Article(id=1226136791128912524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250690, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757260800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1762358400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineDate=1770263391525, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1770134400000, pubDateStr=2026-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770263391525, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770263391525, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770263391525, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226136782408954119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='2', pageStart='481', pageEnd='955', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770263389446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770268138976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=881, endPage=898, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226136791523177136, articleId=1226136791128912524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Systematic assessment of Penicillium polonicum CK2023-1 for food safety, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To evaluate the edible safety of Penicillium polonicum CK2023-1, a key strain responsible for flavor formation of traditional bacon in Chengkou, thus providing a scientific basis for developing microbial starter for bacon fermentation. [Methods] The genomic DNA sequence of P. polonicum CK2023-1 was determined via third-generation sequencing combined with second-generation sequencing and annotated via GO, KEGG, and antiSMASH databases. The spore suspension (1×109 spores/kg) of CK2023-1was applied to cured meat surfaces, followed by 26 d local smoking in Chengkou. Non-volatile metabolites were analyzed via LC-MS/MS. Acute oral toxicity (7 d) and subacute oral toxicity (28 d) tests in mice were conducted to assess pathogenicity. [Results] The genome of CK2023-1 was 33.27 Mb, with the N50 of 5 236 196 bp and the G+C content of 52.91%, containing 10 901 predicted coding genes (49.02% of the genome). Eighty-three biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for secondary metabolites were identified, including known mycotoxin (verrucosidin) BGC. Compared with that in the toxigenic strain P. polonicum X6, the BGC in CK2023-1 exhibited an inversion. No mycotoxins were detected in fermented bacon, and neither acute nor subacute toxicity tests caused morbidity or mortality in mice. [Conclusion] P. polonicum CK2023-1 has a well-defined genomic structure, produces no mycotoxins, and is non-pathogenic, meeting the safety criteria for food-grade microbial strains.

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E-mail:
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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Huamao DU, Mengjiao DAI, Yuxin GUO, Yaqing GAO, Xing LI, Fusheng QIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1226136794853454731, articleId=1226136791128912524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=波兰青霉CK2023-1食品安全性的系统评价, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 评估城口老腊肉风味形成关键菌株波兰青霉(Penicillium polonicum) CK2023-1的食用安全性,为开发腊肉的微生物发酵剂提供科学依据。 【方法】 采用三代联合二代测序技术测定P. polonicum CK2023-1的基因组DNA序列,并利用GO、KEGG和antiSMASH等数据库进行注释。在腌肉表面涂抹CK2023-1孢子液(1×109 spores/kg),于城口当地熏制26 d,采用LC-MS/MS分析非挥发性代谢物。用小鼠开展急性经口毒性(7 d)、亚急性经口毒性(28 d)试验以评价菌株的致病性。 【结果】 CK2023-1基因组大小为33.27 Mb,N50为5 236 196 bp,G+C含量为52.91%,预测到10 901个编码基因,占基因组全长的49.02%。基因组中预测到83种次级代谢产物合成基因簇(biosynthesis gene clusters, BGCs),含已知的真菌毒素verrucosidin合成基因簇。与产毒株P. polonicum X6相比,CK2023-1株的此BGC发生倒置。实地发酵腊肉中未检测到真菌毒素,急性、亚急性致病性试验也未导致小鼠发病、死亡。 【结论】 多组学分析与致病性试验结果表明,P. polonicum CK2023-1基因组结构清晰,不产生真菌毒素,无致病性,满足食品级微生物菌种的安全要求。

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作者贡献声明

