Article(id=1217471085604421720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250493, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750780800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1755273600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-16, onlineDate=1768197326327, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1767456000000, pubDateStr=2026-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768197326327, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768197326327, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768197326327, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217471079325549522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='475', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768197324830, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768198886678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217477630291530315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217477630291530316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=246, endPage=266, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217471085805748329, articleId=1217471085604421720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=A biochar composite bacterial agent affects the bacterial community structure and nitrogen composition in the soil of a vegetable plantation, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] The soil in the vegetable plantation suffered from fertility degradation, pH decrease, and heavy metal leaching, necessitating the exploration of the mechanism by which composite bacterial agents regulate the bacterial community structure, nitrogen composition, and heavy metal availability in the vegetable plantation soil. [Methods] The heavy metal-resistant bacterial strains Ralstonia Bcul-1 (R-B) and Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B (BC-Z) were prepared with biochar as an immobilized bacterial agent and then applied to the acidic soil (pH 5.6) of a vegetable plantation under long-term tomato rotation. High-throughput sequencing of soil bacteria and the determination of soil composition were conducted to analyze the bacterial diversity, soil pH, nitrogen-carbon content, and heavy metal chemical speciation, on the basis of which the effects of the biochar composite bacterial agent on the bacterial community structure, nitrogen-carbon supply, and heavy metal activity in the soil were analyzed. [Results] Biochar immobilization facilitated the growth of exogenous bacteria R-B and BC-Z in the vegetable plantation soil contaminated with heavy metals and maintained long-term coexistence of R-B and BC-Z with the original highly resistant Bacillus (10.18%-11.88%) in the soil. Accordingly, it effectively improved the bacterial community structure, adjusted the distribution of differential bacteria (biomarkers), and restoratively increased the relative abundance of abundant bacteria (such as Streptomyces, Geopathophilus, and Nocardioids) in the soil. In addition, soil bacterial genera, partial abundant bacteria, and the exogenous bacterial strain R-B were closely related to heavy metal chemical speciation and nitrogen-carbon components. The application of biochar bacterial agents (BI+R-B, BI+BC-Z, and BI+R-B+BC-Z) increased the pH, EC, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic matter, and total organic carbon of the soil by up to 0.41, 20.74%, 18.96%, 24.77%, 10.26%, and 21.56%, respectively, while decreasing the ammonium nitrogen residue by 13.91%, maintaining the nitrogen-carbon supply capacity of the soil. BI+R-B and BI+R-B+BC-Z reduced the content of exchangeable, reducible, and oxidizable heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn) by 0.18%-12.33%, but increased the residual content of these heavy metals by 0.16%-14.59%, effectively passivating heavy metals in the soil. [Conclusion] The biochar composite bacterial agent (BI+R-B+BC-Z) improved the bacterial community structure, promoted R-B growth, increased the abundance of abundant bacteria, and maintained the long-term coexistence of exogenous bacteria R-B and BC-Z with the original highly resistant Bacillus in the vegetable plantation soil with heavy metal compound pollution. Moreover, it increased soil pH, EC, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total organic carbon, and organic matter, while reducing ammonium nitrogen residue and passivating soil heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Cu). Therefore, it effectively regulated the bacterial community activity, exogenous bifunctional bacterial growth, nitrogen-carbon supply, pH, and heavy metal chemical speciation, with the potential to maintain the fertilizer supply capacity and control heavy metal compound pollution of vegetable plantation soil.

, correspAuthors=Yixiang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 蔬菜种植园土壤存在肥力退化、pH下降和重金属溶出等问题,需探究生物炭复合菌剂对菜园土壤细菌群落结构、氮组分和重金属有效性的作用机制。 【方法】 以重金属抗性菌罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia) Bcul-1 (R-B)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cellulasensis) Zn-B (BC-Z)与生物炭(biochar, BI)制备固定化菌剂,并将其添加到长期轮作番茄的菜园土壤(pH 5.6)中。基于土壤细菌高通量测序和土壤成分测定分析菜园土壤的细菌种群多样性、pH、氮碳含量和重金属化学形态,研究生物炭复合菌剂对土壤细菌群落结构、氮碳供给和土壤重金属活性的影响。 【结果】 生物炭固定化促使外源菌R-B和BC-Z在重金属复合污染的菜园土壤中生长,并与土壤原有的高抗性Bacillus (10.18%-11.88%)长期共存,有效改善了土壤细菌种群结构、调整了差异菌群(biomarker)分布和增加了高丰度菌[如链霉菌(Streptomyces)、地嗜皮菌(Geodermatophilus)和类诺卡氏菌(Nocardioides)等]的相对丰度。此外,土壤细菌种群(属水平)、部分高丰度菌和外源菌R-B与土壤重金属化学形态和氮碳组分密切相关。添加生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)后,菜园土壤的pH、EC、全氮、硝态氮(NO3--N)、有机质和总有机碳分别最高增加0.41、20.74%、18.96%、24.77%、10.26%和21.56%,且铵态氮(NH4+-N)残留减少13.91%,维持了菜园土壤氮碳供给能力。R-B生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z)减少了土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn)的交换态、还原态或氧化态含量(减少0.18%-12.33%),同时增加了其残渣态含量(增加0.16%-14.59%),有效钝化了菜园土壤重金属活性。 【结论】 生物炭复合菌剂(BI+R-B+BC-Z)改善了重金属复合污染的菜园土壤细菌群落结构,促进了R-B生长,增加了高丰度菌的相对丰度,并维持了外源菌R-B和BC-Z与土壤原有的高抗性Bacillus长期共存。同时,该菌剂提高了土壤的pH、EC、总氮、硝态氮、总有机碳和有机质,减少了铵态氮残留,钝化了土壤重金属(Cd、Pb和Cu)活性,有效调控了菜园土壤细菌群落活性、外源双功能菌生长、氮碳供给、pH和重金属化学形态,具备维持菜园土壤供肥能力和治理重金属复合污染的潜力。

, correspAuthors=王义祥, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Ar9+W/c7Mp9P5UjTxCvmiw==, magXml=deqBC0vH66nYDvzbwQgeHQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=KJzelzP6H1+d1lbXV1vQxA==, pdfFileSize=4647003, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=7Xn5n5O0cpL2L/EuMY339A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=tZS3d8Lx+EoMEPTC/AS1wQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

黄家庆:撰写文章,数据分析,获取基金,项目管理,设计实验;罗施行:提供资源,执行调研,数据收集;叶菁:项目管理,数据收集;林怡:监督管理,技术支持;王义祥:研究构思,执行调研,文章审阅,监督管理。

