Article(id=1226236831272976614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226236828399878330, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240699, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730908800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1734796800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-22, onlineDate=1770287242954, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1746288000000, pubDateStr=2025-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770287242954, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770287242954, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770287242954, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226236828399878330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='5', pageStart='1831', pageEnd='2319', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770287242269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770344517883, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226477059812274835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226236828399878330, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226477059816469140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226236828399878330, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2111, endPage=2127, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226236832850034938, articleId=1226236831272976614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Biological functions of tolA in Aeromonas hydrophila, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aeromonas hydrophila is a pathogen that can infect both fish and mammals, including humans. [Objective] To construct the tolA-deleted strain of A. hydrophila ATCC 7966 and use this strain to explore the biological functions of tolA. [Methods] We constructed the tolA-deleted strain AhΔtolA by homologous recombination and characterized the physiological phenotype of AhΔtolA. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to compare the gene expression between the wild type (WT) and AhΔtolA. [Results] The cell morphology of AhΔtolA was changed. The deletion of tolA significantly enhanced the sensitivity to sodium deoxycholate and oxidative stress, while significantly reducing the biofilm formation and the expression levels of several virulence genes. The yield of outer membrane vesicles was significantly increased in AhΔtolA. Transcriptomic analysis data showed that a total of 300 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between WT and AhΔtolA, including171 genes with up-regulated expression and 129 genes with down-regulated expression. GO enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in the oxidation-reduction process, metabolic process, outer membrane, and oxidoreductase activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, biosynthesis of cofactors, and biosynthesis of amino acids. [Conclusion] This study gives an insight into the roles of tolA in A. hydrophila and provides information about the metabolic pathways involving tolA. These results provide a theoretical reference for the prevention and control of A. hydrophila.

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E-mail: ZHAO Baohua,
LIU Dong,
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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Tianmeng CHEN, Yaping WANG, Fengjuan REN, Muwei LI, Zimeng ZHANG, Jiansong JU, Baohua ZHAO, Dong LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1226236838290047505, articleId=1226236831272976614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=嗜水气单胞菌 tolA 基因生物学功能研究, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)是一种既能感染鱼类,又能感染包括人在内的哺乳动物的病原体。【目的】构建A. hydrophila ATCC 7966的tolA基因缺失株,以探究tolA基因的生物学功能。【方法】通过同源重组技术构建tolA基因缺失菌株AhΔtolA,并对AhΔtolA的生理表型进行测定和分析,利用转录组测序技术探究tolA缺失导致的相关基因表达变化。【结果】嗜水气单胞菌tolA缺失菌株的细胞形态发生了明显改变,其对脱氧胆酸钠的敏感度显著增强,氧化应激反应也明显加剧。该缺失菌株的生物被膜形成能力以及多种毒力基因的表达水平显著降低,而外膜囊泡的产量增多。转录组测序及比较分析发现,WT/AhΔtolA比较组共筛选到300个差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),其中上调171个,下调129个。GO功能富集分析发现差异表达基因主要富集在氧化还原过程、能量代谢过程、细胞外膜组成和氧化还原酶活性等途径。KEGG富集分析发现,差异表达基因主要富集在次生代谢物生物合成、不同环境下的微生物代谢、辅助因子的生物合成以及氨基酸生物合成等途径。【结论】本研究阐明了tolA基因在嗜水气单胞菌中的重要生理功能,并探讨了tolA基因可能参与和影响的多种代谢途径。研究结果为嗜水气单胞菌的防治提供了理论支持。

