Article(id=1217471086875295926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250594, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753891200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1760025600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-10, onlineDate=1768197326629, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1767456000000, pubDateStr=2026-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768197326629, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768197326629, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768197326629, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217471079325549522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='475', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768197324830, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768198886678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217477630291530315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217477630291530316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=409, endPage=427, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217471087219228875, articleId=1217471086875295926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Heat stress drives shift in bacterial communities associated with distinct Symbiodiniaceae clades in the coral Pocillopora damicornis, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the interactions between coral-associated Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria in mediating heat stress adaptation of corals. [Methods] Using Pocillopora damicornis harbouring distinct Symbiodiniaceae clades, we performed a laboratory-controlled heat stress simulation experiment to examine the dynamics of symbiotic bacterial community shifts via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. [Results] Bacterial alpha diversity exhibited a transient increase during the initial stress, followed by a significant decrease under prolonged stress, in P. damicornis harbouring clade C (Cladocopium spp.) or clade D (Durusdinium spp.) algal symbionts (i.e., PdC versus PdD holobionts). Compared with PdD, PdC demonstrated enhanced bacterial community shifts, alongside progressively diminished network stability and complexity with prolonged heat stress. Analysis of bacterial abundance at the class level revealed divergent trajectories of the two holobionts, with the abundance of Alphaproteobacteria increasing in both PdC and PdD, whereas that of Cyanobacteriota increasing in PdC but decreasing in PdD over the course of the experiment. During the later stage of heat stress, Cladocopium spp. in PdC showed increased sensitivity, coinciding with the enrichment of potentially opportunistic pathogens, whereas Durusdinium spp. in PdD were thermotolerant, coinciding with elevated abundance of bacteria possibly involved in photosynthesis, quorum sensing, calcification, and ABC transport. [Conclusion] These findings suggest that different clades of Symbiodiniaceae might interact with bacteria to differentially regulate the P. damicornis response to heat stress. Thermal sensitive Cladocopium spp., combined with the proliferation of potential opportunistic pathogens, may exacerbate the risk of thermal bleaching in PdC, whereas resilience could be strengthened in PdD via thermotolerant Durusdinium spp. coordinating with beneficial bacteria with supportive metabolic potential (e.g., photosynthesis, calcification, and quorum sensing). This algal-bacterial interaction mode provides critical insights into the microbially-mediated thermal bleaching mechanisms and an important reference for the practice of reef restoration in the context of global climate change.

, correspAuthors=Xinqing ZHENG, Tuo SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: ZHENG Xinqing,
SHI Tuo,
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#These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Han ZHANG, Chenying WANG, Yan LI, Liuqing LIN, Kangkai LI, Xinqing ZHENG, Tuo SHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217471090176213379, articleId=1217471086875295926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=热胁迫驱动鹿角杯形珊瑚中与特异虫黄藻系群相关的细菌群落演替, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 探究细菌与虫黄藻之间的互作关系,以及该关系在珊瑚高温胁迫适应中的作用。 【方法】 以共生不同系群虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)为研究对象,通过室内模拟高温胁迫实验,结合核糖体16S rRNA基因扩增子测序解析珊瑚内共生细菌群落在高温胁迫下的动态演替情况。 【结果】 共生C系群(Cladocopium spp.)与D系群(Durusdinium spp.)虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚(分别简称PdC与PdD全共生体)的细菌多样性均呈现胁迫初期短暂升高、胁迫后期显著下降的趋势。与PdD相比,胁迫后期PdC的细菌群落组成变化更大,网络结构的稳定性与复杂性随胁迫时间延长逐渐减弱。二者在纲水平上也表现出不同的细菌丰度变化,胁迫后期α-变形菌纲的相对丰度在两组中均增加,而蓝细菌纲的相对丰度则表现为在PdC中上升、在PdD中下降的趋势。在高温胁迫后期,PdC中的C系虫黄藻对热敏感,潜在的条件致病菌丰度明显增加;而PdD中的D系虫黄藻具有热耐受性,基于物种组成与丰度预测,某些共生细菌可能在光合作用、群体感应、钙化作用以及ABC转运等过程中发挥作用。 【结论】 本研究揭示了不同类型虫黄藻与细菌互作对鹿角杯形珊瑚响应高温胁迫的差异调控作用。PdC珊瑚共生体出现白化现象,或许与C系群虫黄藻对热敏感以及潜在条件致病菌的入侵程度有关;而PdD珊瑚共生体具有高温耐受性,可能源于耐热的D系群虫黄藻及某些益生菌所提供的辅助代谢功能(如光合、钙化、群体感应等)。这种藻菌互作模式为理解珊瑚热白化的微生物学机制提供了重要依据,对全球气候变化背景下的珊瑚礁修复具有重要的参考意义。

, correspAuthors=郑新庆, 石拓, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=EKikeotQxv98c8VXxAc31A==, magXml=rISedQ7QHc1yiAiquoMxXA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=JZYjhKu+haZ1QQbbeNfc/A==, pdfFileSize=2724928, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Y20G0w0Kin3QN0WYhudzvw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XvtclmWlo6KUC8YX3CLi6A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