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Application of bifunctional bacterial flora in the remediation of butyl xanthate and Cd compound contamination soil in metal mining areas[J]. Metal Mine, 2022, 7: 225-232 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226557156623823318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=286, pageEnd=292, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=69, authorNames=PANG XY, NING W, QING L, BAO WK, journalName=Acta Ecologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PANG XY, NING W, QING L, BAO WK. The relation among soil microorganism, enzyme activity and soil nutrients under subalpine coniferous forest in Western Sichuan[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(5): 286-292., articleTitle=The relation among soil microorganism, enzyme activity and soil nutrients under subalpine coniferous forest in Western Sichuan, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226557145093681186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, awardId=2024J01329, language=EN, fundingSource=Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation General Project(2024J01329), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226557145265647656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, awardId=2024J01329, language=CN, fundingSource=福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2024J01329), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226557145437614127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, awardId=XTCXGC2021010, language=EN, fundingSource=High Quality Agricultural Development Surpasses “5511” Collaborative Innovation Project(XTCXGC2021010), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226557145567637560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, awardId=XTCXGC2021010, language=CN, fundingSource=农业高质量发展超越“5511”协同创新工程(XTCXGC2021010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226557135274816064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226557135283204673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, companyId=1226557135274816064, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226557135291593283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, companyId=1226557135274816064, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.福建省农业科学院资源环境与土壤肥料研究所,福建 福州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226557135438393935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226557135446782542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, companyId=1226557135438393935, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Comprehensive Service Center of Rural Revitalization in Qitao Town of Datian County, Sanming, Fujian, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226557135455171151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, companyId=1226557135438393935, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.大田县奇韬镇乡村振兴综合服务中心,福建 三明)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226557135560028756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226557135568417366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, companyId=1226557135560028756, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Process of Red Soil Mountain, Fuzhou, Fujian, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226557135690052195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, companyId=1226557135560028756, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.福建省红壤山地农业生态过程重点实验室,福建 福州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226557140765160350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Chemical speciation change of heavy metals in vegetable soil. A: Cd; B: Cr; C: Pb; D: Cu; E: Zn. Ex-, Red-, Ox- and Res- represented the exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable and residual, respectively. The same as follow. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=X/7IJFhahfzPZQbrHPTAAQ==, figureFileBig=aBCHhRZOC1ZBZfHoxte02g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557140882600870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菜园土壤重金属的化学形态变化。A:镉;B:铬;C:铅;D:铜;E:锌。Ex-、Red-、Ox-和Res-分别表示交换态、还原态、氧化态和残渣态。, figureFileSmall=X/7IJFhahfzPZQbrHPTAAQ==, figureFileBig=aBCHhRZOC1ZBZfHoxte02g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141041984431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Community structure and relative abundance of bacteria in vegetable soil (genus level). A: Strong seedling stage; B: Harvest stage. Red triangle represented Bacillus; Purple arrow represented Ralstonia., figureFileSmall=cvF/5/xeQg2k4noUEEL1jw==, figureFileBig=8ShJCDBCq5zz7elF7r3Ndg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141159424951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菜园土壤细菌的群落结构和相对丰度(属水平)。A:壮苗期;B:采收期。红色三角表示Bacillus;紫色箭头表示Ralstonia, figureFileSmall=cvF/5/xeQg2k4noUEEL1jw==, figureFileBig=8ShJCDBCq5zz7elF7r3Ndg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141285254076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=PCoA analysis of bacterial community in vegetable soil. A: Strong seedling stage; B: Harvest stage., figureFileSmall=sGQgT/J9IGiaH6THizl75Q==, figureFileBig=ftnOJym6rYfeBeV7Bd/uIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141423666114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菜园土壤细菌种群的PCoA分析。A:壮苗期;B:采收期。, figureFileSmall=sGQgT/J9IGiaH6THizl75Q==, figureFileBig=ftnOJym6rYfeBeV7Bd/uIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141528523718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The abundance distribution of R-B and Bacillus in vegetable soil. A and B: Heatmap analysis (top 25). A: Strong seedling stage; B: Harvest stage., figureFileSmall=eMSDcn5izj8o0liD+J0p+Q==, figureFileBig=ctXbG+z1NDVSNu9OfAJf/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141696295884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菜园土壤 R-BBacillus 的丰度分布。A和B:Heatmap分析(top 25)。A:壮苗期;B:采收期。, figureFileSmall=eMSDcn5izj8o0liD+J0p+Q==, figureFileBig=ctXbG+z1NDVSNu9OfAJf/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141838902226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=LEfSe analysis of potential functional-bacteria in vegetable soil (LDA>3, genus level). A: Strong seedling stage; B: Harvest stage. The greater the LDA value, the more significant the functional bacteria’s effect on soil., figureFileSmall=9JWHxmx7ZBS7R1sL4YEBEQ==, figureFileBig=yOzpbVUhfObQge0aiyVeVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141998285784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菜园土壤潜在功能细菌的LEfSe分析(LDA>3,属水平)。A:壮苗期;B:采收期。LDA值越大,该功能菌对土壤的作用能力越显著。, figureFileSmall=9JWHxmx7ZBS7R1sL4YEBEQ==, figureFileBig=yOzpbVUhfObQge0aiyVeVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142140892125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Changes of physicochemical properties and nutrient composition in vegetable soil. A: Soil pH; B: Soil electrical conductivity (EC); C: Soil moisture content; D: Total nitrogen; E: Ammonium nitrogen; F: Nitrate nitrogen; G: Total organic carbon; H: Organic matter. CK was the control group. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=mmFuIk/KzWLBJtlPIpNdSQ==, figureFileBig=cRVQYFTRiEAyzaep9FH06Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142245749732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=CN, label=图6, caption=菜园土壤理化性质和养分组成的变化。A:土壤pH;B:土壤电导率;C:土壤含水率;D:总氮;E:铵态氮;F:硝态氮;G:总有机碳;H:有机质。以CK为对照组。, figureFileSmall=mmFuIk/KzWLBJtlPIpNdSQ==, figureFileBig=cRVQYFTRiEAyzaep9FH06Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142338024426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Correlation analysis of soil bacterial community (genus level) with nitrogen component and heavy-metal chemical speciation. A: Soil nitrogen; B: Cd; C: Pb; D: Cu. TN: Total nitrogen; OM: Organic matter., figureFileSmall=0KUQWqLCcTeI2FDsvGwoKA==, figureFileBig=35EnL8tfsET46dSxEPihtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142472242161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=CN, label=图7, caption=土壤细菌种群(属水平)与氮组分和重金属化学形态的相关性分析。A:土壤氮素;B:镉;C:铅;D:铜。TN:总氮;OM:有机质。, figureFileSmall=0KUQWqLCcTeI2FDsvGwoKA==, figureFileBig=35EnL8tfsET46dSxEPihtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557143910888440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Heatmap analysis of high abundance bacteria (top 25) with nitrogen component and Cd chemical speciation. A: Nitrogen and carbon; B: Cd; C: Pb. Red: Positive correlation; Green: Negative correlation; TOC: Total organic carbon; To-Cd: Total Cd; To-Pb: Total Pb. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001。, figureFileSmall=wCwaA04fyVU3FpH3NaLwJQ==, figureFileBig=npKBQn3wl2ikud4ve1xY5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144070271995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=CN, label=图8, caption=土壤高丰度菌(top 25)与氮组分和Cd化学形态的Heatmap分析。A:氮碳;B:镉;C:铅。红色:正相关;绿色:负相关;TOC:总有机碳;To-Cd:Cd总量;To-Pb:Pb总量。, figureFileSmall=wCwaA04fyVU3FpH3NaLwJQ==, figureFileBig=npKBQn3wl2ikud4ve1xY5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144246431748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The alpha diversity analysis of bacterial community in vegetable soil (OTUs level)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample

