Article(id=1226136791607063226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250660, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1756224000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764604800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-02, onlineDate=1770263391638, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1770134400000, pubDateStr=2026-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770263391638, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770263391638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770263391638, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226136782408954119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='2', pageStart='481', pageEnd='955', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770263389446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770268138976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=915, endPage=925, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226136791892275934, articleId=1226136791607063226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Exploration of a scanning electron microscopy semi-thin sectioning method for observing microbial subcellular ultrastructure, columnId=1194702985843413943, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Technology and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To establish a method of semi-thin section preparation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation with a simple operation, a short cycle, and a low technical threshold, which can be used as a rapid pre-screening strategy for the complex process of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) ultra-thin sections, in response to the requirements of rapid identification and dynamic observation of typical subcellular structures (such as cell wall, cytoplasm, spore, and vacuole) of microbial samples in the process of fermentation production. [Methods] Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pichia pastoris, taken as the research objects, were embedded in Embed 812 epoxy resin to prepare semi-thin sections with different thicknesses (200, 500, and 1 000 nm) and resin embedding blocks (> 1 000 nm) with samples. After platinum coating by ion sputtering, the subcellular structure was observed by SEM. Ultra-thin sections (70 nm) of the above microbial samples were also prepared, stained with lead and uranium, and imaged by TEM. The imaging effect and operation efficiency of the above two methods were compared. [Results] The 200 nm semi-thin section can clearly and completely display various kinds of microbial subcellular structures under a scanning electron microscope. The image quality was significantly better than that of 500 and 1 000 nm sections and resin block samples. Its resolution was close to the TEM observation level, and it can save about 6.5 h. [Conclusion] The method of SEM combined with 200 nm semi-thin sections was successfully applied to the high-resolution imaging of microbial subcellular structure for the first time, which can clearly identify the typical ultrastructural morphology, and has the advantages of a simple operation, a short cycle, a low cost, and high safety. It has strong versatility and promotion value, and provides a new and effective solution for the biological electron microscopy technology system.

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【目的】 针对发酵生产过程中微生物样本的典型亚细胞结构(如细胞壁、细胞质、芽孢、液泡等)的快速识别与动态观察需求,建立一种操作简便、周期短、技术门槛低的半薄切片制备与扫描电镜观测联用方法,将其作为透射电镜超薄切片复杂流程的前置快速筛选策略。 【方法】 以枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和毕赤酵母菌为研究对象,使用Embed 812环氧树脂进行包埋,制备不同厚度(200、500、1 000 nm)的半薄切片和含样品的树脂包埋块(>1 000 nm);经离子溅射铂金镀膜后,利用扫描电镜观察相应亚细胞结构;同时制备上述微生物样品的超薄切片(70 nm),经铅铀染色后通过透射电镜成像;比较这2种方法的成像效果与操作效率。 【结果】 200 nm半薄切片在扫描电镜下能够清晰、完整地显示微生物的各类亚细胞结构,图像质量显著优于500、1 000 nm切片及树脂块样品,其分辨率接近透射电镜观察水平,且可节省耗时约6.5 h。 【结论】 扫描电镜结合200 nm半薄切片的方法首次成功应用于微生物亚细胞结构的高分辨成像,能够清晰识别典型超微形态,具有操作简便、周期短、成本低、安全性高等优势,以及较强的通用性与推广价值,为生物电镜技术体系提供了新的有效解决方案。

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作者贡献声明

朱晓南:完成实验及撰写论文;王玲玲:实验方案设计及实验协助;张玲:查阅整理参考文献;宋晓彤:论文修改和校对;郭军玲:技术支持和数据处理;王晓丽:整体框架构建,明确研究目标和研究内容,论文修改和校对。