张涵:数据收集与监管,数据分析(生物信息学部分),完成呈现,撰写文章初稿;王晨颖:验证、数据分析(生理参数部分);李琰:方法论,提供生物样品资源;林柳青:执行调研,完成呈现;李康凯:提供资源,软件程序;郑新庆:项目管理,提供资源,撰写文章终稿;石拓:提出概念,获取基金,撰写文章终稿。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, companyId=1226557136805737176, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.福建省海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室,福建 厦门)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226557144229654531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Schematic diagram of the heat stress experiment. PdC and PdD refer to Pocillopora damicornis associated with Cladocopium (clade C) and Durusdinium (clade D), respectively. For each symbiont type (PdC and PdD), three maternal colonies (n=3) were collected, and 48 fragments (n=48) were generated per colony. The sampling time points correspond to 0 h before heating (26 ℃, T0), and 6 h (T1), 7 d (T2), and 14 d (T3) after the heat stress (32 ℃)., figureFileSmall=GN/IgLZr0L/PQlM04j1GIA==, figureFileBig=CNb05f8bFJg/0ATm20OXfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144422592522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=CN, label=图1, caption=高温胁迫实验示意图。PdC和PdD分别指共生C属和D属虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)。每种共生型(PdC与PdD)各采集3个母本(n=3),每个母本制备8个珊瑚断枝(n=48)。图中采样时间点分别对应升温开始前0 h (26 ℃, T0),以及温度胁迫开始后6 h (T1)、7 d (T2)、14 d (T3) (32 ℃)。, figureFileSmall=GN/IgLZr0L/PQlM04j1GIA==, figureFileBig=CNb05f8bFJg/0ATm20OXfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144682639379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Variation of bacterial community alpha diversity indexes under PdC and PdD. A: Shannon diversity index; B: Chao1 richness index. The sampling time points correspond to 0 h before heating (26 ℃, T0), and 6 h (T1), 7 d (T2), and 14 d (T3) after the heat stress (32 ℃). PdC and PdD denote Pocillopora damicornis associated with Cladocopium (clade C) and Durusdinium (clade D), respectively. Lowercase letters above bars indicate significant differences based on Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Bars sharing the same letter are not significantly different, while those marked with different letters show statistically significant differences., figureFileSmall=Q2wHzOo0J050xMQBPg5ETQ==, figureFileBig=mp5dCtFsh5Udw9m0kNhVXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144825245719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PdCPdD共生细菌群落的α多样性变化。A:Shannon多样性指数;B:Chao1丰富度指数。图中采样时间点分别对应升温开始前0 h (26 ℃, T0),以及温度胁迫开始后6 h (T1)、7 d (T2)、14 d (T3) (32 ℃);PdC、PdD分别表示共生C系群和D系群虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚;柱形图上方小写字母表示显著性检验结果,字母相同表示无显著差异,字母不同表示有显著差异(Tukey多重比较检验,P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=Q2wHzOo0J050xMQBPg5ETQ==, figureFileBig=mp5dCtFsh5Udw9m0kNhVXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144959463452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Changes in symbiotic bacterial community composition at the class level in PdC and PdD under heat stress. A: Relative abundance; B: Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). The sampling time points correspond to 0 h before heating (26 ℃, T0), and 6 h (T1), 7 d (T2), and 14 d (T3) after the heat stress (32 ℃). PdC and PdD denote Pocillopora damicornis associated with Cladocopium (clade C) and Durusdinium (clade D), respectively., figureFileSmall=Ybicz4lau/cQ/OENRDBU1A==, figureFileBig=dK96u0+Z3T7o6nj0mwhq0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145085292575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=CN, label=图3, caption=高温胁迫期间PdCPdD在纲水平上的共生细菌群落组成变化。A:物种组成丰度;B:主坐标分析(PCoA)。图中采样时间点分别对应升温开始前0 h (26 ℃, T0),以及温度胁迫开始后6 h (T1)、7 d (T2)、14 d (T3) (32 ℃);PdC、PdD分别表示共生C属和D属虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚。, figureFileSmall=Ybicz4lau/cQ/OENRDBU1A==, figureFileBig=dK96u0+Z3T7o6nj0mwhq0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145265647655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The differentially ASVs in PdC and PdD across time points compared to T0. A-C: ASVs that significantly changed in abundance at T1, T2, and T3 compared to T0 in PdC; D-F ASVs that significantly changed in abundance at T1, T2, and T3 compared to T0 in PdD. The sampling time points correspond to 0 h before heating (26 ℃, T0), and 6 h (T1), 7 d (T2), and 14 d (T3) after the heat stress (32 ℃). PdC and PdD represent Pocillopora damicornis associated with Cladocopium (clade C) and Durusdinium (clade D), respectively. ASVs marked exhibited significant changes in relative abundance., figureFileSmall=4ZOIFzP+CB4Rem1SBW+7Ew==, figureFileBig=dVVnCa3pHJ6Y3d6u6xfxBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145450197041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同时间点PdCPdD中相对T0时丰度发生显著变化的ASV。A-C:PdC在T1、T2、T3时刻相较于T0时刻丰度显著变化的ASVs;D-F:PdD在T1、T2、T3时刻相较于T0时刻丰度显著变化的ASVs。图中采样时间点分别对应升温开始前0 h (26 ℃, T0),以及温度胁迫开始后6 h (T1)、7 d (T2)、14 d (T3) (32 ℃)。PdC和PdD分别表示共生C属和D属虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚。图中标注为相对丰度变化较显著的ASVs。, figureFileSmall=4ZOIFzP+CB4Rem1SBW+7Ew==, figureFileBig=dVVnCa3pHJ6Y3d6u6xfxBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145567637558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=LEfSe-based taxonomic divergence analysis of bacterial communities between PdC and PdD. In the LEfSe cladogram, concentric circles from the centre outward represent the phylum (p), class (c), and order (o) taxonomic levels. Nodes coloured red, green, purple, and blue correspond to bacterial taxa with significantly different relative abundance at T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively, compared to other time points; White nodes indicate taxa not significantly different at any time. The sampling time points correspond to 0 h before heating (26 ℃, T0), and 6 h (T1), 7 d (T2), and 14 d (T3) after the heat stress (32 ℃). PdC and PdD denote Pocillopora damicornis associated with Cladocopium (clade C) and Durusdinium (clade D), respectively., figureFileSmall=zBiYcXHJclJng1XnmrP68A==, figureFileBig=0ypwnDO+abBey4DtZvoqrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145676689464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基于LEfSePdCPdD细菌群落多级分类差异分析。LEfSe进化分支图中由内至外的同心圆分别代表门(p)、纲(c)、目(o) 3级分类水平。红色、绿色、紫色和蓝色节点分别表示在T0、T1、T2和T3时间点相较于其他时刻相对丰度发生显著变化的细菌类群;白色节点表示在所有时间点均无显著差异的类群。图中采样时间点分别对应升温开始前0 h (26 ℃, T0),以及温度胁迫开始后6 h (T1)、7 d (T2)、14 d (T3) (32 ℃)。PdC和PdD分别指共生C系群和D系群虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚。, figureFileSmall=zBiYcXHJclJng1XnmrP68A==, figureFileBig=0ypwnDO+abBey4DtZvoqrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145861238851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Microbial co-occurrence networks of PdC and PdD at ASV level across sampling time points. The sampling time points correspond to 0 h before heating (26 ℃, T0), and 6 h (T1), 7 d (T2), and 14 d (T3) after the heat stress (32 ℃). PdC and PdD represent Pocillopora damicornis associated with Cladocopium (clade C) and Durusdinium (clade D), respectively. N: Number of nodes; L: Number of edges., figureFileSmall=RBs9DFiVGCFchOAG9IiyGA==, figureFileBig=KVnKglY2aVa0C3mK82NCug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145982873672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PdCPdD在不同采样时间点的细菌共生网络(ASV水平)。