ACE

index

Chao1

index

Simpson

index (×102)

Shannon

index

Sobs

index

Coverage

(%)

CK 13 132.693 120.440.696.282 518.6797.97
BI 13 025.882 997.510.736.232 443.3298.07
BI+R-B 12 410.94**2 002.51**16.81**3.21**1 229.01**98.42
BI+BC-Z 12 674.41*2 244.33**14.01**3.61**1 447.66**98.22
BI+R-B+BC-Z 12 612.94**2 228.04**11.29**3.78**1 437.33**98.27
CK 23 259.443 166.020.816.282 651.0297.94
BI 23 135.383 030.780.806.242 529.0198.01
BI+R-B 22 097.85**2 028.51**13.22**3.86**1 512.03**98.45
BI+BC-Z 21 806.96**1 782.51**16.70**3.51**1 283.67**98.64
BI+R-B+BC-Z 21 932.55**1 882.29**11.07**3.89**1 390.31**98.56
), ArticleFig(id=1226557144435175437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

菜园土壤细菌种群的α多样性分析(OTUs水平)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample

ACE

index

Chao1

index

Simpson

index (×102)

Shannon

index

Sobs

index

Coverage

(%)

CK 13 132.693 120.440.696.282 518.6797.97
BI 13 025.882 997.510.736.232 443.3298.07
BI+R-B 12 410.94**2 002.51**16.81**3.21**1 229.01**98.42
BI+BC-Z 12 674.41*2 244.33**14.01**3.61**1 447.66**98.22
BI+R-B+BC-Z 12 612.94**2 228.04**11.29**3.78**1 437.33**98.27
CK 23 259.443 166.020.816.282 651.0297.94
BI 23 135.383 030.780.806.242 529.0198.01
BI+R-B 22 097.85**2 028.51**13.22**3.86**1 512.03**98.45
BI+BC-Z 21 806.96**1 782.51**16.70**3.51**1 283.67**98.64
BI+R-B+BC-Z 21 932.55**1 882.29**11.07**3.89**1 390.31**98.56
), ArticleFig(id=1226557144657473553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Relative abundance of Bacillus genus (top 10, %) in vegetable soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species nameCK 1BI 1

BI+

R-B 1

BI+

BC-Z 1

BI+R-B+

BC-Z 1

CK 2BI 2

BI+

R-B 2

BI+

BC-Z 2

BI+R-B+

BC-Z 2

Bacillus10.1810.1010.0813.7010.4311.8811.3510.487.788.90
Tumebacillus3.453.530.210.340.384.333.990.550.430.47
Paenibacillus2.192.240.250.380.441.661.540.510.370.37
Alicyclobacillus0.630.630.120.190.140.400.440.170.120.13
Lysinibacillus0.530.530.040.070.080.420.370.090.080.06
Pullulanibacillus0.330.351.151.440.810.340.290.810.730.69
Oceanobacillus0.190.160.020.030.020.100.100.030.010.02
Solibacillus0.140.140.020.020.020.140.080.040.020.02
Geobacillus0.110.130.010.030.020.060.070.010.020.02
Brevibacillus0.110.140.010.020.010.070.070.020.010.01
Fictibacillus0.100.130.000.020.020.060.080.020.010.02
), ArticleFig(id=1226557144825245720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471085604421720, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菜园土壤芽孢杆菌属细菌的相对丰度变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species nameCK 1BI 1

BI+

R-B 1

BI+

BC-Z 1

BI+R-B+

BC-Z 1

CK 2BI 2

BI+

R-B 2

BI+

BC-Z 2

BI+R-B+

BC-Z 2

Bacillus10.1810.1010.0813.7010.4311.8811.3510.487.788.90
Tumebacillus3.453.530.210.340.384.333.990.550.430.47
Paenibacillus2.192.240.250.380.441.661.540.510.370.37
Alicyclobacillus0.630.630.120.190.140.400.440.170.120.13
Lysinibacillus0.530.530.040.070.080.420.370.090.080.06
Pullulanibacillus0.330.351.151.440.810.340.290.810.730.69
Oceanobacillus0.190.160.020.030.020.100.100.030.010.02
Solibacillus0.140.140.020.020.020.140.080.040.020.02
Geobacillus0.110.130.010.030.020.060.070.010.020.02
Brevibacillus0.110.140.010.020.010.070.070.020.010.01
Fictibacillus0.100.130.000.020.020.060.080.020.010.02
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生物炭复合菌剂对蔬菜种植园土壤细菌群落结构和氮组分的影响
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黄家庆 1, 3 , 罗施行 2 , 叶菁 1, 3 , 林怡 1, 3 , 王义祥 1, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(1): 246-266
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(1): 246-266
生物炭复合菌剂对蔬菜种植园土壤细菌群落结构和氮组分的影响
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黄家庆1, 3, 罗施行2, 叶菁1, 3, 林怡1, 3, 王义祥1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.福建省农业科学院资源环境与土壤肥料研究所,福建 福州
  • 2.大田县奇韬镇乡村振兴综合服务中心,福建 三明
  • 3.福建省红壤山地农业生态过程重点实验室,福建 福州
A biochar composite bacterial agent affects the bacterial community structure and nitrogen composition in the soil of a vegetable plantation
Jiaqing HUANG1, 3, Shixing LUO2, Jing YE1, 3, Yi LIN1, 3, Yixiang WANG1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
  • 2.Comprehensive Service Center of Rural Revitalization in Qitao Town of Datian County, Sanming, Fujian, China
  • 3.Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Process of Red Soil Mountain, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
出版时间: 2026-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250493
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【目的】 蔬菜种植园土壤存在肥力退化、pH下降和重金属溶出等问题,需探究生物炭复合菌剂对菜园土壤细菌群落结构、氮组分和重金属有效性的作用机制。 【方法】 以重金属抗性菌罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia) Bcul-1 (R-B)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cellulasensis) Zn-B (BC-Z)与生物炭(biochar, BI)制备固定化菌剂,并将其添加到长期轮作番茄的菜园土壤(pH 5.6)中。基于土壤细菌高通量测序和土壤成分测定分析菜园土壤的细菌种群多样性、pH、氮碳含量和重金属化学形态,研究生物炭复合菌剂对土壤细菌群落结构、氮碳供给和土壤重金属活性的影响。 【结果】 生物炭固定化促使外源菌R-B和BC-Z在重金属复合污染的菜园土壤中生长,并与土壤原有的高抗性Bacillus (10.18%-11.88%)长期共存,有效改善了土壤细菌种群结构、调整了差异菌群(biomarker)分布和增加了高丰度菌[如链霉菌(Streptomyces)、地嗜皮菌(Geodermatophilus)和类诺卡氏菌(Nocardioides)等]的相对丰度。此外,土壤细菌种群(属水平)、部分高丰度菌和外源菌R-B与土壤重金属化学形态和氮碳组分密切相关。添加生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)后,菜园土壤的pH、EC、全氮、硝态氮(NO3--N)、有机质和总有机碳分别最高增加0.41、20.74%、18.96%、24.77%、10.26%和21.56%,且铵态氮(NH4+-N)残留减少13.91%,维持了菜园土壤氮碳供给能力。R-B生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z)减少了土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn)的交换态、还原态或氧化态含量(减少0.18%-12.33%),同时增加了其残渣态含量(增加0.16%-14.59%),有效钝化了菜园土壤重金属活性。 【结论】 生物炭复合菌剂(BI+R-B+BC-Z)改善了重金属复合污染的菜园土壤细菌群落结构,促进了R-B生长,增加了高丰度菌的相对丰度,并维持了外源菌R-B和BC-Z与土壤原有的高抗性Bacillus长期共存。同时,该菌剂提高了土壤的pH、EC、总氮、硝态氮、总有机碳和有机质,减少了铵态氮残留,钝化了土壤重金属(Cd、Pb和Cu)活性,有效调控了菜园土壤细菌群落活性、外源双功能菌生长、氮碳供给、pH和重金属化学形态,具备维持菜园土壤供肥能力和治理重金属复合污染的潜力。