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A-C: E. coli, B. subtilis and yeast morphology in the resin embedding block (>1 000 nm); D-F: E. coli, B. subtilis and yeast morphology in 1 000 nm semi-thin sections; G-I: E. coli, B. subtilis and yeast morphology in 500 nm semi-thin sections; J-L: E. coli, B. subtilis and yeast morphology in 200 nm semi-thin sections. CW: Cell wall; e: Cytoplasm; V: Vacuole. 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A: Subcellular ultrastructure of E. coli in 200 nm semi-thin section captured by SEM; B: Subcellular ultrastructure of E. coli in 70 nm ultra-thin section captured by TEM; C: Subcellular ultrastructure of B. subtilis in 200 nm semi-thin section captured by SEM; D: Subcellular ultrastructure of B. subtilis in 70 nm ultra-thin section captured by TEM; E: Subcellular ultrastructure of yeast cell in 200 nm semi-thin section captured by SEM; F: Subcellular ultrastructure of yeast cell in 70 nm ultra-thin section captured by TEM. CW and arrow: Cell wall; Numbers: Cell wall thickness; e: Cytoplasm; V: Vacuole. Triangle indicates the bacterial spore. The scale is shown in the figure., figureFileSmall=0isa2xg9ZQGgSk0zTrkjhQ==, figureFileBig=w6pxoUh6btm/zy8kAkA1Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195550891065399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791607063226, language=CN, label=图3, caption=200 nm半薄切片和70 nm超薄切片拍摄的3种微生物亚细胞超微结构形态展示, figureFileSmall=0isa2xg9ZQGgSk0zTrkjhQ==, figureFileBig=w6pxoUh6btm/zy8kAkA1Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195551000117311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791607063226, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of learning difficulty between SEM semi-thin section method and TEM ultra-thin section method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Different comparison dimensionsSEM semi-thin section methodTEM ultra-thin section method
Learning to master time1 d3 months or more
Technical challengesSemi-thin sectionsUltra-thin section, electron staining, TEM operation
Learning difficultyGeneralDifficult
Completion methodIndependently completedCompleted by electron microscopy technicians
), ArticleFig(id=1226195551109169220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791607063226, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

扫描电镜半薄切片法与透射电镜超薄切片法学习难度比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Different comparison dimensionsSEM semi-thin section methodTEM ultra-thin section method
Learning to master time1 d3 months or more
Technical challengesSemi-thin sectionsUltra-thin section, electron staining, TEM operation
Learning difficultyGeneralDifficult
Completion methodIndependently completedCompleted by electron microscopy technicians
), ArticleFig(id=1226195551222415436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791607063226, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the effect of displaying the subcellular ultrastructure of microorganisms in semi-thin sections of different thicknesses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Subcellular structures and key features for observationCell wall

Complete

cytoplasm

Other organelles, such as spores, vesicles, etc.

Slice overall

integrity

Subcellular

structure fineness

E. coliResin embedding block (>1 000 nm)---LowLow
1 000 nm+--LowLow
500 nm+--GeneralGeneral
200 nm++-HighHigh
B. subtilisResin embedding block (>1 000 nm)---LowLow
1 000 nm---LowLow
500 nm+-+GeneralGeneral
200 nm+++HighHigh
P. pastorisResin embedding block (>1 000 nm)+--LowLow
1 000 nm+--LowLow
500 nm+--GeneralGeneral
200 nm+++HighHigh
), ArticleFig(id=1226195551348244565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791607063226, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同厚度半薄切片展示微生物亚细胞超微结构效果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Subcellular structures and key features for observationCell wall

Complete

cytoplasm

Other organelles, such as spores, vesicles, etc.