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作者贡献声明

陈甜梦、王亚平:实验操作、论文撰写和修改;任凤娟:转录组测序,参与论文讨论;李沐伟、张梓萌:回补菌株的构建与突变体特性分析;鞠建松:数据收集和处理;赵宝华、刘东:本研究的构思和设计以及论文修改。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=CN, label=图1, caption=WTAhΔtolAtolA 的生长差异对比(A)tolA 基因表达量的测定(B), figureFileSmall=dqRar4D8Ty6dXamKhv2nQQ==, figureFileBig=d/mUcYCz3hgrACD/kCXfvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592756580135265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The Gram staining results of WT (A) and AhΔtolA (B)., figureFileSmall=fWN19FQYgLrLxNEIpUMJ7g==, figureFileBig=p6+gGtztK1SekENZq/v3EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592756668215657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=CN, label=图2, caption=WT (A)AhΔtolA (B)的革兰氏染色结果, figureFileSmall=fWN19FQYgLrLxNEIpUMJ7g==, figureFileBig=p6+gGtztK1SekENZq/v3EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592756781461870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Survival rate of sodium deoxycholate (A) and H2O2 sensitivity (B) of WT and AhΔtolA. **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=3ahrC+CPotteJwChNt+QJQ==, figureFileBig=//QrCpzzvrc6buD1nlJAtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592756928262526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=CN, label=图3, caption=WTAhΔtolA 的脱氧胆酸钠敏感性(A)和氧化应激敏感度测定(B), figureFileSmall=3ahrC+CPotteJwChNt+QJQ==, figureFileBig=//QrCpzzvrc6buD1nlJAtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592757058285961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The biofilm formation capacity of WT and AhΔtolA.A-B: Detection of biofilm formation capacity; C: Microscopic analysis of biofilm architecture; D: Analysis of fluorescence intensity. **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=QOfsi4y9uR4L/ntumKtKfA==, figureFileBig=Q+eC3Fng4X8DEBD0R8rDZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592757167337874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=CN, label=图4, caption=WTAhΔtolA 的生物被膜形成能力检测。A-B:WT和AhΔtolA的生物被膜形成能力检测;C:WT和AhΔtolA的生物被膜形态观察;D:荧光强度分析。, figureFileSmall=QOfsi4y9uR4L/ntumKtKfA==, figureFileBig=Q+eC3Fng4X8DEBD0R8rDZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592757272195486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Purification (A) and protein concentrations (B) of OMVs from WT and AhΔtolA. *: P<0.05., figureFileSmall=x7+ZKdVOnAdI8z6q6udZFg==, figureFileBig=TACCYe2LBJYMe5wlgM6myg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592757377053094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=CN, label=图5, caption=WTAhΔtolAOMVs纯化(A)与蛋白浓度检测(B), figureFileSmall=x7+ZKdVOnAdI8z6q6udZFg==, figureFileBig=TACCYe2LBJYMe5wlgM6myg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592757494493614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of cell and OMVs morphology of WT and AhΔtolA. Cell morphological characterization of WT (A) and AhΔtolA (B) were observed by TEM. OMVs derived from WT (C) and AhΔtolA (D) were evaluated by TEM. Black arrows and yellow arrows indicated the normal and abnormal morphology of OMVs, respectively., figureFileSmall=NijJ1UT2dh4cQQwQgnQ+aw==, figureFileBig=Uzd6tOr42h995zVJeurddA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592757616128438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=CN, label=图6, caption=WTAhΔtolA 的细胞与OMVs形态的透射电镜观察, figureFileSmall=NijJ1UT2dh4cQQwQgnQ+aw==, figureFileBig=Uzd6tOr42h995zVJeurddA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592757758734781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The virulence gene expression levels between WT and AhΔtolA. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=OYswntBXT3YM+M+056Y9Pw==, figureFileBig=LvyfdU7tjtyhWMtVQlrhqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592757884563910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=CN, label=图7, caption=WTAhΔtolA 的毒力基因表达谱, figureFileSmall=OYswntBXT3YM+M+056Y9Pw==, figureFileBig=LvyfdU7tjtyhWMtVQlrhqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592758035558864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Volcano map of differentially expressed genes between WT and AhΔtolA., figureFileSmall=gTreSJ+VaTT7L+b/vCZ7xA==, figureFileBig=QSW5KfThsao4nJjHQd4ndQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592759444845020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=CN, label=图8, caption=WTAhΔtolA 的差异表达基因火山图, figureFileSmall=gTreSJ+VaTT7L+b/vCZ7xA==, figureFileBig=QSW5KfThsao4nJjHQd4ndQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592759570674144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=The transcriptome analysis results of WT and AhΔtolA and RT-qPCR validation. A: GO enrichment classification bar chart; B: Results of ribosome related gene protein interaction network analysis; C: KEGG enrichment analysis chart; D: RT-qPCR validation., figureFileSmall=CfRtut7W/N3WCcGSBD+fRg==, figureFileBig=6jYFMyZzDLGY97FVaDtezg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592759704891881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=CN, label=图9, caption=WTAhΔtolA 的转录组分析结果及RT-qPCR验证。A:GO富集分类图;B:核糖体相关基因蛋白质互作网络分析结果;C:KEGG富集分析图;D:RT-qPCR验证。, figureFileSmall=CfRtut7W/N3WCcGSBD+fRg==, figureFileBig=6jYFMyZzDLGY97FVaDtezg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592759851692534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)Product length (bp)
tolA up-FCCATATGTCCAGGAGGGTTCGGTG1 010
tolA up-RGGCATGCGGCCTGGGTAAGGTAAATCG
tolA down-FGGCATGCCTCCGTCAGTTCACCGGA831
tolA down-RCTCTAGACGGTGATGGACGGTACTTACC
tolA-FTTGGAGACCACTTCCGCGATG1 856
tolA-RGTGGCCGAGATCAACGTGGTT
CtolA-FCGAGCTCTTAGATGCTCGGTTCCAACTT1 164
CtolA-RCTCTAGAATGGATGTGAAGCGTGGT
), ArticleFig(id=1226592759977521665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)Product length (bp)
tolA up-FCCATATGTCCAGGAGGGTTCGGTG1 010
tolA up-RGGCATGCGGCCTGGGTAAGGTAAATCG
tolA down-FGGCATGCCTCCGTCAGTTCACCGGA831
tolA down-RCTCTAGACGGTGATGGACGGTACTTACC
tolA-FTTGGAGACCACTTCCGCGATG1 856
tolA-RGTGGCCGAGATCAACGTGGTT
CtolA-FCGAGCTCTTAGATGCTCGGTTCCAACTT1 164
CtolA-RCTCTAGAATGGATGTGAAGCGTGGT
), ArticleFig(id=1226592760061407756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers designed for RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneNameSequences (5′→3′)GeneNameSequences (5′→3′)
16S rRNA16S-FGGGGAGTACGGTCGCAAGATdegQDe-FCACCGAGCTTACCTCCGAAAT
16S-RCGCTGGCAAACAAGGATAAGGDe-RCCGCCTTCTTCAGCGTGAC
tolATa-FTGCTCGGTTCCAACTTGAGGflgEFe-FCCCGCTCAGACATTGGAGAT
Ta-RACTATCGGCGTACGTCTTGCFe-RGTCGCATTGCTGTAGGTCGC
acuCAc-FAGGACGATGCCTACCTCACCflgLFl-FGCCCCAGAACAACAACATCC
Ac-RGCGTTTGTTCGCCTCTTCAFl-RGCCGCATCCTCTTTTGACA
cblAAd-FCCGAGGCGTTCTATGTGCAalr-2Al-FCTCGATACCGGGATGAACCG
Ad-RTTGGTCAGGTAGCCGGTGATAl-RGGTCATGAGATGGAACGGCT
aerAAe-FGGTCTGTGGCGACAAGTATCGtolQTq-FGGACTCCTGGTAGAGACGGT
Ae-RAGAGCAGACAGAGTCGGTATTTCTCTq-RGCTGATCATCCAGCGTTCCA
ascVAs-FGGGTATTCACCTGCGTTTCAtolRTr-FCATGGCCTTCTCGGTGATGT
As-RGATGTTCATTAGCGACCCACATr-RCACCGAAGGCGAGTATGTCA
hlyAHl-FCCGCCCAGTCCTTCATCTATpilQPq-FACTCGGTATAAAGCGGTGCC
Hl-RAGGGTCCGTAGGCTCACATTPq-RGCGGTTGGACAACAACATCC
ompAOm-FCTCACGATCTGGGTGACTTTGrbsKRk-FATCAAGTTGTACCCGGTGGC
Om-RCGCCGTTGATGGACTTGARk-RGTCTTCATCTGGTGGCCGAT
ompTSPr-FAATGGCTCCTTCCCTGATCGrbsCRc-FCCGGTTACCTGTTCGGTCTG
Pr-RTGGCACCCTGGTTCTCGTAARc-RCCGAGGGCATAGATGTAGCG
vashVa-FAAACTGGCACGGGGAAAGAGaroBAb-FATCGATCACGACGTGTCTGG
Va-RGCTTGTAAGGTGAGCGGCATATAb-RCTCCCAGGTTGATTCCTCCG
traATr-FGTGATGGTCGTCGCCTTTCTppiDPd-FGCAGTCCACCGGTTACTTCA
Tr-RGATAACCTTCTCCGCATTTTCCPd-RGATCACGTCGGAGTTGGTGT
pilBPi-FCTAATGCGAATGCAGCACGTAribBRb-FCGATGATGATCCGCGAGTGT
Pi-RCGCTTCAACAGTTCCAACCARb-RAGGCGGTCTGATAATGGCTG
rfafRf-FTACCTGGCACTGGCCTATCClptDLd-FCGAATTCGTTCATCACCGGC
Rf-RCTCGTCGAGGTGCTTTTGTGLd-RACTACAGCCTGTTCAGCGAC
), ArticleFig(id=1226592760128516628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RT-qPCR引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneNameSequences (5′→3′)GeneNameSequences (5′→3′)
16S rRNA16S-FGGGGAGTACGGTCGCAAGATdegQDe-FCACCGAGCTTACCTCCGAAAT