功能菌固定化  /  外源双功能菌  /  重金属化学形态  /  土壤高丰度菌  /  土壤氮碳含量

[Objective] The soil in the vegetable plantation suffered from fertility degradation, pH decrease, and heavy metal leaching, necessitating the exploration of the mechanism by which composite bacterial agents regulate the bacterial community structure, nitrogen composition, and heavy metal availability in the vegetable plantation soil. [Methods] The heavy metal-resistant bacterial strains Ralstonia Bcul-1 (R-B) and Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B (BC-Z) were prepared with biochar as an immobilized bacterial agent and then applied to the acidic soil (pH 5.6) of a vegetable plantation under long-term tomato rotation. High-throughput sequencing of soil bacteria and the determination of soil composition were conducted to analyze the bacterial diversity, soil pH, nitrogen-carbon content, and heavy metal chemical speciation, on the basis of which the effects of the biochar composite bacterial agent on the bacterial community structure, nitrogen-carbon supply, and heavy metal activity in the soil were analyzed. [Results] Biochar immobilization facilitated the growth of exogenous bacteria R-B and BC-Z in the vegetable plantation soil contaminated with heavy metals and maintained long-term coexistence of R-B and BC-Z with the original highly resistant Bacillus (10.18%-11.88%) in the soil. Accordingly, it effectively improved the bacterial community structure, adjusted the distribution of differential bacteria (biomarkers), and restoratively increased the relative abundance of abundant bacteria (such as Streptomyces, Geopathophilus, and Nocardioids) in the soil. In addition, soil bacterial genera, partial abundant bacteria, and the exogenous bacterial strain R-B were closely related to heavy metal chemical speciation and nitrogen-carbon components. The application of biochar bacterial agents (BI+R-B, BI+BC-Z, and BI+R-B+BC-Z) increased the pH, EC, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic matter, and total organic carbon of the soil by up to 0.41, 20.74%, 18.96%, 24.77%, 10.26%, and 21.56%, respectively, while decreasing the ammonium nitrogen residue by 13.91%, maintaining the nitrogen-carbon supply capacity of the soil. BI+R-B and BI+R-B+BC-Z reduced the content of exchangeable, reducible, and oxidizable heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn) by 0.18%-12.33%, but increased the residual content of these heavy metals by 0.16%-14.59%, effectively passivating heavy metals in the soil. [Conclusion] The biochar composite bacterial agent (BI+R-B+BC-Z) improved the bacterial community structure, promoted R-B growth, increased the abundance of abundant bacteria, and maintained the long-term coexistence of exogenous bacteria R-B and BC-Z with the original highly resistant Bacillus in the vegetable plantation soil with heavy metal compound pollution. Moreover, it increased soil pH, EC, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total organic carbon, and organic matter, while reducing ammonium nitrogen residue and passivating soil heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Cu). Therefore, it effectively regulated the bacterial community activity, exogenous bifunctional bacterial growth, nitrogen-carbon supply, pH, and heavy metal chemical speciation, with the potential to maintain the fertilizer supply capacity and control heavy metal compound pollution of vegetable plantation soil.