图中采样时间点分别对应升温开始前0 h (26 ℃, T0),以及温度胁迫开始后6 h (T1)、7 d (T2)、14 d (T3) (32 ℃)。PdC和PdD分别表示共生C属和D属虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚。N:节点数量;L:节点连线条数。, figureFileSmall=RBs9DFiVGCFchOAG9IiyGA==, figureFileBig=KVnKglY2aVa0C3mK82NCug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557146104508494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Functional prediction analysis of the coral-associated bacterial communities (PdC and PdD) under heat stress. The sampling time points correspond to 6 h (T1), 7 d (T2), and 14 d (T3) after the heat stress (32 ℃). PdC and PdD represent Pocillopora damicornis associated with Cladocopium (clade C) and Durusdinium (clade D), respectively. Bubble size indicates significantly enriched functional pathways relative to the T0 time point., figureFileSmall=NmDpYAflslrXn82lpr73Rw==, figureFileBig=m6+N3OcP+kk/9w3aK7J4TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557146251309144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471086875295926, language=CN, label=图7, caption=高温胁迫过程中鹿角杯形珊瑚(PdCPdD)共生细菌群落的功能预测通路分析。图中采样时间点分别对应温度胁迫开始后6 h (T1)、7 d (T2)、14 d (T3) (32 ℃)。PdC和PdD分别表示共生C属和D属虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚。圆圈大小表示相对T0时刻显著富集的功能通路。, figureFileSmall=NmDpYAflslrXn82lpr73Rw==, figureFileBig=m6+N3OcP+kk/9w3aK7J4TA==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1192105720683257860, delFlag=0, nameCn=微生物学报, nameEn=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0001-6209, eissn=null, cn=11-1995/Q, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, 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热胁迫驱动鹿角杯形珊瑚中与特异虫黄藻系群相关的细菌群落演替
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张涵 1, 2 , 王晨颖 3 , 李琰 2 , 林柳青 2 , 李康凯 2 , 郑新庆 2, 4, 5, * , 石拓 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(1): 409-427
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(1): 409-427
热胁迫驱动鹿角杯形珊瑚中与特异虫黄藻系群相关的细菌群落演替
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张涵1, 2, 王晨颖3, 李琰2, 林柳青2, 李康凯2, 郑新庆2, 4, 5, * , 石拓1, *
作者信息
  • 1.山东大学 海洋研究院,山东省智慧海洋工程地质环境与装备重点实验室,山东 青岛
  • 2.自然资源部第三海洋研究所,海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室,福建 厦门
  • 3.海南大学 海洋科学学院,南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室,海南 海口
  • 4.自然资源部海峡西岸海岛海岸带生态系统野外科学观测研究站,福建 厦门
  • 5.福建省海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室,福建 厦门
Heat stress drives shift in bacterial communities associated with distinct Symbiodiniaceae clades in the coral Pocillopora damicornis
Han ZHANG1, 2, Chenying WANG3, Yan LI2, Liuqing LIN2, Kangkai LI2, Xinqing ZHENG2, 4, 5, * , Tuo SHI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Marine Engineering Geology, Environment and Equipment, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, Fujian, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, School of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
  • 4.Observation and Research Station of Island and Coastal Ecosystem in the Western Taiwan Straits, MNR, Xiamen, Fujian, China
  • 5.Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen, Fujian, China
出版时间: 2026-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250594
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【目的】 探究细菌与虫黄藻之间的互作关系,以及该关系在珊瑚高温胁迫适应中的作用。 【方法】 以共生不同系群虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)为研究对象,通过室内模拟高温胁迫实验,结合核糖体16S rRNA基因扩增子测序解析珊瑚内共生细菌群落在高温胁迫下的动态演替情况。 【结果】 共生C系群(Cladocopium spp.)与D系群(Durusdinium spp.)虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚(分别简称PdC与PdD全共生体)的细菌多样性均呈现胁迫初期短暂升高、胁迫后期显著下降的趋势。与PdD相比,胁迫后期PdC的细菌群落组成变化更大,网络结构的稳定性与复杂性随胁迫时间延长逐渐减弱。二者在纲水平上也表现出不同的细菌丰度变化,胁迫后期α-变形菌纲的相对丰度在两组中均增加,而蓝细菌纲的相对丰度则表现为在PdC中上升、在PdD中下降的趋势。在高温胁迫后期,PdC中的C系虫黄藻对热敏感,潜在的条件致病菌丰度明显增加;而PdD中的D系虫黄藻具有热耐受性,基于物种组成与丰度预测,某些共生细菌可能在光合作用、群体感应、钙化作用以及ABC转运等过程中发挥作用。 【结论】 本研究揭示了不同类型虫黄藻与细菌互作对鹿角杯形珊瑚响应高温胁迫的差异调控作用。PdC珊瑚共生体出现白化现象,或许与C系群虫黄藻对热敏感以及潜在条件致病菌的入侵程度有关;而PdD珊瑚共生体具有高温耐受性,可能源于耐热的D系群虫黄藻及某些益生菌所提供的辅助代谢功能(如光合、钙化、群体感应等)。这种藻菌互作模式为理解珊瑚热白化的微生物学机制提供了重要依据,对全球气候变化背景下的珊瑚礁修复具有重要的参考意义。

鹿角杯形珊瑚  /  16S rRNA基因  /  高通量测序  /  高温胁迫  /  功能预测

[Objective] To investigate the interactions between coral-associated Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria in mediating heat stress adaptation of corals. [Methods] Using Pocillopora damicornis harbouring distinct Symbiodiniaceae clades, we performed a laboratory-controlled heat stress simulation experiment to examine the dynamics of symbiotic bacterial community shifts via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. [Results] Bacterial alpha diversity exhibited a transient increase during the initial stress, followed by a significant decrease under prolonged stress, in P. damicornis harbouring clade C (Cladocopium spp.) or clade D (Durusdinium spp.) algal symbionts (i.e., PdC versus PdD holobionts). Compared with PdD, PdC demonstrated enhanced bacterial community shifts, alongside progressively diminished network stability and complexity with prolonged heat stress. Analysis of bacterial abundance at the class level revealed divergent trajectories of the two holobionts, with the abundance of Alphaproteobacteria increasing in both PdC and PdD, whereas that of Cyanobacteriota increasing in PdC but decreasing in PdD over the course of the experiment. During the later stage of heat stress, Cladocopium spp. in PdC showed increased sensitivity, coinciding with the enrichment of potentially opportunistic pathogens, whereas Durusdinium spp. in PdD were thermotolerant, coinciding with elevated abundance of bacteria possibly involved in photosynthesis, quorum sensing, calcification, and ABC transport. [Conclusion] These findings suggest that different clades of Symbiodiniaceae might interact with bacteria to differentially regulate the P. damicornis response to heat stress. Thermal sensitive Cladocopium spp., combined with the proliferation of potential opportunistic pathogens, may exacerbate the risk of thermal bleaching in PdC, whereas resilience could be strengthened in PdD via thermotolerant Durusdinium spp. coordinating with beneficial bacteria with supportive metabolic potential (e.g., photosynthesis, calcification, and quorum sensing). This algal-bacterial interaction mode provides critical insights into the microbially-mediated thermal bleaching mechanisms and an important reference for the practice of reef restoration in the context of global climate change.

