Article(id=1226136784438997257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250619, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754582400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1761926400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-01, onlineDate=1770263389929, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1770134400000, pubDateStr=2026-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770263389929, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770263389929, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770263389929, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226136782408954119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='2', pageStart='481', pageEnd='955', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770263389446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770268138976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=681, endPage=702, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226136785164611859, articleId=1226136784438997257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Metabolic responses of Pisolithus tinctorius to acidic aluminum stress, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] By examining intracellular and extracellular metabolite changes in ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) under acidic aluminum stress, we identified key resistance-related metabolites and pathways, aiming to elucidate the aluminum tolerance mechanisms from the perspective of metabolic physiology and offer a theoretical basis for using ECMF in restoring aluminum-contaminated forests. [Methods] Pisolithus tinctorius was cultured in vitro in the acidic medium (pH 3.8) containing 0.0 mmol/L or 1.0 mmol/L Al3+. Untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze changes in intracellular and extracellular metabolite levels. [Results] Compared with that under the 0.0 mmol/L Al3+ treatment, the colony diameter of P. tinctorius under 1.0 mmol/L Al3+ stress decreased significantly by 23.67%. In addition, the intracellular levels of nucleotides including uridylic acid, cytidine monophosphate, uridine, uridine diphosphate, cytidine, and guanosine were upregulated under 1.0 mmol/L Al3+ stress. Extracellular levels of organic acids such as shikimic acid, fumaric acid, heptanoic acid, and tartaric acid, along with carbohydrates including l-arabinose, trehalose, sucrose, and glucose, were also upregulated. Pyrimidine metabolism and citric acid cycle pathways were enriched intracellularly, while ABC transporters and phosphotransferase system pathways were enriched extracellularly. The potential biomarkers identified in the intracellular environment was citric acid, and those identified in the extracellular environment were trehalose and tartaric acid. [Conclusion] Acidic aluminum stress inhibits the growth of P. tinctorius. Intracellularly, P. tinctorius maintains cellular homeostasis and energy supply through enhanced nucleotide accumulation and activation of the citric acid cycle. Extracellularly, P. tinctorius promotes organic acid secretion and carbohydrate efflux to resist aluminum toxicity and associated oxidative damage.

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【目的】 分析酸铝胁迫下外生菌根真菌(ectomycorrhizal fungi, ECMF)细胞内、外的差异代谢物,揭示ECMF抗酸铝胁迫的关键代谢物及其代谢通路,从代谢生理角度完善ECMF抗铝机理,为将ECMF应用于铝毒危害林区的生态修复提供理论依据。 【方法】 将彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius)离体培养于含0.0 mmol/L和1.0 mmol/L Al3+的酸性(pH 3.8)培养基中,采用非靶向代谢组学分析其细胞内、外代谢物水平变化。 【结果】 与0.0 mmol/L Al3+处理相比,1.0 mmol/L Al3+处理下P. tinctorius菌落直径显著降低23.67%。细胞内尿嘧啶核苷酸、胞苷磷酸、尿苷、尿苷二磷酸、胞苷和鸟苷等核苷酸上调;细胞外莽草酸、富马酸、庚酸和酒石酸等有机酸和l-阿拉伯糖、海藻糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖等糖类上调。嘧啶代谢和柠檬酸循环代谢通路在细胞内富集,ABC转运子和磷酸转移酶系统通路在细胞外富集。细胞内、外筛选到的潜在生物标志物分别为柠檬酸、海藻糖和酒石酸。 【结论】 酸铝胁迫抑制P. tinctorius生长。在细胞内,P. tinctorius通过促进核苷酸积累和柠檬酸循环维持细胞稳态和能量供应;在细胞外,P. tinctorius通过促进有机酸分泌和糖类外排抵抗铝毒及其诱导的氧化损伤。

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作者贡献声明

吕亚茹:数据分析与可视化,文献查阅,文章撰写与修改;胡佳:执行实验和数据收集;辜夕容:选题与课题设计,获取基金,文章润色;文思伽:实验方法查阅;徐诗蕊:协助实验操作;周晓宇:协助样品收集。

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Taiyuan: Shanxi Normal University, 2024 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226195570973393807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=2, pageStart=256, pageEnd=262, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=88, authorNames=黄建鹏, 张锦, 刘丹, 高杉杉, 张瑞萍, 贺玖明, journalName=分析测试学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄建鹏, 张锦, 刘丹, 高杉杉, 张瑞萍, 贺玖明. 正负离子切换扫描质谱成像分析方法及其整体动物体内代谢应用研究[J]. 分析测试学报, 2021, 40(2): 256-262., articleTitle=正负离子切换扫描质谱成像分析方法及其整体动物体内代谢应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226195571078251410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=2, pageStart=256, pageEnd=262, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=89, authorNames=HUANG JP, ZHANG J, LIU D, GAO SS, ZHANG RP, HE JM, journalName=Journal of Instrumental Analysis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG JP, ZHANG J, LIU D, GAO SS, ZHANG RP, HE JM. A positive/negative ion mode-switched mass spectrometry imaging method and its application in metabolomics analysis of whole-body animals[J]. