Article(id=1226136785948950692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250673, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1756828800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1762185600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-04, onlineDate=1770263390289, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1770134400000, pubDateStr=2026-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770263390289, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770263390289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770263390289, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226136782408954119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='2', pageStart='481', pageEnd='955', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770263389446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770268138976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=815, endPage=829, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226136786229969069, articleId=1226136785948950692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Diversity and antifungal potential of symbiotic actinobacteria from Odontotermes formosanus, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a subterranean, soil-dwelling insect, Odontotermes formosanus is susceptible to infection by diverse soil-borne pathogenic fungi. Its symbiotic actinobacteria produce bioactive compounds to combat these pathogens, thereby maintaining a stable symbiotic system of O. formosanus with Termitomyces spp. [Objective] To screen and characterize antifungal metabolites from symbiotic actinobacteria of O. formosanus and to elucidate their defensive role in the termite-fungus symbiotic system. [Methods] Actinobacteria were isolated from O. formosanus-associated samples via diverse culture media. Antifungal strains were screened via dual-culture confrontation assays. The active strain OFGS46 was selected for whole-genome sequencing. Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were predicted by antiSMASH, and secondary metabolites were analyzed by HPLC-MS. [Results] Twenty-three actinobacteria strains were isolated. Strain OFGS46 exhibited inhibition rates of (62.05±0.98)% against Xylaria sp. and (79.99±0.58)% against Talaromyces sp. Whole-genome sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq platform yielded approximately 1 Gb of high-quality data. De novo assembly generated a draft genome of 8 470 479 bp. CheckM evaluation demonstrated high assembly quality with 99.91% completeness and 4.63% contamination. HPLC-MS results revealed that strain OFGS46 was capable of producing multiple bioactive secondary metabolites, including enduracidin A, WS9326A, kitacinnamycin A, WAP-8294A2, skyllamycin A, cahuitamycin A, pentamycin, scabichelin, coprisamide C, and frankobactin A1. [Conclusion] This study systematically reveals that the symbiotic actinobacterium OFGS46 from O. formosanus suppresses nest pathogens through the production of diverse antimicrobial compounds. These findings not only elucidate, from a perspective of chemical ecology, the role of symbiotic bacteria in host immune defenses through suppressing multiple pathogenic fungi, but also provide a scientific basis for developing novel antimicrobial resources derived from the termite symbiotic system.

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Tel: +86-574-87603660; E-mail:
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黑翅土白蚁(Odontotermes formosanus)作为地下土壤动物,易受到多种土壤病原真菌的侵害,其共生放线菌通过产生多种活性物质抵御病原真菌,协助白蚁与鸡枞菌(Termitomyces spp.)维持共生系统的稳定。 【目的】 筛选并鉴定黑翅土白蚁共生放线菌的抗真菌活性及其次级代谢产物,揭示其在白蚁-真菌共生系统中所发挥的防御作用机制。 【方法】 采用多种培养基从黑翅土白蚁相关样品中分离放线菌,结合平板对峙法筛选具有抗真菌活性的菌株,对活性菌株OFGS46进行全基因组测序,利用antiSMASH等工具预测其生物合成基因簇(biosynthetic gene clusters, BGCs),并通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术分析其次级代谢产物。 【结果】 共获得23株放线菌,其中菌株OFGS46对炭角菌属(Xylaria sp.)和蓝状菌属(Talaromyces sp.)真菌表现出显著的拮抗活性,抑制率分别为(62.05±0.98)%和(79.99±0.58)%。本研究基于Illumina NovaSeq测序平台对菌株OFGS46进行全基因组测序,经质控共获得约1 Gb的高质量序列数据。经从头组装,得到总长度为8 470 479 bp的基因组草图。进一步通过CheckM等工具评估显示,该基因组组装完整度达99.91%,污染率为4.63%。HPLC-MS分析表明菌株OFGS46能够产生多种活性次级代谢产物,包括enduracidin A、WS9326A、kitacinnamycin A、WAP-8294A2、skyllamycin A、cahuitamycin A、pentamycin、scabichelin、coprisamide C及frankobactin A1等。 【结论】 本研究系统揭示了黑翅土白蚁共生放线菌OFGS46通过合成多种抗菌化合物协同抑制蚁巢病原微生物,不仅从化学生态学层面阐释了共生菌在宿主免疫防御中能够抑制多种病原真菌,也为开发基于白蚁共生系统的新型抗菌资源提供了科学依据。

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作者贡献声明

刘佳敏:试验设计与开展,实验操作,数据收集,数据分析,撰写文章等;冯一璐:试验方案设计及指导,数据分析指导,论文框架指导,论文修改等;姚晓文:数据分析指导,论文修改;莫建初:论文框架指导和修改;李鸿杰:试验方案指导,论文框架指导,论文修改等。