Pocillopora damicornis  /  16S rRNA gene  /  high-throughput sequencing  /  heat stress  /  functional prediction
张涵, 王晨颖, 李琰, 林柳青, 李康凯, 郑新庆, 石拓. 热胁迫驱动鹿角杯形珊瑚中与特异虫黄藻系群相关的细菌群落演替. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (1) : 409 -427 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250594
Han ZHANG, Chenying WANG, Yan LI, Liuqing LIN, Kangkai LI, Xinqing ZHENG, Tuo SHI. Heat stress drives shift in bacterial communities associated with distinct Symbiodiniaceae clades in the coral Pocillopora damicornis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (1) : 409 -427 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250594
珊瑚礁是生产力最高、生物多样性最丰富的生态系统之一[1-2]。珊瑚礁的三维骨架主要由造礁石珊瑚(scleractinian corals)构成,造礁石珊瑚主要由珊瑚宿主及其相关的微生物组成,这些微生物包括虫黄藻(Symbiodiniaceae)、细菌、古菌、真菌、病毒等[3-4]。其中,虫黄藻是珊瑚共生体中研究最为广泛的微生物类群。共生虫黄藻通过光合作用产生产物,并将其转移给宿主,以满足珊瑚宿主的能量需求;而珊瑚宿主则为虫黄藻提供无机营养物(CO2、NH3和PO43-)供其利用,在这种互利关系下珊瑚共生体保持着旺盛的生命力[5]。然而,近年来全球范围内的珊瑚礁均遭遇了前所未有的、频繁发生的大规模珊瑚白化事件。根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会第六次评估报告(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, 2021)预测,21世纪中叶,现有的珊瑚避难所(热带珊瑚向温带海域迁移形成的区域)将消失;到21世纪末大部分热带珊瑚礁群落可能不复存在[6]
与其他共生关系类似,珊瑚-虫黄藻之间的共生关系对环境变化十分敏感。目前普遍认为温度变化是造成珊瑚大规模白化事件的主要原因。自1994年采用DNA分子标记进行鉴定以来,虫黄藻被确立为科级分类单元(Symbiodiniaceae),包含7个系群(clade),每个系群对应1个属,即clade A-Symbiodinium、clade B-Breviolum、clade C-Cladocopium、clade D-Durusdinium、clade E-Effrenium、clade F-Fugacium、clade G-Gerakladium、clade H-Halluxium,其他系群或物种暂未命名[5,7]。不同类型虫黄藻会影响珊瑚宿主的环境适应性,例如Cladocopium属虫黄藻大多为热敏感型,而Durusdinium属虫黄藻(如D1a基因型)则具有较强的耐热性[8-10]。共生不同类型虫黄藻的同种珊瑚可能呈现出显著的生理差异。Little等[11]通过鹿角珊瑚(Acropora spp.)幼体的虫黄藻定殖实验发现,定殖Cladocopium属C1型虫黄藻的幼体生长速率是定殖Durusdinium属D1型幼体生长速率的2-3倍。Cladocopium属主导的珊瑚生长优势可能源于其较高的固碳效率与光合产物传输能力[12]。然而目前研究结果显示,共生Durusdinium属的珊瑚数量正呈上升趋势,尤其在受全球变暖、珊瑚白化以及人类活动影响较大的珊瑚礁区[8,13-15]。此外,研究表明珊瑚宿主具有从外界水环境中获取新的共生虫黄藻(“switching”)或调整共生虫黄藻群落组成(“shuffling”)的能力,这也是珊瑚适应性白化假说(adaptive bleaching hypothesis, ABH)的主要内容[16-20]。因此,珊瑚共生虫黄藻群落结构的动态变化是珊瑚应对环境扰动的一种重要自我保护机制[21-24]
珊瑚共生体内除共生藻(Symbiodiniaceae)外,还有许多在碳、氮、硫、磷循环以及维生素、辅酶代谢中发挥核心作用的细菌群落[25-27]。其中假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)是主要的功能载体[28-30]。Kimes等[31]通过功能基因芯片证实,细菌参与珊瑚共生体的碳固定、碳代谢等碳循环过程。Wegley等[32]通过宏基因组学研究发现珊瑚共生细菌具有代谢糖类、蛋白质以及转运蛋白的相关基因。Rosado等[33]从鹿角杯形珊瑚及周围海水中分离出具有益生菌活性的菌株,这些菌株可以有效减少珊瑚白化,并缓解病原菌造成的生理压力。Motone等[34]从丛生盔形珊瑚分离出的鼠尾杆菌能够产生玉米黄素,提高珊瑚对高温、高光等不利环境的抵抗能力。当外界环境发生变化时条件致病菌会转变为病原菌,导致珊瑚疾病的发生[35-36]。此外,一些细菌能够通过群体感应分子(如二甲基硫丙酸[37]、N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯[38]、吲哚[26]等)广泛参与物质循环和代谢,成为珊瑚共生体稳态维持和高效运转的内在驱动力。整体来看,细菌凭借其高丰度、强多样性及环境敏感性能够通过重塑群落结构、招募新菌群等途径协助珊瑚全功能体适应环境[39-43]
造礁珊瑚的生存高度依赖于其自身复杂的共生网络,其中虫黄藻(Symbiodiniaceae)系群的分化与更替也会对共生菌群结构及功能产生影响[14,26-27,29]。研究发现不同共生藻系群因其生理特性和环境适应性的差异可显著重塑宿主珊瑚的共生菌群[31,44]。Ritchie等[44]的研究显示,共生不同属虫黄藻的珊瑚黏液层含碳有机物组成会影响珊瑚共生细菌群落结构。Yang等[45]的研究显示,海南东南沿岸杯形珊瑚共生虫黄藻系群随纬度增加表现出由Cladocopium属向Durusdinium属过渡的特征,与Cladocopium属共生的杯形珊瑚始终与内生单胞菌稳定共生,而与Durusdinium属共生的杯形珊瑚细菌群落组成则表现出高随机性与空间异质性。然而,尽管近年来大量文献报道了珊瑚共生全功能体的耐热机制,但多聚焦于珊瑚宿主和虫黄藻系群,有关共生细菌及其与珊瑚宿主、虫黄藻之间的相关性仍有待进一步研究[11,16,32-33]
鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)是一种广泛分布于印度洋、太平洋区系的造礁石珊瑚,是世界上丰度最高、分布最广泛的造礁石珊瑚之一[46]。这一特征得益于其能够与多种虫黄藻形成共生关系(包括但不限于CladocopiumDurusdinium属虫黄藻),因此它是研究造礁石珊瑚环境适应性及其共生体动力学的典型模式生物[47-48]。因此,本研究以共生Cladocopium属和Durusdinium属虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚为对象,通过实验室高温胁迫模拟实验,结合16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,系统分析其共生细菌群落在高温胁迫下的结构与功能动态特征差异,旨在阐明不同类型虫黄藻主导的同种珊瑚中的共生细菌群落组成是否存在差异,以及这些差异如何介导珊瑚宿主对高温胁迫的响应。