16S-RCGCTGGCAAACAAGGATAAGGDe-RCCGCCTTCTTCAGCGTGAC
tolATa-FTGCTCGGTTCCAACTTGAGGflgEFe-FCCCGCTCAGACATTGGAGAT
Ta-RACTATCGGCGTACGTCTTGCFe-RGTCGCATTGCTGTAGGTCGC
acuCAc-FAGGACGATGCCTACCTCACCflgLFl-FGCCCCAGAACAACAACATCC
Ac-RGCGTTTGTTCGCCTCTTCAFl-RGCCGCATCCTCTTTTGACA
cblAAd-FCCGAGGCGTTCTATGTGCAalr-2Al-FCTCGATACCGGGATGAACCG
Ad-RTTGGTCAGGTAGCCGGTGATAl-RGGTCATGAGATGGAACGGCT
aerAAe-FGGTCTGTGGCGACAAGTATCGtolQTq-FGGACTCCTGGTAGAGACGGT
Ae-RAGAGCAGACAGAGTCGGTATTTCTCTq-RGCTGATCATCCAGCGTTCCA
ascVAs-FGGGTATTCACCTGCGTTTCAtolRTr-FCATGGCCTTCTCGGTGATGT
As-RGATGTTCATTAGCGACCCACATr-RCACCGAAGGCGAGTATGTCA
hlyAHl-FCCGCCCAGTCCTTCATCTATpilQPq-FACTCGGTATAAAGCGGTGCC
Hl-RAGGGTCCGTAGGCTCACATTPq-RGCGGTTGGACAACAACATCC
ompAOm-FCTCACGATCTGGGTGACTTTGrbsKRk-FATCAAGTTGTACCCGGTGGC
Om-RCGCCGTTGATGGACTTGARk-RGTCTTCATCTGGTGGCCGAT
ompTSPr-FAATGGCTCCTTCCCTGATCGrbsCRc-FCCGGTTACCTGTTCGGTCTG
Pr-RTGGCACCCTGGTTCTCGTAARc-RCCGAGGGCATAGATGTAGCG
vashVa-FAAACTGGCACGGGGAAAGAGaroBAb-FATCGATCACGACGTGTCTGG
Va-RGCTTGTAAGGTGAGCGGCATATAb-RCTCCCAGGTTGATTCCTCCG
traATr-FGTGATGGTCGTCGCCTTTCTppiDPd-FGCAGTCCACCGGTTACTTCA
Tr-RGATAACCTTCTCCGCATTTTCCPd-RGATCACGTCGGAGTTGGTGT
pilBPi-FCTAATGCGAATGCAGCACGTAribBRb-FCGATGATGATCCGCGAGTGT
Pi-RCGCTTCAACAGTTCCAACCARb-RAGGCGGTCTGATAATGGCTG
rfafRf-FTACCTGGCACTGGCCTATCClptDLd-FCGAATTCGTTCATCACCGGC
Rf-RCTCGTCGAGGTGCTTTTGTGLd-RACTACAGCCTGTTCAGCGAC
), ArticleFig(id=1226592760220791320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Display of partial results from KEGG enrichment analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pathways IDPathwaysNumber of DEGs
Up-regulatedDown-regulated
aha01110Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites2016
aha01120Microbial metabolism in diverse environments1711
aha01200Carbon metabolism154
aha01230Biosynthesis of amino acids78
aha01240Biosynthesis of cofactors212
aha00520Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism46
aha00620Pyruvate metabolism91
aha02020Two-component system81
aha00250Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism44
aha00010Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis62
aha00280Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation70
aha00640Propanoate metabolism61
aha02010ABC transporters16
aha00910Nitrogen metabolism33
aha02060Phosphotransferase system (PTS)15
aha00230Purine metabolism33
), ArticleFig(id=1226592760346620449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236831272976614, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

KEGG富集分析部分结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pathways IDPathwaysNumber of DEGs
Up-regulatedDown-regulated
aha01110Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites2016
aha01120Microbial metabolism in diverse environments1711
aha01200Carbon metabolism154
aha01230Biosynthesis of amino acids78
aha01240Biosynthesis of cofactors212
aha00520Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism46
aha00620Pyruvate metabolism91
aha02020Two-component system81
aha00250Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism44
aha00010Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis62
aha00280Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation70
aha00640Propanoate metabolism61
aha02010ABC transporters16
aha00910Nitrogen metabolism33
aha02060Phosphotransferase system (PTS)15
aha00230Purine metabolism33
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嗜水气单胞菌 tolA 基因生物学功能研究
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陈甜梦 , 王亚平 , 任凤娟 , 李沐伟 , 张梓萌 , 鞠建松 , 赵宝华 , 刘东
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(5): 2111-2127
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(5): 2111-2127
嗜水气单胞菌 tolA 基因生物学功能研究
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陈甜梦, 王亚平, 任凤娟, 李沐伟, 张梓萌, 鞠建松, 赵宝华 , 刘东
作者信息
  • 河北师范大学 生命科学学院,河北 石家庄
Biological functions of tolA in Aeromonas hydrophila
Tianmeng CHEN, Yaping WANG, Fengjuan REN, Muwei LI, Zimeng ZHANG, Jiansong JU, Baohua ZHAO , Dong LIU
Affiliations
  • College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
出版时间: 2025-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240699