杜华茂:实验设计、结果分析以及对文章作深度修改;代梦娇:基因组结构与功能分析,文章撰写和修改;郭雨馨:完成波兰青霉的动物致病性试验并对结果进行统计分析;高雅晴:人工添加波兰青霉制作腊肉、分析腊肉非挥发性代谢物成分;李星:联系农户制作腊肉及采样;秦福生:全面负责城口老腊肉项目、协调研究资源,并监督各项研究的进度。

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A: Detection of extracellular hydrolase activity [The plates contain (from left to right): skimmed milk, olive oil/Rhodamine B, tributyrin esterase, pectin, cellulose, and starch]; B: Detection of salt tolerance [The concentration of NaCl were 1%, 3% through to 11% (from left to right)]; C-E: Morphology of CK2023-1 under scan electron microscopy (SEM)., figureFileSmall=JliFA+Q74HV7arTAj8OHRA==, figureFileBig=bEegr9FWznvqc+OzhrEnSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557329318384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=图1, caption=波兰青霉 CK2023-1菌株的生物学特性表征。A:CK2023-1菌株胞外水解酶活性检测(从左至右依次为脱脂奶粉、橄榄油/罗丹明B、三丁酸甘油酯、果胶、纤维素和淀粉平板);B:CK2023-1菌株的耐盐性鉴定(从左至右的盐浓度为1%-11%);C-E:扫描电镜检测CK2023-1的超微结构。, figureFileSmall=JliFA+Q74HV7arTAj8OHRA==, figureFileBig=bEegr9FWznvqc+OzhrEnSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557484507640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Genomic circle map of Penicillium polonicum CK2023-1. From outside to inside are G+C content, G+C skew, gene density (coding genes, rRNA, snRNA, tRNA), and gene duplication. Genomic G+C content: Calculated in 1-kb-equivalent, non-overlapping sliding windows (window size=chromosome length/1 000; step size=window size). Regions colored sky-blue (inward) have G+C content below the genome-wide average, whereas deep-purple (outward) regions are above average; Higher peaks indicate larger deviations. G+C skew: calculated as (G-C)/(G+C). Light-green (inward) indicates G<C, while pink (outward) indicates G>C. Gene density: proportion of genes within each window. Gene duplication: each arc connects two different regions in the genome, indicating that these regions have homologous sequences., figureFileSmall=kgyutk5dRHfSXbQl/ElENw==, figureFileBig=4EtKjljD8a9ersIiPXCN3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557593559552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=图2, caption=波兰青霉CK2023-1株的全基因组注释圈图, figureFileSmall=kgyutk5dRHfSXbQl/ElENw==, figureFileBig=4EtKjljD8a9ersIiPXCN3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557673251340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Functional classification of Penicillium polonicum CK2023-1 based on GO and KEGG annotations. Predicted protein sequences were aligned against the gene ontology and KEGG databases with Diamond. A: GO terms were assigned to three main categories: biological process, cellular component, and molecular function, and the number of genes corresponding to level-2 term was tallied; B: Genes were mapped to different metabolic pathways with KO number, the number of genes involved in a common pathway was labeled behind the column., figureFileSmall=YEu3755u+un5+H/tj65IKA==, figureFileBig=BqFAUg44pjbSOtEg7U+pLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557790691858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=图3, caption=波兰青霉CK2023-1GO功能注释和KEGG注释分类图。利用Diamond将预测蛋白质序列与GO和KEGG数据库分别进行比对。A:将GO条目分为生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能,统计各level-2词条对应的基因数;B:根据KO编号映射至对应代谢通路,以通路名称为纵轴、基因数量为横轴。, figureFileSmall=YEu3755u+un5+H/tj65IKA==, figureFileBig=BqFAUg44pjbSOtEg7U+pLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559229338134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Comparison of whole genomic sequence of Penicillium polonicum. A: The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of each pair of strains were calculated with Pyani (v0.2.11); B: Genomic collinearity analysis were carried out with Mauve v2.3.1 (The information of seven P. polonicum strains listed on the right side of the