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2021, 40(2): 256-262 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226195556326883737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, awardId=32171753, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171753), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226195556423352734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, awardId=32171753, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32171753), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226195548454175698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195548462564306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, companyId=1226195548454175698, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195548470952914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, companyId=1226195548454175698, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西南大学 资源环境学院,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226195553114046719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Effects of acidic aluminum treatment on the growth of Pisolithus tinctorius. A: Diameter of colony (n=5, solid medium); B: Daily growth of diameter (n=5, solid medium); C: Growth inhibition rate (n=5, solid medium); D: Dry weight (n=3, liquid medium); E: Filtrate pH (n=3, liquid medium); F: Colony morphology. Data are presented as mean±SD. Significant differences between treatments were analyzed by Student’s t-test (P<0.05). Pt: 0.0 mmol/L Al3++P. tinctorius; Pt+Al: 1.0 mmol/L Al3++P. tinctorius. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01. The same below., figureFileSmall=jbhlkuhrC4LbTUsY3lYozg==, figureFileBig=Emp06Tq2JnhfgCJBSfHQJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195553214710025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=CN, label=图1, caption=酸铝处理对 Pisolithus tinctorius 生长的影响。A:菌落直径(n=5,固体培养基);B:直径日增长量(n=5,固体培养基);C:生长抑制率(n=5,固体培养基);D:干重(n=3,液体培养基);E:滤液pH (n=3,液体培养基);F:菌落形态。图中数据代表平均值±标准差。双尾t检验进行组间差异检验(P<0.05)。Pt:彩色豆马勃,无铝处理;Pt+Al:彩色豆马勃,酸铝处理。*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01。下同。, figureFileSmall=jbhlkuhrC4LbTUsY3lYozg==, figureFileBig=Emp06Tq2JnhfgCJBSfHQJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195553319567634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=PCA plot of intracellular and extracellular metabolites in Pisolithus tinctorius under acidic aluminum treatment. A: PCA plot of intracellular metabolites in positive ion mode; B: PCA plot of intracellular metabolites in negative ion mode; C: PCA plot of extracellular metabolites in positive ion mode; D: PCA plot of extracellular metabolites in negative ion mode (n=6)., figureFileSmall=tn2vmtDNcC4lvlGf6YMAfw==, figureFileBig=4Hpgy6irdbJPrYjumARmfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195554703687964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酸铝处理下 Pisolithus tinctorius 细胞内、外代谢物主成分分析图。A:正离子模式下细胞内代谢物PCA图;B:负离子模式下细胞内代谢物PCA图;C:正离子模式下细胞外代谢物PCA图;D:负离子模式下细胞外代谢物PCA图(n=6)。, figureFileSmall=tn2vmtDNcC4lvlGf6YMAfw==, figureFileBig=4Hpgy6irdbJPrYjumARmfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195554800156969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Volcano plots of intracellular (A) and extracellular (B) metabolites in Pisolithus tinctorius under acidic aluminum treatment. 9-OxoODE: 10E,12 Z -9-oxooctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid; 13-(S)-HOT: 9Z,11E,15 Z -(13S)-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate. The same below., figureFileSmall=383SPf6NVGV3qVhqWV61aw==, figureFileBig=Po8Ok5svubEP9aU+bRev4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195554913403183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=CN, label=图3, caption=酸铝处理下 Pisolithus tinctorius 细胞内(A)、外(B)代谢物火山图, figureFileSmall=383SPf6NVGV3qVhqWV61aw==, figureFileBig=Po8Ok5svubEP9aU+bRev4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555014066488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Bubble heatmap of intracellular (A) and extracellular (B) differentially expressed metabolites in Pisolithus tinctorius under acidic aluminum treatment., figureFileSmall=rIV0id/KFp2zXgog1AlPtA==, figureFileBig=S5FW00tHMPLgipui658WBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555139895615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=CN, label=图4, caption=酸铝处理下 Pisolithus tinctorius 细胞内(A)、外(B)差异代谢物气泡热图, figureFileSmall=rIV0id/KFp2zXgog1AlPtA==, figureFileBig=S5FW00tHMPLgipui658WBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555232170318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of intracellular and extracellular differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in Pisolithus tinctorius under acidic aluminum treatment. A: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of intracellular DEMs; B: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of extracellular DEMs; C: Distribution of intracellular DEMs; D: Distribution of extracellular DEMs., figureFileSmall=VjVjFauqS978FRqOJxUSog==, figureFileBig=OEKas6VwsZ7LVI/aTaXS7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555387359577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=CN, label=图5, caption=酸铝处理下 Pisolithus tinctorius 细胞内、外差异代谢物的KEGG富集通路分析。A:细胞内差异代谢物KEGG富集通路分析;B:细胞外差异代谢物KEGG富集通路分析;C:细胞内差异代谢物分布;D:细胞外差异代谢物分布。, figureFileSmall=VjVjFauqS978FRqOJxUSog==, figureFileBig=OEKas6VwsZ7LVI/aTaXS7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555475439970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=GSEA of intracellular (A) and extracellular (B) metabolites in Pisolithus tinctorius under acidic aluminum treatment. Type: Direction of enrichment (Up or down); Impact: Pathway impact value; NES: Normalized enrichment score., figureFileSmall=dQNl6MA4edl4FUE4FTsykg==, figureFileBig=flgfmBuawWurJF8R3F6GCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555605463405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=CN, label=图6, caption=酸铝处理下 Pisolithus tinctorius 细胞内(A)、外(B)代谢物的基因富集分析。Type:富集的方向(上调/下调);Impact:通路影响值;NES:标准化的富集得分。