其中主要包括双组分系统[11,21-22]。本实验室前期发现双组分系统EnvZ/OmpR中的响应调节蛋白OmpR可通过调控因子AphB促进部分孔道蛋白的表达，从而增强副溶血弧菌对碱胁迫的抵抗力；然而，组氨酸激酶EnvZ并未影响副溶血弧菌对碱胁迫的抵抗力[15]。在本研究中，我们发现相较于WT菌株，envZ基因缺失株的群集性爬动能力显著减弱，而该菌株在回补pBAD24-envZ质粒后群集性爬动能力显著增强(图1)。尽管回补株的群集性爬动能力未达到WT菌株的水平，这可能与该菌株内回补质粒的拷贝量与稳定性有关，但本研究结果已可说明EnvZ能够促进副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动；然而，我们也发现OmpR蛋白并无此功能[16]。这些结果进一步说明EnvZ与OmpR蛋白之间的信号传递存在不专一性。越来越多的研究表明不同双组分系统之间可能存在串扰(crosstalk)，例如NarX/NarL和NarQ/NarP存在交叉磷酸化[23-24]。在大肠杆菌中，研究人员发现EnvZ/OmpR可接受ArcB蛋白的磷酸基团[25]。这提示在副溶血弧菌中EnvZ/OmpR与其他双组分系统之间也可能存在串扰，导致两者具有不同的靶基因。本研究结果也佐证了这一点，我们发现EnvZ可以调控Scr系统表达，而OmpR无此功能(图2)。因此，组氨酸激酶EnvZ和响应调节蛋白OmpR在副溶血弧菌中可分别调控不同的生物表型。
Scr系统是副溶血弧菌重要的表面感应调节系统，其主要由scrABC操纵子编码的3种蛋白组成，即氨基转移酶ScrA、胞外溶质结合蛋白ScrB和c-di-GMP代谢酶ScrC[26-27]。在高细胞密度下，Scr系统主要通过调节ScrC蛋白发挥磷酸二酯酶活性，从而导致菌体中c-di-GMP浓度下降[27]。已有研究表明，在副溶血弧菌中，高c-di-GMP浓度可抑制细菌群集性爬动能力，并促进其生物被膜形成[18,28]。本研究发现组氨酸激酶EnvZ可增强Scr系统的转录表达(图2)，提示envZ基因缺失可导致副溶血弧菌菌体内c-di-GMP浓度增加。在envZ基因缺失株中过表达了Scr系统并检测其群集性爬动能力，研究结果说明EnvZ通过调控Scr系统表达促进副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动(图3)，提示c-di-GMP分子可能参与了EnvZ介导的群集性爬动过程。然而，本研究同时发现EnvZ可促进副溶血弧菌生物被膜合成，这似乎不符合其菌体内高c-di-GMP分子浓度的特征。值得注意的是，在envZ基因缺失株中过表达Scr系统也并未恢复该菌株的生物被膜形成能力。这提示EnvZ可能不是通过调控菌体内的c-di-GMP分子浓度来调控副溶血弧菌的生物被膜形成，因此过表达Scr系统对envZ缺失株的生物被膜表型并无作用。
在初始阶段，细菌的鞭毛运动可促进生物被膜的形成[20,29]。当细菌通过运动抵达并附着在物体表面时，菌落的生长和生物被膜的形成均依赖于鞭毛运动。在霍乱弧菌中，鞭毛基因的缺失通常会导致细菌对物体表面的附着能力降低[30-31]。在创伤弧菌和费氏弧菌中，鞭毛介导的运动也促进了生物被膜的形成[20]。有文献报道，在副溶血弧菌中，依赖于极性鞭毛的泳动能力会促进该菌生物被膜的形成[32]；然而，依赖于侧生鞭毛的群集性爬动能力并不影响其生物被膜的形成[33]。本研究发现envZ基因缺失可导致副溶血弧菌的群集性爬动和生物被膜形成能力均显著减弱(图1、图4)。因此，EnvZ很可能通过不同的信号通路分别调控副溶血弧菌群集性爬动与形成生物被膜这2种生理功能。此外，本研究发现EnvZ可调控副溶血弧菌胞外多糖操纵子(epsA-J)的表达(图5)。胞外多糖是生物被膜最重要的化学成分之一，不仅可为生物被膜提供结构稳定性，还影响其与外界理化因子的交互作用，使细菌与其他被膜组分黏附在一起，为嵌入的细菌提供全面的保护作用[7,20]。因此，EnvZ可通过促进胞外多糖表达，进而促进副溶血弧菌生物被膜的形成。
本研究通过分析组氨酸激酶EnvZ对副溶血弧菌群集性爬动和生物被膜形成的调控机制，发现EnvZ可调控Scr系统的表达以促进细菌的群集性爬动，同时可调控胞外多糖基因的表达以影响生物被膜的形成。该研究为进一步探究副溶血弧菌通过调控群集性爬动和生物被膜形成以适应外部环境的机制提供了理论基础。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(32170174)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32202804)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金(LQ22C180002)
  • 浙江农林大学科研发展启动基金(2013FR012)
  • 浙江农林大学科研发展启动基金(2020FR042)
文献
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文章信息
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240695
  • 接收时间：2024-11-06
  • 首发时间：2026-02-05
  • 出版时间：2025-05-04
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  • 收稿日期：2024-11-06
  • 录用日期：2025-01-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170174)
国家自然科学基金(32170174)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202804)
国家自然科学基金(32202804)
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LQ22C180002)
浙江省自然科学基金(LQ22C180002)
Science Development Foundation of Zhejiang A&F University(2013FR012)
浙江农林大学科研发展启动基金(2013FR012)
Science Development Foundation of Zhejiang A&F University(2020FR042)
浙江农林大学科研发展启动基金(2020FR042)
作者信息
    浙江农林大学 动物科技学院·动物医学院，浙江省畜禽绿色生态健康养殖应用技术研究重点实验室，动物健康互联网检测技术浙江省工程实验室，浙江 杭州
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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