graph)., figureFileSmall=pQQdxl7UHnsAk7/Ue6hsRg==, figureFileBig=l3S989ReYBqUg6uyxEoStg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559451636254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=图4, caption=七株波兰青霉基因组的平均核苷酸一致性(A)与共线性分析(B), figureFileSmall=pQQdxl7UHnsAk7/Ue6hsRg==, figureFileBig=l3S989ReYBqUg6uyxEoStg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559590048290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The comparison of biosynthetic gene cluster of verrucosidin in Penicillium polonicum. The protype of ver BGC was determined in P. polonicum X6 strain, which is composed of verABCFGHU, verF codes a putative transcription factor, and the function of verU is unknown[14]. Syntenic analysis was conducted using the ChiPlot (https://www.chiplot.online)., figureFileSmall=yZP1mjVYewIyyovp6i+pkA==, figureFileBig=lkOBfgtaQF4r044XQkA2MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559741043243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=图5, caption=比较波兰青霉verrucosidin合成基因簇的结构, figureFileSmall=yZP1mjVYewIyyovp6i+pkA==, figureFileBig=lkOBfgtaQF4r044XQkA2MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559829123636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Total ion current chromatograms of quality control samples in positive (A) and negative (B) ion modes with electrospray ionization. Six pieces of bacon were processed with the additive of P. polonicum CK2023-1[7]. The quality control sample contained non-volatile metabolites from six pieces of bacon. LC-MS was performed with an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 chromatographic column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). The mobile phase A was composed of water:acetonitrile=95:5, and the other was acetonitrile:isopropanol:water=47.5:47.5:5, both containing 0.1% acetic acid., figureFileSmall=ra6ILZJEjJtMat8tvYSg7w==, figureFileBig=OOrD2lgXPiGdmeN29VSlAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559938175540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=图6, caption=质控样本的正(A)、负(B)离子模式总离子流图, figureFileSmall=ra6ILZJEjJtMat8tvYSg7w==, figureFileBig=OOrD2lgXPiGdmeN29VSlAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560043033147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Classification of non-volatile metabolites of bacon. Non-volatile metabolites of the bacon inoculated with CK2023-1 (n=1 109) were aligned in HMDB database. The statistical result at the superclass level was visualized with R 4.0.3 ggplot2., figureFileSmall=nJB36aAx4p9YyS3s8+bGOg==, figureFileBig=Ev3Lxmmb+KOMAAHFo2/zyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560206611007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=图7, caption=腊肉中非挥发性代谢物的分类统计图, figureFileSmall=nJB36aAx4p9YyS3s8+bGOg==, figureFileBig=Ev3Lxmmb+KOMAAHFo2/zyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560328245830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Pathological changes in the liver (H.E.). A: Necrotic focus with inflammatory-cell infiltration (400×, bar=50 μm); B: Punctate necrosis (400×, bar=50 μm); C: Necrotic focus (200×, bar=100 μm)., figureFileSmall=1UqEyMPyb2EPOo49vcYwQQ==, figureFileBig=+XxKnwvz4Y+1T51mOWN+CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560449880655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=图8, caption=肝脏的病理变化(H.E.)。A:坏死灶,炎性细胞浸润(400×,bar=50 μm);B:点状坏死(400×,bar=50 μm);C:坏死灶(200×,bar=100 μm,箭头处为病理描述部位)。, figureFileSmall=1UqEyMPyb2EPOo49vcYwQQ==, figureFileBig=+XxKnwvz4Y+1T51mOWN+CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560550543956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The effects of Penicillium polonicum CK2023-1 on the food intake and organ index of mice (n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SexClassificationFeed conversion ratioVisceral index
HeartLiverSpleenLungKidney
FemaleControl9.490.60±0.04b4.89±0.150.12±0.010.22±0.011.16±0.06
