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Article(id=1217471088917922120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250524, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751990400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1755014400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-13, onlineDate=1768197327116, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1767456000000, pubDateStr=2026-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768197327116, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768197327116, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768197327116, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217471079325549522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='475', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768197324830, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768198886678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217477630291530315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217477630291530316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=322, endPage=334, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217471089828086110, articleId=1217471088917922120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Induction of systemic resistance by Bacillussubtilis H-46 enhances disease control in kiwifruit, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Kiwifruit bacterial canker (KBC), caused by Pseudomonassyringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), has become the primary bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of the kiwifruit industry in China, highlighting an urgent need for eco-friendly and residue-free biocontrol strategies. [Methods] The kiwifruit variety ‘Hongyang’ was used to systematically evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus pumilus H-46 through leaf disc and shoot inoculation assays. The active components were fractionated into three groups (small-molecule metabolites, proteins, and polysaccharides) via sequential extraction, with the major bioactive fraction identified through antimicrobial activity and disease control assessments. An integrated approach combining histochemical staining, antioxidant enzyme activity assays, and RT-qPCR of defense-related genes was employed to elucidate the mechanism of induced systemic resistance (ISR). Furthermore, pathogen migration and colonization assays were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of the active components against Psa. [Results] B. pumilus H-46 showed excellent control effect against KBC, with the disease control efficacy of 86.54% in leaf disc assays. Its main active components (small-molecule metabolites, fraction A) achieved the control efficacy of 88.16% against KBC through non-antimicrobial mechanisms. The mechanisms included triggering early H2O2 accumulation and callose deposition, significantly increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities, and activating the expression of key genes (AcMYC2, AcAOC, AcERF2, and AcEIN3) in jasmonicacid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways to activate ISR. Consequently, the disease resistance of kiwifruit was enhanced, resulting in a reduction of 37.8% in Psa migration distance in leaf veins and a decrease of 96.6% in colonization ability. [Conclusion] Our findings demonstrate that the small-molecule metabolites (fraction A) of B. pumilus H-46 activates JA/ET-mediated ISR via non-antimicrobial mechanisms, offering a sustainable solution for the control against KBC and establishing a prototype for next-generation plant immunity activators in crop protection.

, correspAuthors=Nana WANG, Lili HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: WANG Nana,
HUANG Lili,
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【目的】 丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, Psa)引起的猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病(kiwifruit bacterial canker, KBC)已成为我国猕猴桃产业可持续发展的首要瓶颈，亟需绿色、无残留的生物防治新策略。 【方法】 以‘红阳’猕猴桃为试验材料，通过叶盘法和枝条接种法系统评价短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus) H-46的生防效果。采用分级提取法获得该菌株的3类活性组分(小分子代谢物、蛋白质类和多糖类物质)，并通过抑菌活性和病害防治效果评估确定其主要活性成分。综合运用组织化学染色、抗氧化酶活性测定及防御相关基因RT-qPCR分析等技术解析其活性物质诱导系统抗性(induced systemic resistance, ISR)的作用机理。此外，通过病原菌迁移和定殖实验评估活性成分对病原菌Psa的抑制效果。 【结果】 短小芽孢杆菌H-46对KBC具有良好的防治效果，叶盘防效可达86.54%，其主效活性组分——小分子代谢物(A)通过非抑菌作用对猕猴桃溃疡病的防治效果可达88.16%。作用机理表现为：触发早期H2O2与胼胝质沉积，显著提升超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性，并激活茉莉酸(jasmonicacid, JA)与乙烯(ethylene, ET)信号通路关键基因(AcMYC2、AcAOC、AcERF2、AcEIN3)的表达诱导植物系统抗性(ISR)，进一步增强猕猴桃抗病性，使Psa在叶脉中的迁移距离缩短37.8%，定殖量降低96.6%。 【结论】 短小芽孢杆菌H-46小分子代谢物(A)通过非抑菌途径激活JA/ET依赖的ISR网络，显著提升猕猴桃对KBC的抗性，为开发基于植物免疫诱抗的绿色农药提供了理论基础和实践依据。

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作者贡献声明

梁怡菲：试验设计、操作及论文撰写；刘馨颖：协助试验操作及数据分析；徐小雪：数据收集及论文修改；张娜敏：数据监管及论文润色；王娜娜：研究方法论及论文审阅；黄丽丽：获取基金及提供资源。

