Article(id=1226236830769656401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226236828399878330, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240729, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1731600000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737561600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-23, onlineDate=1770287242834, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1746288000000, pubDateStr=2025-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770287242834, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770287242834, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770287242834, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226236828399878330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='5', pageStart='1831', pageEnd='2319', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770287242269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770344517883, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226477059812274835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226236828399878330, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226477059816469140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226236828399878330, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1958, endPage=1975, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226236831117783636, articleId=1226236830769656401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Functional diversity of RSH proteins, key regulators of bacterial alarmone (p)ppGpp metabolism, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The bacterial stringent response refers to the adaptive reaction that bacteria exhibit when faced with adverse environmental conditions, altering their metabolism and reducing the growth rate to enhance survival and adaptability. The rapid accumulation of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp), collectively referred to as (p)ppGpp in this article, mediates the stringent response, playing a crucial role in microbial adaptation to environmental changes. The levels of (p)ppGpp within bacteria are regulated by RelA/SpoT homologue (RSH) proteins, which include small alarmone synthetases (SASs), small alarmone hydrolases (SAHs), and bifunctional proteins such as Rel. Furthermore, recent studies have identified a new bacterial alarmone, adenosine tetraphosphate (ppApp) and adenosine pentaphosphate (pppApp), collectively referred to as (p)ppApp, which is involved in the regulation of various biological processes in bacteria. The enzymes involved in (p)ppGpp metabolism vary among different bacterial species. This study systematically classifies and reviews the structural and biochemical characteristics of the known RSH proteins and summarizes their biochemical functions, aiming to promote further exploration and development in this field.
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(p)ppGpp代谢的关键调控者:
RSH蛋白的功能多样性, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
细菌的严紧反应(stringent response)是细菌在面临恶劣生存环境时,通过改变新陈代谢并降低生长速度,以增强存活和适应环境能力的一种适应性反应。此反应由鸟苷四磷酸(guanosine tetraphosphate, ppGpp)和鸟苷五磷酸(guanosine pentaphosphate, pppGpp) (合称(p)ppGpp)的快速积累所介导,在微生物应对环境变化中发挥关键作用。细菌内的(p)ppGpp水平由RelA/SpoT同源蛋白(RelA/SpoT homologues, RSH)调控,包括小警报素合成酶(small alarmone synthetases, SAS)、小警报素水解酶(small alarmone hydrolases, SAH)以及双功能蛋白Rel。此外,近期研究发现了一种新的细菌警报素腺苷四磷酸(adenosine tetraphosphate, ppApp)和腺苷五磷酸(adenosine pentaphosphate, pppApp) (合称(p)ppApp),它能调控细菌的多种生物过程。鉴于不同细菌中涉及(p)ppGpp代谢的酶有所不同,本文对已知的RSH蛋白的结构及其生化特性进行系统的分类与综述,并总结其生物学功能,以促进未来在这一领域的深入研究与发展。
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作者贡献声明
王淼:论文撰写、绘图和修改;项雨霏:论文撰写和修改;贺龙龙:文献收集和论文指导;周秦:论文指导和审阅;许丹:论文构思、指导和审阅。
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1.Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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1.Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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1.西安交通大学口腔医院,陕西省颅颌面精准医学研究重点实验室, 陕西 西安
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1.Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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1.西安交通大学口腔医院,陕西省颅颌面精准医学研究重点实验室, 陕西 西安
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1, 2, address=
1.Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
2.Department of Implant Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1226592750678750190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, authorId=1226592750448063453, language=CN, stringName=周秦, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1.西安交通大学口腔医院,陕西省颅颌面精准医学研究重点实验室, 陕西 西安
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1, 3, address=
1.Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
3.Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1226592751031070730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, authorId=1226592750775219187, language=CN, stringName=许丹, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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Me x hydrolysis of (p)ppGpp and (p)ppApp by thin layer chromatography and nadp/nadh coupled assays, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226592773877445520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=6, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[76], rfOrder=77, authorNames=FUNG DK, BAI KH, YANG J, XU XL, STEVENSON DM, AMADOR-NOGUEZ D, LUO LX, WANG JD, journalName=mBio, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
FUNG DK,
BAI KH,
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STEVENSON DM,
AMADOR-NOGUEZ D,
LUO LX,
WANG JD. Metabolic promiscuity of an orphan small alarmone hydrolase facilitates bacterial environmental adaptation[J].