Penicillium polonicum18.220.65±0.07ab4.80±0.150.10±0.010.21±0.011.20±0.03
MaleControl27.190.59±0.065.06±0.240.13±0.010.29±0.021.37±0.07
Penicillium polonicum25.620.69±0.064.80±0.050.11±0.000.24±0.011.58±0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1226195560642818653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

波兰青霉 CK2023-1对小鼠采食量和脏器指数的影响(n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SexClassificationFeed conversion ratioVisceral index
HeartLiverSpleenLungKidney
FemaleControl9.490.60±0.04b4.89±0.150.12±0.010.22±0.011.16±0.06
Penicillium polonicum18.220.65±0.07ab4.80±0.150.10±0.010.21±0.011.20±0.03
MaleControl27.190.59±0.065.06±0.240.13±0.010.29±0.021.37±0.07
Penicillium polonicum25.620.69±0.064.80±0.050.11±0.000.24±0.011.58±0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1226195560785424996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The impacts of Penicillium polonicum CK2023-1 on the food intake and organ index of mice (n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SexClassificationFeed conversion ratioVisceral index
HeartLiverSpleenLungKidney
FemaleControl4.360.57±0.064.07±0.330.31±0.030.59±0.031.03±0.03
Penicillium polonicumHigh4.980.52±0.024.01±0.170.29±0.020.62±0.041.04±0.04
Middle3.850.52±0.044.17±0.220.32±0.070.56±0.011.00±0.01
Low4.020.56±0.044.25±0.220.37±0.060.60±0.041.12±0.04
MaleControl5.590.61±0.054.12±0.130.26±0.020.55±0.031.37±0.08
Penicillium polonicumHigh5.380.55±0.074.01±0.100.25±0.010.55±0.021.33±0.04
Middle5.280.52±0.063.97±0.210.26±0.010.55±0.041.28±0.08
Low5.470.54±0.024.09±0.180.28±0.020.58±0.021.38±0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1226195560902865518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

波兰青霉CK2023-1对小鼠采食量和脏器指数的影响(n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SexClassificationFeed conversion ratioVisceral index
HeartLiverSpleenLungKidney
FemaleControl4.360.57±0.064.07±0.330.31±0.030.59±0.031.03±0.03
Penicillium polonicumHigh4.980.52±0.024.01±0.170.29±0.020.62±0.041.04±0.04
Middle3.850.52±0.044.17±0.220.32±0.070.56±0.011.00±0.01
Low4.020.56±0.044.25±0.220.37±0.060.60±0.041.12±0.04
MaleControl5.590.61±0.054.12±0.130.26±0.020.55±0.031.37±0.08
Penicillium polonicumHigh5.380.55±0.074.01±0.100.25±0.010.55±0.021.33±0.04
Middle5.280.52±0.063.97±0.210.26±0.010.55±0.041.28±0.08
Low5.470.54±0.024.09±0.180.28±0.020.58±0.021.38±0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1226195561007723127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The change of blood routine index by intake of Penicillium polonicum CK2023-1 (n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SexIndexControlHighMiddleLow
FemaleMon13.78±0.283.20±0.413.14±0.363.50±0.19
RDW213.94±0.3514.54±0.3414.30±0.1814.80±0.34
RBC310.49±0.4110.41±0.3510.60±0.2110.25±0.34
Lymph477.92±1.5879.60±2.0980.94±1.2480.24±1.14
MCV547.24±0.5746.98±0.3546.94±0.9147.32±0.86
PCT60.51±0.060.55±0.040.42±0.050.36±0.10
Gran718.30±1.3417.20±1.8015.92±0.9216.26±1.03
MaleMon4.60±0.334.56±0.454.48±0.214.10±0.44
RDW14.18±0.4014.20±0.0913.72±0.3813.72±0.22
RBC9.93±0.4610.12±0.359.56±1.019.11±0.54
Lymph70.66±3.0872.98±1.6775.26±1.5475.20±3.11
MCV46.20±0.9947.00±0.4646.24±0.8546.70±0.85
PCT0.52±0.09a0.44±0.12ab0.22±0.11b0.28±0.09ab
Gran24.74±2.7722.46±1.2520.26±1.4420.70±2.74
), ArticleFig(id=1226195561104192126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

波兰青霉CK2023-1对小鼠血常规的影响(n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SexIndexControlHighMiddleLow
FemaleMon13.78±0.283.20±0.413.14±0.363.50±0.19
RDW213.94±0.3514.54±0.3414.30±0.1814.80±0.34
RBC310.49±0.4110.41±0.3510.60±0.2110.25±0.34
Lymph477.92±1.5879.60±2.0980.94±1.2480.24±1.14
MCV547.24±0.5746.98±0.3546.94±0.9147.32±0.86
PCT60.51±0.060.55±0.040.42±0.050.36±0.10
Gran718.30±1.3417.20±1.8015.92±0.9216.26±1.03
MaleMon4.60±0.334.56±0.454.48±0.214.10±0.44