, figureFileSmall=dQNl6MA4edl4FUE4FTsykg==, figureFileBig=flgfmBuawWurJF8R3F6GCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555722903927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=GSEA of intracellular and extracellular key metabolic pathways in Pisolithus tinctorius under acidic aluminum treatment. A: Pyrimidine metabolism; B: Alpha-linolenic acid metabolism; C: ABC transporters; D: Glutathione metabolism. Curve: Accumulation/distribution of metabolite sets in sorted lists; Peak=Running enrichment score (ES); Barcode: Positions of functional metabolite sets in target lists; Heat map: Core metabolites enriched in the pathway; FDR: P value after multiple testing, FDR<0.25=Significant enrichment, stricter; ES: GSEA core index; Higher=Greater enrichment/Stronger pathway association; Positive=Metabolite sets ranked earlier, Negative=Ranked later; Lowest point=Final pathway ES; NES: Normalized ES. 9,10-EOT: 9,10-epoxyoctadecatrienoic acid; 12-OPDA: 12-oxophytodienoic acid., figureFileSmall=g4VBMjQjdUIFWIx/y7KDWw==, figureFileBig=QVnTqwnxIwgWpyqhuZsOJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555815178622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=CN, label=图7, caption=酸铝处理下 Pisolithus tinctorius 细胞内、外关键代谢通路基因富集分析。A:嘧啶代谢;B:α-亚麻酸代谢;C:ABC转运子;D:谷胱甘肽代谢。曲线:代谢物集在排序列表中的累积/分布情况;峰值=运行富集分数(ES);条形码:目标列表中功能代谢物集的分布位置;热图:通路中富集的核心代谢物;FDR:多重检验校正后的P值(FDR<0.25表示显著富集,严格标准);ES (GSEA核心指标):数值越高=富集程度越强/通路关联性越显著;正值=代谢物集在排序中靠前,负值=靠后;最低点=最终通路ES值;NES:标准化后的ES值。9,10-EOT:9,10-epoxyoctadecatrienoic acid;12-OPDA:12-oxophytodienoic acid。, figureFileSmall=g4VBMjQjdUIFWIx/y7KDWw==, figureFileBig=QVnTqwnxIwgWpyqhuZsOJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555936813445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Metabolic response of Pisolithus tinctorius to acidic aluminum stress., figureFileSmall=Z/4XdbCy9gxWZZICOJEbAQ==, figureFileBig=glve/eCvLsTnTJ1XWccAKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195556050059659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784438997257, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Pisolithus tinctorius 对酸铝胁迫的代谢响应, figureFileSmall=Z/4XdbCy9gxWZZICOJEbAQ==, 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彩色豆马勃对酸铝胁迫的代谢响应
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吕亚茹 , 胡佳 , 辜夕容 , 文思伽 , 徐诗蕊 , 周晓宇
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(2): 681-702
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(2): 681-702
彩色豆马勃对酸铝胁迫的代谢响应
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吕亚茹, 胡佳, 辜夕容 , 文思伽, 徐诗蕊, 周晓宇
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  • 西南大学 资源环境学院,重庆
Metabolic responses of Pisolithus tinctorius to acidic aluminum stress
Yaru LYU, Jia HU, Xirong GU , Sijia WEN, Shirui XU, Xiaoyu ZHOU
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  • College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250619
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【目的】 分析酸铝胁迫下外生菌根真菌(ectomycorrhizal fungi, ECMF)细胞内、外的差异代谢物,揭示ECMF抗酸铝胁迫的关键代谢物及其代谢通路,从代谢生理角度完善ECMF抗铝机理,为将ECMF应用于铝毒危害林区的生态修复提供理论依据。 【方法】 将彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius)离体培养于含0.0 mmol/L和1.0 mmol/L Al3+的酸性(pH 3.8)培养基中,采用非靶向代谢组学分析其细胞内、外代谢物水平变化。 【结果】 与0.0 mmol/L Al3+处理相比,1.0 mmol/L Al3+处理下P. tinctorius菌落直径显著降低23.67%。细胞内尿嘧啶核苷酸、胞苷磷酸、尿苷、尿苷二磷酸、胞苷和鸟苷等核苷酸上调;细胞外莽草酸、富马酸、庚酸和酒石酸等有机酸和l-阿拉伯糖、海藻糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖等糖类上调。嘧啶代谢和柠檬酸循环代谢通路在细胞内富集,ABC转运子和磷酸转移酶系统通路在细胞外富集。细胞内、外筛选到的潜在生物标志物分别为柠檬酸、海藻糖和酒石酸。 【结论】 酸铝胁迫抑制P. tinctorius生长。在细胞内,P. tinctorius通过促进核苷酸积累和柠檬酸循环维持细胞稳态和能量供应;在细胞外,P. tinctorius通过促进有机酸分泌和糖类外排抵抗铝毒及其诱导的氧化损伤。

外生菌根真菌  /  铝毒  /  代谢组

[Objective] By examining intracellular and extracellular metabolite changes in ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) under acidic aluminum stress, we identified key resistance-related metabolites and pathways, aiming to elucidate the aluminum tolerance mechanisms from the perspective of metabolic physiology and offer a theoretical basis for using ECMF in restoring aluminum-contaminated forests. [Methods] Pisolithus tinctorius was cultured in vitro in the acidic medium (pH 3.8) containing 0.0 mmol/L or 1.0 mmol/L Al3+. Untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze changes in intracellular and extracellular metabolite levels. [Results] Compared with that under the 0.0 mmol/L Al3+ treatment, the colony diameter of P. tinctorius under 1.0 mmol/L Al3+ stress decreased significantly by 23.67%. In addition, the intracellular levels of nucleotides including uridylic acid, cytidine monophosphate, uridine, uridine diphosphate, cytidine, and guanosine were upregulated under 1.0 mmol/L Al3+ stress. Extracellular levels of organic acids such as shikimic acid, fumaric acid, heptanoic acid, and tartaric acid, along with carbohydrates including l-arabinose, trehalose, sucrose, and glucose, were also upregulated. Pyrimidine metabolism and citric acid cycle pathways were enriched intracellularly, while ABC transporters and phosphotransferase system pathways were enriched extracellularly. The potential biomarkers identified in the intracellular environment was citric acid, and those identified in the extracellular environment were trehalose and tartaric acid. [Conclusion] Acidic aluminum stress inhibits the growth of P. tinctorius. Intracellularly, P. tinctorius maintains cellular homeostasis and energy supply through enhanced nucleotide accumulation and activation of the citric acid cycle. Extracellularly, P. tinctorius promotes organic acid secretion and carbohydrate efflux to resist aluminum toxicity and associated oxidative damage.