immobilization of functional bacteria  /  exogenous bifunctional bacteria  /  heavy metal chemical speciation  /  abundant bacteria in soil  /  soil nitrogen-carbon content
黄家庆, 罗施行, 叶菁, 林怡, 王义祥. 生物炭复合菌剂对蔬菜种植园土壤细菌群落结构和氮组分的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (1) : 246 -266 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250493
Jiaqing HUANG, Shixing LUO, Jing YE, Yi LIN, Yixiang WANG. A biochar composite bacterial agent affects the bacterial community structure and nitrogen composition in the soil of a vegetable plantation[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (1) : 246 -266 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250493
设施农田土壤存在肥力退化、pH下降和重金属富集(Cd 0.45 mg/kg、Cr 62.67 mg/kg、Cu 33.31 mg/kg和Pb 24.34 mg/kg)[1]的问题。重金属污染的菜园土壤(pH 6.5)中Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu的平均含量分别为87.18、1.06、261.01和97.81 mg/kg,其中Cd含量范围为0.41-2.07 mg/kg[2-4]。此外,全国8个省市具有代表性的设施蔬菜产区,土壤中Cd、Cu和Zn的全量与有效态含量均超标[5],且存在重金属复合污染[6]。重金属污染降低了土壤菌群丰度和土壤酶活性,阻碍了土壤微生物对土壤养分的转化[7-8]。研究土壤改良剂提高菜园土壤细菌群落活性、恢复特定细菌生长以及钝化土壤重金属的作用机制有助于治理菜园土壤重金属复合污染和维持土壤养分长效供给。
生物炭被广泛应用于修复土壤重金属污染、提高土壤pH和增加养分供给,但生物炭施入土壤后存在自然老化、功能基团降解和碳过量积累等缺陷,影响其长效固持土壤重金属[9-11]。过量施用生物炭会抑制农田土壤菌群生长,显著降低细菌种群的丰富度和多样性[12]。土壤重金属抗性菌具有抵抗力强、繁殖速度快和适应范围广等优势,可通过表面吸附、转化沉淀和氧化还原反应等方式钝化土壤重金属活性[13-15]。抗性菌罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia sp.) 能耐受较高浓度的Cu和Zn[16]。此外,生物炭具有多孔的微观结构、丰富的碳氮官能团和稳定的化学性质,可为外源抗性菌长期存活提供良好的土壤微环境[17-18]。施用生物炭能提高红壤特定微生物活性[19]和菜园土壤细菌丰度[20-21]。生物炭固定化功能菌可有效促进土壤细菌持续生长[22],恢复重金属污染土壤的细菌群落多样性[23]。生物炭固化菌剂已应用于治理土壤重金属复合污染和改善酸性土壤菌群结构[22-24]。将生物炭和重金属抗性菌制备成生物炭固化菌剂,研究其维持外源菌存活、降低土壤重金属活性和改善土壤菌群多样性的作用机制,可为生物炭和重金属抗性菌治理酸性农田土壤提供参考。
重金属抗性菌R. Bcul-1和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cellulasensis)可长期存活于重金属复合污染的酸性农田土壤,对Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Mn、Ni和Zn等重金属具有较高的耐受浓度和吸附效率[25-26]Ralstonia Bcul-1(R-B)与生物炭固定化后可促使R-B在Cd (0.42 mg/kg)和Pb (94.37 mg/kg)污染的农田土壤(pH 5.3)中持续生长为高丰度菌[27],其对土壤可溶性Cd和Pb的吸附效率分别提高16.23%-40.80%和2.71%-24.71%,且能增加施肥土壤中硝态氮(NO3--N)和可溶性磷的含量[25,28]Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B (BC-Z)耐高温(60 ℃)和存活于盐碱地,Cd2+和Zn2+胁迫下仍能降解蔬菜茎叶[26]。然而,高量施用生物炭或单一功能菌(生物炭+R-B,生物炭+BC-Z)治理重金属复合污染土壤时面临着生物炭自然老化、土壤碳过量积累、菌剂适用范围小和菌种性能衰退等难题[22,27]。通过研究生物炭复合菌剂(生物炭+R-B+BC-Z)中低施用量生物炭与不同重金属抗性菌(R-B和BC-Z)的互作机制,可为同时钝化土壤重金属和维持养分转化提供参考。以生物炭固定化抗性菌R-B和BC-Z探究生物炭复合菌剂对菜园土壤的重金属活性、细菌种群生长和养分转化的影响具有重要的研究意义。
菜园土壤的肥力退化和重金属溶出影响着蔬菜的可持续种植。采用土壤改良剂生物炭和重金属抗性菌共同改善菜园土壤的菌群结构、养分含量和重金属化学态分布具有较强的实践意义,可为避免土壤过量施用生物炭和克服单一菌剂功能菌衰退提供参考。本研究将适量生物炭与重金属抗性菌R-B和BC-Z固定化制备成生物炭复合菌剂,并施用到酸性菜园土壤中,明确其增强细菌群落活性、改善供肥能力和钝化土壤重金属的长效机制。
土壤取自轮作蔬菜达10年以上的蔬菜种植园,自然风干后碾磨成颗粒状,过50目筛网(孔径0.30 mm)。菜园初始土壤的pH、氧化还原电位(oxidation-reduction potential, Eh)、阳离子交换量(cation exchange capacity, CEC)和电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)分别为5.6、156.29 mV、4.16 cmol/kg和175.18 µs/cm;重金属Cd、Pb、Cu和As的含量分别为9.29、185.22、116.49和0.68 mg/kg;有机质和有机碳含量分别为5.71%和7.52 g/kg。番茄秸秆生物炭:pH为10.3,EC为1 047.12 μs/cm,全氮为6.27 mg/kg,固定碳为57.92%,碳氮比(C/N)为52.18。罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia) Bcul-1 (R-B)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cellulasensis) Zn-B (BC-Z)均由本课题组自主分离和鉴定,现分别保存在福建省农业科学院资源环境与土壤肥料研究所和中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心(CGMCC,https://cgmcc.net/),编号分别为CGMCC No. 17565和CGMCC No. 17563。选用生长周期为120 d的芥菜品种。
制备生物炭复合菌剂:1 mL R-B菌液的菌体数约2.15×108 (OD600=0.6),1 mL BC-Z菌液的菌体数约1.75×108 (OD600=0.7)[25]。将菌液于10 000 r/min离心2 min收集菌体,用等量无菌水洗涤并重悬。将100 mL菌体稀释液(10 mL重悬液+90 mL无菌水)添加到番茄秸秆生物炭(10 g) (菌液:生物炭=10:1,菌液体积与生物炭质量的比例),25 ℃、150 r/min固定化处理2 h。一个花盆装10 kg土壤(土壤:生物炭=1 000:1)[27],添加生物炭菌剂(10 g生物炭+100 mL菌液)或生物炭(10 g生物炭+100 mL ddH2O)[22,27],同时加入2 g复合肥(N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15)和5 g有机肥,混匀后装入花盆,在蔬菜大棚中陈化2周以上。设计处理组:设置5个处理组。对照组(control group, CK):初始菜园土壤;生物炭组(biochar, BI):土壤+生物炭;R-B生物炭菌剂组(BI+R-B):土壤+生物炭+R-B;BC-Z生物炭菌剂组(BI+BC-Z):土壤+生物炭+BC-Z;R-B+BC-Z生物炭复合菌剂组(BI+R-B+BC-Z):土壤+生物炭+R-B+BC-Z。壮苗期(50 d)的处理组编号为CK 1、BI 1、BI+R-B 1、BI+BC-Z 1和BI+R-B+BC-Z 1;采收期(90 d,花期)的处理组编号为CK 2、BI 2、BI+R-B 2、BI+BC-Z 2和BI+R-B+BC-Z 2。蔬菜种植和土壤取样:试验设5个处理组,每个处理组有5个重复(确保每组至少有3个处理的蔬菜苗成活至采收期),共25个处理(花盆),移栽株高8-10 cm的芥菜苗。在芥菜的壮苗期和采收期选择芥菜苗生长良好的处理,用自制打孔器在芥菜苗周围随机确定6个土壤取样点,并垂直插取根际土壤(8 cm深度)。壮苗期仅测定土壤细菌群落多样性,采收期测定土壤的细菌群落多样性、重金属化学形态(交换态、还原态、氧化态和残渣态)和氮素含量总氮、硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)。