Slice overall

integrity

Subcellular

structure fineness

E. coliResin embedding block (>1 000 nm)---LowLow
1 000 nm+--LowLow
500 nm+--GeneralGeneral
200 nm++-HighHigh
B. subtilisResin embedding block (>1 000 nm)---LowLow
1 000 nm---LowLow
500 nm+-+GeneralGeneral
200 nm+++HighHigh
P. pastorisResin embedding block (>1 000 nm)+--LowLow
1 000 nm+--LowLow
500 nm+--GeneralGeneral
200 nm+++HighHigh
), ArticleFig(id=1226195551469879392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791607063226, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the effects of SEM semi-thin section method and TEM ultra-thin sectioning method in presenting three types of microbial subcellular morphology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Morphological analysis of subcellular structures and image comparisonE. coliB. subtilisP. pastoris
SEM semi-thin section methodTEM ultra-thin section methodSEM semi-thin section methodTEM ultra-thin section methodSEM semi-thin section methodTEM ultra-thin section method
Whether various subcellular structures, such as cell walls, cell membranes, cytoplasm, spores, vesicles, etc., are clearly visible and measurableYesYesYesYesYesYes
Subcellular structural finenessHighExtremely highHighExtremely highHighExtremely high
Image backgroundDeepLightDeepLightDeepLight
Image contrastModerateHighModerateHighModerateHigh
Image resolutionHighHighHighHighHighHigh
), ArticleFig(id=1226195551616680044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791607063226, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

扫描电镜半薄切片法与透射电镜超薄切片法呈现3种微生物亚细胞结构形态的效果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Morphological analysis of subcellular structures and image comparisonE. coliB. subtilisP. pastoris
SEM semi-thin section methodTEM ultra-thin section methodSEM semi-thin section methodTEM ultra-thin section methodSEM semi-thin section methodTEM ultra-thin section method
Whether various subcellular structures, such as cell walls, cell membranes, cytoplasm, spores, vesicles, etc., are clearly visible and measurableYesYesYesYesYesYes
Subcellular structural finenessHighExtremely highHighExtremely highHighExtremely high
Image backgroundDeepLightDeepLightDeepLight
Image contrastModerateHighModerateHighModerateHigh
Image resolutionHighHighHighHighHighHigh
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观测微生物亚细胞超微结构的扫描电镜半薄切片方法探索
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朱晓南 1 , 王玲玲 1 , 张玲 2 , 宋晓彤 1 , 郭军玲 1 , 王晓丽 2
微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2026,66(2): 915-925
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微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2026, 66(2): 915-925
观测微生物亚细胞超微结构的扫描电镜半薄切片方法探索
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朱晓南1, 王玲玲1, 张玲2, 宋晓彤1, 郭军玲1, 王晓丽2
作者信息
  • 1.江南大学,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡
  • 2.江南大学,糖化学与生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡
Exploration of a scanning electron microscopy semi-thin sectioning method for observing microbial subcellular ultrastructure
Xiaonan ZHU1, Lingling WANG1, Ling ZHANG2, Xiaotong SONG1, Junling GUO1, Xiaoli WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2026-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250660
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【目的】 针对发酵生产过程中微生物样本的典型亚细胞结构(如细胞壁、细胞质、芽孢、液泡等)的快速识别与动态观察需求,建立一种操作简便、周期短、技术门槛低的半薄切片制备与扫描电镜观测联用方法,将其作为透射电镜超薄切片复杂流程的前置快速筛选策略。 【方法】 以枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和毕赤酵母菌为研究对象,使用Embed 812环氧树脂进行包埋,制备不同厚度(200、500、1 000 nm)的半薄切片和含样品的树脂包埋块(>1 000 nm);经离子溅射铂金镀膜后,利用扫描电镜观察相应亚细胞结构;同时制备上述微生物样品的超薄切片(70 nm),经铅铀染色后通过透射电镜成像;比较这2种方法的成像效果与操作效率。 【结果】 200 nm半薄切片在扫描电镜下能够清晰、完整地显示微生物的各类亚细胞结构,图像质量显著优于500、1 000 nm切片及树脂块样品,其分辨率接近透射电镜观察水平,且可节省耗时约6.5 h。 【结论】 扫描电镜结合200 nm半薄切片的方法首次成功应用于微生物亚细胞结构的高分辨成像,能够清晰识别典型超微形态,具有操作简便、周期短、成本低、安全性高等优势,以及较强的通用性与推广价值,为生物电镜技术体系提供了新的有效解决方案。