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H2O: Add H2O fermentation only; H2O+Psa M228: First add H2O fermentation for 24 h, and then add Psa M228 fermentation; H-46+Psa M228: First add H-46 fermentation for 24 h, and then add Psa M228 fermentation. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Data were analyzed with t-test: *: P<0.05; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=kP+sW81IH48XtxvR47/V0Q==, figureFileBig=rsb+1musxvvFt/oMc9oXTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141843096531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Bacillus pumilus H-46的枝条防效(A)和叶盘防效(B), figureFileSmall=kP+sW81IH48XtxvR47/V0Q==, figureFileBig=rsb+1musxvvFt/oMc9oXTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142023451611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Antibacterial activity and control effect of three crude extracts of Bacillus pumilus H-46. A: Plate confrontation assay between Psa M228 and three crude extracts from B. pumilus H-46; B: Statistical analysis of inhibition zone diameters; C: Evaluation of disease control efficacy using leaf disc assay; D: Quantitative comparison of disease suppression rates among different crude extracts. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA: ****: P<0.000 1; ***: P<0.001; **: P<0.01; *: P<0.05., figureFileSmall=wgIjKcd+/7JgtNYQo9N+NA==, figureFileBig=tQQ9zSC/WIwprwa0RwyTCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142161863650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Bacillus pumilus H-46 3类粗提物的抑菌活性及防效, figureFileSmall=wgIjKcd+/7JgtNYQo9N+NA==, figureFileBig=tQQ9zSC/WIwprwa0RwyTCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142283498472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Detection of hydrogen peroxide accumulation and callose deposition in kiwifruit leaves treated with small-molecule metabolites (A). A: Observation of hydrogen peroxide accumulation (by DAB staining) and callose deposition (by aniline blue staining) in kiwifruit leaves treated with small-molecule metabolites (A), (Bar=200 μm); B: Quantitative analysis of hydrogen peroxide and callose deposition in kiwifruit leaves treated with small-molecule metabolites (A). Error bars indicate standard deviation. Data were analyzed with t-test: ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=9JbClHq6DBfQE8F9IZTj/g==, figureFileBig=yDiWK1xOTiGGwsBIJltEKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142400938994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=CN, label=图3, caption=小分子代谢物(A)处理下猕猴桃叶片中过氧化氢及胼胝质沉积程度, figureFileSmall=9JbClHq6DBfQE8F9IZTj/g==, figureFileBig=yDiWK1xOTiGGwsBIJltEKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142551933942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Results of antioxidant enzyme activity measurements in kiwifruit leaves treated with small-molecule metabolites (A). A: SOD activity; B: CAT activity; C: POD activity. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Data were analyzed with t-test: ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=5VM3ws8mCRu3LxRdv8JN0Q==, figureFileBig=IWtnoIX3BpSHJCUtrVrLug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144087049213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=CN, label=图4, caption=小分子代谢物(A)诱导下猕猴桃叶片中抗氧化物酶活, figureFileSmall=5VM3ws8mCRu3LxRdv8JN0Q==, figureFileBig=IWtnoIX3BpSHJCUtrVrLug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144229654530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Results of antioxidant enzyme activity measurements in kiwifruit leaves treated with small-molecule metabolites (A). A: Relative expression levels of ethylene pathway genes AcERF2 and AcEIN3; B: Relative expression levels of jasmonic acid pathway genes AcMYC2 and AcAOC. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Data were analyzed with t-test: *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=duXa7Mt707wkbQVkjc5DKg==, figureFileBig=I8xrMOQe8cxDf1lkHycF0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144426786826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=CN, label=图5, caption=小分子代谢物(A)诱导下猕猴桃叶片防御相关基因表达量, figureFileSmall=duXa7Mt707wkbQVkjc5DKg==, figureFileBig=I8xrMOQe8cxDf1lkHycF0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144665862161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Pathogen migration distance and colonization level in leaf veins under treatment with small-molecule metabolites (A). A: Observation of pathogen migration dynamics in leaf veins (Arrows indicate pathogen diffusion sites) under B. pumilus H-46 small-molecule metabolites (A) treatment; B: Colonization quantification in leaf veins under B. pumilus H-46 small-molecule metabolites (A) treatment. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Data were analyzed with t-test: *: P<0.05; ****: P<0.000 1. 5× diluted: 20 µL of original culture was diluted 5-fold in 80 µL sterile PBS (final volume: 100 µL); 25× diluted: 20 µL of the 5× diluted solution was further diluted 5-fold (1:5) for plating; 125× diluted: 20 µL of the 25× diluted solution was further diluted 5-fold (1:5) for plating., figureFileSmall=4vIT+SlMg11tFZ5iFAwuBg==, figureFileBig=zU1oKp+iUulmkQWP0jSXfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144833634329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=CN, label=图6, caption=小分子代谢物(A)处理下病原菌在叶脉中的迁移距离及定殖量, figureFileSmall=4vIT+SlMg11tFZ5iFAwuBg==, figureFileBig=zU1oKp+iUulmkQWP0jSXfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144963657760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for RT-qPCR of Actin and defense-related genes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因名称