将自然风干的土样碾磨成粉末状,过100目筛子。重金属总含量:称取2 g土壤,加入200 µL浓H2SO4和20 mL HF,维持200 ℃至反应液蒸干;再次加入等量浓H2SO4和HF,继续加热至混合酸蒸干。然后加入30 mL浓HNO3、4 mL浓H2SO4和10 mL HClO4,加热至产生白烟。用ddH2O定容至100 mL,测定Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn含量。重金属交换态:称取2 g土壤,加入80 mL 0.10 mol/L CH3COOH,200 r/min振荡培养20 h (25 ℃),10 000 r/min离心20 min。上清液分别用普通定性滤纸和微孔滤膜(孔径0.45 µm)过滤,测定重金属交换态含量。重金属还原态:向提取完重金属交换态的土壤残渣中加入80 mL 0.50 mol/L HONH2HCl溶液,200 r/min振荡培养20 h,10 000 r/min离心20 min,上清液过滤后测定重金属还原态含量。重金属氧化态:向提取完重金属还原态的土壤残渣中加入20 mL H2O2 (8.80 mol/L,pH 2.0),室温反应1 h,85 ℃再反应1 h;当反应液体积减小到6 mL时加入20 mL H2O2,85 ℃下继续反应;当体积减小到2 mL时加入100 mL CH3COONH4溶液(1 mol/L,pH 2.0),200 r/min振荡培养20 h,10 000 r/min离心20 min,上清液过滤后测定重金属氧化态含量。残渣态含量=总量-交换态-还原态-氧化态。测定仪器为石墨炉/火焰原子吸收分光光度计(北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司)。
用0.50 mol/L KCl溶液在25 ℃、200 r/min条件下对土壤抽提2 h,分别用普通定性滤纸和微孔滤膜过滤。总有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)和总氮采用铂金催化燃烧仪(Shimadzu公司)测定,硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)用连续流动分析仪(Skalar公司)测定。
依据土壤基因组DNA提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]提供的方法提取土壤细菌总DNA。采用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和超微量紫外分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)分别检测DNA的完整性和总量。以简并引物338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)扩增细菌16S rRNA基因(V3-V4区)。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Phanta Max Buffer 25 μL,dNTP Mix (10 mmol/L) 1 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各2 μL,Phanta Max Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (5 U/μL) (南京诺唯赞生物科技有限公司) 1 μL,DNA 1 μL (<50 ng/μL),ddH2O 18 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 5 min;95 ℃ 20 s,55 ℃ 35 s,72 ℃ 45 s,共32个循环;72 ℃ 5 min。采用1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PCR产物的特异性。PCR产物送上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行高通量测序,基于在线的美吉生物云平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com/,上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司)分析土壤细菌群落结构,具体分析软件和方法参考美吉生物公司提供的云工具(https://cloud.majorbio.com/page/tools.html)。高通量测序原始序列已经提交至NCBI SRA (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra),登录号为PRJNA948697 (BioProject)和SRR23980356 (Sequence Read Archive)。
数据统计分析采用R语言(v3.3.1,https://www.r-project.org/)。图表绘制采用R语言和Microsoft Excel v2019,以平均值和标准差(standard deviation, SD)制作柱形图。组间差异性采用单因素方差分析(Duncan’s test,*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01)。
图1所示,菜园土壤重金属含量(CK,pH 5.6)为:Cd 9.29 mg/kg、Cr 33.32 mg/kg、Pb 185.22 mg/kg、Cu 116.49 mg/kg和Zn 163.95 mg/kg。根据《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行) GB 15618—2018》的重金属风险筛选值(pH<6.5)[6]:Cd 0.40 mg/kg、Cr 150.00 mg/kg、Pb 90.00 mg/kg、Cu 50.00 mg/kg和Zn 200.00 mg/kg。菜园土壤中Cr和Zn含量低于风险筛选值,但土壤中Cd、Pb和Cu含量超标且分别达到风险筛选值的23.23倍、2.06倍和2.33倍,属于典型的Cd、Pb和Cu复合污染土壤。此外,菜园土壤(CK)中Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn的交换态占比分别为24.69% (2.30 mg/kg)、0.53% (0.18 mg/kg)、3.83% (7.26 mg/kg)、6.79% (7.96 mg/kg)和15.98% (26.15 mg/kg),其残渣态占比分别为60.90% (5.67 mg/kg)、76.46% (25.40 mg/kg)、58.09% (110.10 mg/kg)、44.13% (51.76 mg/kg)和76.61% (125.41 mg/kg)。此外,土壤中Cd和Pb的还原态占比分别为12.75% (1.19 mg/kg)和36.22% (68.64 mg/kg),土壤中Cr和Cu的氧化态占比分别为22.17% (7.37 mg/kg)和46.98% (55.10 mg/kg)。菜地土壤中Cd的交换态、还原态和残渣态合计占比98.34%,Cr (或Cu)的氧化态和残渣态合计占比98.63% (或91.11%),Pb的还原态和残渣态合计占比94.31%,Zn的交换态和残渣态合计占比92.59%。向菜园土壤(CK)中添加BI、BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z后土壤中Cd的交换态和还原态分别减少1.43%-12.33%和0.07%- 1.70%,残渣态增加2.44%-14.59% (图1A);土壤中Cr的氧化态减少0.70%-1.64%,残渣态增加0.71%-2.23% (图1B);土壤中Pb的还原态减少0.18%-2.18%,残渣态增加0.16%-2.95% (图1C);土壤中Cu的氧化态减少0.85%- 9.63%,交换态减少0.06%-1.37%,残渣态增加0.95%-11.77% (图1D);土壤中Zn的交换态减少0.26%-8.59%,残渣态增加0.31%-9.74% (图1E)。R-B生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z)减少Cd、Cu和Zn的交换态,减少Cd和Pb的还原态以及Cr和Cu的氧化态;同时增加Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn的残渣态。土壤重金属交换态为高活性化学态,还原态活性低于交换态,氧化态活性较为稳定(低活性),残渣态无活性。由于土壤中Cr的氧化态和残渣态占比高达98.63%,且土壤中Cr和Zn的含量未超标,同时R-B生物炭菌剂能同时钝化土壤中Cd、Pb和Cu的活性,因此本研究以菜园土壤中Cd、Pb和Cu为后续研究目标。