工业微生物  /  亚细胞超微结构  /  扫描电镜  /  半薄切片优化

[Objective] To establish a method of semi-thin section preparation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation with a simple operation, a short cycle, and a low technical threshold, which can be used as a rapid pre-screening strategy for the complex process of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) ultra-thin sections, in response to the requirements of rapid identification and dynamic observation of typical subcellular structures (such as cell wall, cytoplasm, spore, and vacuole) of microbial samples in the process of fermentation production. [Methods] Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pichia pastoris, taken as the research objects, were embedded in Embed 812 epoxy resin to prepare semi-thin sections with different thicknesses (200, 500, and 1 000 nm) and resin embedding blocks (> 1 000 nm) with samples. After platinum coating by ion sputtering, the subcellular structure was observed by SEM. Ultra-thin sections (70 nm) of the above microbial samples were also prepared, stained with lead and uranium, and imaged by TEM. The imaging effect and operation efficiency of the above two methods were compared. [Results] The 200 nm semi-thin section can clearly and completely display various kinds of microbial subcellular structures under a scanning electron microscope. The image quality was significantly better than that of 500 and 1 000 nm sections and resin block samples. Its resolution was close to the TEM observation level, and it can save about 6.5 h. [Conclusion] The method of SEM combined with 200 nm semi-thin sections was successfully applied to the high-resolution imaging of microbial subcellular structure for the first time, which can clearly identify the typical ultrastructural morphology, and has the advantages of a simple operation, a short cycle, a low cost, and high safety. It has strong versatility and promotion value, and provides a new and effective solution for the biological electron microscopy technology system.