Gene name

正向引物

F-primer (5′→3′)

反向引物

R-primer (5′→3′)

ActinGCAGGAATCCATGAGACTACCGTCTGCGATACCAGGGAACAT
AcERF2TGCTTGGGCACTGATTACTGACCAATTCCTGCCAAAGCAC
AcEIN3CACTTTGCAAGAGCTTCAGGATGTTGTTGGGTTTCTGCTCC
AcMYC2GCCATTTCTTACATCAACCAGCAAAATCGACCCCCCATCTTC
AcAOCTACAGCACGTGTTTTCGCTTTTCCTTGAAGGGAAACACGATCTTG
), ArticleFig(id=1226557145097875491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471088917922120, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Actin 以及防御相关基因RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因名称

Gene name

正向引物

F-primer (5′→3′)

反向引物

R-primer (5′→3′)

ActinGCAGGAATCCATGAGACTACCGTCTGCGATACCAGGGAACAT
AcERF2TGCTTGGGCACTGATTACTGACCAATTCCTGCCAAAGCAC
AcEIN3CACTTTGCAAGAGCTTCAGGATGTTGTTGGGTTTCTGCTCC
AcMYC2GCCATTTCTTACATCAACCAGCAAAATCGACCCCCCATCTTC
AcAOCTACAGCACGTGTTTTCGCTTTTCCTTGAAGGGAAACACGATCTTG
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短小芽孢杆菌H-46通过诱导系统抗性增强猕猴桃抗病性
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梁怡菲 1, 2 , 刘馨颖 1, 2 , 徐小雪 1, 2 , 张娜敏 1, 2 , 王娜娜 1, 2, * , 黄丽丽 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(1): 322-334
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(1): 322-334
短小芽孢杆菌H-46通过诱导系统抗性增强猕猴桃抗病性
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梁怡菲1, 2, 刘馨颖1, 2, 徐小雪1, 2, 张娜敏1, 2, 王娜娜1, 2, * , 黄丽丽2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院，陕西 杨凌
  • 2.作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室，陕西 杨凌
  • 3.西北农林科技大学 植物保护学院，陕西 杨凌
Induction of systemic resistance by Bacillussubtilis H-46 enhances disease control in kiwifruit
Yifei LIANG1, 2, Xinying LIU1, 2, Xiaoxue XU1, 2, Namin ZHANG1, 2, Nana WANG1, 2, * , Lili HUANG2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-efficiency Production, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
  • 3.College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250524
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摘要
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【目的】 丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, Psa)引起的猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病(kiwifruit bacterial canker, KBC)已成为我国猕猴桃产业可持续发展的首要瓶颈，亟需绿色、无残留的生物防治新策略。 【方法】 以‘红阳’猕猴桃为试验材料，通过叶盘法和枝条接种法系统评价短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus) H-46的生防效果。采用分级提取法获得该菌株的3类活性组分(小分子代谢物、蛋白质类和多糖类物质)，并通过抑菌活性和病害防治效果评估确定其主要活性成分。综合运用组织化学染色、抗氧化酶活性测定及防御相关基因RT-qPCR分析等技术解析其活性物质诱导系统抗性(induced systemic resistance, ISR)的作用机理。此外，通过病原菌迁移和定殖实验评估活性成分对病原菌Psa的抑制效果。 【结果】 短小芽孢杆菌H-46对KBC具有良好的防治效果，叶盘防效可达86.54%，其主效活性组分——小分子代谢物(A)通过非抑菌作用对猕猴桃溃疡病的防治效果可达88.16%。作用机理表现为：触发早期H2O2与胼胝质沉积，显著提升超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性，并激活茉莉酸(jasmonicacid, JA)与乙烯(ethylene, ET)信号通路关键基因(AcMYC2、AcAOC、AcERF2、AcEIN3)的表达诱导植物系统抗性(ISR)，进一步增强猕猴桃抗病性，使Psa在叶脉中的迁移距离缩短37.8%，定殖量降低96.6%。 【结论】 短小芽孢杆菌H-46小分子代谢物(A)通过非抑菌途径激活JA/ET依赖的ISR网络，显著提升猕猴桃对KBC的抗性，为开发基于植物免疫诱抗的绿色农药提供了理论基础和实践依据。