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嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)是一种既能感染鱼类,又能感染包括人在内的哺乳动物的病原体。【目的】构建A. hydrophila ATCC 7966的tolA基因缺失株,以探究tolA基因的生物学功能。【方法】通过同源重组技术构建tolA基因缺失菌株AhΔtolA,并对AhΔtolA的生理表型进行测定和分析,利用转录组测序技术探究tolA缺失导致的相关基因表达变化。【结果】嗜水气单胞菌tolA缺失菌株的细胞形态发生了明显改变,其对脱氧胆酸钠的敏感度显著增强,氧化应激反应也明显加剧。该缺失菌株的生物被膜形成能力以及多种毒力基因的表达水平显著降低,而外膜囊泡的产量增多。转录组测序及比较分析发现,WT/AhΔtolA比较组共筛选到300个差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),其中上调171个,下调129个。GO功能富集分析发现差异表达基因主要富集在氧化还原过程、能量代谢过程、细胞外膜组成和氧化还原酶活性等途径。KEGG富集分析发现,差异表达基因主要富集在次生代谢物生物合成、不同环境下的微生物代谢、辅助因子的生物合成以及氨基酸生物合成等途径。【结论】本研究阐明了tolA基因在嗜水气单胞菌中的重要生理功能,并探讨了tolA基因可能参与和影响的多种代谢途径。研究结果为嗜水气单胞菌的防治提供了理论支持。

嗜水气单胞菌  /  tolA  /  生物被膜  /  外膜囊泡  /  转录组

Aeromonas hydrophila is a pathogen that can infect both fish and mammals, including humans. [Objective] To construct the tolA-deleted strain of A. hydrophila ATCC 7966 and use this strain to explore the biological functions of tolA. [Methods] We constructed the tolA-deleted strain AhΔtolA by homologous recombination and characterized the physiological phenotype of AhΔtolA. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to compare the gene expression between the wild type (WT) and AhΔtolA. [Results] The cell morphology of AhΔtolA was changed. The deletion of tolA significantly enhanced the sensitivity to sodium deoxycholate and oxidative stress, while significantly reducing the biofilm formation and the expression levels of several virulence genes. The yield of outer membrane vesicles was significantly increased in AhΔtolA. Transcriptomic analysis data showed that a total of 300 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between WT and AhΔtolA, including171 genes with up-regulated expression and 129 genes with down-regulated expression. GO enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in the oxidation-reduction process, metabolic process, outer membrane, and oxidoreductase activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, biosynthesis of cofactors, and biosynthesis of amino acids. [Conclusion] This study gives an insight into the roles of tolA in A. hydrophila and provides information about the metabolic pathways involving tolA. These results provide a theoretical reference for the prevention and control of A. hydrophila.

Aeromonas hydrophila  /  tolA  /  biofilm  /  outer membrane vesicles  /  transcriptome
陈甜梦, 王亚平, 任凤娟, 李沐伟, 张梓萌, 鞠建松, 赵宝华, 刘东. 嗜水气单胞菌 tolA 基因生物学功能研究. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (5) : 2111 -2127 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240699
Tianmeng CHEN, Yaping WANG, Fengjuan REN, Muwei LI, Zimeng ZHANG, Jiansong JU, Baohua ZHAO, Dong LIU. Biological functions of tolA in Aeromonas hydrophila[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (5) : 2111 -2127 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240699
嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)是一种典型的人-兽-鱼共患病病原菌,广泛分布于自然界水体中,它造成的运动性气单胞菌败血症(motile Aeromonas septicemia, MAS)给全球水产养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失[1-2]。目前,治疗嗜水气单胞菌感染的主要方式是使用抗生素,但长期使用抗生素会导致耐药菌的增加和快速传播。因此,加强嗜水气单胞菌的致病机制研究已迫在眉睫[3-4]
革兰氏阴性菌的Tol-Pal系统由TolA、TolB、TolQ、TolR和Pal蛋白组成,这些蛋白横跨外膜、周质间隙和内膜,其中TolQ、TolR和TolA在细胞内膜形成复合物,而周质蛋白TolB与固定在外膜上的Pal蛋白相互作用[5]。Tol-Pal系统在维持细胞形态[6]、外膜稳定性[5,7]、对胆盐的敏感性以及细胞毒力[8]等方面发挥着重要作用。该系统最初在大肠杆菌中发现[7],随后在铜绿假单胞菌[9]、霍乱弧菌[10]、恶臭假单胞菌[11]、鼠伤寒沙门菌[12]、菊欧文氏菌[6]和伤寒沙门菌[8]等其他菌属中也有报道。某些致病菌的tolA基因发生突变或缺失后,会导致菌体形态改变、外膜破损和致病力下降。例如,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium)敲除tolA基因后,其外膜完整性受损,对胆汁和血清的敏感性增强,进而致病力减弱[13]
外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles, OMVs)是革兰氏阴性菌中广泛存在的一种纳米级双层膜囊泡状结构,包含了外膜蛋白、磷脂、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)、DNA,以及在形成过程中被外膜包裹的周质成分等多种生物学活性物质[14-15]。由于OMVs无法复制且携带大量保持天然构象的外膜抗原,因此它们能够有效激活宿主的免疫系统,显著提升抗原的免疫原性,从而在防控细菌性疾病方面展现出巨大潜力[16]。研究人员发现tol-pal基因的缺失会对外膜完整性产生负面影响,导致外膜囊泡产量增加[17-18]。Mitra等[19]研究发现,志贺氏菌(Shigella boydii) tolA基因缺失菌的OMVs释放量相较于野生型增加了60%,且这些OMVs具有良好的免疫保护作用。大肠杆菌tolA基因缺失菌株的OMVs蛋白质组学分析结果表明,缺失tolA基因可能会减少细胞内膜和外膜之间的联系,从而导致膜的损伤及OMVs的增加[20]。目前,tolA基因在嗜水气单胞菌中的生理作用仍不明确,需要进一步探索。