RDW14.18±0.4014.20±0.0913.72±0.3813.72±0.22
RBC9.93±0.4610.12±0.359.56±1.019.11±0.54
Lymph70.66±3.0872.98±1.6775.26±1.5475.20±3.11
MCV46.20±0.9947.00±0.4646.24±0.8546.70±0.85
PCT0.52±0.09a0.44±0.12ab0.22±0.11b0.28±0.09ab
Gran24.74±2.7722.46±1.2520.26±1.4420.70±2.74
), ArticleFig(id=1226195561221632645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The change of blood biochemical index by intake of Penicillium polonicum CK2023-1 (n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SexIndexControlHighMiddleLow
FemaleALT158.27±5.31a44.09±1.42b51.91±4.60ab41.79±3.85b
AST2201.17±12.25a167.29±6.12ab164.17±17.35ab153.94±16.41b
TP366.37±1.5667.78±0.7264.36±2.1364.57±3.33
ALB441.05±0.5642.43±0.4340.66±0.8741.19±1.09
CR527.04±1.0228.29±1.7832.84±4.3127.89±1.84
TC62.95±0.292.78±0.223.01±0.282.90±0.38
BUN719.31±0.57ab21.14±0.81a21.40±1.28a17.64±0.80b
GLU84.20±0.62b4.58±0.33b6.24±0.54a5.17±0.45ab
MaleALT57.53±4.8468.59±11.3745.97±3.9353.47±8.53
AST176.54±11.19175.10±45.23206.61±18.66195.35±17.74
TP66.49±3.6067.08±1.2668.47±1.5462.48±1.91
ALB40.03±1.04ab41.31±0.66a40.74±0.75ab38.45±0.90b
CR28.14±1.7527.60±1.8227.71±1.7429.91±3.34
TC3.70±0.313.08±0.173.37±0.232.97±0.08
BUN18.77±0.73b20.60±0.69ab21.28±0.81a22.03±0.95a
GLU5.08±0.814.44±0.734.34±0.375.38±0.65
), ArticleFig(id=1226195561334878861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

波兰青霉CK2023-1对小鼠血液生化指标的影响(n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SexIndexControlHighMiddleLow
FemaleALT158.27±5.31a44.09±1.42b51.91±4.60ab41.79±3.85b
AST2201.17±12.25a167.29±6.12ab164.17±17.35ab153.94±16.41b
TP366.37±1.5667.78±0.7264.36±2.1364.57±3.33
ALB441.05±0.5642.43±0.4340.66±0.8741.19±1.09
CR527.04±1.0228.29±1.7832.84±4.3127.89±1.84
TC62.95±0.292.78±0.223.01±0.282.90±0.38
BUN719.31±0.57ab21.14±0.81a21.40±1.28a17.64±0.80b
GLU84.20±0.62b4.58±0.33b6.24±0.54a5.17±0.45ab
MaleALT57.53±4.8468.59±11.3745.97±3.9353.47±8.53
AST176.54±11.19175.10±45.23206.61±18.66195.35±17.74
TP66.49±3.6067.08±1.2668.47±1.5462.48±1.91
ALB40.03±1.04ab41.31±0.66a40.74±0.75ab38.45±0.90b
CR28.14±1.7527.60±1.8227.71±1.7429.91±3.34
TC3.70±0.313.08±0.173.37±0.232.97±0.08
BUN18.77±0.73b20.60±0.69ab21.28±0.81a22.03±0.95a
GLU5.08±0.814.44±0.734.34±0.375.38±0.65
), ArticleFig(id=1226195561427153556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Original score record of mice (n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OrgansPathological changesFemaleMale
HeartN (3/3)N (3/3)
LungN (3/3)N (3/3)
SpleenN (3/3)N (3/3)
KidneyN (3/3)N (3/3)
LiverVacuolar degeneration0 (3/3)1 (1/3)
Necrosis1 (2/3)0 (3/3)
Inflammatory infiltration1 (2/3)0 (3/3)
), ArticleFig(id=1226195561532011163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136791128912524, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

小鼠原始评分记录表(n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OrgansPathological changesFemaleMale
HeartN (3/3)N (3/3)
LungN (3/3)N (3/3)
SpleenN (3/3)N (3/3)
KidneyN (3/3)N (3/3)
LiverVacuolar degeneration0 (3/3)1 (1/3)
Necrosis1 (2/3)0 (3/3)
Inflammatory infiltration1 (2/3)0 (3/3)
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波兰青霉CK2023-1食品安全性的系统评价
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杜华茂 1 , 代梦娇 1 , 郭雨馨 1 , 高雅晴 1, 2 , 李星 2 , 秦福生 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(2): 881-898
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(2): 881-898
波兰青霉CK2023-1食品安全性的系统评价
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杜华茂1 , 代梦娇1, 郭雨馨1, 高雅晴1, 2, 李星2, 秦福生2
作者信息
  • 1.西南大学 蚕桑纺织与生物质科学学院,重庆
  • 2.重庆畜牧科学研究院,重庆
Systematic assessment of Penicillium polonicum CK2023-1 for food safety
Huamao DU1 , Mengjiao DAI1, Yuxin GUO1, Yaqing GAO1, 2, Xing LI2, Fusheng QIN2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
  • 2.Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250690