生物防治  /  短小芽孢杆菌  /  诱导系统抗性  /  抗病性

[Objective] Kiwifruit bacterial canker (KBC), caused by Pseudomonassyringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), has become the primary bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of the kiwifruit industry in China, highlighting an urgent need for eco-friendly and residue-free biocontrol strategies. [Methods] The kiwifruit variety ‘Hongyang’ was used to systematically evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus pumilus H-46 through leaf disc and shoot inoculation assays. The active components were fractionated into three groups (small-molecule metabolites, proteins, and polysaccharides) via sequential extraction, with the major bioactive fraction identified through antimicrobial activity and disease control assessments. An integrated approach combining histochemical staining, antioxidant enzyme activity assays, and RT-qPCR of defense-related genes was employed to elucidate the mechanism of induced systemic resistance (ISR). Furthermore, pathogen migration and colonization assays were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of the active components against Psa. [Results] B. pumilus H-46 showed excellent control effect against KBC, with the disease control efficacy of 86.54% in leaf disc assays. Its main active components (small-molecule metabolites, fraction A) achieved the control efficacy of 88.16% against KBC through non-antimicrobial mechanisms. The mechanisms included triggering early H2O2 accumulation and callose deposition, significantly increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities, and activating the expression of key genes (AcMYC2, AcAOC, AcERF2, and AcEIN3) in jasmonicacid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways to activate ISR. Consequently, the disease resistance of kiwifruit was enhanced, resulting in a reduction of 37.8% in Psa migration distance in leaf veins and a decrease of 96.6% in colonization ability. [Conclusion] Our findings demonstrate that the small-molecule metabolites (fraction A) of B. pumilus H-46 activates JA/ET-mediated ISR via non-antimicrobial mechanisms, offering a sustainable solution for the control against KBC and establishing a prototype for next-generation plant immunity activators in crop protection.