industrial microorganisms  /  subcellular ultrastructure  /  SEM  /  semi-thin sections optimization
朱晓南, 王玲玲, 张玲, 宋晓彤, 郭军玲, 王晓丽. 观测微生物亚细胞超微结构的扫描电镜半薄切片方法探索. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (2) : 915 -925 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250660
Xiaonan ZHU, Lingling WANG, Ling ZHANG, Xiaotong SONG, Junling GUO, Xiaoli WANG. Exploration of a scanning electron microscopy semi-thin sectioning method for observing microbial subcellular ultrastructure[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (2) : 915 -925 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250660
在工业微生物发酵监测[1]、菌种筛选驯化[2-3]及代谢调控[4]等研究与应用场景中需对微生物超微结构进行检测,该检测不仅有助于精准调控发酵过程[5]、保障产物质量与安全,还能推动发酵技术创新[5-6]。微生物亚细胞超微结构的检测通常具有以下特征:(1) 取样频次高、样本数量大,要求检测方法响应迅速以支持实时工艺决策与动态调控,例如在青霉素发酵生产过程中至少取样8次,每次约24-40个样品;(2) 检测目标多聚焦于细胞壁厚度变化、细胞质均匀性改变以及芽孢/孢子发育状态等关键超微结构指标[7-9];(3) 对图像分辨率和光学反差的要求相对宽松,更侧重于超微结构变化的有效识别与初步筛选;(4) 检测需达到纳米级分辨率,可清晰显示细胞器结构(如细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞核、液泡、芽孢或孢子、线粒体等)。
目前,透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM,简称透射电镜)超薄切片法是观测微生物亚细胞超微结构的常规方法。该方法具有分辨率高(Hitachi H7650型透射电镜分辨率为0.2 nm)、成像精细、稳定性好等特点,被广泛应用于生物亚细胞结构观测与解析[10-11]。然而,该技术对超薄切片操作要求极高,流程复杂,初学者需经过长期系统训练方可掌握,因此通常需由专业实验技术人员来完成[12]。此外,该方法的样品制备过程繁琐,实验周期长,即使熟练人员操作,完成超薄切片和电子染色也至少需2 d,且涉及重金属染色剂(如铅盐)的使用,存在潜在生物毒性与环境污染风险[13-14]。由此可见,在强调时效性的工业微生物检测环境中,实验周期长、技术难度高的透射电镜超薄切片法难以满足工业微生物检测对快速反馈的需求。扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM,简称扫描电镜)制样流程相对简便、离子溅射镀膜(金或铂靶材,无毒性)步骤安全快捷、样品适应性广,扫描电镜分辨率(Hitachi SU8220型冷场发射扫描电镜分辨率可达1-3 nm)可完全满足观测微生物亚细胞结构的需求,因此在科研与工业实践中的应用日益广泛[15]。已有研究报道了扫描电镜在薄片或切片样品中的应用,例如,Mankovskii等[16]利用扫描电镜对5 μm牛肝脏组织冷冻切片中的金、镧元素分布进行了成像分析;Huang等[17]使用扫描电镜对比了环氧树脂包埋切片中TFC薄膜的横截面形貌与组分分布;洪义梅等[18]使用扫描电镜分析50-500 μm环氧树脂包埋纸页切片,实现了纸页Z向结构表征;刘一鸣等[19]利用扫描电镜拍摄3 mm厚度的植物根系环氧树脂薄片进行成像,揭示了植物根系内部微观结构。上述研究表明,扫描电镜能够准确呈现薄片或切片样本中的细胞形态与结构信息。然而,这些研究多集中于动植物组织或材料等宏观尺度样本,且切片厚度通常在微米或毫米级。能否将扫描电镜与更薄的微生物半薄切片技术(200-1 000 nm)系统性地结合,以实现扫描电镜对尺度更小、结构更精细的微生物亚细胞结构进行快速识别捕捉和高分辨成像,并评估其作为TEM前置筛选方案的效能,目前仍是一个未被深入探索但具有重要应用价值的研究方向。