表1所示,ACE指数和Chao1指数反映土壤细菌种群丰富度,其值越大细菌丰度越高。从芥菜的壮苗期到采收期,相对于初始菜园土壤(CK),向菜园土壤中添加生物炭(BI)后,ACE和Chao1指数仅分别下降3.41%-3.81%和3.94%-4.27%;但向菜园土壤中添加BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z后,ACE指数分别下降23.04%-35.64%、14.63%-44.56%和16.59%- 40.71%,Chao1指数分别下降35.83%-35.93%、28.08%-43.70%和28.60%-40.55%。Shannon指数和Simpson指数反映土壤细菌群落多样性,Shannon值越大或Simpson值越小细菌群落多样性越高。向菜园土壤中添加生物炭(BI)后,Shannon指数和Simpson指数无明显变化,但向菜园土壤中添加BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z后,Shannon指数分别减少38.62%-48.86%、42.43%-44.06%和38.08%-39.81%,Simpson指数分别增加1 532.50%-2 311.69%、1 908.57%- 1 962.18%和1 267.11%-1 519.83%。与仅添加生物炭相比,R-B和BC-Z与生物炭制备的菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)显著降低菜园土壤细菌种群的丰富度和多样性。此外,相对于初始菜园土壤(CK)和添加生物炭(BI)的土壤,生物炭菌剂处理组(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)的Sobs指数值(Illumina文库覆盖率>97.94%)减少40.21%- 51.58%,进一步明确了菜园土壤细菌丰富度(物种数量)显著下降。添加BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z后,菜园土壤细菌群落的多样性(ACE指数减少23.04%- 44.56%)和丰富度(Shannon指数减少38.08%- 48.86%)显著下降(P<0.05),但土壤细菌群落结构及其优势菌相对丰度在芥菜的壮苗期和采收期保持较高稳定性,并且可鉴定的细菌种群比例从63.21%增加到89.49% (非深蓝色部分,图2)。
图3所示,从芥菜的壮苗期到采收期,PCoA分析的第一主坐标(PC1)和第二主坐标(PC2)贡献率达到92.47%-93.49%。根据细菌群落分布距离远近[12],初始菜园土壤(CK)和生物炭处理组(BI)的细菌种群结构具有相似性;生物炭菌剂处理组(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)的细菌种群远离CK和BI的细菌种群,这表明菜园土壤添加生物炭菌剂后细菌种群结构发生明显改变;此外,R-B菌剂处理组(BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z)的细菌种群分布距离较近,其细菌种群结构表现出相似性,但不同于BI+BC-Z的细菌种群结构(采收期,种群分布距离变大)。相对于仅施生物炭(BI),R-B和BC-Z与生物炭制备的菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)明显改变了菜园土壤原有的细菌种群结构。
图2表2所示,重金属复合污染的菜园中土壤高丰度菌为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、盖亚女神菌(Gaiellales)、氢产孢杆菌(Hydrogenispora)、潘多拉菌(Pandoraea)、膨胀芽孢杆菌(Tumebacillus)和链霉菌(Streptomyces)等(16S rRNA基因水平可鉴定的细菌) (图2),其中Bacillus相对丰度为10.18%-11.88% (表2)。在芥菜的壮苗期和采收期,添加适量生物炭(生物炭:土壤= 1:1 000,下文同此)不能明显改变菜园土壤的细菌群落结构和高丰度菌(丰度>0.50%)的相对丰度;菜园土壤添加生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)后Streptomyces相对丰度从2.10%-2.49%激增到41.22%-49.34%,地嗜皮菌(Geodermatophilus)、类诺卡氏菌(Nocardioides)和中华单胞菌(Sinomonas)的相对丰度分别增加到2.80%-3.84%、1.84%-3.52%和1.84%-3.12%,但GaiellalesPandoraeaHydrogenispora的相对丰度分别减少到0.79%-1.30%、0.00-1.29%和0.35%-1.04% (图2),显著改变了菜园土壤原有的细菌群落结构和高丰度菌相对丰度;土壤Bacillus相对丰度维持在7.78%-13.70% (表2),表现出较强的抗逆性和菌群稳定性,并耐受外源菌R-B和BC-Z的长期竞争。仅在R-B生物炭菌剂处理组(BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z)检出外源菌Ralstonia (R-B),其相对丰度为3.95%-9.33%,生物炭促使R-B成长为菜园土壤高丰度菌。Bacillus是菜园土壤相对丰度最高的细菌种群,对土壤菌群结构和高丰度菌生长产生重要影响;土壤中存在与Bacillus序列同源和功能相似的芽孢杆菌属细菌[27],综合分析土壤Bacillus和芽孢杆菌属细菌的相对丰度变化有助于了解土壤细菌群落变化特征。添加生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z),菜园土壤芽孢杆菌类细菌(top 10)的相对丰度从7.03%-7.98%显著减少到1.80%-2.54% [不包括解支链淀粉芽孢杆菌(Pullulanibacillus)],其中Tumebacillus、类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus)、脂环酸芽孢杆菌(Alicyclobacillus)和赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus)的丰度分别减少到0.34%、0.25%、0.12%和0.04% (表2),显著降低了菜园土壤芽孢杆菌类细菌的相对丰度。生物炭维持外源菌R-B和BC-Z与高抗性Bacillus在重金属复合污染的菜园土壤长期共存,但生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)抑制菜园土壤芽孢杆菌类细菌生长(top 10,丰度>0.10%)。
图4所示,Heatmap相关性分析显示,从芥菜的壮苗期到采收期生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)改变了菜园土壤细菌种群(top 25)的丰度(颜色从红色转向绿色),但Bacillus维持较高丰度(保持红色)。BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z促使Ralstonia (R-B)成长为高丰度菌且呈正相关(红色);此外,Sinomonas、放线多形菌(Actinopolymorpha)和克里布所菌(Kribbella)与生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)呈正相关,Pandoraea与生物炭菌剂呈负相关(绿色)。BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z与外源菌Ralstonia (R-B)密切相关,但BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z与菜园土壤原有的Bacillus无明显相关性。
图5所示,线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)图直观展示了对土壤产生显著作用的差异菌群(biomarker)。外源菌Ralstonia在壮苗期的BI+R-B 1处理组成为差异菌群(图5A,红色字体标示),Bacillus在壮苗期和采收期的所有处理中均并非差异菌群。从芥菜的壮苗期到采收期,初始菜园土壤(CK)的差异菌群数量为30-35个,添加生物炭(BI)后差异菌群数量激增到42-46个,但添加生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)后其差异菌群数量锐减到2-8个,显著减少了菜园土壤差异菌群的数量和类型。适量生物炭促进菜园土壤差异菌群生长,但R-B和BC-Z与生物炭制备的菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)明显抑制土壤差异菌群生长,并改变了菜园土壤原有的差异菌群分布。