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Hefei: Anhui Agricultural University, 2020 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226195564455445179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=57, authorNames=张乐, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张乐. 三株黑翅土白蚁共生菌的次生代谢产物研究[D]. 合肥: 安徽农业大学, 2020., articleTitle=三株黑翅土白蚁共生菌的次生代谢产物研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226195564598051523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=58, authorNames=ZHANG L, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG L. Studies on the secondary metabolites of three symbiotic microbes from Odontotermes formosanus [D]. Hefei: Anhui Agricultural University, 2020 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226195564707103432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=9, issue=2, pageStart=45, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=59, authorNames=YIN CP, JIN LP, LI S, XU X, ZHANG YL, journalName=3 Biotech, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YIN CP, JIN LP, LI S, XU X, ZHANG YL. Diversity and antagonistic potential of actinobacteria from the fungus-growing termite Odontotermes formosanus [J]. 3 Biotech, 2019, 9(2): 45., articleTitle=Diversity and antagonistic potential of actinobacteria from the fungus-growing termite Odontotermes formosanus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226195564811961036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=66, issue=10, pageStart=1282, pageEnd=1288, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=60, authorNames=尹彩萍, 白雪妍, ABBAS Naeem, 孙璐璐, 殷欣冉, 张应烙, journalName=昆虫学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=尹彩萍, 白雪妍, ABBAS Naeem, 孙璐璐, 殷欣冉, 张应烙. 黑翅土白蚁肠道放线菌菌株BYC-18及其抗菌代谢产物的分离鉴定[J]. 昆虫学报, 2023, 66(10): 1282-1288., articleTitle=黑翅土白蚁肠道放线菌菌株BYC-18及其抗菌代谢产物的分离鉴定, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226195564874875601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=66, issue=10, pageStart=1282, pageEnd=1288, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=61, authorNames=YIN CP, BAI XY, ABBAS N, SUN LL, YIN XR, ZHANG YL, journalName=Acta Entomologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YIN CP, BAI XY, ABBAS N, SUN LL, YIN XR, ZHANG YL. 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Study of the diversity and antimicrobial activity of culturable actinomycetes from Odontotermes formosanus [D]. Hefei: Anhui Agricultural University, 2019 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226195565243974369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=19, issue=5, pageStart=1000, pageEnd=1003, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=64, authorNames=BEEMELMANNS C, RAMADHAR TR, KIM KH, KLASSEN JL, CAO SG, WYCHE TP, HOU YP, POULSEN M, BUGNI TS, CURRIE CR, CLARDY J, journalName=Organic Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BEEMELMANNS C, RAMADHAR TR, KIM KH, KLASSEN JL, CAO SG, WYCHE TP, HOU YP, POULSEN M, BUGNI TS, CURRIE CR, CLARDY J. Macrotermycins A-D, glycosylated macrolactams from a termite-associated Amycolatopsis sp. M39[J]. Organic Letters, 2017, 19(5): 1000-1003., articleTitle=Macrotermycins A-D, glycosylated macrolactams from a termite-associated Amycolatopsis sp. M39, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226195553281818892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, awardId=32171796, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171796), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226195554678522134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, awardId=32171796, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32171796), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226195547002946381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195547019723598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, companyId=1226195547002946381, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Green Plant Protection of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195547116192596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, companyId=1226195547002946381, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.宁波大学,植物病毒学研究所,农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,农业农村部植保生物技术重点实验室,全省绿色植保重点实验室,浙江 宁波)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226195547216855904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195547221050209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, companyId=1226195547216855904, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pests and Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195547229438818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, companyId=1226195547216855904, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.浙江大学,昆虫科学研究所,农业农村部作物病虫害分子生物学重点实验室,浙江 杭州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226195547342685036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195547363656558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, companyId=1226195547342685036, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.State Key Laboratory for Vegetation Structure, Function and Construction (VegLab), Ecological Research Institute, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195547372045168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, companyId=1226195547342685036, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.浙江大学生命科学学院,生态研究所,植被结构功能与建造全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226195551646040176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Diversity and phylogeny tree of culturable actinobacteria isolated from Odontotermes formosanus. A: Isolation statistics of symbiotic actinobacteria (Gut: Worker’s gut; Soil: Nest periphery soil; Nest: Fungus garden); B: Phylogenetic tree of symbiotic actinobacteria [GenBank accession numbers are provided in parentheses, numbers at branch nodes represent bootstrap values (calculated by bootstrap, n=1 000). OFG: Sample from the gut of O. formosanus; OFS: Sample from the soil surrounding the nest of O. formosanus; OFN: Sample from the fungus comb of O. formosanus]., figureFileSmall=SDp6ppR7O9P7Uv8aJhrqbw==, figureFileBig=d4V/8EVcj0sd7HbQIGWMPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195551746703485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, language=CN, label=图1, caption=黑翅土白蚁可培养放线菌的多样性与系统发育树。A:共生放线菌的分离统计(Gut:工蚁肠道;Soil:巢周土壤;Nest:菌圃);B:共生放线菌的系统发育树[括号内为GenBank数据库中的登录号,分支点上的数字含义为自展值(bootstrap法,n=1 000)。OFG:来源于黑翅土白蚁肠道的样品;OFS:来源于黑翅土白蚁巢周土壤的样品;OFN:来源于黑翅土白蚁菌圃的样品]。, figureFileSmall=SDp6ppR7O9P7Uv8aJhrqbw==, figureFileBig=d4V/8EVcj0sd7HbQIGWMPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195551885115535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Examination of the antifungal activity of the isolated actinobacteria by dual-culture confrontation assays., figureFileSmall=i/LXPUnbHUjhPiKWRtT69A==, figureFileBig=MoVXUNHR0FCgGAQjQpuMrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552010944665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, language=CN, label=图2, caption=平板对峙法检测放线菌抗真菌活性, figureFileSmall=i/LXPUnbHUjhPiKWRtT69A==, figureFileBig=MoVXUNHR0FCgGAQjQpuMrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552082247838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Prediction of secondary metabolite gene clusters in actinobacteria. A: Phylogenetic tree of strain OFGS46 and 16S rRNA gene-based similar sequences [GenBank accession numbers are provided in parentheses; Numbers at branch nodes represent bootstrap values (calculated by bootstrap, n=1 000); The scale bar 10 represents evolutionary distance]; B: Genome length; C: Secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters predicted by antiSMASH database., figureFileSmall=L2P+6BnHrGC6cy+i/P4+yA==, figureFileBig=m8hjVCHrTSJVJovENPbXvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552220659883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, language=CN, label=图3, caption=放线菌基因组次级代谢产物基因簇预测。A:菌株OFGS46及其16S rRNA基因相似序列的系统发育树[括号内为GenBank数据库中的登录号,分支点上的数字含义为自展值(bootstrap法,n=1 000),标尺10代表进化距离];B:基因组长度统计;C:基于antiSMASH数据库的次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇预测。, figureFileSmall=L2P+6BnHrGC6cy+i/P4+yA==, figureFileBig=m8hjVCHrTSJVJovENPbXvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552350683318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Inhibition rates of the crude extract of OFGS46 against growth of three fungi at fermentation, antifungal activity of OFGS46 against Xylaria sp., Termitomyces sp. and Talaromyces sp. Data represent mean±standard error (SE) of three independent replicates. A one-way ANOVA analysis with Tukey’s post hoc test revealed significant differences compared to Termitomyces sp., *: P<0.05; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=4MinxeMpsdAstQRi5cxQ0g==, figureFileBig=yPjDxdKK0fMXoMZdAR/sdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552510066883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌株OFGS46发酵粗提物对3种真菌的抑制率。菌株OFGS46发酵产物对炭角菌属、鸡枞菌属及蓝状菌属的抗真菌活性,数据用3组重复实验组的平均值±标准误表示,经单因素方差分析(ANOVA)及Tukey事后检验,与鸡枞菌属相比存在显著差异,*:P<0.05;***:P<0.001。, figureFileSmall=4MinxeMpsdAstQRi5cxQ0g==, figureFileBig=yPjDxdKK0fMXoMZdAR/sdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552677839051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Inhibition rates of actinomycetes against growth of five fungi (mean±SEM, n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株