ectomycorrhizal fungi  /  aluminum toxicity  /  metabolome
吕亚茹, 胡佳, 辜夕容, 文思伽, 徐诗蕊, 周晓宇. 彩色豆马勃对酸铝胁迫的代谢响应. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (2) : 681 -702 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250619
Yaru LYU, Jia HU, Xirong GU, Sijia WEN, Shirui XU, Xiaoyu ZHOU. Metabolic responses of Pisolithus tinctorius to acidic aluminum stress[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (2) : 681 -702 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250619
近年来,随着全球气候变暖、酸沉降和氮沉降的增加,以及人类活动产生的酸性废水(气),土壤酸化进程显著加快[1-3]。中国南方森林对土壤酸化高度敏感,由于高温、高湿以及酸雨的影响,一些森林土壤pH值降至4.0以下,导致土壤中活性铝的溶出量增多,大部分阳离子交换位点被Al3+占据[1,3],形成以Al3+为主导的生境胁迫。此外,酸性矿山排水也引发了严重的铝毒问题。例如,对石煤矿和酸性矿山周边水体的检测显示,其pH为3.0-4.0,部分样点的铝含量超标4倍以上,且水中Al3+浓度随pH值的降低而升高[4],使这些矿山附近及排水流经地区面临着严重的铝毒危害。铝毒会抑制植物根系伸长,破坏根尖结构,阻碍植物对土壤中磷、钾、铁等元素的吸收和利用[5-8],进而制约植物生长,严重时甚至导致植物死亡。
外生菌根真菌(ectomycorrhizal fungi, ECMF)广泛分布于森林生态系统中,是连接林木根系与土壤的重要纽带[9]。一些优良的ECMF对铝毒具有较强的耐受性,一方面它们能通过细胞壁表面配位和胞内螯合作用固定Al3+[10-12];另一方面ECMF的胞外分泌物,如有机酸等能够络合Al3+,使铝失活以降低其毒性[13],从而减少植物根系及ECMF自身对Al3+的摄入。例如,松乳菇(Lactarius deliciosus)在高铝(2.0 mmol/L Al3+)处理下生物量增幅达36.31%[14];0.8 mmol/L和1.6 mmol/L Al3+处理分别使土生空团菌(Cenococcum geophilum)的生物量提高5.13%和21.54%[15];冯婧玮等[16]研究发现,1.0 mmol/L Al3+对粘盖牛肝菌(Suillus bovinus)的生长无影响;在受采矿活动和烟尘危害影响的高污染森林土壤中采集的C. geophilum菌核,积累了大量的铝,其体内铝浓度占土壤铝浓度的19.6%[11]。由此可见,部分ECMF对铝毒具有一定的耐受性。彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius)在我国资源丰富[17],宿主范围广泛,能与70多种不同的针叶和阔叶树种形成外生菌根[18-19]。由于P. tinctorius抗逆性强,目前已成为林业生产中应用价值最大的ECMF,其纯培养菌剂已在美国和中国实现商品化[20]。研究表明P. tinctorius在2.0 mmol/L Al3+处理下仍能保持耐受,显示出其具备高铝耐受性[21]。尽管已有研究初步表明,P. tinctorius能够通过营养响应[21]、细胞壁吸附和胞内富集[10]以及有机酸分泌[13]等途径缓解铝毒害,但在代谢水平,特别是对胞内与胞外代谢物动态变化的全局性解析方面仍较为缺乏,这限制了人们对P. tinctorius抗铝机制的系统认识。
真菌代谢组学的研究涵盖胞内与胞外代谢物。胞内代谢物的分析通常称为代谢指纹分析,即将细胞、组织或器官的代谢物集合作为一个整体,通过图谱比对进行鉴定;胞外代谢物分析则称为代谢足迹分析,指通过高通量方法检测细胞或组织分泌的代谢产物[22-24]。微生物在胁迫条件下会改变体内的代谢活动,并分泌多种代谢物(如有机酸、酚类、脂类等)进行响应[16,25-26]。冯婧玮等[16]采用代谢组学分析了S. bovinus在酸铝胁迫下的菌丝分泌物,筛选到大量酚酸类、有机酸和脂质等代谢物,初步阐述了其对酸铝胁迫的响应机制。何海燕[26]通过代谢组学研究发现,土壤镉显著改变了双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)子实体的三羧酸循环和糖酵解途径,促进了酚类物质与镉的螯合,从而提高了自身对镉的抗性。传统分析方法通常局限于特定类别化合物,容易导致信息遗漏,而代谢组学技术能够分离鉴定广泛的代谢物,全面揭示初级与次级代谢物在质和量上的变化[22-24]
近几十年来,我国西南地区因土壤酸化及其诱导的铝毒致使大面积林木减少,如重庆南山[27]和铁山坪[28]的马尾松曾出现大面积死亡及树冠密度下降的情况。因此,选择抗铝性较强的ECMF菌种对于提高林木铝耐受性及林业生产力至关重要。有研究聚焦于ECMF-宿主植物的共生修复机制,但对ECMF在独立铝胁迫下细胞内外代谢活动的系统性认知仍不足,这制约了ECMF菌剂在铝污染地区的定向优化与应用效能。微生物在响应胁迫时不仅会改变体内代谢活动以增强适应性,还会调节胞外分泌物以改善生存环境。基于此,本研究以西南地区本土菌种彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius)为研究对象,前期已在纯培养体系[21]及共生系统[29]中证实其具备较高的酸铝耐受性。参考西南林地土壤中活性铝含量>1.0 mmol/L时即会严重危害林木生长的数据[30],本研究在纯培养条件下探究1.0 mmol/L Al3+处理对P. tinctorius细胞内、外代谢网络的影响。通过筛选胞内外差异代谢物识别潜在生物标记物,进而揭示ECMF响应酸铝胁迫的关键代谢物与通路变化,以期为完善ECMF抗铝机理并将其应用于铝污染林区的生态修复提供新的见解。
研究所用外生菌根真菌(ECMF)为彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius),由西南大学资源环境学院微生物实验室提供。P. tinctorius分离自自然生长于四川省西昌市桉树林下的红壤(pH 5.9)。取保存菌种P. tinctorius接种于Pachlewski固体培养基(pH 5.5)上,置于(25±1) ℃人工气候箱中暗培养活化7 d备用。培养基组成详见文献[14]。
以Pachlewski培养基为基础,配制无铝与加铝2种培养基。以Al2(SO4)3·18H2O作为铝源,使无铝处理(-Al)含0.0 mmol/L Al3+,铝处理(+Al)含1.0 mmol/L Al3+。为确保铝的有效性,使用硫酸将培养基pH均调至3.8。分别取等体积的固体和液体培养基于培养皿和无菌组培瓶中,封口后置于121 ℃灭菌锅中灭菌30 min。冷却后,于无菌操作室中用打孔器接种直径为6 mm的活化菌饼1块,在(25±1) ℃的人工气候箱中暗培养3周。每处理设5个固体培养重复(用于生长观测和菌落直径测量)和12瓶液体培养(用于菌丝体生物量、发酵液pH和代谢组测定)。