2017年12月于海南岛南部鹿回头(LHT;18°12′7″N,109°28′5″E)和后海(HH;18°16′40″N,109°44′3″E)近岸海域2-3 m水深处采集直径约20 cm的野生鹿角杯形珊瑚(P. damicornis)母体若干。2个采样地点的温度及营养盐参数(包括磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、硅酸盐和氨盐)基本一致,且鹿角杯形珊瑚共生虫黄藻均以Cladocopium属或Durusdinium属为主[49]。采样过程严格遵循中华人民共和国水生野生动物驯养繁殖许可证要求(证号:2014003),采样点间距均大于5 m,以确保样品独立性和共生藻基因型多样性。采集的珊瑚母体转运至自然资源部第三海洋研究所珊瑚保育馆,在柏林系统(1 000 L人工海水)中暂养6个月。水质维持依赖活石过滤与蛋白质分离器。光照由3组80 W T5HO灯管(ATI公司)提供,光强设定为150 μmol/(photons·m2·s),光周期为12 h:12 h。水温由加热棒(EHEIM公司)与冷水机(广东海利集团有限公司)维持恒定(26±0.5) ℃,盐度维持在33‰。
从珊瑚母体取约2 cm断枝,用于宿主及共生藻基因型鉴定。将取下的珊瑚断枝放置于2 mL无菌离心管中,液氮冷冻10 min后加入800 μL DNA裂解液,用涡旋振荡仪(IKA公司)充分振荡混匀后,加入蛋白酶K (ThermoFisher Scientific公司,终浓度为200 μg/mL),用封口膜封住管口后在56 ℃金属浴中温育3 h。后续使用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)法提取珊瑚共生功能体基因组DNA[50]。经Zymo DNA Clean & ConcentratorTM纯化试剂盒(Zymo Research公司)纯化后,使用NanoDrop 2000分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定DNA浓度及纯度(A260/A280=1.8-2.0),合格样本分装保存于-80 ℃备用。分别使用珊瑚宿主特异性ITS引物1s (5′-GTACCCTTTGTACACACCG CCCGTCGCT-3′)和2ss (5′-CTTTGGGCTGCAG TCCCAAGCAACCCGACTC-3′)[51]Cladocopium属28S rRNA引物CF (5′-AAATCGCTGAAAGG GA-3′)和CR (5′-CTATTCACGCTTAAGCACA CA-3′)、Durusdinium属特异引物DF (5′-GCC GTGTACGGTGCTCGCTCTCAA-3′)和DR (5′-G CCACTCGCAAATGGACAGC-3′)[52]进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(25 μL):Ex TaqTM DNA聚合酶(5 U/μL) (TaKaRa公司) 0.125 μL,10×Ex Taq Buffer 2.5 μL,0.2 mmol/L dNTPs 2 μL,正、反向引物(10 μmol/L)各0.5 μL,100 ng DNA模板,ddH2O补至总体积25 μL。PCR反应程序:94 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,53 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。扩增产物经MiniBEST Agarose Gel DNA Extraction Kit (TaKaRa公司)凝胶回收后,连接至pMDTM19-T克隆载体(TaKaRa公司)进行Sanger测序。宿主序列通过BLAST比对NCBI核酸数据库(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)并辅以形态学特征鉴定为鹿角杯形珊瑚(P. damicornis)[53-54]。共生藻ITS2序列与已发表虫黄藻ITS2数据库[55]比对,最终鉴定为Cladocopium属C42-C1-C1b-C1c基因型及Durusdinium属D1-D4-D6基因型。
将3株PdC和3株PdD母体分割为大小相近的断枝,使用α-氰基丙烯酸酯黏合剂(Toagosei公司)将断枝基座固定于316不锈钢针后安装于亚克力底座。恢复完全后,挑选浮力质量(浮重)相近的珊瑚断枝开始升温试验,以1 ℃/h的速率从26 ℃升至32 ℃后开始实验,实验共设置3个平行缸,每缸放置PdC与PdD断枝各8株(图1)。实验缸体的光照由T5HO灯管(ATI公司)提供,光照强度设定为150 μmol/(photons·m2·s),光周期为12 h:12 h。水温通过加热棒(EHEIM公司)和冷水机(广东海利集团有限公司)维持恒定,并利用HOBO温度记录仪(Onset公司)进行实时监测(每5 min记录1次)。实验期间,盐度(33±1)‰、pH (8.1±0.1)均保持稳定。每日记录珊瑚表观健康状况(色卡比对白化/存活),并使用水下叶绿素荧光仪(Walz公司)测定虫黄藻暗适应后最大光量子产量(Fv/Fm)及光适应下实际光量子产量(ΔF/Fm′)[56]。每周以浮力称重法测定不同温度组别中PdC和PdD珊瑚断枝的生长速率[57]。于升温开始前0 h (T0)以及温度胁迫开始后第6 h (T1)、第7天(T2)及第14天(T3)收集珊瑚样品。部分样品经液氮速冻后储存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱用于扩增子测序;其余珊瑚样品则用于计算虫黄藻密度和测量珊瑚表面积。虫黄藻密度使用梯度离心法结合Sedgwick-Rafter计数板在光学显微镜下计算,珊瑚表面积采用铝箔法间接估算,最终将虫黄藻密度和钙化速率经珊瑚表面积归一化[58-59]
将珊瑚样品从-80 ℃超低温冰箱中取出,使用经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后的人工海水缓慢冲洗珊瑚表面以去除珊瑚表面黏附的碎屑,加入800 μL DNA裂解液,后续按照1.2节的方法对珊瑚样品进行DNA提取与纯化。随后使用带barcode的特异性引物341F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGC AGCA-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWT CTAAT-3′)对珊瑚样品的DNA进行PCR扩增[60]。PCR反应体系(25 μL):Ex TaqTM DNA聚合酶(5 U/μL) (TaKaRa公司) 0.125 μL,10×Ex Taq Buffer 2.5 μL,dNTPs (0.2 mmol/L) 2 μL,正、反向引物(10 μmol/L)各0.5 μL,100 ng DNA模板,ddH2O补至总体积25 μL。PCR反应程序:94 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,53 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,依据条带亮度调整体系,使各样品浓度一致且符合高通量测序要求。高通量测序委托北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司,在Illumina HiSeq 2500平台上采用双末端测序(paired-end, PE250)策略进行。首先,使用AMPure XP磁珠对PCR产物进行纯化,以去除引物二聚体等杂质。随后通过连接反应将测序通用接头引入纯化后的DNA片段末端,并以此为模板,使用带有i5/i7双索引(barcode)的特异性引物进行8-12轮PCR扩增,完成最终的文库构建。最终,文库经Qubit定量和Bioanalyzer验证片段大小后,统一稀释至4 nmol/L浓度并等量混合,最终在Illumina平台完成测序。