biocontrol  /  Bacillus pumilus  /  induced systemic resistance  /  disease resistance
梁怡菲, 刘馨颖, 徐小雪, 张娜敏, 王娜娜, 黄丽丽. 短小芽孢杆菌H-46通过诱导系统抗性增强猕猴桃抗病性. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (1) : 322 -334 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250524
Yifei LIANG, Xinying LIU, Xiaoxue XU, Namin ZHANG, Nana WANG, Lili HUANG. Induction of systemic resistance by Bacillussubtilis H-46 enhances disease control in kiwifruit[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (1) : 322 -334 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250524
正文
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猕猴桃是我国优势特色果树，其果实风味独特、维生素C含量高，兼具营养与经济价值兼具。截至2021年，中国猕猴桃收获面积共计18.4万hm2，总产量达223.0万t，进口量11.7万t，是最大的猕猴桃生产国和消费国[1]。然而，由丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种(Pseudomonassyringae pv. actinidiae, Psa)引起的猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病(kiwifruit bacterial canker, KBC)具有蔓延速度快、暴发性强、毁灭性大的特点，使猕猴桃产业的健康发展陷入瓶颈[2]。该病害于20世纪80年代首次在日本被分离鉴定，被确认为猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的致病菌[3]。1989年，中国四川省也记载了类似病害[4]，随后韩国[5]、意大利[6]、新西兰[7]等主产区也相继暴发成灾，造成巨额损失。
长期以来，KBC的防控主要依赖铜制剂、链霉素等化学药剂。然而，长期高频施用已导致Psa对铜制剂和链霉素的田间抗性显著上升[8-9]，并引发农药残留、环境污染等风险。随着绿色发展理念的深入，开发低毒、无残留、环境友好的生物防治策略成为迫切需求。在众多生防机制中利用有益微生物及其活性代谢产物激活植物自身免疫防御系统——诱导系统抗性(induced systemic resistance, ISR)，因其具有持效久、环境兼容性好等优势被认为是目前最具应用前景的绿色防控途径[10-11]。ISR不仅能够广谱增强植物对细菌、真菌及病毒病害的抵抗力，而且不直接作用于病原菌可有效降低靶标生物的抗药性风险。
本研究以短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus) H-46为试验对象，系统分离其活性成分，并重点关注其通过诱导系统抗性增强猕猴桃对溃疡病抗性的生防机理，旨在为猕猴桃溃疡病绿色防控提供理论依据及新型生防资源。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 材料
丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种Psa强致病力菌株M228 (下称Psa M228)以及携带pDSK-GFPuv质粒的丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种Psa强致病力菌株M228 (下称Psa M228-GFP)均由西北农林科技大学果树病害致灾机理及综合防控团队提供。
短小芽孢杆菌H-46由西北农林科技大学果树病害致灾机理及综合防控团队于陕西省宝鸡市眉县陈家沟猕猴桃种植园(34°16′8.94″N，107°46′29.4″E)的健康猕猴桃根际土中分离保藏，经形态学特征观察、16S rRNA基因序列分析以及生理生化试验将该菌株鉴定为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)。
猕猴桃材料主要来自西北农林科技大学猕猴桃示范园中的‘红阳’猕猴桃。其中，部分叶片取自西北农林科技大学果树病害致灾机理及综合防控团队种植的3年生盆栽苗，枝条取自陕西省杨凌周边猕猴桃种植农户。
1.2 短小芽孢杆菌H-46的防效测定
1.2.1 菌液制备
分别挑取H-46、Psa M228单菌落接入5 mL液体LB培养基中，28 ℃、220 r/min培养12 h至OD600=1.0左右，用无菌水调整OD600至0.3的菌液用于叶盘真空渗透接种及枝条有伤接种。
1.2.2 叶盘真空渗透接种
参照赵志博[12]的方法并优化，取健康‘红阳’猕猴桃叶片，经6‰ NaClO表面消毒3 min后用铁制打孔器制备直径13 mm的圆形叶盘(避开叶片主叶脉)。试验设3组处理：(1) 阴性对照(无菌水预处理24 h后真空渗透无菌水)；(2) 阳性对照(无菌水预处理24 h后真空渗透Psa M228菌液)；(3) 处理组(H-46菌液预处理24 h后真空渗透Psa M228菌液)。真空渗透处理条件为0.1 MPa，30 s，重复3次。将叶盘置于水琼脂平板，于16 ℃培养5 d，并采用ImageJ软件量化病斑面积。试验每组取15-20个叶盘，进行3次生物学重复。防治效果计算如公式(1)所示。
防治效果=(对照病斑面积-处理病斑面积)/对照病斑面积×100%
1.2.3 枝条有伤接种