本研究依据细胞壁结构分类原则[20],选取革兰氏阴性模式菌大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) Nissle 1917、革兰氏阳性模式菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) WS9以及单细胞真核模式微生物毕赤酵母菌(Pichia pastoris) GS115作为研究对象,以降低实验操作难度、实现微生物细胞壁与细胞质等亚细胞结构的简单快速识别为目标,探索将扫描电镜与半薄切片技术协同应用的可行性,旨在建立一种分辨率高、操作简便、安全高效的微生物亚细胞超微结构观测新方法,以期成为现有生物电镜技术体系的有益扩展与重要补充。
选取大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和毕赤酵母菌作为实验对象,它们分别代表革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌和单细胞真核真菌3类典型工业微生物。大肠杆菌菌株Nissle 1917购自河南省工业微生物菌种保藏工程研究中心(保藏编号为BNCC361741);枯草芽孢杆菌菌株WS9为本实验室前期筛选并保藏;毕赤酵母菌菌株GS115购自河南省工业微生物菌种保藏工程研究中心(保藏编号为BNCC356389)。
将大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌在LB平板上进行多次划线活化后,挑取单菌落接种于LB液体培养基中,于37 ℃、200 r/min条件下培养过夜。毕赤酵母菌在YPD平板上进行多次划线活化后,挑取单菌落接种于YPD液体培养基,于30 ℃、200 r/min条件下培养24 h。收集3种菌的菌悬液,经4 000 r/min离心5 min,去除上清液后获得菌体沉淀。
化学固定和树脂包埋方法参照文献[21]进行修改后实施:菌体沉淀首先在5%的戊二醛溶液中过夜预固定,经磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.2)漂洗后,再用1%锇酸溶液固定2-3 h。固定后的样品经乙醇梯度脱水,采用Embed 812环氧树脂进行包埋,最后经高温聚合获得菌体树脂包埋块。
采用修块机(Leica公司)对包埋块进行修整,使用超薄切片机(Leica公司)搭配自制玻璃刀进行半薄切片,切片厚度分别设置为200、500、1 000 nm,切片速度为0.3 mm/s。将不同厚度的半薄切片转移至单晶硅片表面;同时将尚未完全切尽、仍含样品的树脂块(>1 000 nm)用刀片切下备用。
将上述不同厚度的半薄切片及树脂块样品用导电胶固定于冷场发射扫描电镜(Hitachi公司)专用样品台上,经离子溅射仪(Leica公司)进行铂金喷镀(时间为60 s)。随后,采用冷场发射扫描电镜在加速电压为3.0 kV、工作距离为8 mm的条件下进行图像采集。
对1.2节制备的同批次树脂包埋块,使用超薄切片机搭配钻石刀切削厚度为70 nm的超薄切片,将切片捞取至覆有方华膜的铜网上。随后,对铜网上的切片依次进行醋酸双氧铀和柠檬酸铅染色,自然晾干。
采用透射电镜(Hitachi公司)在80 kV加速电压下观察样品,图像通过CCD相机(Gatan公司)进行采集。
扫描电镜半薄切片法与透射电镜超薄切片法的实验流程对比如图1所示。2种方法在样品前期的化学固定、脱水及树脂包埋等制备流程上完全一致,此过程约需70 h。在此之后,二者的技术路线开始分化。扫描电镜半薄切片法的主要步骤包括:对树脂包埋块进行200-1 000 nm半薄切片,将切片或剩余包埋块(>1 000 nm)固定于样品台,经离子溅射镀膜后即可进行扫描电镜图像采集。透射电镜超薄切片法则需将包埋样品切为30-100 nm超薄切片,并经电子染色(柠檬酸铅、醋酸双氧铀)处理后,方可利用透射电镜进行成像分析。其中,在完成树脂包埋块制备后,扫描电镜半薄切片法仅需约2.5 h即可获得图像,较透射电镜超薄切片法节省约6.5 h,且避免了有毒重金属染色剂的使用。
根据2种方法的学习难度对比(表1),初学者仅需1 d培训即可基本掌握扫描电镜半薄切片法并独立完成实验操作;而掌握透射电镜超薄切片法则需至少3个月甚至更长时间。扫描电镜半薄切片法的技术难点主要集中于半薄切片操作,属于一般难度;而透射电镜超薄切片法则涉及超薄切片制备、电子染色及透射电镜设备操作等多个高难度环节,其中超薄切片技术尤为复杂,须经过大量练习才可熟练掌握。此外,在电子染色环节(图1,第四步)中样品易受空气中二氧化碳污染,形成碳酸铅结晶沉积于铜网,导致图像出现斑点,影响成像质量。同时,透射电镜设备操作复杂性也显著高于扫描电镜。因此,科研人员通常可自行学习和完成扫描电镜半薄切片法的操作,而透射电镜超薄切片法则多需依赖专业电镜技术人员操作。