原始测序数据按样本barcode和引物序列进行拆分,使用FLASH对每条序列进行拼接。拼接后,利用QIIME (v1.9.1)进行质控,剔除低质量和过短序列,再通过UCHIME去除嵌合体,获得高质量有效数据[61]。使用DADA2方法生成代表性扩增子序列(amplicon sequence variants, ASV)[62],以Silva 138为参考数据库[63]对代表性序列进行物种注释,获取分类信息,用于后续群落结构分析。在属水平分类中,若某序列无法鉴定到属则保留其可确定的最高分类等级(科或目),并标注为相应“unclassified”科或目名。细菌16S rRNA基因原始测序数据已提交至NCBI GenBank,登录号为PRJNA1262919。
本研究采用QIIME 2计算细菌群落的Shannon和Chao1指数,并使用Kruskal-Wallis检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验分析组间α多样性差异,辅以Tukey HSD事后检验及箱线图可视化,在纲水平统计细菌群落结构并以堆叠柱状图展示[61]。基于Bray-Curtis距离的差异显著性检验(analysis of similarities, ANOSIM)计算不同处理组之间的群落相似性,然后基于主成分分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)排序将ANOSIM结果可视化。利用edgeR识别不同时间点高温组与对照组的差异ASV,阈值设置为FDR=0.3与P<0.05,结果以火山图展示[64],进一步通过Kruskal-Wallis检验和线性判别分析,显著性阈值设置为LDA值>2.0与P<0.05,结果使用LEfSe进化分支图进行可视化[65]。采用Pearson系数和Bray-Curtis距离构建细菌相互作用网络,使用Benjamini-Hochberg校正验证互作显著性,显著性阈值设置为|r|>0.6且P<0.05,并通过Cytoscape 3.7.2对细菌交互关系网络进行绘制[66]。使用PICRUSt2功能预测和KEGG功能注释对细菌预测功能进行注释,使用DESeq2对高温胁迫下各时间点(T1-T3 vs. T0)细菌差异化的富集通路进行分析,显著差异标准为校正后P-value (BH法)<0.05,差异通路通过气泡图可视化[67]。所有分析在R语言(v3.6.1)环境中完成,可视化使用ggplot2[68]等软件包。
在为期14 d的高温胁迫实验中分别在升温开始前(T0)、胁迫初期(T1)、胁迫中期(T2)和胁迫结束(T3) 4个时间点进行采样,每个时间点分别采集PdC与PdD各6个样品,共计48个珊瑚样品用于后续测序分析。
室内模拟高温胁迫实验显示,共生不同属虫黄藻的鹿角杯形珊瑚表现出对高温胁迫不同的生理响应。随着高温胁迫时间延长,PdC明显白化,到T2时刻PdC共生体系中近99%的虫黄藻丧失。与此同时,PdC的光量子产量(Fv/Fm和ΔF/Fm′)、钙化速率与T0时刻相比均显著降低(P<0.05)。相反,PdD在高温胁迫期间仅表现出轻微的触手收缩,未发生白化现象,与T0时刻相比其共生虫黄藻密度、光量子产量(Fv/Fm和ΔF/Fm′)、钙化速率无显著下降(详细数据参见本课题组Wang等[49])。
基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序共获得518 568条原始序列(平均每样品10 804条),经质控过滤及去除嵌合体后,共保留有效序列446 563条(平均每个样品9 303条,平均长度410 bp),最终聚类为3 596个ASVs。稀释曲线与物种累积箱形图均表明测序深度与样本量足以反映珊瑚共生细菌的多样性。将所有样本按最小序列数(7 170条)进行重抽样标准化,并计算α多样性指数。结果表明,PdC与PdD两组在ASV水平上的Shannon多样性指数和Chao1丰富度指数变化趋势基本一致(图2)。在T1时刻,两组的Shannon与Chao1指数均较T0时刻略有上升,并于T2时刻达到最高值。然而,随着胁迫持续至T3时刻,两组指数的数值均出现显著下降(P<0.05)。尽管在T0、T1和T2时刻PdC与PdD组间均无显著差异,但PdC与PdD在T3时刻的多样性指数值均显著低于T0-T2时刻(P<0.05)。
16S rRNA基因高通量测序分析所得到的ASVs共注释到30门55纲157目257科465属。在门水平上,蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota)是PdC和PdD中的优势菌门,平均相对丰度之和为(96.59±7.82)%。在纲水平上,PdC和PdD的优势纲均为α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidia)、蓝细菌纲(Cyanobacteriia)和梭菌纲(Clostridia),但在高温胁迫过程中不同纲细菌的相对丰度变化趋势不同。随着高温胁迫时间延长,PdC中α-变形菌纲和蓝细菌纲的相对丰度均逐渐上升,于T3时刻达到最高,其中α-变形菌纲的相对丰度为(41.21±1.20)%,蓝细菌纲的相对丰度为(22.47±4.04)%。PdD中α-变形菌纲的相对丰度也呈上升趋势,T3时刻相对丰度达到(71.52±8.65)%,而蓝细菌纲则从T1时刻起呈波动下降,T3时刻降至最低(3.07±2.09)% (图3A)。基于Bray-Curtis距离的PCoA分析显示,PCoA1和PCoA2 2个主轴的解释度之和为26.20%,PdC和PdD在T1、T2和T3时刻的细菌群落结构与T0时刻相比均发生显著变化(ANOSIM,P<0.001),且随胁迫时间延长两者表现出相似的群落组成(图3B)。