为探究tolA基因在嗜水气单胞菌中的生物学功能,本研究利用同源重组技术构建嗜水气单胞菌tolA基因缺失株AhΔtolA,以野生菌株(wild type, WT)为对照,测定AhΔtolA的生长特性、细菌形态、生物被膜形成能力以及OMVs产量等生物学特性,并利用转录组测序技术比较野生型与AhΔtolA菌株的基因表达差异,分析tolA基因参与和影响的代谢途径。
嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila) ATCC 7966 (WT),购自宁波明舟生物科技有限公司;大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) DH5α、E. coli S17-1 λpir,购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司。自杀载体pRE112用于tolA基因的敲除,广宿主克隆载体pBBR1MCS-1用于tolA缺失菌株的回补菌株CΔtolA构建,购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司。本研究所用到的引物序列如表1所示,由苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司合成。
LB培养基购自赛默飞世尔科技公司;大豆酪蛋白琼脂培养基(TSA)购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;T4 DNA连接酶、DNA限制性内切酶均购自TaKaRa公司;Green Taq Mix购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;质粒提取、DNA片段回收试剂盒均购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;其他化学试剂均为分析纯。
抗生素使用的终质量浓度:氨苄青霉素(Amp)为100 μg/mL,氯霉素(Chl)为50 μg/mL。
A. hydrophila菌株接种于LB培养基,以30 ℃、200 r/min培养至对数生长期。使用细菌基因组提取试剂盒提取基因组DNA。以基因组DNA为模板,分别使用引物CtolA-F/R扩增获得tolA基因(1 164 bp)。PCR反应体系(50 µL):2×Green Taq Mix 25 µL,上下游引物(10 µmol/L)各2 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 20 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性15 s,58 ℃退火15 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,35个循环。经琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证正确后,对目标条带进行回收纯化。将两条同源臂用T4 DNA连接酶与经过(Xba I和Nde I)双酶切的pRE112进行连接得到重组自杀质粒pAFR。将携带pAFR的E. coli S17-1 λpirA. hydrophila按比例在尼龙膜上结合培养,进行第1次同源重组。然后将筛选到的单交换菌株接种于含有15%蔗糖的新鲜无抗LB培养基中培养16 h,适当稀释后涂布于含有12%蔗糖的LB平板。选取在含有氯霉素的LB平板上不生长的阳性克隆,使用tolA-F/R引物进行PCR扩增后送苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司测序验证,得到基因缺失菌株(Ah∆tolA)。通过稳定遗传,将测序正确的缺失菌株保存于-80 ℃。
回补菌株的构建方法:利用引物CtolA-F/R获得tolA基因,将tolA片段与经过(Sac I和Xba I)双酶切的pBBR1MCS-1进行连接得到重组质粒pBBA。将重组质粒pBBA电转化至Ah∆tolA感受态细胞中,并筛选出阳性克隆菌株,获得AhΔtolA回补菌株。
细菌生长曲线测定方法参照文献[21]进行。挑取A. hydrophila WT菌株和缺失突变体AhΔtolA单菌落至LB培养基中,30 ℃、200 r/min培养至OD600值为0.6,以1%的接种量转接至LB培养基中,在30 ℃、200 r/min恒温摇床中培养,每隔1 h连续测量其OD600值,每个样品重复3次。以时间为横坐标、菌液OD600值为纵坐标,绘制生长曲线。
对WT和Ah∆tolA进行革兰氏染色,并在10×100倍镜下进行观察。
透射电镜样品制备方法参照文献[22]进行。将WT和Ah∆tolA菌液及提取的OMVs样品分别覆盖在碳涂层铜网上,接着用1%乙酸铀酰水溶液对样品染色。最后使用透射电子显微镜(日立公司)以80 kV的加速电压进行观察。
挑取WT和AhΔtolA单菌落至LB培养基中,30 ℃、200 r/min培养至相同OD600值,收集菌体分别用0.5%的脱氧胆酸钠和PBS缓冲液重悬,并在30 ℃孵育2 h。梯度稀释至10-1-10-4的细菌悬液分别取100 µL涂布在LB平板上,30 ℃、200 r/min培养18-20 h后统计菌落数并计算相应活菌数,存活率按公式(1)计算。
$菌株存活率= \mathrm{CFU}_{\text {脱氧胆酸钠处理/}} \mathrm{CFU}_{\text {PBS处理 }} \times 100 \% $
采用Kirby-Bauer纸片法评估细菌的氧化应激能力。将浸有1 mmol/L H2O2溶液的滤纸片(6 mm)贴于涂有WT和Ah∆tolA菌液的LB平板上,30 ℃培养24 h后,测量抑菌圈直径,每个样品重复3次。
生物被膜形成能力测定方法参照文献[23]进行。将过夜活化的WT与缺失菌Ah∆tolA菌液稀释至OD600值为0.1,接着向无菌48孔板中加入500 µL的菌液,30 ℃静置培养36 h,以液体LB培养基作为空白对照。将孔内菌液吸出,用PBS缓冲液清洗3次后加入甲醇固定30 min,50 ℃干燥30 min。加入质量分数为1%的结晶紫染液染色10 min后用PBS缓冲液清洗2次,50 ℃干燥30 min。加入体积分数为33%的冰醋酸,37 ℃静置30 min,使用酶标仪在OD595处测定吸光值,每株菌重复5次。
荧光显微镜观察参照文献[24]进行。细菌生物被膜形态观察方法:将无菌盖玻片置于无菌6孔板中,每孔加入5 mL OD600值为0.8的WT和Ah∆tolA培养液,在30 ℃静置培养24 h和48 h。取出玻片用PBS缓冲液清洗后加入甲醇固定30 min,再用PBS缓冲液清洗2次。加入质量分数为0.01%的吖啶橙,避光孵育15 min后置于3D全视野荧光显微镜(Leica公司)下,使用波长为488-530 nm的激发光通道进行观察。
OMVs的提取参照文献[25]方法进行。将WT和Ah∆tolA的过夜培养物涂布于TSA平板上,30 ℃培养24 h后收集菌体。将菌体悬浮在PBS缓冲液中,10 000×g离心30 min收集上清液,并通过0.45 μm滤膜除去残留菌体。取过滤后的样品涂布在TSA平板上,30 ℃培养24 h以确认无菌体残留。将无菌上清液在4 ℃、100 000×g离心3 h收集沉淀,将沉淀用PBS缓冲液清洗2次后悬浮于1 mL PBS缓冲液中得到粗提OMVs样品,最后测定其总蛋白浓度。
OMVs的纯化参照文献[26]进行。将碘克沙醇密度梯度离心液OptiPrepTM用无菌PBS缓冲液稀释成终浓度分别为10%、15%、20%、25%和30%的梯度液。通过密度梯度离心纯化粗提的OMVs样品,并将得到的OMVs样品保存于-80 ℃。
按照细菌总RNA提取试剂盒说明书提取各菌株的总RNA,使用NanoDrop 2000 (赛默飞世尔科技公司)测定RNA浓度及纯度。纯度符合要求后,使用逆转录试剂盒将所提取的细菌总RNA进一步逆转录为cDNA。以cDNA为模板,使用RT-qPCR仪(Thorme公司)扩增并分析菌株中tolA的表达量。RT-qPCR反应体系(20 µL):2×ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix 10 μL,Primer-F/R (10 µmol/L)各0.4 µL,cDNA 2 μL,ddH2O 7.2 µL。RT-qPCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性10 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,45个循环。以16S rRNA基因作为内参,对Ct值采用2-ΔΔCt法进行计算。
为探究tolA缺失对嗜水气单胞菌致病性的影响,选取嗜水气单胞菌的14个重要毒力基因,检测2种菌株基因表达水平的差异。RT-qPCR引物序列如表2所示。