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13(6): e0242222., articleTitle=Metabolic promiscuity of an orphan small alarmone hydrolase facilitates bacterial environmental adaptation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226592773994886036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=64, issue=10, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[77], rfOrder=78, authorNames=PACIOS O, BLASCO L, BLERIOT I, FERNANDEZ-GARCIA L, AMBROA A, LÓPEZ M, BOU G, CANTÓN R, GARCIA-CONTRERAS R, WOOD TK, TOMÁS M, journalName=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
PACIOS O,
BLASCO L,
BLERIOT I,
FERNANDEZ-GARCIA L,
AMBROA A,
LÓPEZ M, BOU G,
CANTÓN R,
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TOMÁS M. (p)ppGpp and its role in bacterial persistence: new challenges[J].
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64(10): e01283-20., articleTitle=(p)ppGpp and its role in bacterial persistence: new challenges, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226592756684992875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, awardId=32270188, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270188), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226592756848570740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, awardId=32270188, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32270188), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226592747805651808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226592747818234723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, companyId=1226592747805651808, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1.Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226592747826623333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, companyId=1226592747805651808, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1.西安交通大学口腔医院,陕西省颅颌面精准医学研究重点实验室, 陕西 西安)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226592747927286640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226592747935675249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, companyId=1226592747927286640, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2.Department of Implant Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226592747939869556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, companyId=1226592747927286640, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2.西安交通大学口腔医院,口腔种植科,陕西 西安)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226592748027949948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226592748036338557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, companyId=1226592748027949948, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3.Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226592748040532862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, companyId=1226592748027949948, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3.西安交通大学 生命科学与技术学院,教育部生物医学信息工程重点实验室,线粒体生物医学研究所,陕西 西安)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226592752784289933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
The effects of (p)ppGpp metabolism on bacterial virulence, antibiotic resistance, and other bacterial activities during the stringent response., figureFileSmall=jsUKppjX20fL2Vjx59+2aA==, figureFileBig=ZKGaWlSZJR1moikX4PEkfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592752897536152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
(p)ppGpp代谢在细菌严紧反应中对细菌毒力、抗生素耐药等细菌活动的影响, figureFileSmall=jsUKppjX20fL2Vjx59+2aA==, figureFileBig=ZKGaWlSZJR1moikX4PEkfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592753136611497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Domain structure of the RSHs in bacteria. SYN: Synthetase domain; HD: Hydrolase domain; TGS: TGS domain (Threonyl-tRNA synthetase-GTPase-SpoT); Helical: α-helical domain; ZFD: Putative zinc finger domain; ACT: Acetolactate synthetase-chorismate mutase-tyrR domains., figureFileSmall=F20vbZD4Hik5RkPYd2Nzxg==, figureFileBig=l/lq8RP10HHLxCMsJroChQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592753291800761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
细菌中RSH的结构域结构图, figureFileSmall=F20vbZD4Hik5RkPYd2Nzxg==, figureFileBig=l/lq8RP10HHLxCMsJroChQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592753434407104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Metabolism of (p)ppGpp in bacteria. The synthetase domain (SYN, grey) of RSH enzymes facilitates the transfer of a pyrophosphate group from ATP to the ribose portion of GTP, GDP or GMP, creating pppGpp, ppGpp or pGpp, respectively. This reaction also results in the production of an AMP molecule. The hydrolase domain (HD, yellow) is accountable for reforming GTP, GDP or GMP by removing the pyrophosphate group (PPi). The metabolism of (pp)pGpp also involves enzymes beyond the RSH superfamily. GppA (pink) hydrolyzes pppGpp to ppGpp, while Nudix (blue) hydrolyzes pppGpp/ppGpp to pGpp., figureFileSmall=Ojqpomrjvk9ciTUgb/uexw==, figureFileBig=Ip8sTsTDlPi3jgaPXi5iTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592754843693264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