图4所示,PdC和PdD在T1、T2、T3时刻与T0时刻相比相对丰度发生显著变化的ASVs。总体而言,两组中差异ASVs数量均先增加后减少,且PdC在各时间点均较PdD具有更多数量的差异ASVs。LEfSe分析结果显示,PdC与PdD中相对丰度差异显著的细菌类群在T0时刻呈现出相似的群落结构,均以假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, ASV 56/182/240/496/533/1023/1743)、脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota, ASV 563/687/785)、螺旋体门(Spirochaetota, ASV 12/661)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota, ASV 934/1616/1630)为主要差异门类。然而,在目水平上存在差异,PdC中脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales, ASV 423/1828)和黏球菌目(Myxococcales, ASV 1729)的丰度较高,而PdD中则显著富集了脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales, ASV 459/1304)、螺旋体目(Spirochaetales, ASV 12/661)、肠球菌目(Erysipelotrichales, ASV 797/1522)和葡萄球菌目(Staphylococcales, ASV 211/261) (图5)。随着高温胁迫时间延长,两组样本的差异类群呈现分化的动态演变。PdC在T1时刻演变为以蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota,ASV 271/502)、伯克霍尔德菌目(Burkholderiales, ASV 504)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, ASV 481)和假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, ASV 533)为主;T2时刻蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota, ASV 1006)占据绝对主导地位;至T3时刻显著变化类群则主要为放线菌门(Actinomycetota, ASV 1032)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota, ASV 1020)和假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, ASV 1023)。相比之下,PdD在T1时刻以蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota, ASV 529)和芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota, ASV 469)为主;T2时刻差异类群主要为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, ASV 240/496)和芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota, ASV 682);至T3时刻则转变为以拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, ASV 481)和假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, ASV 182/1743)为主要差异类群(图5)。
细菌网络分析进一步揭示了PdC与PdD共生细菌在高温胁迫响应中的差异(图6)。在T0时刻,两组的细菌互作网络复杂度相近,表现为节点数(node, N)与连接数(edge, L)较为接近。然而,随着胁迫时间延长,PdC网络的节点数和连接数持续下降,至T3时刻已降至约T0时刻的50%。与之相反,PdD网络的节点数在T0至T2期间保持稳定,T3时刻虽有小幅减少,但其连接数仍高于T0-T2阶段,暗示在后期高温胁迫下尽管物种数量有所减少,但群落内互作关联性显著增强。值得注意的是,T3时刻PdD网络的节点数和连接数均约为PdC网络的2倍。这些网络特征的变化共同表明,高温胁迫显著削弱了PdC细菌群落的网络结构与稳定性,而PdD则展现了更强的细菌互作网络可塑性与高温适应能力。
基于PICRUSt2功能预测进一步凸显了PdC与PdD细菌的功能适应性差异(图7)。在T1时刻,PdC菌群主要参与MAPK信号通路、EB病毒相关通路及C型凝集素受体信号通路,而PdD菌群则主要参与糖胺聚糖生物合成、光合作用天线蛋白以及逆行内源性大麻素信号通路。至T2时刻,PdC在酪氨酸代谢、HIF-1信号通路和钙信号通路中表现出功能优势,PdD则显著激活了次级胆汁酸生物合成、肌醇磷酸代谢、二联苯降解及群体感应相关通路。在T3时刻,PdC菌群仍维持HIF-1信号通路的活跃性并参与单萜类生物合成,而PdD菌群则转向NF-κB信号通路、TNF信号通路、四环素生物合成及ABC转运体等应激响应与物质转运功能。这种时空分异的功能模式表明,PdD通过动态调控多种胁迫响应通路与代谢机制,展现了更为系统的高温适应策略。
室内模拟高温胁迫实验表明,PdC和PdD对高温的生理响应存在显著差异。PdC在高温胁迫期间虫黄藻密度、光合速率以及碳转运速率均显著下降,珊瑚白化现象加剧。相反,PdD在高温胁迫期间仅表现出轻微的触手收缩,虫黄藻密度、光合速率和碳转运速率保持稳定[49]。这一结果再次验证了珊瑚热胁迫响应的共生体依赖性特性,即虫黄藻的光生理特性与胁迫防御能力是决定珊瑚共生功能体健康状况的关键因子[69-71]。在高温胁迫处理初期,PdC和PdD细菌群落的丰富度和均匀度均保持稳定。然而,在更长时间的高温胁迫作用下,2种共生功能体组合的细菌多样性和均匀度均显著降低,推测这一现象主要与温度对细菌的筛选以及珊瑚共生体的能量分配有关[72-73]。珊瑚通过在幼体阶段通过“水平传播(来源于外界环境)”和“垂直传播(来源于珊瑚母本)”获取共生微生物,成熟阶段通常具有较幼体阶段专一性更强的细菌群落,这会导致珊瑚全功能体难以与外界环境中的细菌群落建立联系[74-76]。珊瑚宿主在胁迫初期通常可以通过调整能量分配(如降低钙化率、消耗储存脂质等)适应高温胁迫,但随着胁迫时间延长,机会型致病菌的丰度增加,最终会影响与其占据相同生态位的细菌种类与丰度,造成珊瑚共生细菌网络结构单一化,最终导致珊瑚共生细菌多样性下降[77-80]。野外原位实验或室内使用原位海水进行胁迫实验结果显示,在高温胁迫下珊瑚共生细菌多样性增加[81-83]。我们推测这可能与珊瑚物种以及水体中的细菌丰度有关。相较于天然海水,人工配制海水中细菌种类和丰度相对较低,通常难以为珊瑚提供充足的细菌来源,但鉴于珊瑚物种与水体环境中细菌发生交换的能力可能与珊瑚种类以及分布区域有关,目前有关珊瑚与水体发生细菌群落交换这一现象仍无统一定论,未来仍需进一步研究与探索。
由于当前微生物数据库中许多珊瑚特有的共生细菌的基因序列信息还很不完善,许多ASVs序列在属种水平上无法准确确定其身份,因此本研究主要在较高的分类水平(门/纲/目)以及ASV水平上进行分析[84-86]。更高层的分类单元(如纲、目)的成员通常具有相似的功能特点,未被精确注释的ASVs序列可用于追踪在环境压力下细菌成员的数量变化趋势[87-90]。本研究发现随着胁迫时间延长,PdC和PdD共生细菌群落均经历物种重组且最终在纲水平上表现出“趋同”现象,但两者在最终达到“趋同”这一状态所经历的细菌群落变化以及细菌功能并不相同。本研究发现,PdC中蓝细菌在T1-T2期间呈现波动性响应(先增后降),不稳定状态削弱了系统的抗干扰能力。PdD对高温的适应能力得益于α-变形菌纲的相对丰度显著提升,其突出的代谢多样性和兼性厌氧特性使其能够在胁迫条件下快速形成稳定的核心功能菌群[88]。同时,PdD中蓝细菌丰度的持续下降有效抑制了依赖光自养带来的代谢波动,从而降低了光氧化损伤引发的群落结构扰动风险[89-91]。上述现象在更广泛的珊瑚全共生体中得到印证。例如,高温导致滨珊瑚中脱硫弧菌目与厚壁菌丰度显著增加,以及脑珊瑚、鹿角珊瑚中蓝细菌暴发性增殖等现象,均显著削弱了宿主-共生菌功能体的抗氧化与氮循环能力,最终因光氧化应激加剧与能量供应链断裂导致体系崩溃[92-94]。此外,PdC的差异ASVs数量始终高于PdD,且其细菌网络复杂度随着胁迫持续下降,表明种间互作功能模块逐渐瓦解,而PdD在T3时刻网络连接数增加,展现出核心类群间的协同稳定性。综合分析PdC共生细菌的动态变化可知其细菌演替呈现阶段性更替特征,胁迫初期主要依赖蓝细菌的光合自养短暂缓解氧化胁迫,后期则转向放线菌的异养代谢,反映其核心功能类群在策略整合与稳定性维持方面存在不足。以上研究表明,以单一光能菌(如蓝细菌)主导为特征的响应策略,因其在核心功能稳定性和代谢路径切换弹性方面的不足而具有内在脆弱性;相反,基于多菌群功能冗余(如α-变形菌纲、厚壁菌)并通过异养降解与抗逆分子协同作用构建的多维适应机制,构成了珊瑚应对高温胁迫的普适性生物屏障[95-96]