总体而言,扫描电镜半薄切片法具有学习难度低、实验周期短、安全性高和经济性好等优势,更易于推广学习。本研究选取常用半薄切片厚度(>1 000、1 000、500、200 nm)与典型超薄切片厚度(70 nm),系统评估切片厚度对微生物亚细胞超微结构保存效果的影响,并比较其与超薄切片在结构呈现方面的差异。
使用冷场发射扫描电镜分别对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和毕赤酵母菌的树脂包埋块(>1 000 nm)及1 000、500、200 nm的半薄切片进行观测,结果如图2所示。在图2A-2C中,树脂包埋块样本(>1 000 nm)虽可大致识别3类微生物的细胞轮廓,但细胞内部及周边出现空洞、裂痕、挤压等结构损伤,细胞壁界限模糊,细胞质区域严重破坏,其他亚细胞结构无法清晰辨别。1 000 nm与500 nm的半薄切片样本(图2D-2I)中细胞整体形态可辨,细胞壁较清晰但仍存在明显挤压痕迹,细胞质区域仍多见空洞、凹陷或裂痕,虽损伤程度较包埋块样本有所减轻,但仍不利于超微结构的清晰观察。在200 nm半薄切片中,3类微生物细胞结构均呈现完整清晰:细胞质均匀连续,细胞壁内外缘明确,符合各菌株细胞壁特征(图2J-2L)。此外,200 nm半薄切片中枯草芽孢菌端侧芽孢及芽孢壁结构清晰完整(图2K),酵母细胞质中液泡及液泡膜等结构也清晰可辨(图2L)。
结合表2分析表明,大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌的树脂包埋块(>1 000 nm)及1 000、500 nm半薄切片中均存在不同程度的超微结构损伤,主要表现为:(1) 细胞壁结构模糊、挤压严重、特征结构不可辨认;(2) 细胞质出现空洞、凹陷或裂痕,内容物缺失;(3) 芽孢、液泡等亚细胞结构因胞质破坏而无法识别。当半薄切片厚度下降至200 nm时上述切片损伤现象基本消失,细胞结构与亚细胞细节均保持完整,图像分辨率和清晰度显著提高。上述实验结果表明,厚度为200 nm的半薄切片对微生物细胞内部超微结构保存最优,适用于高质量扫描电镜成像。
利用扫描电镜观察200 nm半薄切片(图3A3C3E)可见,大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母细胞的超微结构清晰、特征明确。细胞壁完整,细胞质内容物完整且分布均匀,亚细胞结构如枯草芽孢杆菌内的芽孢(图3C)和酵母细胞内的液泡(图3E)等也易于辨识。根据图像标尺测量,大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌的细胞壁厚度分别为59、32、217 nm。利用透射电镜超薄切片法观察70 nm超薄切片(图3B3D3F)显示,3类微生物的亚细胞结构清晰且特征明显,细胞壁与细胞膜界限清晰,细胞膜呈深色线状,细胞质内容物分布均匀,酵母细胞内液泡、液泡膜结构完整(图3F)。大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌的细胞壁厚度测量结果分别为71、20、142 nm。
对2种方法的成像效果进行综合比较(表3)表明,扫描电镜半薄切片法与透射电镜超薄切片法在所检测的亚细胞结构类型(如细胞壁、细胞质、芽孢、液泡等)方面基本一致,均可实现有效识别与定量测量。尽管扫描电镜半薄切片图像背景较深、对比度适中,但其关键结构(如细胞壁)的信噪比足以进行清晰的形态学识别。对代表性图像的线轮廓分析表明,本方法所呈现的结构边缘锐利度与反差完全能够满足亚细胞结构的定性识别与初步形态测量需求。
除透射电镜超薄切片法外,冷冻断裂技术和聚焦离子束显微镜等也可用于亚细胞超微结构观测[22-24]。透射电镜超薄切片法在病毒结构解析[25]、亚细胞器形态的三维重构[23]、细胞质膜功能研究[26]以及微生物超微结构精细观测[27]等领域广泛应用。冷冻断裂技术需配合高压冷冻仪、冷冻电镜等昂贵设备,样品制备流程复杂、耗时较长,且断面具有随机性,易导致成分丢失与结构皱缩[28]。含水样品在低真空成像时还会造成信噪比下降和图像质量降低[29-30]。聚焦离子束扫描电镜可对树脂包埋块进行层削成像,适用于生物细胞内结构观测[27],但设备价格及单次测试成本极高(数千至数万元),目前主要局限于亚细胞器或生物大分子三维结构研究[22,27]。上述方法在通量、成本及操作可行性方面均难以满足工业微生物研究中高通量、快速初筛的实际需求。