提取WT和Ah∆tolA的总RNA,使用RNA Nano 6000检测试剂盒检测总RNA完整性。符合要求后,按照制造商的说明,以片段化的mRNA为模板,随机寡核苷酸为引物合成双链cDNA。测序文库采用聚合酶链反应扩增构建,使用Agilent 2100系统定量,并使用Illumina HiSeq平台(安捷伦科技有限公司)进行测序。所有分析均由北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司的云平台完成。利用DESeq和edgeR软件计算基因表达量,比较分析样本间基因的表达差异。显著差异的阈值|log2 fold change|≥1且Padjust≤0.05,将显著差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG功能富集分析,挖掘WT与tolA基因缺失后相关基因表达量的变化情况。
选取4个上调基因(tolQtolRalr-2、pilQ)和6个下调基因(rbsKrbsCaroBppiDribBlptD),设计RT-qPCR引物进行基因表达量分析,相关引物序列见表2
采用GraphPad Prism version 8.0软件进行数据处理和绘图,采用t检验(t-test)进行统计学分析,P<0.05表示具有统计学差异。
本研究通过测定A. hydrophila ATCC 7966、tolA缺失菌株Ah∆tolA及其回补菌株C∆tolA的生长趋势,判定tolA基因缺失是否影响菌体生长。结果表明,WT、AhΔtolA及C∆tolA的倍增时间均为16 h,到达稳定期的OD600值均在1.9左右,三者无明显差异。Ah∆tolA的生长趋势与WT基本一致,缺失tolA不影响细菌的生长,如图1A所示。
本研究使用RT-qPCR验证了WT、Ah∆tolA及其回补菌株C∆tolA中的tolA表达情况。如图1B所示,Ah∆tolAtolA相对表达量为0.2左右,而C∆tolA菌株的tolA相对表达量显著上升,达到WT的2.1倍。
革兰氏染色结果显示,WT菌体呈革兰氏阴性,为单个短杆状,常2个相连;而缺失菌株Ah∆tolA菌体聚集成团,细胞多形成链状(图2)。
脱氧胆酸钠敏感度检测结果显示,WT和AhΔtolA在脱氧胆酸钠中的存活率分别为33.6%和16.1%。AhΔtolA的存活率显著低于WT,表明AhΔtolA对脱氧胆酸钠更敏感,其细胞外膜屏障功能可能受损(图3A)。过氧化氢胁迫结果显示,与野生型相比,AhΔtolA的抑菌圈直径更大,表明AhΔtolA对H2O2更加敏感(图3B)。这些结果表明tolA基因可能参与维持细胞外膜的稳定性。
生物被膜测定结果表明,与WT相比,AhΔtolA的生物被膜形成能力显著降低约35% (图4A4B)。为进一步探究菌株的生物被膜形态,利用荧光显微镜观察了WT与Ah∆tolA的生物被膜形态特征。静置培养24 h时,WT菌体细胞相互连接,并聚集成团,团块随时间增加逐渐变大;而AhΔtolA的玻片上仅有少量细胞相互连接,大多数细胞处于分散状态。静置培养48 h时,WT菌体较大且聚集连接,细胞层数较厚,形成成熟的生物被膜。相比之下,AhΔtolA菌体连接分散,形成的生物被膜分布不均匀、细胞层数少,生物被膜不完整(图4C)。使用ImageJ软件(version 1.45)对荧光强度进行分析,结果表明无论在24 h还是48 h,WT生物被膜的荧光强度均大于AhΔtolA (图4D)。上述研究结果证实tolA缺失显著抑制嗜水气单胞菌的生物被膜形成能力,tolA在生物被膜发育中起着至关重要的作用。
为了探究tolA缺失是否影响嗜水气单胞菌OMVs的产生,提取并纯化了WT与AhΔtolA的OMVs。经超速离心后发现,WT菌株的沉淀显著少于AhΔtolA的沉淀。利用BCA法测定蛋白浓度以评价OMVs的产量,结果表明,AhΔtolA产生的OMVs的蛋白浓度为1 000 ng/μL,显著高于WT的800 ng/μL (图5)。这一结果表明AhΔtolA产生的OMVs显著多于WT菌株产生的OMVs。
为进一步观察2种菌株的形态变化,经过负染后置于透射电镜下观察。结果显示,WT菌体呈杆状,具有鞭毛,细胞表面光滑,细胞周围分布有双层膜囊泡状结构(图6A,黑色箭头所示)。选取50个WT细胞测量其平均长度为(1.50±0.06) μm (图6A)。与WT不同,AhΔtolA的菌体长度显著变短,平均长度为(1.10±0.05) μm,细胞同样具有鞭毛,细胞周围分布大量囊泡状结构(图6B,黑色箭头所示),与WT的外膜囊泡相比,许多囊泡形态不规则,大小悬殊(图6B黄色箭头)。同时,AhΔtolA细胞还分泌大量更小的囊泡吸附在细胞表面,聚集在一起。
OMVs形态观察发现,WT和AhΔtolA的OMVs均为脂质双分子层、大小不等的球状囊泡结构,含有大量鞭毛。WT产生的OMVs粒径大小在200 nm左右,背景干净,形态典型(图6C,黑色箭头所示)。与WT相比,AhΔtolA产生的OMVs含有更多形状不规则、大小不均一的囊泡结构,并且数量增多(图6D,黄色箭头所示)。以上结果表明tolA基因对OMVs的产生具有重要作用。
通过RT-qPCR对14个毒力基因在2种菌株中的表达水平差异进行测定。结果如图7所示,除调控鞭毛合成基因flgL表达量升高外,其余13个毒力基因的表达量均显著下降。
原始数据经过过滤、测序错误率检查、G+C含量分布等检查后,各样品clean reads数均在7 485 266条以上,两端Q20 (99%碱基正确率)均在97.78%以上,两端Q30为93.88%以上,说明本研究中的RNA-seq数据质量良好。各重复样本的相关系数因子R2均在0.95-1.00之间,说明样本的重复性较高。
测序数据中显著差异表达基因[|log2 fold change|≥1及Padjust≤0.05]的筛选结果如图8所示,WT和AhΔtolA之间共有300个差异表达基因,其中显著上调的基因有171个,显著下调的基因有129个。
对300个差异表达基因进行GO功能分析的结果显示:有114个显著差异基因注释到生物学过程,44个显著差异基因注释到细胞组分,155个显著差异基因注释到分子功能,结果如图9A所示。生物学过程主要涉及氧化还原过程(oxidation-reduction process)和能量代谢过程(metabolic process);细胞组分主要以外膜(outer membrane)、细胞包膜(cell envelope)、包膜(envelope)、膜的组成成分(integral component of membrane)、膜的固有成分(intrinsic component of membrane)为主;分子功能主要涉及核苷磷酸结合(nucleoside phosphate binding)、核苷酸结合(nucleotide binding)、氧化还原酶活性(oxidoreductase activity)、辅因子结合(cofactor binding)和辅酶结合(coenzyme binding)。在tolA基因缺失菌株中,氧化还原过程、能量代谢过程、细胞外膜和氧化还原酶活性等调控过程中差异基因富集较为显著。结果表明,tolA基因与细胞的氧化还原能力、代谢、外膜完整性和核糖体生物合成密切相关。利用STRING数据库对rnpAtyrSdusBglyQgltXpthAHA_RS02775hemApheS等核糖体生物合成相关基因的蛋白互作进行了分析,结果表明这些基因具有密切的联系(图9C)。上述结果表明,敲除tolA基因对细胞的生物学过程及分子功能产生了重要影响,尤其是对细胞外膜稳定性的影响,进而影响细胞的代谢途径。
为进一步分析tolA基因缺失对代谢途径的影响,通过KEGG对300个差异基因进行代谢通路分析,结果如图9B表3所示。显著下调表达的基因主要富集在次生代谢物生物合成、不同环境下的微生物代谢、辅助因子的生物合成、氨基酸生物合成、氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢等代谢通路。下调最显著的15个基因包括ABC转运蛋白(rbsC、rbsB、rbsA)、参与氧化还原途径的基因(AHA_RS12635AHA_RS12630AHA_RS12645AHA_RS12600)、参与生物合成途径的核糖激酶(rbsK、AHA_RS11695)以及与细菌磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)相关的蛋白(fruA、pfkB、fruB、fruR)。显著下调的基因主要与细菌所需营养物质的合成与运输相关,这些营养物质对细菌的聚集和在宿主体内的生存具有重要作用。细菌的磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)是连接糖吸收和信号转导的全局调节网络。PTS系统中fruRBA操纵子表达水平的下调会导致细菌可利用的碳水化合物急剧减少,进而影响细菌的黏附、生物被膜形成、毒力因子合成等,最终降低细菌的致病力。
显著上调表达的基因主要富集在次生代谢物生物合成、不同环境下的微生物代谢、碳代谢、丙酮酸代谢、双组分系统、氨基酸代谢等代谢通路。在上调最显著的15个基因中,包括参与氧化还原途径的基因(AHA_RS05325AHA_RS10535AHA_RS07520)、具有氧化还原酶活性的基因(AHA_RS10540AHA_RS14490)、参与微生物代谢和碳代谢的基因(AHA_RS10550arcCAHA_RS16915)、参与氨基酸代谢的基因(hutIAHA_RS20910)、参与丙酸盐代谢的基因(prpB)、双组分系统的基因(AHA_RS16180)、参与核苷酸结合的基因(AHA_RS17705)以及参与跨膜运输的基因(AHA_RS07405tolR)。显著上调的基因主要涉及组氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸等氨基酸的代谢与运输。丙酸代谢关键基因prpB的上调表明细菌细胞中丙酸盐出现过度积累,而丙酸盐的过度积累会对细胞造成毒性。上述结果表明,tolA基因的缺失显著干扰了细菌的氧化还原、能量代谢和物质合成等多种代谢途径。