液体培养3周后,为获得足量的菌丝生物量和代谢物浓度以确保代谢组学检测的可靠性,同时考虑到同一处理组内菌丝生长状态和培养液浓度的一致性,将每2瓶来源于同一批接种、相同培养条件的培养物合并为一个生物学重复样本。每处理共获得6个生物学重复样本。将样品转入50 mL离心管,于20 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液过0.44 μm滤膜,所得滤液即为滤液样本;取沉淀至15 mL离心管中,用预冷PBS清洗3次,以1 mL PBS重悬沉淀,分装至2 mL离心管,8 000×g离心5-10 min,弃上清,所得沉淀即为菌丝体样本。以上样本经液氮速冻后,置于-80 ℃冰箱保存。
采用十字交叉法测定菌落直径,绘制生长曲线,并计算直径日增长量和酸铝抑制率,如公式(1)所示。
I=(D0-D)/D0×100%
式中:I为酸铝抑制率,D0D分别为-Al和+Al条件下菌落直径增长量。
收集菌丝,过滤后以去离子水冲洗,置于干燥培养皿中,于80 ℃烘箱烘干至恒重(约24 h),用万分之一天平称重,计算菌丝干重。使用pH计测量滤液pH。真菌分泌物面积使用ImageJ软件测量。
为确保胁迫环境的精确可控,以及代谢物的完整和独立收集,满足代谢组学分析对数据一致性与可靠性的要求,代谢物检测使用液体培养的菌丝体和发酵液(即滤液),分别代表细胞内代谢物和细胞外代谢物[31],各6个生物学重复。将样本送至苏州帕诺米克生物医药科技有限公司进行检测。菌丝体样本内代谢物提取参考Kaufmann等[32]的方法,滤液样本内代谢物提取参考Dunn等[33]的方法。
使用ACQUITY UPLC® HSS T3 (2.1 mm×150 mm, 1.8 μm) (Waters公司)色谱柱和Q Exactive质谱检测器(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)进行代谢物检测与分析。其中,色谱柱设置流速为0.25 mL/min,柱温为40 ℃,进样量为2 μL;正离子模式下流动相为0.1%甲酸乙腈(C)和0.1%甲酸水(D),梯度洗脱程序为:0-1 min,2% C;1-9 min,2%-50% C;9-12 min,50%-98% C;12.0-13.5 min,98% C;13.5-14.0 min,98%-2% C;14-20 min,2% C;负离子模式下流动相为乙腈(A)和5 mmol/L甲酸铵水(B),梯度洗脱程序为:0-1 min,2% A;1-9 min,2%-50% A;9-12 min,50%-98% A;12.0-13.5 min,98% A;13.5-14.0 min,98%-2% A;14-17 min,2% A。质谱检测器采用电喷雾离子源,正、负离子模式分别采集数据;正离子喷雾电压为3.50 kV,负离子喷雾电压为-2.50 kV,鞘气30 arb,辅助气10 arb,毛细管温度325 ℃,以分辨率70 000进行一级全扫描,一级离子扫描范围m/z 81-1 000,并采用高能碰撞解离进行二级裂解,碰撞电压为30 eV,二级分辨率为17 500,采集信号前10离子进行碎裂,同时采用动态排除去除无必要的MS/MS信息。
试验数据用Microsoft Office Excel 2019进行基本的运算与分析。使用IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0进行一般性描述与统计。采用双尾t检验(Student’s test)进行差异性检验,显著性水平为P<0.05。图中所有数据均为平均值±标准差(mean±SD)。其中,菌落直径指标为5个生物学重复,菌丝体干重和发酵液pH指标为3个生物学重复。采用GraphPad Prism 8.3.0拟合曲线及作图。
通过ProteoWizard软件包(v3.0.8789)[34]中MSConvert工具将原始质谱下机文件转换为mzXML文件格式;采用R XCMS软件包[35]进行峰检测、过滤和对齐处理,得到物质相对定量列表。对原始数据进行缺失值和离群值处理后,进行log转化和Pareto标准化,采用R软件包ropls[36]对样本数据进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA),以展示各样本间代谢物组成的差异。代谢物鉴定首先根据精确分子量进行确认,后续根据MS/MS碎片模式对KEGG (https://www.kegg.jp)、苏州帕诺米克生物医药科技有限公司自建标准品数据库(http://www.biodeep.cn,含微生物及发酵液次级代谢数据)及收录大量微生物来源天然产物的GNPS (https://gnps.ucsd.edu)等谱库进行联合检索与确认注释,以此确保对微生物代谢物的全面鉴定。根据统计检验计算P,采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析降维方法计算变量投影重要度(variable importance in projection, VIP),计算组间差异倍数值(fold change, FC);差异代谢物(differentially expressed metabolites, DEMs)的筛选条件设置为:P<0.05,VIP>1,FC≥1.5或FC≤0.67[37];采用MetaboAnalyst[38]软件包对筛选的DEMs进行功能通路富集和拓扑学分析。每处理组6个生物学重复。
1.0 mmol/L Al3+胁迫显著抑制P. tinctorius的生长,菌落直径较对照(0.0 mmol/L Al3+处理)显著减少23.67% (图1A)。菌落直径的日增长量变化随培养时间段而异(图1B):无铝时菌落直径日增量在第2天最大,第3-15天相对平缓,第16-21天迎来生长高峰,之后急剧下降;酸铝处理下,菌落直径日增量在第2天最大,随后保持2.06-3.14 mm的日增量,至第17天缓慢下降。酸铝处理对菌落生长的抑制率始终为正值,表明P. tinctorius菌丝生长持续受到1.0 mmol/L Al3+的抑制,抑制率在培养结束时达到最高,为25.69% (图1C)。与对照相比,酸铝处理后菌丝体干重显著增加12.98%,表明P. tinctorius对酸铝胁迫具有一定耐受性(图1D)。与试验初始培养液pH (3.8)相比,酸铝处理下的培养液pH值显著升高7.62% (图1E)。P. tinctorius菌落表面光滑湿润,无铝处理下的菌落大部分呈米白色,中间有14.836 mm2的少量红褐色物质;而酸铝处理下的菌落外围呈米白色,中间呈深红褐色,分布范围约96.106 mm2,比对照高出5.48倍(图1F)。