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【目的】 评估城口老腊肉风味形成关键菌株波兰青霉(Penicillium polonicum) CK2023-1的食用安全性,为开发腊肉的微生物发酵剂提供科学依据。 【方法】 采用三代联合二代测序技术测定P. polonicum CK2023-1的基因组DNA序列,并利用GO、KEGG和antiSMASH等数据库进行注释。在腌肉表面涂抹CK2023-1孢子液(1×109 spores/kg),于城口当地熏制26 d,采用LC-MS/MS分析非挥发性代谢物。用小鼠开展急性经口毒性(7 d)、亚急性经口毒性(28 d)试验以评价菌株的致病性。 【结果】 CK2023-1基因组大小为33.27 Mb,N50为5 236 196 bp,G+C含量为52.91%,预测到10 901个编码基因,占基因组全长的49.02%。基因组中预测到83种次级代谢产物合成基因簇(biosynthesis gene clusters, BGCs),含已知的真菌毒素verrucosidin合成基因簇。与产毒株P. polonicum X6相比,CK2023-1株的此BGC发生倒置。实地发酵腊肉中未检测到真菌毒素,急性、亚急性致病性试验也未导致小鼠发病、死亡。 【结论】 多组学分析与致病性试验结果表明,P. polonicum CK2023-1基因组结构清晰,不产生真菌毒素,无致病性,满足食品级微生物菌种的安全要求。

波兰青霉  /  全基因组  /  真菌毒素  /  食品安全  /  传统发酵肉制品

[Objective] To evaluate the edible safety of Penicillium polonicum CK2023-1, a key strain responsible for flavor formation of traditional bacon in Chengkou, thus providing a scientific basis for developing microbial starter for bacon fermentation. [Methods] The genomic DNA sequence of P. polonicum CK2023-1 was determined via third-generation sequencing combined with second-generation sequencing and annotated via GO, KEGG, and antiSMASH databases. The spore suspension (1×109 spores/kg) of CK2023-1was applied to cured meat surfaces, followed by 26 d local smoking in Chengkou. Non-volatile metabolites were analyzed via LC-MS/MS. Acute oral toxicity (7 d) and subacute oral toxicity (28 d) tests in mice were conducted to assess pathogenicity. [Results] The genome of CK2023-1 was 33.27 Mb, with the N50 of 5 236 196 bp and the G+C content of 52.91%, containing 10 901 predicted coding genes (49.02% of the genome). Eighty-three biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for secondary metabolites were identified, including known mycotoxin (verrucosidin) BGC. Compared with that in the toxigenic strain P. polonicum X6, the BGC in CK2023-1 exhibited an inversion. No mycotoxins were detected in fermented bacon, and neither acute nor subacute toxicity tests caused morbidity or mortality in mice. [Conclusion] P. polonicum CK2023-1 has a well-defined genomic structure, produces no mycotoxins, and is non-pathogenic, meeting the safety criteria for food-grade microbial strains.

Penicillium polonicum  /  whole genome  /  mycotoxin  /  food safety  /  traditional fermented meat product
杜华茂, 代梦娇, 郭雨馨, 高雅晴, 李星, 秦福生. 波兰青霉CK2023-1食品安全性的系统评价. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (2) : 881 -898 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250690
Huamao DU, Mengjiao DAI, Yuxin GUO, Yaqing GAO, Xing LI, Fusheng QIN. Systematic assessment of Penicillium polonicum CK2023-1 for food safety[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (2) : 881 -898 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250690
青霉属(Penicillium)真菌是一类广泛分布于土壤、空气及腐烂有机质中的丝状子囊菌,部分菌株作为植物内生真菌存在,目前已鉴定约350个种[1]。青霉属真菌对医药发展作出了重大贡献。除此以外,某些种在食品工业中也具有重要价值,如用萨拉米青霉(P. salamii)、纳地青霉(P. nalgiovense)生产干腌肉和火腿[2-3];用P. roquefortiP. camemberti制作奶酪[4-5],成品因此具有独特的风味和口感。陈杰等[6]报道,添加P. nalgiovense能够提升金华火腿的品质。前期研究发现,P. polonicum是重庆城口老腊肉风味形成的关键微生物[7]
青霉的工业应用价值源于其丰富的次级代谢产物(如青霉素),但某些次级代谢产物(真菌毒素)具有致病作用。青霉在粮食、水果、发酵食品等基质上生长后,毒素可通过食物链进入人和动物体内,造成急、慢性中毒,甚至致癌。代表性病原性真菌多疣青霉(P. verucosum)、P. nordirum等能产生赭曲霉毒素A (具有肾毒性、肝毒性等),扩展青霉(P. expansum)、灰黄青霉(P. griseofulvum)、P. carneum等能产生棒曲霉素(具有致癌性、致畸性等)[8-10],这2种毒素因强致病性在食品与饲料工业中受到严格监管。P. polonicum、金灰青霉(P. aurantiogriseum)和P. melanoconidium能产生verrucosidin[10],其对小鼠的LD50为4 mg/kg体重[11]。据Núñez等[12]统计,约91%的P. polonicum能产生verrucosidin。Núñez等[12-13]报道,西班牙火腿的优势真菌P. polonicum在高水分活度(aw 0.99)的肉汁培养基中能高效产生verrucosidin。Valente等[14]用CRISPR-Cas9法敲除基因簇中的verA基因后消除了P. polonicum产生该毒素的能力。高雅晴等[7]报道,P. polonicum是城口老腊肉的优势菌之一,其代表株CK2023-1能显著提升城口老腊肉风味物质的丰度,但目前尚不清楚该菌株是否能产生verrucosidin。
根据《食品安全国家标准 食品用菌种安全性评价程序》(GB 31615.2—2025)[15]规定,需要对食品用菌种的全基因组测序、动物致病性、耐药性、产毒能力等方面进行系统分析,以保证食品安全。本研究通过对城口老腊肉关键功能菌株CK2023-1进行基因组和代谢组分析以及毒理学试验等多维度研究,为传统发酵肉制品菌种资源开发提供了理论依据。