参照赵志博[12]的方法并优化，选取健康‘红阳’猕猴桃当年生枝条，统一截取为(15±2) cm长度，经6‰ NaClO消毒20 min后，在枝条中部使用灭菌手术刀片制备标准化伤口(3 mm宽×2 mm深，至木质部)。试验设3组处理：(1) 阴性对照(无菌水预处理2 d后接种10 µL无菌水)；(2) 阳性对照(无菌水预处理2 d后接种10 µL Psa M228悬浮液)；(3) 处理组(H-46菌液预处理2 d后接种10 µL Psa M228菌液)。每组选取3根生理状态一致的枝条，直径为(6±1) mm，试验设置3次独立重复。所有处理材料置于16 ℃，保湿条件下培养30 d后测量病斑长度，防治效果计算如公式(2)所示。
防治效果=(对照病斑长度-处理病斑长度)/对照病斑长度×100%
1.3 短小芽孢杆菌H-46活性粗提物的制备及活性测定
1.3.1 无菌上清液的制备
挑取H-46单菌落接种于LB液体培养基(50 mL)，28 ℃、220 r/min振荡培养12 h制备种子液。将种子液以体积分数为5%的接种量转接至600 mL LB培养基中，在相同条件下扩大培养72 h。发酵液经4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min后，使用0.22 μm滤膜过滤除菌，获得无菌上清液备用。
1.3.2 短小芽孢杆菌H-46活性物质的提取
使用乙酸乙酯萃取法提取菌株H-46的小分子代谢产物，将H-46无菌上清液与乙酸乙酯按体积比1:1的比例萃取2次，合并有机相。有机相经旋转蒸发(55 ℃、50 r/min)浓缩至干后，用2 mL甲醇溶解残留物，经0.22 μm有机滤膜过滤除菌。将滤液于通风橱中挥发干燥7 d，获得粗提物组分A，定量配制为1 mg/mL溶液备用。
参照武永红等[13]的方法，采用硫酸铵沉淀法从H-46无菌上清液中提取蛋白类活性成分。具体而言，将预冷的上清液与饱和硫酸铵溶液混合至终浓度为75%饱和度(100 mL上清液加入25 mL饱和硫酸铵)，4 ℃沉淀过夜后，于4 ℃、12 000 r/min条件下离心30 min收集沉淀。沉淀物用1 mmol/L Na3PO4缓冲液(pH 7.0)重悬后，使用3 kDa截留分子量的透析袋在PBS缓冲液中透析(每4 h更换透析液，共3次)。透析完成后，样品经0.22 μm水相滤膜过滤除菌，最后通过真空冷冻干燥获得粗提物组分B固体粉末，定量配制为1 mg/mL溶液备用。
参照王刚等[14]方法使用醇沉法对菌株H-46无菌上清液中的多糖、糖肽等大分子物质进行提取。将菌株H-46的无菌上清液浓缩至原体积的1/10，加入蛋白酶K (终浓度60 μg/mL)，于55-65 ℃孵育2 h去除结合蛋白。随后采用Sevag法(氯仿:正丁醇=4:1)反复去蛋白5次以上至无白色界面沉淀，4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心5 min收集上清液。加入4倍体积预冷无水乙醇4 ℃沉淀过夜，10 000 r/min离心10 min获得沉淀，经真空冷冻干燥后即为菌株H-46粗提物组分C，配制成1 mg/mL溶液备用。
1.3.3 三种粗提物的抑菌活性测定
采用平板对峙法评估1.3.2节中3种粗提物(A、B、C)的抑菌效果。将Psa M228 28 ℃、220 r/min培养至OD600=1.0后，以Psa M228体积分数为5%的接种量混入温度为40 ℃的LB固体培养基中制备含菌平板。待平板凝固后，使用6 mm铁制打孔器在中央打孔，分别加入1 mg/mL的H-46粗提物A、B、C (各10 μL)，28 ℃培养48 h后，拍照记录并使用ImageJ软件测定抑菌圈直径。试验设置3次生物学重复。
1.3.4 三种粗提物的防效测定
使用叶盘真空渗透接种(方法同1.2.2)对3种粗提物(A、B、C)的防效进行测定，试验设置无菌水为阴性对照，并进行3次生物学重复。
1.4 小分子代谢物(A)诱导的早期防御事件检测
1.4.1 叶盘处理
选取防效最高的小分子代谢物(A)进一步进行机制解析。同1.2.2方法将猕猴桃叶片使用13 mm铁制打孔器制成统一大小的叶盘，使用真空渗透法接种小分子代谢物(A)，并设置无菌水处理为阴性对照组。将叶盘置于16 ℃培养箱中培养24 h备用。
1.4.2 过氧化氢(H2O2)沉积
采用DAB染色法检测H2O2积累。将1.4.1节制备的叶盘样品于DAB溶液(1 mg/L，pH 3.8)中光照孵育8 h，经95%乙醇脱色后，通过光学显微镜(Olympus公司)观察并记录染色结果。同时，使用商品化H2O2检测试剂盒(苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司)测定叶片中H2O2含量，具体操作按说明书进行。
1.4.3 胼胝质沉积
采用苯胺蓝荧光染色法分析胼胝质沉积。将1.4.1节制备的叶盘样品经95%乙醇脱色后，于染色液(0.01%苯胺蓝，0.15 mol/L K2HPO4，pH 9.5)中避光染色12 h。使用荧光显微镜观察并采集图像，通过ImageJ软件定量分析荧光强度以评估胼胝质沉积水平。
以上试验均进行3次生物学重复。
1.5 小分子代谢物(A)对猕猴桃叶片的抗氧化酶活性的影响
叶盘处理同1.4.1节，并依次根据超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD) ST-8法活性检测试剂盒、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)试剂盒以及过氧化物酶(perocidase, POD)试剂盒(苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司)说明书进行酶活测定，试验进行3次生物学重复。
1.6 小分子代谢物(A)诱导的防御基因表达分析
1.6.1 引物设计
以拟南芥JA/ET通路核心基因(MYC2、AOC、ERF2、EIN3)为探针，比对猕猴桃基因组获得同源基因AcMYC2、AcAOC、AcERF2和AcEIN3，用NCBI Primer-BLAST设计RT-qPCR特异引物(表1)。
1.6.2 样品处理及RT-qPCR