由主成分分析结果可见,酸铝胁迫改变了P. tinctorius细胞内、外的代谢谱(图2)。图中样本点均处于置信区间内,表明生物学重复良好。正离子模式下,第一主成分(PC1)和第二主成分(PC2)分别解释了细胞内代谢物信息33.90%和10.54%的差异(图2A),以及细胞外代谢物信息67.24%和7.46%的差异(图2C)。负离子模式下,PC1和PC2分别解释了细胞内代谢物信息50.21%和8.49%的差异(图2B),以及细胞外代谢物信息66.67%和6.23%的差异(图2D)。
为直观地表现P. tinctorius胞内、外DEMs的分布情况,对细胞内、外鉴定得到的代谢物以火山图展示,并标注差异变化最显著(P值)的前10种DEMs,以寻找潜在生物标志物。细胞内共鉴定到491种代谢物,其中上调33种,下调37种(图3A),上调代谢物中最显著的是柠檬酸(citric acid),是细胞内潜在的生物标志物;下调代谢物中最显著的有茉莉酮(jasmone)和异茉莉酸[(+)-7-isojasmonic acid],表明酸铝胁迫使P. tinctorius胞内茉莉酸类物质(jasmonates, JAs)合成受抑。细胞外共鉴定到553种代谢物,其中上调42种,下调21种(图3B),其中上调最显著的有海藻糖(trehalose)和酒石酸[l-(+)-tartaric acid]等,是细胞外潜在的生物标志物。
对细胞内、外的DEMs进行分类发现,酸铝处理主要影响P. tinctorius细胞内的碳水化合物(carbohydrates)、脂质(lipids)和核酸(nucleic acids)类物质(图4A)。酸铝处理下,细胞内脂类代谢物质普遍下调,部分核苷酸类物质如尿苷二磷酸(uridine diphosphate, UDP)、尿嘧啶核苷酸(uridylic acid, UMP)、胞苷磷酸(cytidine monophosphate)、鸟苷(guanosine)和尿苷(uridine)以及柠檬酸和酮戊二酸(oxoglutaric acid)上调,表明1.0 mmol/L Al3+处理抑制P. tinctorius细胞内脂质代谢,促进核苷酸和能量代谢相关物质显著积累。细胞外DEMs主要为碳水化合物和有机酸(organic acids)类物质(图4B),且多数代谢物在酸铝处理后上调:碳水化合物中的l-阿拉伯糖(l-arabinose)、海藻糖、N-乙酰-d-氨基葡萄糖(N-acetyl-d-glucosamine)和岩藻糖(l-fucose),以及有机酸类物质中的莽草酸(shikimic acid)、富马酸(fumaric acid)和庚酸(heptanoic acid)等显示上调,表明1.0 mmol/L Al3+处理促进P. tinctorius细胞外糖类和有机酸分泌。
通过KEGG通路富集分析对DEMs进行注释,以确定P. tinctorius响应酸铝胁迫的关键代谢通路。酸铝胁迫下,P. tinctorius细胞内的嘧啶代谢(pyrimidine metabolism)、氨基酸合成(biosynthesis of amino acids)、植物次生代谢物合成(biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites)、ABC转运子(ABC transporters)、植物激素合成(biosynthesis of plant hormones)等通路显著富集(P<0.05,图5A);而细胞外的磷酸转移酶系统(phosphotransferase system, PTS)、酪氨酸代谢(tyrosine metabolism)、抗坏血酸和醛酸盐代谢(ascorbate and aldarate metabolism)、氨基酸合成(biosynthesis of amino acids)、柠檬酸循环(citrate cycle, TCA)等通路显著富集(P<0.05,图5B)。P. tinctorius细胞内、外显著富集的前10条代谢通路中DEMs的分布情况(图5C5D)显示,细胞内通路(除ABC转运子外)的DEMs以上调为主;细胞外通路中酪氨酸代谢和PTS的DEMs普遍上调,而C5支链二元酸代谢(C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism)通路中的DEMs均下调。
基因富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis, GSEA)结果显示,细胞内嘧啶代谢、乙醛酸盐和二羧酸代谢(glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism)、柠檬酸循环及戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸的相互转化(pentose and glucuronate interconversions)通路显著富集(P<0.05,FDR<0.25,图6A),其核心代谢物在酸铝处理组中均上调(NES>0)。嘧啶代谢通路中的核心代谢物包括尿嘧啶核苷酸、胞苷磷酸、尿苷、假尿苷(pseudouridine)、尿苷二磷酸、2′-脱氧尿苷(deoxyuridine)、4,5-二氢乳清酸(4,5-dihydroorotic acid)和胞苷(cytidine) (图7A)。此外,α-亚麻酸代谢(alpha-linolenic acid metabolism)也呈现富集趋势(P<0.05,图7B),其核心代谢物α-亚麻酸(alpha-linolenic acid)、茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate)和异茉莉酸在酸铝处理组中均下调。该通路调控JAs合成,进一步证明酸铝胁迫抑制P. tinctorius体内JAs合成。在细胞外,虽无通路达到FDR<0.25的显著性阈值(图6B),但ABC转运子和谷胱甘肽代谢(glutathione metabolism)显示出明显的富集趋势(P<0.05,图7C7D),且其核心代谢物在酸铝处理组中上调(NES>0)。ABC转运子通路的核心代谢物包括l-阿拉伯糖、海藻糖、N-乙酰-d-氨基葡萄糖、4-氨基-5-羟甲基-2-甲基嘧啶(4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine)、蔗糖(sucrose)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)、牛磺酸(taurine)、葡萄糖(d-glucose)和l-精氨酸(l-arginine) (图7C)。谷胱甘肽代谢通路的核心代谢物集包括γ-谷氨酰丙氨酸(gamma-glutamylalanine)、尸胺(cadaverine)、GSH和抗坏血酸(ascorbate, ASA) (图7D)。这些满足P<0.05且|NES|>1.5的通路,通常被认为具有较大的生物学效应强度,仍然是值得关注的潜在代谢通路。综上所述,P. tinctorius主要通过上调细胞内嘧啶代谢、TCA循环等通路,并在细胞外激活ABC转运子及谷胱甘肽代谢等途径来响应酸铝胁迫。