Strain

Xylaria sp. (%)Termitomyces sp. (%)Talaromyces sp. (%)Beauveria sp. (%)Metarhizium sp. (%)
OFGS4662.05±0.98a43.88±2.54b79.99±0.5800
OFSS1249.89±1.35b38.03±4.47b000
OFGS4936.28±0.33c38.61±4.20b000
OFSS836.15±0.11c50.57±3.13a000
OFGS5332.22±2.15cd0000
OFGS228.02±5.25d22.50±2.86c000
OFGS100000
OFGS300000
OFGS400000
OFGA500000
OFGK700000
OFGS1100000
OFGG2400000
OFGS4300000
OFGM4500000
OFGM4700000
OFGP5200000
OFSS100000
OFSS500000
OFSN600000
OFSS900000
OFSA1000000
OFNS1100000
), ArticleFig(id=1226195552841416927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

放线菌对5种白蚁巢真菌的抑制率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株

Strain

Xylaria sp. (%)Termitomyces sp. (%)Talaromyces sp. (%)Beauveria sp. (%)Metarhizium sp. (%)
OFGS4662.05±0.98a43.88±2.54b79.99±0.5800
OFSS1249.89±1.35b38.03±4.47b000
OFGS4936.28±0.33c38.61±4.20b000
OFSS836.15±0.11c50.57±3.13a000
OFGS5332.22±2.15cd0000
OFGS228.02±5.25d22.50±2.86c000
OFGS100000
OFGS300000
OFGS400000
OFGA500000
OFGK700000
OFGS1100000
OFGG2400000
OFGS4300000
OFGM4500000
OFGM4700000
OFGP5200000
OFSS100000
OFSS500000
OFSN600000
OFSS900000
OFSA1000000
OFNS1100000
), ArticleFig(id=1226195552992411884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

List of microbial secondary metabolites matched by antiSMASH prediction and HPLC-MS analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

antiSMASH预测

antiSMASH

prediction (Da)

HPLC-MS实测

HPLC-MS

detection (m/z)

化合物名称

Compounds

分子式

Molecular

formula

类型

Type

2 369.3652 369.365Enduracidin AC108H140Cl2N26O31NRPS
1 037.1811 030.023, 1 047.794, 1 049.477WS9326AC54H68N8O13NRPS
782.893781.510, 782.893Incarnatapeptin AC35H58N8O12PKS
1 411.5241 414.691, 1 412.531Kitacinnamycin AC66H94N10O24NRPS
1 562.7891 563.401WAP-8294A2C73H111N17O21NRPS
1 483.6411 485.702Skyllamycin AC75H94N12O20NRPS
1 392.6601 396.717CinnapeptinC72H101N11O17NRPS
908.446903.583, 912.508Pepticinnamin EC49H54ClN5O10NRPS
923.122922.508Coprisamide CC47H70N8O11NRPS
560.693560.555, 563.603Desferrioxamin BC25H48N6O8Other
795.848796.460Frankobactin A1C34H53N9O13NRPS
635.631636.297Cahuitamycin AC27H37N7O11NRPS
503.548503.551NocamycinC26H33NO9NRPS
647.731646.706-648.00ScabichelinC26H49N9O10NRPS
670.837669.460-670.637PentamycinC35H58O12PKS
1 117.4181 113.453, 1 113.400Catenulisporolide AC58H100O20NRPS
), ArticleFig(id=1226195553076297976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785948950692, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

通过antiSMASH预测与HPLC-MS实测匹配的微生物次级代谢产物列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

antiSMASH预测

antiSMASH

prediction (Da)

HPLC-MS实测

HPLC-MS

detection (m/z)