叶盘处理同1.4.1节，采用快速通用植物RNA提取试剂盒(北京华越洋生物科技有限公司)进行RNA提取，并使用反转录试剂盒(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)合成cDNA作为RT-qPCR模板。反应体系参照ChamQ SYBR® qPCR Master Mix说明书(南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)，以Actin作为内参基因(表1)，采用2-ΔΔCt法计算各基因的相对表达量，试验进行3次生物学重复。
1.7 小分子代谢物(A)提高猕猴桃抗病性分析
1.7.1 菌液制备
挑取Psa M228-GFP单菌落于LB+50 μg/mL Kana液体培养基中，28 ℃、220 r/min振荡培养至对数生长期(16-18 h)，然后收集菌体细胞(8 000 r/min、2 min)，并重悬浮在1×PBS无菌缓冲液中，调节菌悬液OD600=0.1。
1.7.2 病原菌迁移能力
采用叶脉针刺法评估小分子代谢物(A)对Psa M228-GFP系统迁移的抑制作用。具体操作如下：于‘红阳’猕猴桃叶片主脉(距叶柄1 cm处)使用无菌注射器针刺损伤，对照组采用无菌水预处理24 h后用棉签蘸取Psa M228-GFP菌液涂抹于针刺位点，处理组则用1 mg/mL H-46小分子代谢物(A)预处理24 h后用棉签蘸取Psa M228-GFP菌液涂抹于针刺位点。接种后的叶片置于16 ℃保湿培养箱(垫无菌滤纸，覆保鲜膜)中培养5 d，随后通过紫外荧光观察并采用ImageJ软件定量分析病原菌迁移距离。
1.7.3 病原菌定殖能力
采用梯度稀释平板计数法测定小分子代谢物(A)对Psa M228-GFP在猕猴桃叶脉组织中的定殖能力的影响。取1.7.2节中培养5 d的叶片，于针刺位点上方1-2 cm处切取叶脉组织，经75%乙醇表面消毒30 s和无菌水冲洗3次后，加入5 mL PBS缓冲液研磨成匀浆，静置10 min使细菌充分释放。将菌悬液进行梯度稀释(原液、5×、25×、125×)，各取10 μL接种于含50 μg/mL卡那霉素的LB平板上，28 ℃培养48 h后计数单菌落。试验进行3次生物学重复，菌落计数参照Kutter等[15]方法进行，最终结果以CFU/cm叶脉表示。
以上试验均进行3次生物学重复。
1.8 数据统计分析
试验数据通过GraphPad Prism 9.5.1软件进行作图、t-test分析以及双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA)。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 B.pumilus H-46对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病具有良好防效
防效评估结果显示(图1)，B. pumilus H-46对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病表现出优异的防治效果。在枝条接种试验中，阳性对照组平均病斑长度达2.30 cm，而B. pumilus H-46预处理组病斑长度显著降低至0.87 cm (P<0.05) (图1A)，防效可达62.17%。叶盘接种试验进一步证实，阳性对照组病斑面积占比为32.15%，H-46处理组则降至4.33% (P<0.000 1) (图1B)，防效可达86.54%。阴性对照(H2O处理)在所有试验中均未出现病斑，排除了机械损伤等因素的干扰。上述试验结果充分证明，B. pumilus H-46能有效预防猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病。
2.2 B.pumilus H-46主效活性物质类型及作用方式的确定
为解析B. pumilus H-46的活性成分，本研究采用分级提取策略获得了3类代谢产物：小分子代谢物(组分A)、蛋白类物质(组分B)和多糖类物质(组分C)。平板对峙试验显示，3类组分对Psa M228的直接抑制效果均较弱，其中小分子代谢物(A)的抑菌直径仅为4.467 mm (图2A、2B)，表明其生防作用可能不依赖于传统的拮抗机制。进一步防效测定结果表明，所有组分均能显著抑制病斑扩展(P<0.001)：与阳性对照(病斑面积11.49%)相比，组分A、B、C分别将病斑面积降低至1.36%、5.59%和6.24% (P<0.000 1) (图2C、2D)。其中组分A的防效显著优于其他组分，可达88.16%。这一结果证实短小芽孢杆菌H-46发挥生防作用的主效活性物质为其小分子代谢物(A)，其主要通过非直接抑菌发挥抗病作用，与传统生防菌的拮抗机制存在本质差异。
2.3 小分子代谢物(A)诱导猕猴桃叶片早期防御事件的发生
活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)暴发(尤其是H2O2)及胼胝质沉积是植物系统抗性(ISR)的关键起始事件。组织化学染色结果表明，经H-46小分子代谢物(A)处理的猕猴桃叶片中H2O2积累和胼胝质沉积显著增强(图3A)。定量分析结果显示，小分子代谢物(A)处理组的H2O2含量达到31.59 μmol/g，较对照组提高50.86% (P<0.000 1)；同时H-46小分子代谢物(A)处理下猕猴桃叶片的胼胝质荧光信号占比可达0.674%，显著高于对照组的0.065 3% (P<0.000 1) (图3B)。这些结果表明，小分子代谢物(A)可以激活猕猴桃早期防御反应，促进胼胝质沉积形成物理屏障限制病原菌的迁移及定殖，H2O2作为第二信使触发下游防御信号通路的级联反应，系统性增强寄主对Psa的抗性。
2.4 小分子代谢物(A)通过调控抗氧化酶活性诱导猕猴桃系统抗性
活性氧(ROS)的过度积累会对植物组织造成氧化损伤，因此植物需要通过酶促和非酶促抗氧化系统协同调控ROS的稳态。本研究发现，H-46小分子代谢物(A)处理可显著增强猕猴桃叶片抗氧化酶活性(P<0.000 1)，其中SOD、CAT和POD活性分别提高2.25、2.57和4.42倍(图4)。这种协同调控作用建立了高效的ROS清除机制，既能及时降解过量的H2O2，维持防御信号传递所需的H2O2水平，又避免了宿主细胞的氧化损伤。该部分试验结果证实小分子代谢物(A)可以通过调控抗氧化酶活性诱导猕猴桃系统抗性，为解析小分子代谢物(A)的诱导抗性机理提供了新的试验依据。