根据GO及KEGG转录组数据的差异基因富集分析,并结合相关代谢途径,选取差异表达上调和下调的10个基因进行RT-qPCR验证,结果如图9D所示。所选基因的表达水平变化趋势与RNA-Seq的基因表达水平变化趋势一致。
嗜水气单胞菌导致的运动性气单胞菌败血症(MAS)给全球水产养殖业造成巨大的经济损失。Tol-Pal系统相关基因在维持细菌外膜完整性和参与OMVs的生物发生和释放中发挥重要作用。目前关于嗜水气单胞菌tolA基因的研究尚未见报道,本研究以嗜水气单胞菌ATCC 7966为研究对象,成功敲除了tolA基因,并对其生理特性进行了测定。
在本研究中,AhΔtolA在LB培养基中的生长速度未发生明显变化。多项研究表明,tolA基因的缺失通常不会影响细菌的生长。在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)中,tolA基因的缺失对细菌生长的影响较小[27-28]。然而,菊欧文氏菌(Erwinia chrysanthemi)的TolA、TolQ、TolB和Pal突变体细胞形态和分裂严重受损,在LB培养基上生长缓慢,需要添加抗渗透剂才能生存[6]。此外,猪霍乱沙门氏菌的tolA基因突变体在对数期的生长较野生型明显降低[22]
tol-pal基因对于维持革兰氏阴性菌的外膜完整性是必要的[29]。本研究发现,突变株AhΔtolA的细胞形态发生改变,对脱氧胆酸钠和氧化应激的敏感度增强,且较WT在菌体周围分泌更多的外膜囊泡。上述结果表明,tolA基因的缺失可能对菌体的形态和外膜稳定性造成了影响。前期研究发现,大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌(Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis)的tolA基因缺失突变体表现出细胞排列成链状、释放大量外膜囊泡以及对抗生素和变性剂敏感性增强等外膜完整性损伤的表型[22,30]。Masilamani等研究表明,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的Tol-Pal系统介导的磷脂酰甘油运输机制可能会影响细菌外膜的稳定性[7]
生物被膜是A. hydrophila的关键毒力因子,使细菌能够在宿主体内持续存在并抵抗抗菌处理[31]。本研究发现,tolA基因的缺失显著抑制了嗜水气单胞菌生物被膜的形成。国外课题组研究显示Tol-Pal系统的tolA基因缺失会影响细菌生物被膜的形成。Su等[32]发现,tolA基因的缺失显著减少了禽致病性大肠杆菌(avian pathogenic Escherichia coli) E058生物被膜的形成,并显著降低了其毒力。Hirakawa等[16]发现泌尿道致病性大肠杆菌(uropathogenic E. coli)的tolA基因缺失突变体的生物被膜形成能力显著降低。tolA基因影响生物被膜形成的机制尚未明确。Su等[32]认为Tol-Pal系统与细胞壁以及各种包膜成分如脂多糖(LPS)、外膜蛋白(OmpF和OmpC)或外膜受体(PhoE和LamB)相互作用,潜在地影响细菌的附着和生物被膜的形成。
OMVs介导细菌细胞之间的大分子转移,并与生物被膜形成和发病机制有关[33]。Tol-Pal系统通过与细胞壁相互作用参与外膜囊泡(OMVs)的发生与释放,tol-pal基因的缺失会影响OMVs的产生[34]。本研究表明,tolA基因敲除后,嗜水气单胞菌的OMVs产量显著增加;透射电镜观察到细胞表面及周围出现大量外膜囊泡。tolA基因参与OMVs的生物发生,是OMVs生物发生过程中的重要蛋白。多项研究发现,tolA基因缺失会导致OMVs产量的增加。王楚等[27]发现,鼠伤寒沙门菌(Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium) χ3761的tolA基因突变体菌体周围有许多OMVs分泌且产量显著增加。同样地,猪霍乱沙门氏菌(Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis)的tolA基因突变体的OMVs产量也显著增多[22]。值得注意的是,Avila-Calderón等[25]利用蛋白质组学分析了嗜水气单胞菌的OMVs,发现OMVs中存在TolB、TolQ和Pal蛋白,但未发现TolA和TolQ蛋白。这表明tolA基因仅在OMVs产生过程中发挥了某种作用,但并未成为其组成成分,其具体机制仍有待深入研究。
A. hydrophila WT和AhΔtolA的转录组测序分析结果表明,WT和AhΔtolA共有300个差异表达基因(上调171个,下调129个)。与tolA同属Tol-Pal系统的tolQtolR基因表达量上调,而tolBpal的表达量未见变化。多项研究表明,TolA是Tol-Pal系统的中心枢纽,一方面,TolA与TolQ和TolR形成位于内膜的TolQ-TolR-TolA复合物;另一方面,TolA与外膜蛋白Pal存在相互作用,起到稳定外膜与内膜结构的重要作用。推测tolQtolR基因的上调是为了补偿tolA基因缺失造成的功能缺失。alr基因编码丙氨酸消旋酶,多项研究证明,丙氨酸消旋酶对A. hydrophila保持细胞外膜完整性、维系细胞生理功能和致病性发挥着重要作用[35-36]alr基因的上调可能是对tolA缺失造成的细胞外膜缺陷的补救。转录组测序结果还发现了大量氧化还原过程和氧化还原酶相关基因的上调,例如大肠杆菌在细胞膜完整性受到损伤时会产生氧化应激,为了抵抗和减少活性氧带来的损伤,氧化还原过程和氧化还原酶相关基因会发生上调[37]
GO富集分析表明,表达显著下调的基因大多与核糖体表达和细菌毒力相关,表明AhΔtolA的核糖体生物合成以及蛋白质翻译和毒力下降。我们发现与Tol-Pal系统密切相关的ybgC基因显著下调。ybgC基因编码一种酰基辅酶A硫酯酶,参与物种特异性磷脂的生物合成[38]。Qin等[39]研究表明,YbgC、TolA和TolQ是革兰氏阴性菌Tol-Pal系统维持细胞膜稳定性的3种压力感应蛋白,三者存在密切相互作用,ybgC的缺失会下调tolRtolA的表达量,进而影响整个Tol-Pal系统的稳定性。
综上所述,本研究表明嗜水气单胞菌的tolA基因对菌体形态、外膜稳定性、生物被膜的产生均有明显的调控作用,此外,也证实了tolA基因参与了OMVs的生物发生。本研究为进一步研究Tol-Pal系统在嗜水气单胞菌的致病机制中奠定了基础,同时为嗜水气单胞菌OMVs的疫苗开发提供了理论参考。
  • 河北省自然科学基金(C2019205044)
  • 河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目(ZD2018070)
  • 河北省教育厅优秀青年基金(YQ2014026)
  • 河北师范大学重点基金(L2016Z03)
  • 河北师范大学研究生创新资助项目(XCXZZSS202436)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240699
  • 接收时间:2024-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2025-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-07
  • 录用日期:2024-12-22
基金
Hebei Natural Science Foundation(C2019205044)
河北省自然科学基金(C2019205044)
Hebei Provincial Higher Education Science and Technology Research Project(ZD2018070)
河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目(ZD2018070)
Outstanding Youth Fund of Hebei Provincial Department of Education(YQ2014026)
河北省教育厅优秀青年基金(YQ2014026)
Key Fund of Hebei Normal University(L2016Z03)
河北师范大学重点基金(L2016Z03)
Hebei Normal University Graduate Student Innovation Funding Project(XCXZZSS202436)
河北师范大学研究生创新资助项目(XCXZZSS202436)
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    河北师范大学 生命科学学院,河北 石家庄
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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