化合物名称

Compounds

分子式

Molecular

formula

类型

Type

2 369.3652 369.365Enduracidin AC108H140Cl2N26O31NRPS
1 037.1811 030.023, 1 047.794, 1 049.477WS9326AC54H68N8O13NRPS
782.893781.510, 782.893Incarnatapeptin AC35H58N8O12PKS
1 411.5241 414.691, 1 412.531Kitacinnamycin AC66H94N10O24NRPS
1 562.7891 563.401WAP-8294A2C73H111N17O21NRPS
1 483.6411 485.702Skyllamycin AC75H94N12O20NRPS
1 392.6601 396.717CinnapeptinC72H101N11O17NRPS
908.446903.583, 912.508Pepticinnamin EC49H54ClN5O10NRPS
923.122922.508Coprisamide CC47H70N8O11NRPS
560.693560.555, 563.603Desferrioxamin BC25H48N6O8Other
795.848796.460Frankobactin A1C34H53N9O13NRPS
635.631636.297Cahuitamycin AC27H37N7O11NRPS
503.548503.551NocamycinC26H33NO9NRPS
647.731646.706-648.00ScabichelinC26H49N9O10NRPS
670.837669.460-670.637PentamycinC35H58O12PKS
1 117.4181 113.453, 1 113.400Catenulisporolide AC58H100O20NRPS
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黑翅土白蚁共生放线菌多样性及其抗病原真菌活性
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刘佳敏 1 , 冯一璐 1 , 姚晓文 1 , 莫建初 2 , 李鸿杰 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(2): 815-829
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(2): 815-829
黑翅土白蚁共生放线菌多样性及其抗病原真菌活性
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刘佳敏1, 冯一璐1, 姚晓文1, 莫建初2, 李鸿杰3
作者信息
  • 1.宁波大学,植物病毒学研究所,农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,农业农村部植保生物技术重点实验室,全省绿色植保重点实验室,浙江 宁波
  • 2.浙江大学,昆虫科学研究所,农业农村部作物病虫害分子生物学重点实验室,浙江 杭州
  • 3.浙江大学生命科学学院,生态研究所,植被结构功能与建造全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州
Diversity and antifungal potential of symbiotic actinobacteria from Odontotermes formosanus
Jiamin LIU1, Yilu FENG1, Xiaowen YAO1, Jianchu MO2, Hongjie LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Green Plant Protection of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pests and Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory for Vegetation Structure, Function and Construction (VegLab), Ecological Research Institute, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2026-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250673
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黑翅土白蚁(Odontotermes formosanus)作为地下土壤动物,易受到多种土壤病原真菌的侵害,其共生放线菌通过产生多种活性物质抵御病原真菌,协助白蚁与鸡枞菌(Termitomyces spp.)维持共生系统的稳定。 【目的】 筛选并鉴定黑翅土白蚁共生放线菌的抗真菌活性及其次级代谢产物,揭示其在白蚁-真菌共生系统中所发挥的防御作用机制。 【方法】 采用多种培养基从黑翅土白蚁相关样品中分离放线菌,结合平板对峙法筛选具有抗真菌活性的菌株,对活性菌株OFGS46进行全基因组测序,利用antiSMASH等工具预测其生物合成基因簇(biosynthetic gene clusters, BGCs),并通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术分析其次级代谢产物。 【结果】 共获得23株放线菌,其中菌株OFGS46对炭角菌属(Xylaria sp.)和蓝状菌属(Talaromyces sp.)真菌表现出显著的拮抗活性,抑制率分别为(62.05±0.98)%和(79.99±0.58)%。本研究基于Illumina NovaSeq测序平台对菌株OFGS46进行全基因组测序,经质控共获得约1 Gb的高质量序列数据。经从头组装,得到总长度为8 470 479 bp的基因组草图。进一步通过CheckM等工具评估显示,该基因组组装完整度达99.91%,污染率为4.63%。HPLC-MS分析表明菌株OFGS46能够产生多种活性次级代谢产物,包括enduracidin A、WS9326A、kitacinnamycin A、WAP-8294A2、skyllamycin A、cahuitamycin A、pentamycin、scabichelin、coprisamide C及frankobactin A1等。 【结论】 本研究系统揭示了黑翅土白蚁共生放线菌OFGS46通过合成多种抗菌化合物协同抑制蚁巢病原微生物,不仅从化学生态学层面阐释了共生菌在宿主免疫防御中能够抑制多种病原真菌,也为开发基于白蚁共生系统的新型抗菌资源提供了科学依据。

黑翅土白蚁  /  共生放线菌  /  抗真菌活性  /  次级代谢产物  /  基因组-代谢组学联用

As a subterranean, soil-dwelling insect, Odontotermes formosanus is susceptible to infection by diverse soil-borne pathogenic fungi. Its symbiotic actinobacteria produce bioactive compounds to combat these pathogens, thereby maintaining a stable symbiotic system of O. formosanus with Termitomyces spp. [Objective] To screen and characterize antifungal metabolites from symbiotic actinobacteria of O. formosanus and to elucidate their defensive role in the termite-fungus symbiotic system. [Methods] Actinobacteria were isolated from O. formosanus-associated samples via diverse culture media. Antifungal strains were screened via dual-culture confrontation assays. The active strain OFGS46 was selected for whole-genome sequencing. Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were predicted by antiSMASH, and secondary metabolites were analyzed by HPLC-MS. [Results] Twenty-three actinobacteria strains were isolated. Strain OFGS46 exhibited inhibition rates of (62.05±0.98)% against Xylaria sp. and (79.99±0.58)% against Talaromyces sp. Whole-genome sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq platform yielded approximately 1 Gb of high-quality data. De novo assembly generated a draft genome of 8 470 479 bp. CheckM evaluation demonstrated high assembly quality with 99.91% completeness and 4.63% contamination. HPLC-MS results revealed that strain OFGS46 was capable of producing multiple bioactive secondary metabolites, including enduracidin A, WS9326A, kitacinnamycin A, WAP-8294A2, skyllamycin A, cahuitamycin A, pentamycin, scabichelin, coprisamide C, and frankobactin A1. [Conclusion] This study systematically reveals that the symbiotic actinobacterium OFGS46 from O. formosanus suppresses nest pathogens through the production of diverse antimicrobial compounds. These findings not only elucidate, from a perspective of chemical ecology, the role of symbiotic bacteria in host immune defenses through suppressing multiple pathogenic fungi, but also provide a scientific basis for developing novel antimicrobial resources derived from the termite symbiotic system.