(p)ppGpp在细菌中的代谢, figureFileSmall=Ojqpomrjvk9ciTUgb/uexw==, figureFileBig=Ip8sTsTDlPi3jgaPXi5iTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592754935967961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Crystal structure of representative long RSH and small alarmone synthetase. A: Bifunctional SeRel (Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis Rel) containing the hydrolase and synthetase domains bound to GPX and GDP, respectively (PDB: 1VJ7 chain B)[16]; B: Synthetase domain of BsRelQ (Bacillus subtilis RelQ, PDB: 5DEC)[17]. HD1-HD6 motifs are shown in purple; Syn1-Syn5 are shown in orange. Figures were generated with PyMOL., figureFileSmall=afm3xjcekE+4GTrqRMYiyA==, figureFileBig=5aajYnDYoNGyEBgxdR7fuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592755028242657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
代表性长RSH合成酶和小警报素合成酶(SAS)的晶体结构, figureFileSmall=afm3xjcekE+4GTrqRMYiyA==, figureFileBig=5aajYnDYoNGyEBgxdR7fuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592755175043310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=
(p)ppGpp levels from long RSH proteins are regulated by uncharged tRNA and ACP. A: Under conditions of amino acid starvation, ribosome-bound RelA detects uncharged tRNA leading to (p)ppGpp accumulation; B: Under conditions of fatty acid starvation, TGS domain within SpoT interacts with ACP, enhancing the activity of (p)ppGpp synthesis and inhibiting (p)ppGpp hydrolysis., figureFileSmall=WOnf1h8V8wVe5F5KpBr6PA==, figureFileBig=ajWnCleLQnZsAgRwXq4mDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592755292483836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
长RSH蛋白调节的(p)ppGpp水平受未充载的tRNA和ACP调控, figureFileSmall=WOnf1h8V8wVe5F5KpBr6PA==, figureFileBig=ajWnCleLQnZsAgRwXq4mDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592755628028163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=
The role of G-Loop in RelP and RelQ activity. A-B: Crystal structures of Staphylococcus aureus RelP in the apo- and AMPCPP-bound states (PDB: 6FGJ and 6FGX) show an ordered G-Loop (purple color)[21]; C-D: Crystal structures of Bacillus subtilis RelQ in the apo- and AMPCPP-bound states (PDB: 5DEC and 5DED) show a disordered (dashed line) and ordered G-Loop (purple color)[17]. Figures were generated with PyMOL., figureFileSmall=nLUXinkY3T594+4N3hdiHg==, figureFileBig=HZm70aQBOieCQgs2E9IFoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592755799994647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
G-Loop对RelP和RelQ活性的影响, figureFileSmall=nLUXinkY3T594+4N3hdiHg==, figureFileBig=HZm70aQBOieCQgs2E9IFoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592755921629477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=
Crystal structures and HD motifs in Corynebacterium glutamicum SAH. A: Crystal structure of the Corynebacterium glutamicum SAH dimer, with a single monomer colored in pink and yellow, respectively (PDB: 7QOD)[66]; B: The Mn2+ ion in the active site is represented as a purple sphere and the coordinating residues are illustrated as sticks (H34, H58, D59, D122 shown in red, purple, green, and blue, respectively); C: The closer view highlights the position of 6 HD motifs. Figures were generated with PyMOL., figureFileSmall=xAjINKG1cYIXAiQgYLsWHw==, figureFileBig=itm7Svj6Ylkf/bszdCEu3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592756005515568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
谷氨酸棒杆菌SAH的晶体结构和水解酶结构域HD基序, figureFileSmall=xAjINKG1cYIXAiQgYLsWHw==, figureFileBig=itm7Svj6Ylkf/bszdCEu3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226592756122956089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Small alarmone synthetases in bacteria
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Bacteria | SAS type | Biochemical function | Other references |
|---|
| Staphylococcus aureus | RelP (tetramer) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP, IDP, ITP Prefers: GDP>GTP>GMP[20] Stronger (pp)pGpp-synthesis activity than RelQ[20] Activated by Zn2+[21] | [22-25] |
| RelQ (tetramer) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP, IDP, ITP Prefers: GDP>GTP>GMP[20] (pp)pGpp allosterically regulates[20] |
| Streptococcus mutans | RelP | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP Prefers: GTP>GDP>GMP[20,26] Weakly synthesize pGpp[20,26] Stronger (pp)pGpp-synthesis activity than RelQ[20,27] | [28-32] |
| RelQ | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP Prefers: GTP>GDP>GMP[20] Weakly synthesize pGpp[20,26] (pp)pGpp allosterically regulates[20] |
| Bacillus subtilis | RelP (tetramer) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP, ADP, ATP Synthesize of (pp)pGpp, ppApp and AppppA[33] | [17,33-34] |
| RelQ (tetramer) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP Prefers: GDP>GTP[17] pppGpp allosterically regulates[17] |
| Enterococcus faecalis | RelQ (tetramer) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP, IDP, ITP Synthesize pGpp[26,35] Prefers: GDP>GMP≥GTP[26] (pp)pGpp allosterically regulates[20] Negative allosteric regulation by ssRNA[35] | [8,26,35-36] |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | RelQ | Substrates: GDP, GTP[37] | [37] |