波兰青霉菌(P. polonicum) CK2023-1由本课题组郭雨馨[16]从陈年优质城口老腊肉表面分离得到,经鉴定为与风味相关的关键微生物[7]。该菌株的全基因组数据存储于国家微生物科学数据中心(NMDC)数据库,编号为NMDC60212713。
SPF级KM小鼠,4周龄,购自湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司,许可证号为[SCXK(湘)2019-0004],在西南大学药学院实验动物中心饲养。本研究所有动物实验均获得西南大学实验动物伦理委员会批准,编号为IACUC-20230614-04和IACUC-20230614-03。
罗丹明,南京都莱生物技术有限公司;羧甲基纤维素钠、果胶和淀粉,山东西亚化学股份有限公司。
离子镀膜仪,深圳市速普仪器有限公司;扫描电镜,复纳科学仪器(上海)有限公司。
马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基按常规方法自制,耐盐性检测培养基为含1%-11% NaCl的PDA培养基。胞外脂肪酶活性鉴定参考蒋翠翠等[17]方法,去除培养基中的碳源。纤维素酶、果胶酶及淀粉酶活性检测用培养基系在基础培养基(Na2HPO4 1.5 g/L,KH2PO4 0.5 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L,FeSO4·7H2O 0.01 g/L,NaCl 1.5 g/L)中分别加入2 g/L羧甲基纤维素钠、果胶和可溶性淀粉作为唯一碳源。
收集PDA培养基上的孢子,制成悬液(1×108 spores/mL)。取10 μL孢子悬液分别点样于相应的培养基中,于28 ℃培养7 d,观察水解圈、荧光圈的大小。
参考崔芳等[18]的方法制备CK2023-1的菌丝样品,于-20 ℃固化,经冷冻干燥后,将样品粘贴于样品台上,喷金后用扫描电镜进行观察。
CK2023-1的全基因组测序委托北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司完成。利用PacBio RSII平台获取长读长序列,并辅以Illumina NovaSeq PE150平台的短读长数据以保证准确性。使用Falcon软件和Racon (v1.4.13)分别进行组装和多轮纠错。将预测的编码基因与非冗余蛋白数据库(non redundant protein database)、Swiss-Prot (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/uniprot/)、Pfam、GO (gene ontology,http://geneontology.org/)和KEGG数据库(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,http://www.genome.jp/kegg/)进行序列比对,选取一致性(identity)和覆盖度(coverage)均不低于40%的最高得分结果作为最终注释。次级代谢产物合成基因簇使用antiSMASH (v8.0)在relaxed模式下进行预测。使用Circos v0.66软件绘制基因组圈图。
从NCBI数据库下载分离自不同生境(包括腊肉、植物根部、土壤、腐烂洋葱等)的波兰青霉全基因组序列,利用Mauve v2.3.1软件进行全基因组比对。用Pyani软件计算菌株间的平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity, ANI),并评估种内遗传关系。
参考高雅晴等[7]的方法,给腌肉接种CK2023-1进行实地发酵,每组6刀肉(1 kg/刀肉)。用LC-MS/MS检测腊肉中的非挥发性代谢物,主要步骤如下:称取50.00 mg腊肉,加入400 μL 90%甲醇溶液(含0.02 mg/mL l-2-氯苯丙氨酸),置于冷冻组织研磨仪中研磨(-10 ℃, 50 Hz, 6 min),随后进行低温超声提取(5 ℃, 40 kHz, 30 min);提取液在-20 ℃静置30 min,解冻后于4 ℃、13 000 r/min离心15 min,上清液即为待检样品。LC-MS/MS分析参数如下:柱温45 ℃,流动相A为水:乙腈(95:5),流动相B为乙腈:异丙醇:水(47.5:47.5:5),两者均含0.1%甲酸。分别在正、负离子模式下采集数据。为监控仪器稳定性,取各样本上清液20 μL混合制备质控(QC)样本。
波兰青霉CK2023-1的动物致病性参照食品安全国家标准《食品安全性毒理学评价程序》(GB15193.1—2014)和《急性经口毒性实验》(GB15193.3—2014)等[19-22]进行。
将小鼠随机分为2组(每组雌雄各5只,雌雄鼠分笼饲养),实验组一次性经口灌胃10.0 g/kg菌丝体悬液(约400 μL),对照组给予等量生理盐水。连续观察7 d,记录小鼠的临床表现、体重及采食量。实验结束后解剖,计算主要脏器指数并观察大体病变。
将小鼠随机分为4组(每组雌雄各5只,雌雄鼠分笼饲养),低、中、高剂量组分别按2 500、5 000、10 000 mg/kg灌胃菌丝体悬液(约400 μL),以灌胃等体积生理盐水作为对照组,每日灌胃,持续28 d。实验期间监测体重与采食量,结束时检测小鼠的血常规、血生化指标,并对高剂量组小鼠的心、肝、脾、肺和肾等脏器进行组织病理学检查。
实验数据以平均值±标准差表示,使用SPSS 21.0软件对数据进行显著性统计,若P<0.05则认为存在显著性差异。组间比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA):先用Leven’s检验方差齐性,若方差齐,对数据进行两两比较采用LSD检验;若方差不齐,则改用Dunner’s T3检验。使用Adobe Illustrator 2021整理图片。
在脱脂牛奶平板上培养3 d后,菌落周围形成明显的蛋白水解透明圈,表明其能高效分泌蛋白酶类。脂肪酶活性检测显示,在三丁酸甘油酯平板上培养12 d后才产生清晰的水解圈;在紫外照射下,于橄榄油/罗丹明B平板上呈现典型的橙色荧光(图1A),表明其分泌了脂肪酶,且脂肪酶的产生时间显著晚于蛋白酶。在以果胶、羧甲基纤维素和可溶性淀粉为唯一碳源的培养基上均可见明显的水解圈(图1A),提示CK2023-1能分泌多种水解酶、具有广谱的碳源利用特性。
CK2023-1在含1%-11% NaCl的PDA培养基上均能生长,表现出较强的耐盐性,但当盐浓度超过7%时菌丝生长速率显著降低,菌落直径明显缩小,菌落颜色由典型的青灰色变为浅灰白色(图1B),提示盐胁迫可能影响孢子壁色素的生物合成,其生理代谢在7% NaCl浓度附近存在关键调控转折点。
将PDA培养基上新生长的菌体经固定、脱水、喷金处理后,在扫描电子显微镜下可见菌丝重重叠叠、纵横交错(图1C),分生孢子梗有双轮生(图1D)和三轮生(图1E) 2种类型。
全基因组测序共获得601 675条reads,平均序列读长为13 345 bp,总碱基数为8 028 793 107,经从头组装得到15个contigs,最长的contig为7 849 284 bp,N50为5 236 196 bp,结果显示P. polonicum CK2023-1基因组大小为33 273 879 bp (33.27 Mb),G+C含量为52.91% (图2)。预测到10 901个蛋白质编码基因,309个非编码RNA,其中197个转运RNA,57个核糖体RNA,其他RNA共55个。基因组含1 526个转录因子,11 406个串联重复序列,2 144个散在重复序列。
在KEGG、GO和Swiss-Prot数据库中分别注释到9 837、6 918和3 934个功能基因。经GO注释的6 918个基因分别归类于23个生物学过程(biological process)、17个分子功能(cellular component)和11个细胞组分(molecular function) (图3A)。在生物学过程中,参与代谢相关的基因数量最多,有3 065个;在分子功能中,与结合和催化活性相关的基因占主导地位。经KEGG数据库分析,CK2023-1的9 837个基因分属于6大功能、46条通路(图3B)。代谢通路上有1 861个基因,占比18.9%,其中涉及氨基酸代谢和脂肪代谢的基因分别有353个和192个,有403个基因涉及碳水化合物代谢。
为探究菌株CK2023-1的系统发育地位,首先比较了CK2023-1株与P. polonicum KACC_93368、P. polonicum IBT 4502、P. polonicum F7、P. polonicum CGMCC 3.15272、P. polonicum hy4和P. polonicum NRRL 995的ANI值,结果均大于95.0%。与分离自洋葱、大豆酱和甘草根的F7、KACC_93368和CGMCC 3.15272菌株的ANI值>99.0%,而与作为植物内生真菌的hy4的ANI值最低,为96.8% (图4A)。共线性分析显示,7株P. polonicum 的基因组整体保持一致,但菌株间DNA序列的组织结构出现了局部波动,表现为易位、移位和倒置现象(图4B),推测这是不同菌株在各自特定生境下发生的适应性进化所致。