Odontotermes formosanus  /  symbiotic actinobacteria  /  antifungal activity  /  secondary metabolites  /  integrated genomics-metabolomics
刘佳敏, 冯一璐, 姚晓文, 莫建初, 李鸿杰. 黑翅土白蚁共生放线菌多样性及其抗病原真菌活性. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (2) : 815 -829 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250673
Jiamin LIU, Yilu FENG, Xiaowen YAO, Jianchu MO, Hongjie LI. Diversity and antifungal potential of symbiotic actinobacteria from Odontotermes formosanus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (2) : 815 -829 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250673
共生关系是2种生物彼此互利、共同生存的种间关系,普遍存在于自然界各类生态系统中,并深刻影响宿主的进化轨迹[1-3]。其中,昆虫作为自然界中类群最为庞大的生物,与多种微生物长期共同生活、协同进化[4-5]。部分昆虫类群(如培菌白蚁、培菌蚂蚁和培菌甲虫)进化出培养真菌以供食用的特殊习性[6-10]。培菌白蚁(fungus-growing termites)是指与鸡枞菌建立稳定营养共生关系的白蚁类群[11],能够在特化的菌圃上培养共生真菌[12],是专性共生的典型代表。除这类明确的培菌系统外,近年来的研究进一步揭示,昆虫与微生物之间形成了极其多样化的共生关系,这些关系显著增强了昆虫对不同生存环境的适应性[13-16]
黑翅土白蚁(Odontotermes formosanus)作为典型的培菌白蚁。与鸡枞菌(Termitomyces spp.)建立了高度专一且稳定的互利共生关系[17]。白蚁利用植物材料和排泄物构筑菌圃用以培育鸡枞菌,鸡枞菌则协助白蚁降解木质纤维素并提供营养,同时确保该菌在巢内长期保持优势菌株地位[18]。然而,白蚁巢穴环境温暖、潮湿且营养丰富,易受病原微生物侵染,如炭角菌(Xylaria)、绿僵菌(Metarhizium)及白僵菌(Beauveria)等[19-20]。其中,炭角菌作为“菌圃杂草”[21],可与鸡枞菌竞争营养与空间;而绿僵菌和白僵菌则是专性昆虫病原真菌,对白蚁种群构成严重威胁[22-25]
为应对这些生物胁迫,黑翅土白蚁进化出多层次的防御机制。其中,其体表、肠道及菌圃中定殖的多种共生放线菌可能发挥关键作用。这些放线菌不仅协助营养代谢,还能合成丰富的抗菌活性物质,抑制病原真菌生长,增强宿主的适应能力[26-27]。值得注意的是,白蚁共生链霉菌展现了卓越的抗菌化合物合成潜力[28-30]。白蚁还能够从巢周土壤中招募有益放线菌,并将其整合进自身的防御系统,展现出较强的生态适应性与微生物组可塑性。除此之外,白蚁排泄物构筑的“纸质巢材” (carton material)能够显著促进放线菌生长,最终形成白蚁-放线菌防御性共生体系,协同提升蚁群抗病能力[31]。对黑翅土白蚁而言,持续抑制环境中的竞争性真菌与潜在病原真菌是维持种群健康的必要条件。
全球范围内抗菌药物的持续增量生产与滥用使抗菌药物耐药细菌(antibiotic resistant bacteria, ARB)面临的生态选择压力显著加剧,导致耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)在各类环境介质中广泛积累[32]。抗生素耐药性问题日益严峻,具有治疗潜力的新型候选药物需求也同步攀升[33]。次生代谢物的多样性主要源于生物在多样环境中协同进化产生的种间互作,以往多数微生物研究聚焦于土壤来源菌株,但经年累月的重复研发导致土壤微生物中新型活性化合物的发现概率持续递减。在此背景下,特殊生境来源的放线菌资源的价值日益凸显。昆虫培菌系统(如黑翅土白蚁共生体系)中的共生放线菌,在协同进化过程中形成了多样化的抗菌活性物质合成机制。这些尚未被充分发掘的代谢产物不仅结构新颖,且具有显著的抗生素开发潜力和重要应用前景。近年来,多项研究通过16S rRNA基因测序、宏基因组学、代谢组学等技术手段从黑翅土白蚁的体表、肠道和菌圃中分离出多种放线菌,并鉴定出多种具有显著抗菌活性的次级代谢产物(如聚酮类、非核糖体肽类、吩嗪类化合物等),这些代谢产物对多种病原真菌和细菌表现出强烈的抑制活性[34],显示出在农业和医药领域的广阔应用前景。
本研究系统解析黑翅土白蚁共生放线菌的多样性特征,采用平板对峙实验筛选对蚁巢病原真菌具有拮抗活性的代表菌株,并结合次级代谢产物基因簇预测筛选潜在产物活性的候选菌株OFGS46。进一步通过液体发酵和高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术分离鉴定其活性代谢产物,验证其抗真菌效果,以期为阐明共生放线菌在白蚁巢穴微生态防御体系中的功能机制提供理论支持与实验依据。
昆虫病原真菌绿僵菌属(Metarhizium sp.)菌株CGMCC 3.11100、白僵菌属(Beauveria sp.)菌株CGMCC 3.11099均来自浙江省杭州市浙江大学菌种保藏库,其原始菌株分离物保藏于中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心;黑翅土白蚁共生鸡枞菌属(Termitomyces sp.)分离自浙江省杭州市萧山区的野生鸡枞菌;蓝状菌属(Talaromyces sp.)分离自真菌感染死亡的黑翅土白蚁蚁王和蚁后;炭角菌属(Xylaria sp.)分离自浙江省衢州市的黑翅土白蚁蚁巢样品。
ISP2培养基(g/L):麦芽浸粉10.0,葡萄糖4.0,酵母浸粉4.0,pH 7.2。PDA培养基(g/L):马铃薯浸粉6.0,葡萄糖20.0,pH 5.6。LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母提取物5.0,氯化钠10.0,pH 7.4。YM培养基(g/L):蛋白胨5.0,麦芽浸膏3.0,酵母浸膏3.0,葡萄糖10.0,pH 6.2。YPD培养基(g/L):蛋白胨20.0,酵母提取物10.0,葡萄糖20.0,pH 6.5。改良Martin’s培养基(g/L):硫酸镁0.5,磷酸氢二钾1.0,蛋白胨5.0,酵母浸出粉2.0,葡萄糖20.0,pH 6.4。以上所有培养基均购自青岛海博生物技术有限公司。