| Mycolicibacterium (Mycobacterium) smegmatis | ActRel (RelZ) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP Synthesize pGpp[39] Prefers: GMP>GDP>GTP[39] 64.5 kDa protein with RNase HII domain Bifunctional protein with (p)ppGpp synthetase and RNase HII activity[40] ssRNA inhibits pGpp synthesis[39] | [41] |
| Corynebacterium glutamicum | RelP | No activity[42] | |
| ActRel (RelS) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP Prefers: GDP>GTP>GMP[42] 39.8 kDa longer than representative SAS Most active at neutral pH conditions and at low temperatures[42] | |
| Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile | RelQ | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP Utilize GMP, GDP and GTP form pGpp[43] | [44] |
| Vibrio cholerae | | Substrates: GDP, GTP 259 aa (minimal activity length is 189 aa) | [10,45-46] |
), ArticleFig(id=1226592756261368136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
细菌中的小警报素合成酶
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Bacteria | SAS type | Biochemical function | Other references |
|---|
| Staphylococcus aureus | RelP (tetramer) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP, IDP, ITP Prefers: GDP>GTP>GMP[20] Stronger (pp)pGpp-synthesis activity than RelQ[20] Activated by Zn2+[21] | [22-25] |
| RelQ (tetramer) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP, IDP, ITP Prefers: GDP>GTP>GMP[20] (pp)pGpp allosterically regulates[20] |
| Streptococcus mutans | RelP | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP Prefers: GTP>GDP>GMP[20,26] Weakly synthesize pGpp[20,26] Stronger (pp)pGpp-synthesis activity than RelQ[20,27] | [28-32] |
| RelQ | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP Prefers: GTP>GDP>GMP[20] Weakly synthesize pGpp[20,26] (pp)pGpp allosterically regulates[20] |
| Bacillus subtilis | RelP (tetramer) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP, ADP, ATP Synthesize of (pp)pGpp, ppApp and AppppA[33] | [17,33-34] |
| RelQ (tetramer) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP Prefers: GDP>GTP[17] pppGpp allosterically regulates[17] |
| Enterococcus faecalis | RelQ (tetramer) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP, IDP, ITP Synthesize pGpp[26,35] Prefers: GDP>GMP≥GTP[26] (pp)pGpp allosterically regulates[20] Negative allosteric regulation by ssRNA[35] | [8,26,35-36] |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | RelQ | Substrates: GDP, GTP[37] | [37] |
| Mycolicibacterium (Mycobacterium) smegmatis | ActRel (RelZ) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP Synthesize pGpp[39] Prefers: GMP>GDP>GTP[39] 64.5 kDa protein with RNase HII domain Bifunctional protein with (p)ppGpp synthetase and RNase HII activity[40] ssRNA inhibits pGpp synthesis[39] | [41] |
| Corynebacterium glutamicum | RelP | No activity[42] | |
| ActRel (RelS) | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP Prefers: GDP>GTP>GMP[42] 39.8 kDa longer than representative SAS Most active at neutral pH conditions and at low temperatures[42] | |
| Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile | RelQ | Substrates: GMP, GDP, GTP Utilize GMP, GDP and GTP form pGpp[43] | [44] |
| Vibrio cholerae | | Substrates: GDP, GTP 259 aa (minimal activity length is 189 aa) | [10,45-46] |
), ArticleFig(id=1226592756366225740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Enzymes catalyzing (pp)App-synthesis
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Bacteria/Phage host | SAS type | Biochemical function | References |
|---|
| Methylorubrum (Methylobacterium) extorquens | Rel | Synthesize pppApp and (p)ppGpp | [73] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 | Tas1 | Synthesize pppApp, ppApp, and pApp | [13] |
| Bacillus subtilis | RelP | Synthesize ppApp, AppppA, and (pp)pGpp | [33] |
| Treponema denticola | SAS | Synthesize pppApp, ppApp, and pApp | [74] |
| Bacillus subtilis la1a | PhRel2 | Toxin SAS Synthesize (p)ppGpp and ppApp | [9] |
| Coprobacillus sp. D7 | FaRel2 |
| Mycobacterium phage Phrann | PhRel |
| Cellulomonas marina | FaRel |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis AB308 | CapRel |
), ArticleFig(id=1226592756471083348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226236830769656401, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
催化(pp)App合成的酶
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Bacteria/Phage host | SAS type | Biochemical function | References |
|---|
| Methylorubrum (Methylobacterium) extorquens | Rel | Synthesize pppApp and (p)ppGpp | [73] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 | Tas1 | Synthesize pppApp, ppApp, and pApp | [13] |
| Bacillus subtilis | RelP | Synthesize ppApp, AppppA, and (pp)pGpp | [33] |
| Treponema denticola | SAS | Synthesize pppApp, ppApp, and pApp | [74] |
| Bacillus subtilis la1a | PhRel2 | Toxin SAS Synthesize (p)ppGpp and ppApp | [9] |
| Coprobacillus sp. D7 | FaRel2 |
| Mycobacterium phage Phrann | PhRel |
| Cellulomonas marina | FaRel |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis AB308 | CapRel |
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