本研究基于细菌群落分类群组成及丰度时序演替的预测功能分析揭示,高温胁迫下PdC与PdD的代谢策略与其细菌群落结构动态及核心功能类群协同机制密切相关。在应对高温胁迫时PdC主要通过调整菌群结构来适应环境变化。这种重组伴随与病变相关的潜在条件致病菌丰度增加,并有可能激活炎症相关通路,最终引发珊瑚白化。对于PdD而言,高温胁迫并未显著影响其共生虫黄藻的光合效率,珊瑚共生体可能主要通过优化与虫黄藻及宿主间进行物质能量交换和信息传递的益生菌群来维持健康状态,这与基于共生菌物种组成推测的钙化过程、群体感应以及ABC转运等功能相吻合。这一结果阐明了细菌分类群功能分工在珊瑚共生体胁迫响应中的生态位保守性,为解析珊瑚-细菌共进化中“结构-功能”耦联机制提供了新的组学证据。尽管本研究通过功能预测揭示了细菌群落动态与代谢策略的关联性,但基于16S rRNA基因扩增子测序的推断结果仍需宏基因组/宏转录组学数据验证,尤其需进一步解析关键代谢通路的基因表达时序特征及其对宿主表型的调控效应。此外,实验设计中胁迫时长与温度梯度设置的单一性可能限制了对菌群响应阈值及功能恢复潜力的定量评估,未来需结合多因素交叉胁迫模拟实验,验证上述功能模块的生态普适性。本研究的发现为珊瑚微生物组工程提供了理论依据,后期可通过定向调控核心菌群的代谢集约化功能,或构建具有抗逆增益的合成菌群,为珊瑚礁生态修复提供更加行之有效的方案。
本研究表明,鹿角杯形珊瑚共生体PdC和PdD展现出不同的高温胁迫响应模式与适应能力,这一现象主要是珊瑚宿主-微生物-虫黄藻三者之间共同作用的结果。高温胁迫显著降低PdC共生体中C系群虫黄藻的光合作用效率,破坏共生关系,导致珊瑚白化,但PdD中D系群虫黄藻受高温胁迫的影响较小,珊瑚共生体基本保持良好的共生关系。相较于珊瑚宿主与虫黄藻间特异的共生关系,PdC和PdD中共生细菌在高温胁迫下则表现出在纲水平上相似、在ASV水平上差异较大的细菌群落变动,具体表现为PdC中的ASVs数量变动较大,且网络结构单一化。这一过程主要伴随细菌群落重组、潜在条件致病菌增多等负反馈现象。与之相反,PdD则通过维持某些具有抗逆或辅助代谢功能的有益菌群提高热耐受性,基于功能预测,这些菌群广泛参与了群体感应、物质代谢、ABC转运等相关通路,或可在协同宿主应对高温胁迫中发挥作用。综上所述,本研究揭示了珊瑚共生体高温适应的层级调控框架,特定虫黄藻系群奠定了宿主耐受性的生理基础,而共生细菌群落的动态重组与功能补偿驱动了关键的微生态适应策略,二者的协同作用最终决定了珊瑚宿主在热胁迫下的表型可塑性。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3102003)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0607602)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42376110)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41876119)
  • 福建省杰出青年科学基金(2023J06043)
  • 自然资源部第三海洋研究所科研基金(2020017)
  • 自然资源部第三海洋研究所科研基金(2019017)
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2026年第66卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250594
  • 接收时间:2025-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-01-12
  • 出版时间:2026-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-31
  • 录用日期:2025-10-10
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3102003)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3102003)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0607602)
国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0607602)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42376110)
国家自然科学基金(42376110)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41876119)
国家自然科学基金(41876119)
Fujian Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(2023J06043)
福建省杰出青年科学基金(2023J06043)
Scientific Research Foundation of the Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China(2020017)
自然资源部第三海洋研究所科研基金(2020017)
Scientific Research Foundation of the Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China(2019017)
自然资源部第三海洋研究所科研基金(2019017)
作者信息
    1.山东大学 海洋研究院,山东省智慧海洋工程地质环境与装备重点实验室,山东 青岛
    2.自然资源部第三海洋研究所,海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室,福建 厦门
    3.海南大学 海洋科学学院,南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室,海南 海口
    4.自然资源部海峡西岸海岛海岸带生态系统野外科学观测研究站,福建 厦门
    5.福建省海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室,福建 厦门

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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