为满足不同真菌和放线菌的生长需求,本研究选用多种常用培养基进行分离、培养与抗菌活性检测。其中,ISP2和LB培养基主要用于放线菌的培养与初筛,PDA和改良Martin’s培养基用于真菌的分离与对峙实验,YM和YPD培养基则用于菌株的增殖和发酵。
实验样品采集自浙江省杭州市萧山区(120°26.5′E,30°18.5′N)的黑翅土白蚁工蚁、菌圃及巢周土壤。工蚁样品经无菌水冲洗体表后,用75%乙醇浸泡消毒30 s,最后用无菌水漂洗3次完成表面灭菌。随后解剖20头工蚁获取其肠道,放入200 µL的PBS缓冲液中,置于冰上,充分研磨后定容至1 mL制成肠道菌悬液。同时,各称取1 g的菌圃和巢周土壤样品,充分研磨后用PBS缓冲液定容至2 mL,制备成相应菌悬液备用。
将样品悬液用PBS缓冲液进行梯度稀释至10-1-10-6后,分别均匀涂布于LB、PDA和ISP2培养基平板上,28 ℃培养7-14 d。待菌落形成后,在超净工作台内挑取单菌落进行划线纯化,28 ℃培养7-14 d获得纯培养物。将纯化单菌落接种到YM液体培养基,28 ℃、200 r/min培养3-7 d,最终取1 mL菌液与等体积80%甘油混合,置于-80 ℃冰箱保存。
挑取纯化单菌落接种于YM培养基,28 ℃、200 r/min培养3-10 d,4 ℃、6 000 r/min离心10 min,去上清收集菌体。使用通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)扩增16S rRNA基因序列[35]。PCR反应体系(50 µL):2×Taq Master Mix 25 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 22 µL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃预变性3 min;94 ℃变性30 s,50 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸1 min,共35个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。PCR产物送杭州有康生物科技有限公司测序分析,其测序结果在NCBI的BLAST程序中比对后,通过MEGA X (https://www.megasoftware.net/)[36]软件构建系统发育树。放线菌的16S rRNA基因序列已提交至GenBank数据库,测序项目号为SUB15728516。
放线菌经YM培养基于28 ℃、200 r/min培养3-10 d后,取2 mL菌液4 ℃、6 000 r/min离心10 min去上清,使用牙签挑取放线菌体点样到PDA和改良Martin’s培养基平板正中央。待菌体长至0.5 cm时,在培养基边缘位置接种0.5 cm真菌圆形菌块,28 ℃共培养7-21 d,测量形成的稳定抑菌圈直径和放线菌直径,计算蚁巢真菌抑制率,如公式(1)所示。
抑制率=(对照组真菌直径-实验组真菌直径)/对照组真菌直径×100%
鉴于菌株OFGS46在平板对峙实验中表现出显著的抗真菌活性,进一步开展其全基因组测序与功能注释分析。挑取纯化后的单克隆菌落接种于YM液体培养基,28 ℃、200 r/min培养3-10 d,4 ℃、6 000 r/min离心10 min去上清收集菌体。采用Rapid Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit [生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]提取菌株基因组DNA,使用通用引物27F和1492R扩增16S rRNA基因序列,PCR反应体系同1.3节。PCR产物经1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳后切胶回收,回收产物克隆至pEASY-Blunt Cloning Vector (北京全式金生物科技有限公司),转化感受态细胞。送北京全式金生物技术有限公司测序得到菌株OFGS46全基因组序列。
FastQC (http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/)[37]用于对原始测序数据进行质量控制,过滤低质量序列后,采用MEGAHIT (https://github.com/voutcn/megahit)[38]软件进行基因组拼接。组装完成后的基因组质量通过CheckM (https://github.com/Ecogenomics/CheckM)[39]进行评估,该工具通过分析基因组中单拷贝标记基因的存在情况,计算基因组的完整度与污染度。NCBI公开基因组序列经GTDB-Tk (https://github.com/ecogenomics/gtdbtk)[40]工具进行比对基因组分析,基于邻接法的发育树以明确其系统分类地位,将菌株OFGS46鉴定到种水平。为解析其营养与代谢潜能,利用dbCAN (http://csbl.bmb.uga.edu/dbCAN/annotate.php)[41]在线工具对菌株OFGS46及从NCBI数据库下载的10株参考放线菌基因组进行碳水化合物活性酶(carbohydrate-active enzymes, CAZymes)注释,并进行聚类与分类分析。另一方面,采用antiSMASH (https://antismash.secondarymetabolites.org)[42]在线工具预测其次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇,挖掘其潜在的活性代谢产物合成能力。
基于基因组分析揭示的次级代谢产物合成潜力,对菌株OFGS46进行抗真菌活性验证。取1 mL种子液接种5 mL YPD培养基,28 ℃、200 r/min培养1 d,测量菌液OD600值。取OD600值在0.5-1.0之间的菌液加入到YPD培养基,同等条件培养7 d。菌液经4 ℃、6 000 r/min离心10 min取上清,用0.22 µm过滤器过滤2遍得到发酵液。将发酵液和PDA (或改良Martin’s)培养基按照体积比1:5混匀倒板,平板中央接种0.5 cm的真菌菌块,28 ℃培养3-7 d,测量实验组和对照组的蚁巢真菌直径,计算蚁巢真菌抑制率。