为实现扫描电镜下微生物亚细胞超微结构的完整呈现,本研究重点优化了半薄切片厚度。结果表明,200 nm厚度可有效避免切片褶皱、空洞损伤及信息丢失等问题,显著提升图像质量与分辨率。主要原因包括[31]:(1) 更薄的切片减少了细胞层叠,有利于单层细胞结构的暴露;(2) 切面更平整,减少了刀痕与变形,增强了扫描电镜电子束与样品表面的相互作用,提高了二次电子和背散射电子的发射效率,进而提升了成像清晰度与图像分辨率[32]
本研究成功建立了一种扫描电镜半薄切片联用技术,将半薄切片的成像分辨率提升至接近透射电镜水平,有效突破了传统半薄切片技术在解析亚细胞结构时分辨率不足的瓶颈。需要明确的是,该方法的定位是对高精度透射电镜超薄切片技术的有力补充而非替代,其核心价值在于为工业微生物研究、高通量筛选等场景提供一种快速、经济且高效的定性分析解决方案。本方法具备以下几方面显著优势。
(1) 操作便捷,普适性强。该方法技术门槛低,普通科研人员经过1-2 d的学习培训即可独立操作,大幅降低了对专业电镜技术人员的依赖,有利于实现技术的标准化与广泛推广,从而提升整体科研效率;所用设备(扫描电镜、超薄切片机)与试剂均为实验室通用配置,无需特殊购置,通用性与可推广性强。
(2) 成本低廉,安全性高。在成本方面实现了从设备投入到实验运营的全面优化。扫描电镜的购置初始投入具有显著优势:扫描电镜购置成本(≥90万元)远低于透射电镜(≥350万元)。实验运营成本的优势更为突出:本方法切片环节采用成本低廉可忽略不计的自制玻璃刀,单次花费50元即可安全无毒地完成十数个样品的离子溅射镀膜(使用金或铂靶材,收费参考校内测试平台),并且减少了对电镜技术人员的依赖,单个样品测试成本仅为数十元。这些显著的成本优势使该技术更适合应用于预算有限的实验室、大规模筛选及工业常规检测场景。
(3) 流程高效,决策迅速。尽管扫描电镜半薄切片技术与透射电镜超薄切片技术均需经历约70 h的样品前处理,但在获得树脂包埋块后的切片与成像关键环节,本方法将所需时间从超薄切片染色成像约9 h大幅缩短至约2.5 h,使得普通研究人员能在单个工作日内自行完成从包埋块到图像获取的全流程。这有效缩短了“决策延迟”,并能作为高效的前置筛选策略,规避后续复杂超薄切片制样的潜在失败风险,整体提升对珍贵样本的研究效率与成功率。
基于上述优势,该方法在微生物发酵监测、代谢研究、菌种筛选与驯化、环境微生物检测及胁迫响应研究等领域展现出广阔的应用潜力。它能够快速、清晰地识别细胞壁、细胞质、芽孢/孢子等关键超微结构,满足工业化筛查与动态观察的需求。此外,本方法所获取的高质量图像易于与基于深度学习的图像分析技术相结合[33-34],为实现大批量数据的自动处理与分辨率增强提供了可能,有望拓展本方法在高效结构生物学研究中的应用前景。
需要说明的是,本研究作为一项技术可行性探索,主要目标在于验证扫描电镜半薄切片法在“定性识别”微生物关键亚细胞结构方面的能力。因此,当前评价体系主要基于形态学的定性观察。未来,如何建立更精确的量化评价标准(如结构尺寸的统计分析、图像信噪比的数值化评估)将是进一步优化和深化该方法的重要方向。
本研究系统验证了扫描电镜和半薄切片技术联用的可行性,通过将半薄切片厚度优化至200 nm,实现了对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌亚细胞超微结构的清晰观测,图像分辨率接近透射电镜水平,同时显著降低了技术难度与时间成本,提升了实验安全性与经济性。本研究为现有生物电子显微技术体系提供了重要补充和有益拓展。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32371430)
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2026年第66卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250660
  • 接收时间:2025-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-27
  • 录用日期:2025-12-02
基金
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32371430)
国家自然科学基金(32371430)
作者信息
    1.江南大学,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡
    2.江南大学,糖化学与生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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