微生物受到非生物胁迫时通常会导致体内核酸受损。本研究发现,嘧啶代谢通路在P. tinctorius细胞内显著富集,核酸类代谢物如尿嘧啶核苷酸、胞苷磷酸、尿苷、尿苷二磷酸、胞苷和鸟苷在酸铝处理后上调(图6A图7A)。从嘧啶代谢通路的上下游关系来看[39],RNA的合成主要通过2条途径实现:一是尿苷下游生成尿嘧啶核苷酸,经磷酸化生成尿苷二磷酸,进一步转化为尿苷三磷酸并参与RNA合成;另一途径是胞苷下游生成胞苷磷酸,后经胞苷二磷酸和胞苷三磷酸最终参与RNA合成。这些核苷酸作为RNA生物合成的直接前体,其积累表明P. tinctorius可能通过调控嘧啶代谢以增加核苷酸库容,为应激响应提供必要的核酸合成基础。此外,尿苷不仅在核酸合成中至关重要,还具有多种生理功能:(1) 具有一定的抗氧化能力,可协助清除细胞内活性氧,减轻氧化损伤[40];(2) 通过分解代谢产生乙酰辅酶A,进入TCA循环,从而在能量代谢和碳骨架供应中起重要作用[41];(3) 在Al3+诱导的细胞凋亡和线粒体损伤中,尿苷及其衍生物(如UMP和UDP)可能有助于维持线粒体功能[42],缓解铝毒害。同时,本研究还观察到鸟苷含量上升,鸟苷能够抑制细胞凋亡[43]。何海燕[26]也发现在镉胁迫下A. bisporus体内胞嘧啶含量增加,腺苷和脱氧腺苷含量显著降低,脱氧核糖磷酸含量降低,表明其通过促进核苷酸合成、抑制分解以增强DNA合成与细胞分裂能力。这一结果进一步支持P. tinctorius可能通过促进核苷类物质的积累以维持细胞稳态(图8)。由于1.0 mmol/L Al3+处理下P. tinctorius对磷的吸收量比无铝处理提高了62.54%[21],推测多出的磷很可能被用于核苷酸的合成,从而增强P. tinctorius对酸铝胁迫的抗性。未来可对P. tinctorius在酸铝胁迫下细胞内吸收磷的去向及运输途径展开研究,以进一步完善ECMF抗铝机理研究。
脂肪酸包括饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸,是细胞膜质的重要单体成分[44]。不饱和脂肪酸通常与胁迫抗逆有关,其中最常见的为C18不饱和脂肪酸,包括油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸[45],它们不仅是细胞外屏障的构成成分,同时也是JAs等抗逆信号分子的前体[46]。此外,C18不饱和脂肪酸还具有抗氧化性能,能直接清除活性氧,并可在氧化后生成以JA为代表的各种氧脂素[47]。Tan等[48]发现,铅处理会诱导水稻(Oryza sativa)氧化应激,并促进不饱和脂肪酸增加。Liu等[49]则报道,农药处理后O. sativa稻米的脂质代谢发生重塑,表现为棕榈酸和硬脂酸等饱和脂肪酸减少,而不饱和脂肪酸亚麻酸含量上升。本研究中酸铝胁迫导致P. tinctorius多种C18不饱和脂肪酸下调,包括油酸(oleic acid)、α-亚麻酸和十八碳四烯酸[(6 Z )-octadecenoic acid],而且油酸的氧化产物9-氧化辛二烯酸(9-OxoODE),以及α-亚麻酸代谢通路的下游产物茉莉酸甲酯、异茉莉酸和茉莉酮均下调(图4A图7B)。酸铝处理下P. tinctorius对铝的富集作用明显增强[21],细胞内积累的高浓度Al3+极有可能会破坏膜结构,本研究细胞内代谢物研究结果进一步证实酸铝胁迫可能使P. tinctorius细胞膜受损(图8)。此外,因为前体(亚麻酸)供应不足也降低了下游以JA为代表的抗逆防御水平,导致JAs合成受抑。值得注意的是,脂肪酸(如亚麻酸)不仅是JAs的前体,还可通过β-氧化分解为乙酰辅酶A,进而进入TCA循环以提供能量[50]。研究表明亚麻酸的积累会影响TCA循环,如以亚麻酸为碳源培养鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas) RRS1时其体内柠檬酸和苹果酸含量下降,TCA循环受到影响[47]。本研究也发现,1.0 mmol/L Al3+使P. tinctorius胞内脂肪酸下调,而TCA通路中的柠檬酸与酮戊二酸上调(图4A),这些现象提示亚油酸与TCA循环负相关。TCA循环是细胞内糖、蛋白质和脂肪三大物质代谢及能量转化的枢纽[51]。酮戊二酸是生物体内重要代谢节点,参与多种生理过程,如抗氧化防御、能量生成、信号传导与基因修饰[52]。柠檬酸不仅是关键的代谢中间产物,参与植物激素、辅因子、氨基酸等多种生物合成途径,还具有较强的螯合能力与高稳定系数[53],能与Al3+形成无毒复合物[54],从而降低铝在细胞内的生物有效性。推测在膜脂代谢下调导致JA信号防御减弱的同时,P. tinctorius可能通过增强TCA循环以维持能量供应,补偿膜修复和逆境响应所需的能量(图8)。需要指出的是,尽管柠檬酸螯合Al3+这一功能已得到广泛证实[53-54],未来仍可进一步采用飞行时间二次离子质谱等技术检验Al3+P. tinctorius细胞内的主要存在形态,验证其是否与柠檬酸发生了络合。
在重金属胁迫下,ECMF能够通过增加低分子量有机酸的分泌来抵抗金属毒性[13]。这些有机酸主要包括草酸、柠檬酸、甲酸、乙酸、乳酸和丙酸等[13,55]。ECMF通过合成并释放有机酸,能够沉淀Al3+、Mn2+、Zn2+、Cu2+等金属离子,或形成毒性较低的可溶性金属络合物[55],从而降低它们的生物有效性。本研究结果显示,在1.0 mmol/L Al3+处理下P. tinctorius细胞外的莽草酸、富马酸、庚酸(图4B)和酒石酸(图3B)等有机酸均上调。其中,酒石酸的相对含量上升尤为显著,较对照组增加1 559.44%,表明它可能是P. tinctorius响应铝胁迫的关键分泌物。这一发现与我们前期的研究结果一致[13],即在更高铝浓度(2.0 mmol/L Al3+)处理下,P. tinctorius分泌的总有机酸含量增加29.1%,而酒石酸含量增加55.3%,是分泌量最大的有机酸。值得注意的是,在相同处理条件下L. deliciosus并未分泌酒石酸,说明不同种类ECMF在有机酸分泌策略上存在明显差异,这可能与其遗传背景和生态适应方式有关。比较不同铝浓度下的应答模式可以发现,酒石酸在1.0 mmol/L和2.0 mmol/L Al3+处理中均表现出显著积累,表明它可能是P. tinctorius应对铝毒的核心有机酸,具备作为潜在生物标志物的价值。然而,在2.0 mmol/L Al3+处理下酒石酸的增幅远低于1.0 mmol/L处理,说明在高强度Al3+胁迫下,P. tinctorius可能调整了有机酸分泌谱系,转向其他种类有机酸的合成与释放。例如,2.0 mmol/L Al3+处理下发现P. tinctorius甲酸分泌量显著增加,但在该实验中并未鉴定到甲酸。甲酸能与Al3+形成1:2络合物[56]。我们推测,在高铝环境中P. tinctorius可能倾向于促进甲酸等的分泌,以更高效地钝化铝离子。此外,2.0 mmol/L Al3+处理实验中还发现丁二酸显著降低,草酸无显著变化,而该研究中丁二酸无显著变化,也未鉴定到草酸,相反却检测到莽草酸等有机酸。这种分泌谱的差异反映了P. tinctorius在不同胁迫强度下对代谢网络的调控,即通过动态调整有机酸的种类与数量以优化解毒效率。因此,铝胁迫浓度显著影响P. tinctorius的有机酸分泌行为:在中等铝浓度下以酒石酸等多种有机酸协同应答为主,在高铝胁迫下则可能转向分泌络合能力更强的有机酸。未来研究可进一步结合不同有机酸对Al3+的络合常数及其解毒效应,系统评估酒石酸等在P. tinctorius铝抗性中的相对贡献,从而深化有机酸增强ECMF抗铝性的机制理解。