基于平板对峙实验和发酵液实验结果,将菌株OFGS46接种于20 mL YPD液体培养基,28 ℃、200 r/min培养7 d,4 ℃、6 000 r/min离心10 min收集上清液,经0.22 µm过滤器过滤2遍得到发酵液。将发酵液放置在-40 ℃冰箱中冷冻过夜后使用冷冻浓缩干燥仪浓缩干燥。放线菌发酵液的甲醇萃取物采用HPLC-MS进行分析,色谱分离在Welch Ultimate XB-C18色谱柱上进行。柱温箱温度维持于25 ℃。以含0.1%甲酸(1 mmol/L醋酸铵)为流动相A,乙腈为流动相B,流速设定为0.4 mL/min,进样量为10 µL。采用梯度程序进行洗脱:0-2 min,15%-20% B;2-7 min,20%-25% B;7-12 min,25%-43% B;12-17 min,43%-60% B;17-20 min,60%-95% B;20-30 min,95% B。质谱检测在正离子模式下运行,使用HESI离子源,Full MS扫描模式,扫描范围设定为m/z 110-1 500。关键离子源参数如下:鞘气压力50 psi;辅助气压力14 psi;吹扫气压力3 psi;毛细管温度300 ℃;喷雾电压2.8 kV。全扫描分辨率设置为70 000,AGC控制目标为3×106,S-Lens RF水平为55,辅助加热器温度设定为100 ℃[43]
从黑翅土白蚁工蚁肠道、菌圃和巢周土壤中共分离得到23株放线菌,这些菌株隶属于7个不同的菌属(图1A),其系统发育分析基于16S rRNA基因序列完成(图1B),包括链霉菌属(Streptomyces sp.) 15株、马杜拉放线菌属(Actinomadura sp.) 2株、微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.) 2株、考克氏菌属(Kocuria sp.)、谷氨酸杆菌属(Glutamicibacter sp.)、原小单孢菌属(Promicromonospora sp.)和诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia sp.)各1株。肠道样品来源的放线菌数量最多(15株,占65.2%),且菌属多样性最高(6属);巢周土壤次之(7株,4属);菌圃最少(1株,1属)。链霉菌在3种环境中均为优势类群(占总分离菌株的65.2%),占据主导地位。
平板对峙实验结果显示,共筛选到6株具有显著抑制作用的放线菌(图2)。活性菌株在目标真菌周围形成清晰抑菌圈,其中菌株OFGS46对炭角菌属和蓝状菌属的抑制率分别为(62.05±0.98)%和(79.99±0.58)%,表现出最强的拮抗效果;菌株OFSS12对炭角菌属的抑制率为(49.89±1.35)%,为中等抑制活性;菌株OFGS49、OFSS8、OFGS53、OFGS2对炭角菌属的抑制率均低于40.00%,抑制作用相对较弱。所有测试菌株对白僵菌属和绿僵菌属均未表现出显著抑制效果(表1)。
基因组组装结果显示,其基因组总长度为8 470 479 bp,由72个重叠群组成,最长重叠群为684 859 bp,G+C含量为71.8%。组装连续性良好,其N50与N90指标分别为237 485 bp与64 829 bp。质量评估结果表明,该基因组的完整度高达99.91%,污染度为4.63%,低于5.00%的常规接受阈值,表明组装结果中外源序列污染程度低;菌株异质性为100%,证实其为纯培养物,不存在明显的菌株混合。通过GTDB-tk软件鉴定菌株OFGS46为粪生链霉菌(Streptomyces fimicarius) OFGS46。基于antiSMASH在线工具对菌株OFGS46及其在NCBI数据库中检索到的同源基因组(图3A3B)进行分析,共鉴定出9类次级代谢产物合成基因簇,包括非核糖体肽合成酶(nonribosomal peptide synthetase, NRPS)、类NRPS酶(NRPS-like)、萜类化合物(terpene)、类RiPP化合物(ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide-like compounds, RiPP-like)、I型聚酮合酶(type I polyketide synthase, T1PKS)、II型聚酮合酶(type II polyketide synthase, T2PKS)、III型聚酮合酶(type III polyketide synthase,T3PKS)、丁内酯(butyrolactone)及NI型铁载体(NI-siderophore)。其中,NRPS、terpene、RiPP-like和T1PKS基因簇的丰度显著高于其他类型,且NRPS基因簇占比最高(图3C)。
菌株OFGS46发酵液对炭角菌属、蓝状菌属的抑制率分别为(20.13±0.63)%和(31.31±4.40)%,均显著高于对共生鸡枞菌属的抑制率(5.00±0.96)% (图4)。结果表明,菌株OFGS46发酵液在抑制病原真菌方面表现出较高活性(抑制率>20.00%),而对共生真菌的抑制作用较弱(抑制率<10.00%)。
本研究综合利用基因组挖掘与HPLC-MS技术对菌株OFGS46的次级代谢产物进行了系统分析。通过antiSMASH基因组预测,共鉴定出9类次级代谢产物合成基因簇,表明该菌株具有丰富的代谢潜能(图3A)。进一步的HPLC-MS分析揭示了各代谢物具有典型的碎片离子特征,其主要裂解峰与数据库(GNPS、MassBank)中的参考谱图高度匹配,验证了化合物的结构准确性。其中,共检测到10种重要代谢产物的实际存在,其实测分子量与预测分子量高度匹配(误差<0.05 Da),包括enduracidin A、WS9326A、pentamycin等多种具有已知生物活性的化合物(表2)。这些结果进一步印证了基因组挖掘预测的准确性,也表明菌株OFGS46具有丰富的次级代谢潜能与潜在的生物活性开发价值。
在已鉴定的代谢产物中,多种化合物表现出显著的抗菌和抗真菌潜力。Enduracidin A (m/z 2 369.365)和WS9326A (m/z 1 030.023)属于NRPS类化合物,可通过抑制细胞壁合成发挥广谱抗菌作用;而PKS类化合物pentamycin (m/z 669.460-670.637)和incarnatapeptin A (m/z 781.510,782.893)则通过破坏病原微生物细胞膜稳定性实现抑菌效果。特别值得注意的是,WAP-8294A2 (m/z 1 563.401)和skyllamycin A (m/z 1 485.702)表现出对耐药病原体的显著抑制活性,显示其在解决抗生素耐药性问题方面的潜在价值。
白蚁与其共生微生物构建了复杂且稳定的共生体系,为发现具有生物活性的次级代谢产物提供了丰富资源。本研究系统采集了黑翅土白蚁的肠道、菌圃及巢周土壤样品,采用多种培养基分离放线菌,揭示了其对白蚁巢病原真菌的潜在防御机制。结果表明,肠道和巢周土壤中放线菌的多样性和丰度显著高于菌圃,这与前人关于白蚁肠道及土壤微生物丰富度较高的研究结论一致[44]。相比之下,蚁巢结构致密且富含抗微生物成分,限制了微生物的定殖,进而导致放线菌数量相对较少[45]