2.5 小分子代谢物(A)激活猕猴桃叶片防御相关基因表达
有益微生物诱导的系统抗性(ISR)通常依赖于茉莉酸(JA)和乙烯(ET)信号通路的激活。本RT-qPCR结果揭示，H-46小分子代谢物(A)处理显著上调了猕猴桃JA/ET信号通路关键基因的表达(图5)。ET信号通路中转录调控因子AcERF2和AcEIN3的表达量分别提高2.50倍和2.17倍(P<0.05)；JA信号通路核心基因AcMYC2及其关键合成酶基因AcAOC的表达量也显著增加(分别为2.83倍和2.13倍，P<0.05和P<0.01)。这些分子变化与前期观察到的抗氧化酶活性升高(SOD、POD与CAT)和防御物质积累(H2O2与胼胝质)具有显著一致性。该结果不仅从分子层面证实小分子代谢物(A)可以通过JA/ET依赖的ISR途径增强猕猴桃抗病性，更为其开发为基于ISR激活的新型生物农药提供了理论依据。
2.6 小分子代谢物(A)通过提高寄主抗病性有效限制病原菌在叶脉内的迁移和定殖
植物系统抗性的提高可以有效限制病原菌的迁移和定殖，从而限制其对寄主的侵染。通过针刺接种试验发现(图6A)，H-46小分子代谢物(A)预处理显著抑制了Psa M228-GFP在猕猴桃叶脉中的系统性迁移。接种5 d后，对照组病原菌迁移距离达17.72 mm，并已扩散至侧脉组织(箭头指示)；而处理组迁移距离仅为11.02 mm，抑制率达37.8% (P<0.05)。
通过梯度稀释平板计数法定量分析表明(图6B)，经小分子代谢物(A)预处理的猕猴桃叶脉组织中Psa M228-GFP的定殖量仅为2.63×103 CFU/cm，较对照组(7.75×104 CFU/cm)显著降低96.6% (P<0.000 1)。该部分试验结果证实小分子代谢物(A)可以通过诱导系统抗性(ISR)有效抑制病原菌在叶脉组织的系统迁移与定殖，为阐明其基于诱导植物抗性发挥生防作用提供了直接证据。
3 讨论与结论
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芽孢杆菌因其环境友好、定殖力强以及多功能代谢特征，已成为植物病害生物防治的核心微生物资源[16-20]。其中，短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)兼具促生与诱抗双重优势，在根、茎、叶及采后病害防控方面均展现出良好前景[21-25]。本研究系统评估了短小芽孢杆菌H-46的生防效果，经分级提取与功能验证明确通过经乙酸乙酯萃取法得到的H-46小分子代谢物(A)可通过“非抑菌”途径对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病(KBC)实现88.16%的防效，为开发绿色免疫诱抗剂提供了关键菌种资源。
与传统“抑菌优先”的生防策略不同，H-46小分子代谢物(A)对病原菌Psa无显著抑制活性，而是在24 h内触发叶片中H2O2暴发和胼胝质沉积等早期ISR事件，并显著上调SOD、POD、CAT等抗氧化酶活性，有效缓解氧化胁迫。分子层面，小分子代谢物(A)同时激活乙烯(AcERF2、AcEIN3)与茉莉酸(AcMYC2、AcAOC)信号通路，形成协同防御网络，从而限制Psa M228-GFP在叶脉中的迁移距离(-37.8%)和定殖量(-96.6%)。这一“先激活-后阻遏”的时序模式为阐明Psa与猕猴桃的互作提供了新的实验思路，也为“外部杀灭”向“内在提升”防控理念转换的可行性提供了试验证据。与已有报道的短小芽孢杆菌INR7、ZED17等相比[22-23]，短小芽孢杆菌H-46小分子代谢物(A)开发为绿色免疫诱抗剂的优势在于萃取步骤简单，无需活菌即可达到88.16%的防效，且对病原菌的直接抑菌活性可忽略不计，极大程度上降低了病原菌的抗药性风险。
针对短小芽孢杆菌H-46小分子代谢物(A)的诱导系统抗性(ISR)分子机制，后续将进一步采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)系统鉴定小分子代谢物(A)中的关键活性物质，并结合转录组学等组学方法锁定作用靶点，为后续免疫诱抗剂的开发和田间推广奠定基础。
基金
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  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1400200)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250524
  • 接收时间：2025-07-09
  • 首发时间：2026-01-12
  • 出版时间：2026-01-04
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  • 收稿日期：2025-07-09
  • 录用日期：2025-08-13
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National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1400200)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1400200)
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    1.西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院，陕西 杨凌
    2.作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室，陕西 杨凌
    3.西北农林科技大学 植物保护学院，陕西 杨凌

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genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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