用antiSMASH分析发现,CK2023-1的基因组中有83个次级代谢物的BGCs,其中verrucosidin是已知的真菌毒素。其生物合成基因簇(verABCFGHU)最初在P. polonicum X6株中被鉴定,分别为高还原性聚酮合酶基因(verA)、甲基转移酶基因(verB)、FAD依赖的单加氧酶基因(verC1和verC2)、酰基转移酶基因(verG)、细胞色素P450基因(verH)和转录因子(verF)[14]。通过比较基因组分析发现:hy4完全缺失verrucosidin基因簇,部分菌株的ver基因簇发生了倒置,具体而言,X6、IBT4502和CGMCC 3.15272的ver基因簇保持一致,而CK2023-1、F7、KACC_93368和NRRL 995发生了整体性倒置(图5)。
为进一步确定CK2023-1株不产生verrucosidin及其他真菌毒素,对接种CK2023-1实地发酵腊肉制品的非挥发性代谢物进行组分分析。样品的总离子色谱图峰形良好,在正离子模式下呈现4 897个有效峰,在负离子模式下呈现3 887个有效峰(图6A6B)。使用HMDB数据库注释,共匹配到775种代谢物,分为15个类别,其中有339种脂质分子及类脂分子、134种有机酸及其衍生物、77种有机杂环化合物和65种有机氧化物,此外还有苯类化合物、有机氮化物、核苷、核苷酸及类似物(图7)。在注释结果中未见赭曲霉毒素A、棒曲霉素、橘青霉素和verrucosidin等高致病性真菌毒素,以及《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》(GB 2761—2017)[23]中要求限量的黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素M1、脱氧雪腐镰孢菌烯醇、展青霉素、玉米赤霉烯酮等毒素。
经灌胃后,实验组小鼠采食、活动正常,精神状态良好,无兴奋、迟缓、竖毛等异常情况。雌鼠的体温在35.8-36.2 ℃,雄鼠为35.8-36.3 ℃,小鼠生长正常,雌鼠与雄鼠的料重比与对照组间无显著差异;除雌鼠的心脏外,其他器官的脏器指数与对照组均无显著差异(表1)。
三个剂量组小鼠在28 d内的精神状态和采食均正常,无不良反应,无一例死亡,雌鼠与雄鼠的料重比与对照组间无显著差异(表2)。
血常规仅有一项异常:雄鼠中剂量组(5 g/kg)的血小板压积范围在0.095%-0.511%,对照组的血小板压积范围在0.22%-0.67%之间(P=0.046) (表3)。血液生化指标出现异常的有:雌鼠高、低剂量组的ALT显著低于对照组,低剂量组的AST显著低于对照组;低剂量组的BUN显著低于高、中剂量组,中剂量组的GLU显著高于对照组;雄鼠中、低剂量组的BUN显著高于对照组(表4),但这些指标的异常变化均未表现出剂量依赖性,不具备生物学意义。
连续28 d灌胃波兰青霉后,高剂量组随机取3只鼠进行组织病理学检查,结果显示CK2023-1对鼠的实质脏器未造成实质性损伤,心脏、肺、脾脏和肾脏未观察到病变,仅肝出现轻微等级的病变:2只雄鼠有炎性浸润和点状坏死,1只雌鼠有空泡变性(表5图8A-8C)。
《中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单研究(第2版)》共收录了56属124种微生物菌种,所含真菌有酵母和小型丝状真菌(毛霉科的部分种),适于肉制品加工的仅有3种细菌:清酒乳杆菌、肉葡萄球菌和木糖葡萄球菌[24]。欧美等国使用P. salamiiP. nalgiovenseP. roqueforti等商业化青霉制作干腌肉、香肠。虽然许多研究团队报道青霉在我国的某些传统肉制品中发挥重要作用,但均未能实现商业化应用。2025年,国家针对食品用菌种安全性评价(GB 31615.2—2025)[15]实施了新标准,强调要从基因组、代谢组和毒理学三方面进行评估。我们前期系统分析了城口老腊肉(2017年被评为国家地理标志食品)表面与炕房的微生物组成,结合人工添加发酵试验证实波兰青霉是陈年老腊肉风味形成的关键微生物,并确定了代表株CK2023-1[7]。本研究完成了该菌的全基因组测序和功能注释;对人工添加CK2023-1发酵肉制品的非挥发性代谢物进行质谱分析,未检测到任何真菌毒素(包括黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素和棒曲霉素等对脊椎动物致病的真菌毒素);经口的急性、亚急性毒性试验未检测到对小鼠的实质性损伤,研究初步证实P. polonicum CK2023-1具有食品安全性。
CK2023-1基因组全长33.3 Mb,G+C含量为52.91%,有10 901个CDS,这与Petersen等[25]对93株青霉菌的全基因组序列分析结果一致(25.4-46.5 Mb,平均长度为33.3 Mb),说明此次测序与组装结果良好。CK2023-1与不同生境分离的P. polonicum菌株的基因组ANI值均高于95%,最高达99.7%,共线性分析未见大片段缺失,但存在易位、移位和倒置现象,说明P. polonicum的生物多样性源于基因组结构上的变化。就肉制品发酵的功能基因而言,Lo等[2]研究发现,P. salamiiP. nalgiovense存在8个相同的水平转移基因片段(horizontally transfer region, HTR),而其他生境的同种菌株以及P. polonicum hy4和P. polonicum IBT 4502则缺少这些基因片段,作者认为某些真菌长期在相同的生境下(比如高盐、高脂等)驯化后产生了平行适应性进化,最终导致表型趋同。虽然目前尚不清楚 P. polonicum CK2023-1是否发生过类似于P. salamiiP. nalgiovense所经历的平行适应事件,但是这些HTRs的分布和功能将成为今后研究的重点。
由于用PCR扩增到了CK2023-1的verA基因,推测CK2023-1株也能产生真菌毒素。基因注释发现CK2023-1含有verABCDFGHU基因簇,但与X6株相比较,该基因簇发生倒置。在添加菌株CK2023-1实地发酵26 d的腊肉样品中也未检测到verrucosidin,提示该基因簇可能因倒置事件而不能正常转录,其详细机制有待进一步研究。在经口的急性、亚急性毒性试验中小鼠全部存活,除少数几项生理指标有细微波动外,绝大多数生理指标与健康对照无显著性差异(表1-表3),组织病理学检测中仅肝脏出现轻微的坏死灶、空泡变性和炎性浸润,心脏、脾脏、肾脏和肺未观察到病变(图8),这与德巴利酵母和柯达酵母引起小鼠的病理程度相近[16]。由此我们认为,P. polonicum CK2023-1是一株无毒菌株,达到食品安全性评估要求。
Bradshaw等[26]发现P. polonicum可以引起苹果腐烂,Valente等[14]P. polonicum X6的verA基因敲除,突变株导致苹果腐烂面积并未显著减少,CK2023-1株能分泌果胶酶、纤维素酶(图1A),说明波兰青霉是一种潜在的植物病原菌。此外,波兰青霉还有其他生物学功能,如具有生态修复能力[27],能产生抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤活性物质、抗病毒活性物质和神经细胞保护活性物质[28-32]
综上所述,波兰青霉分布广泛,生物学功能多样,某些独特的功能仅体现在菌株水平,因此对P. polonicum CK2023-1的研究将丰富我国发酵肉制品微生物资源。
  • 重庆市财政资金项目(22540C)
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2026年第66卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250690
  • 接收时间:2025-09-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-08
  • 录用日期:2025-11-06
基金
the Chongqing Municipal Government-financed Project(22540C)
重庆市财政资金项目(22540C)
作者信息
    1.西南大学 蚕桑纺织与生物质科学学院,重庆
    2.重庆畜牧科学研究院,重庆
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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