昆虫来源的放线菌因其在抗菌活性物质发现方面的潜力而日益受到关注。昆虫微生物组相关链霉菌抑制耐药病原的能力显著高于土壤来源链霉菌,并且已发现具有抗多重耐药真菌活性的全新化合物,这揭示其多样的生物合成能力和独特的进化轨迹[46]。然而,白蚁共生链霉菌的次级代谢潜力尚未得到充分挖掘。值得注意的是,本研究从白蚁肠道分离的菌株OFGS46表现出对炭角菌属和蓝状菌属的显著拮抗活性。基因组注释发现该菌株富含NRPS基因簇,表明其具备强大的次级代谢合成能力。NRPS因其模块化特性在合成结构多样的次级代谢产物方面具有巨大潜力,近年随着对其化学与结构生物学机制的深入理解及合成生物学和基因组挖掘技术的发展,NRPS衍生天然产物的组合生物合成在药物发现中的应用前景不断拓展[47-48]。菌株OFGS46基因组中富含NRPS基因簇,这一特征很好地解释了其对病原真菌的选择性抑制作用,以及对白蚁共生菌鸡枞菌属影响较低的现象,反映了其在蚁巢生态系统中“识别病原、保护共生”的功能特征。
黑翅土白蚁共生放线菌次级代谢产物的结构新颖性已通过多项研究得到证实,从该共生体系中分离出的化合物被报道为全球首次发现。例如,田无链霉菌(Streptomycestanashiensis) BYF-112可产生多种新型次级代谢产物,其中包括4种首次分离的新生物碱[49]S. tanashiensis BYTB63中发现4种聚酮化合物termstrin A-D,淡紫褐链霉菌(Streptomyces enissocaesili) BYF48粗提物中分离得到非核糖体肽类化合物吡咯-2-羧酸(pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid)和勃利霉素(borrelidin)[50];从Streptomyces sp. T33中分离鉴定出放线菌素D (actinomycin D)[51]。从Streptomyces sp. BYC-18中分离得到聚酮类衍生物β-玉红霉素(β-rubromycin)[52];从黑翅土白蚁中得到的兰尼链霉菌(Streptomyceslannensis) BYF106粗提物纯化得到抑菌多环芳香族聚酮化合物grincamycin N和角环素(fridamycin D)[53]。本研究对菌株OFGS46的代谢组学分析同样印证了这一点,通过基因组挖掘与HPLC-MS联用技术,本研究鉴定出它可产生enduracidin A、WS9326A (NRPS类)以及pentamycin、incarnatapeptin A (PKS类)等多种已知具有抑菌活性的化合物,这为其功能提供了直接证据,同时也暗示其未被鉴定的代谢物中可能存在新结构。
许多来源于微生物或昆虫自身的特异性次级代谢产物(如高度修饰的聚酮类化合物、环状肽类代谢物及含氮杂环小分子)所展现的活性,体现为一种在生态适应性指导下形成的特异性生物作用。这意味着它们并非简单的广谱毒素,而是在协同进化过程中逐步被塑造为具有明确靶向性的“生态武器”。最具代表性的例证是Beemelmanns等[54]的发现,他们从白蚁共生菌中分离的大环内酯能选择性抑制病原真菌而不伤害宿主的共生真菌。本研究中菌株OFGS46也表现出类似的特异性拮抗模式,体现了共生菌在宿主防御中的生态适应性。该现象表明其代谢产物在进化上可能被“设计”用于精准靶向宿主生态位中的特定威胁(如炭角菌、绿僵菌)。这种基于生态功能的独特活性机制为设计新型靶向抗菌剂,避免广谱杀伤带来的微生态紊乱,提供了宝贵的灵感。
菌株OFGS46展现出较强的代谢产物多样性和显著的生物合成潜力。基因组比较结果显示,菌株OFGS46的基因组总长度为8.47 Mb,较其近缘菌株S. fimicarius (7.82 Mb)和栗褐链霉菌(Streptomyces badius) (7.52 Mb)略大,与小链霉菌(Streptomycesparvus) (8.00 Mb)相当,仅次于环状链霉菌(Streptomycesanulatus) (8.69 Mb)。较大的基因组通常意味着该菌株含有更多可编码蛋白,为其提供更丰富的代谢产物合成潜力。进一步分析表明,菌株OFGS46含有14个NRPS基因簇,在所有比较菌株中数量最多,显著高于S. fimicarius (12个)、S. badius (9个)和S. parvus (7个),显示其在非核糖体肽类化合物合成方面具有明显优势。antiSMASH功能注释进一步为其代谢潜力提供了遗传学依据,其中高丰度的NRPS和T1PKS基因簇从分子水平解释了菌株OFGS46能产生强效抗真菌活性的原因,这2类基因簇正是合成包括青霉素、红霉素等多种重要抗生素在内的关键代谢途径。
综上所述,黑翅土白蚁共生放线菌的创新价值是一个多层次的体系:遗传层面的未知基因簇预示着新化合物的巨大潜力;化学层面不断涌现的首发结构验证了这种潜力;功能层面的特异性拮抗活性则揭示了其不同于传统来源化合物的独特生态价值和应用前景。因此,该体系不仅是新型抗生素的发现源,更是研究微生物协同进化与生态功能驱动的天然产物创新的理想模型。
本研究从黑翅土白蚁肠道、菌圃及巢周土壤中共分离获得23株放线菌。经平板对峙法筛选、基因组功能注释、发酵液生物活性评价及代谢产物结构鉴定,发现菌株OFGS46能够合成enduracidin A等多种活性物质,对白蚁巢内病原真菌表现出显著抑制效果。该结果表明,菌株OFGS46可能在维持宿主与鸡枞菌稳定共生、抵御外源微生物侵扰方面扮演重要生态角色。本研究不仅深化了对白蚁共生微生物协同防御机制的认识,也为发掘新型高效天然抗菌分子提供了宝贵的微生物资源。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32171796)
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2026年第66卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250673
  • 接收时间:2025-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-03
  • 录用日期:2025-11-04
基金
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171796)
国家自然科学基金(32171796)
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    1.宁波大学,植物病毒学研究所,农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,农业农村部植保生物技术重点实验室,全省绿色植保重点实验室,浙江 宁波
    2.浙江大学,昆虫科学研究所,农业农村部作物病虫害分子生物学重点实验室,浙江 杭州
    3.浙江大学生命科学学院,生态研究所,植被结构功能与建造全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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