酸铝胁迫下,P. tinctorius不仅通过分泌有机酸缓解铝毒,还通过调控糖类物质的代谢与转运增强自身适应性。本研究发现,ABC转运子通路中的核心代谢物l-阿拉伯糖、海藻糖、N-乙酰-d-氨基葡萄糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖含量在细胞外有所增加(图4B图7C)。N-乙酰-d-氨基葡萄糖是真菌细胞壁的代表性氨基糖[57],它通过线性链构成几丁质,为细胞壁提供关键的结构支撑[58]。该成分广泛存在于曲霉(Aspergillus)等多种真菌的菌丝体中[59],通常由几丁质经酸水解或几丁质酶解产生[60],而几丁质酶普遍存在于真菌体内[61]。该物质在细胞外含量显著增加,暗示在Al3+及酸性环境(pH 3.8)的共同作用下,细胞壁中的几丁质可能发生酶促或酸水解,进而导致细胞壁结构改变。然而这一推论仍需通过透射电镜等细胞超微结构观测技术加以验证。另一方面,蔗糖和葡萄糖含量的增加可能与P. tinctorius维持细胞外渗透压的机制有关。此外,l-阿拉伯糖还被报道具有抗氧特性,能够有效清除阴离子自由基(O2-)和羟基自由基,并显著抑制高葡萄糖诱导的LLC-PK1细胞脂质过氧化,从而提高细胞活性[62]。值得注意的是,PTS作为真菌中广泛存在的转运系统,同样在糖类应激响应中发挥关键作用,其不仅负责碳水化合物的吸收和运输,还参与金属离子稳态及其他应激反应的调节[63]。本研究结果显示,抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽、海藻糖等代谢物富集于该通路上。其中,海藻糖是一种重要的非生物胁迫应激物质,具有调节渗透压、促进抗氧化剂积累、清除活性氧以及保护细胞结构等多种功能[64-67]。研究表明外源添加海藻糖能显著提高生物体内抗氧化物GSH和AsA含量,降低丙二醛水平,并通过清除过氧化氢和O2-来参与非生物胁迫响应[65]。本研究也发现P. tinctorius胞外GSH和ASA含量升高(图7D),推测胞外海藻糖也可能促进菌株外排抗氧化剂,通过积累抗氧化物质来减轻细胞外氧化损伤。综上所述,P. tinctorius可能通过ABC转运子和磷酸转移酶系统的协同作用调控糖类物质的向外分泌,共同实现胞外环境稳态维持和氧化应激缓解,从而提高酸铝胁迫下的生存适应性(图8)。此外,作为一类特殊的微生物,ECMF分泌的代谢物可能具有调节土壤环境的潜力。这些物质可作为信号分子,对共生体系中的宿主植物根系存在重要影响,调控其生理生化过程。当ECMF与植物共生时海藻糖向胞外的分泌或许可作为外源信号物质,通过提高光合作用[66]、渗透调节[67]、增强抗氧化[65]及促进养分吸收[68]等方面作用共同增强宿主植物对铝胁迫的抗性。未来可以定量检测并筛选ECMF的这些胞外代谢物,通过外源添加方式探究其对宿主植物根系生长生理及抗铝性的影响。
本研究还观察到,酸铝胁迫下的菌落中心有大量红褐色物质积累(图1F),推测可能是真菌应激产生的色素或酚类等次级代谢产物。此类物质通常对pH和金属离子较为敏感[69],其具体组成成分及潜在功能(如抗氧化或物理屏障)有待未来进一步研究阐明。此外,在1.0 mmol/L Al3+胁迫下,P. tinctorius的核心代谢响应体现为初生代谢网络的重塑,而大量已鉴定的次生代谢物(如苯酚、黄酮类等)则保持稳定。未来的研究可借助微生物专属数据库(如microbeMASST和MetOrigin)或靶向代谢组学技术进一步验证和探索其次生代谢调控机制。本研究中P. tinctorius细胞内代谢物在正离子模式下的解释率不足50.00% (图2A),推测是因正离子模式对氨基酸等代谢物检测更敏感[70]引起,而本研究发现的差异表达氨基酸极少,导致解释率达不到50.00%的常规要求。为弥补此不足,未来可通过靶向代谢组学检测P. tinctorius氨基酸代谢对酸铝胁迫的响应。需要指出的是,本研究采用的体外纯培养体系与复杂自然环境存在差异,因此筛选到的潜在代谢物在自然林地生态系统中的适用性可能具有一定限制。同时,纯培养体系不同于自然共生状态,未来可开展其与宿主植物(如桉树或马尾松等)共生体系下的代谢组学研究。此外,试验仅在固定铝浓度(1.0 mmol/L Al3+)和pH 3.8条件下进行,未能系统评估不同胁迫强度与pH‐铝毒性的交互效应。今后可在此基础上开展多梯度胁迫实验,以更全面揭示ECMF的抗铝机制。
本研究从生长、细胞内外代谢水平探究了ECMF自身代谢对铝毒的响应及潜在解毒策略。结果表明,酸铝胁迫显著抑制P. tinctorius生长,同时导致茉莉酸类防御代谢物合成受抑。为响应胁迫,P. tinctorius促进了细胞内尿嘧啶核苷酸、胞苷磷酸、尿苷、尿苷二磷酸、胞苷和鸟苷等核苷酸积累来维持细胞稳态,并增强TCA循环以保障能量和物质交换。在细胞外,P. tinctorius一方面促进莽草酸、富马酸、庚酸和酒石酸等有机酸分泌缓解铝毒,另一方面通过调控ABC转运子和磷酸转移酶系统通路促进l-阿拉伯糖、海藻糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖等糖类的外排,维持渗透平衡与抗氧化防御。本研究从代谢层面深化了对ECMF抗铝机制的理解,为利用ECMF修复铝污染林地提供了理论依据和新视角。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32171753)
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2026年第66卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250619
  • 接收时间:2025-08-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-08
  • 录用日期:2025-11-01
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the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171753)
国家自然科学基金(32171753)
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    西南大学 资源环境学院,重庆
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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