图6所示,在芥菜的采收期,菜园土壤(CK)的pH、EC、含水率、总有机碳、全氮、硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)和有机质分别为5.0、130.83 μs/cm、12.06%、1 144.40 mg/kg、94.11 mg/kg、43.91 mg/kg、23.07 mg/kg和5.42%。添加生物炭(BI)和生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)后菜园土壤pH分别增加0.02和0.31-0.41 (图6A),EC分别增加14.55%和20.48%-20.74% (图6B),含水率分别增加0.66%和3.51%-4.72% (图6C)。与添加适量生物炭相比,生物炭菌剂增加菜园土壤的pH、EC和含水率,能缓解土壤酸化、增加土壤离子总量和固持土壤水分。菜园土壤添加BI、BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z,土壤总氮分别增加1.44%、0.78%、16.57%和18.96% (图6D),硝态氮分别增加0.48%、17.85%、0.34%和24.77% (图6F),总有机碳分别增加3.08%、2.37%、13.95%和21.56% (图6G),有机质分别增加0.43%、0.10%、10.26%和9.10% (图6H);土壤铵态氮在BI和BI+BC-Z处理组分别增加1.18%和2.02%,但在BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z处理组分别减少13.91%和10.38% (图6E)。R-B生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z)显著增加土壤硝态氮且减少土壤铵态氮残留,BC-Z生物炭菌剂(BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)显著增加土壤的总氮、总有机碳和有机质。综上所述,生物炭复合菌剂(BI+R-B+BC-Z)有效提高了菜园土壤氮碳和有机质的供给量。
图7所示,RDA/CCA分析展示了土壤细菌种群与氮组分和重金属(Cd、Pb和Cu)化学形态的相关性(锐角:正相关,钝角:负相关;夹角越小,相关性越大)。在芥菜的采收期,R-B生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z)的土壤细菌种群与硝态氮(NO3--N)呈正相关,与铵态氮(NH4+-N)呈负相关;R-B+BC-Z的土壤细菌种群与总氮(TN)和有机质(OM)呈正相关(图7A)。添加生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)的菜园土壤,其细菌种群与土壤氮组分[总氮、硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)]和有机质均密切相关。R-B生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z)的土壤细菌种群:与Ex-Cd和Red-Cd呈负相关,与Ox-Cd和Res-Cd呈正相关(图7B);与Ox-Pb呈正相关,与Ex-Pb、Red-Pb和Res-Pb均呈负相关(图7C);与Res-Cu呈正相关,与Ex-Cu、Ox-Cu和Red-Cu均呈负相关(图7D)。此外,BI+BC-Z的菜园土壤细菌种群与Cd、Pb和Cu的化学形态无明显相关性。R-B生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z)的菜园土壤细菌种群与土壤重金属(Cd、Pb和Cu)高活性的交换态(Ex-)和还原态(Red-)呈负相关,与无活性的残渣态(Res-)或低活性的氧化态(Ox-)呈正相关,具备钝化土壤Cd、Pb和Cu的潜力。
图8所示,Heatmap图直观展示了高丰度菌与土壤养分的相关性(P<0.05)。菜园土壤高丰度菌氢产孢杆菌(Hydrogenispora)、瘤胃梭菌(Ruminiclostridium)和Tumebacillus等(top 25,合计60%)与土壤OM、TN和TOC呈显著正/负相关(P<0.05),与NH4+-N无显著相关性(图8A)。HydrogenisporaPaenibacillus和小单孢菌(Micromonosporaceae)等(top 25,合计40%)与土壤NO3--N呈显著正/负相关。其中,Bacillus与土壤OM、TN和TOC呈显著正相关,与NO3--N和NH4+-N无显著相关性;Ralstonia (R-B)与NO3--N和NH4+-N呈极显著正/负相关(P<0.001),与土壤OM、TN和TOC无显著相关性。菜园土壤中Ralstonia (R-B)和Bacillus对土壤OM、TN、TOC、NO3--N和NH4+-N的相关性截然不同。添加生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)的菜园土壤中,高丰度菌(top 25)、RalstoniaBacillus共同作用于土壤氮组分(TN、NO3--N和NH4+-N)、总有机碳和有机质。菜园土壤80%的高丰度细菌(top 25)与Ox-Cd和Ex-Cd呈显著正/负相关(图8B),40%的高丰度细菌(top 25)与Res-Cd和Red-Cd呈显著正/负相关。其中Ralstonia与Ex-Cd呈极显著负相关,与Ox-Cd和Res-Cd呈显著正相关。菜园土壤52%的高丰度细菌(top 25)与Ox-Pb呈显著正/负相关(图8C),与Ex-Pb、Red-Pb和Res-Pb的相关性降低。其中,Ralstonia与Ex-Pb、To-Pb和Red-Pb呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与Ox-Pb呈极显著正相关。然而,Bacillus与土壤Cd和Pb的化学形态无显著相关性。添加生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)的菜园土壤中,高丰度细菌(top 25)和外源菌Ralstonia显著影响土壤重金属(Cd和Pb)高活性的交换态和还原态、性质较为稳定的氧化态以及无活性的残渣态(Pb除外)。
重金属复合污染会显著降低土壤菌群的多样性和丰富度[29-30]。生物炭具有多孔微结构且能提供养分,可维持功能菌在土壤中的长期存活[17-18,31-32],还能改善重金属复合污染土壤的细菌群落结构[20-21,33-34]。生物炭固定外源功能菌能够高效钝化土壤重金属、增强土壤细菌群落活性并增加土壤优势菌的相对丰度[22-23]。抗性菌Ralstonia Bcul-1 (R-B)和Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B (BC-Z)分离自重金属污染土壤,与生物炭固定化后促使R-B在重金属复合污染土壤中持续生长,并成为施肥土壤中的高丰度菌[25-26]。此外,农田土壤(pH 5.5)中的高丰度细菌(丰度>0.50%)包括节杆菌(Arthrobacter) (32.79%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas) (7.90%)、类诺卡氏菌(Nocardioides) (5.45%)、Streptomyces (1.51%)和Bacillus (0.90%)等;施用炭基肥后,土壤中StreptomycesBacillus的相对丰度仍维持1.11%-2.43%和0.46%-2.12%[35-37]。在重金属(Cd、Pb和Cu)复合污染的菜园土壤中添加生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z),细菌种群的多样性和丰富度下降14.63%-48.86%,差异菌群数量从30-46个减少到2-8个,但土壤中Bacillus保持稳定的相对丰度(7.78%-13.70%),高丰度菌Streptomyces (2.10%)、地嗜皮菌(Geodermatophilus)、NocardioidesSinomonas的相对丰度分别增加到49.34%、3.84%、3.52%和3.12% (合计59.82%);此外,从芥菜生长的壮苗期到采收期,土壤细菌群落结构和优势菌相对丰度维持着较高的稳定性。在适量生物炭作用下,外源重金属抗性菌R-B和BC-Z与菜园土壤原有的高丰度菌相互共存,其中R-B和BC-Z显著增强了Streptomyces的活性,且生物炭+R-B改善了施肥土壤微生物群落结构并钝化了重金属活性[27],为外源菌R-B (3.95%-9.33%,此百分比为相对丰度,下文同此)和Streptomyces (相对丰度从2.10%-2.49%增至41.22%-49.34%)的快速生长营造了良好的土壤环境,有效改善了菜园土壤原有的细菌群落结构和优势菌相对丰度。
促生菌菌剂能有效提高土壤细菌数量、活化功能菌并改变细菌群落结构[38]。复合微生物菌剂维持土壤细菌生态平衡并增加根际土壤细菌数量[39]。农田土壤施用复合菌剂能显著改善土壤细菌群落结构并增加有益细菌丰度,同时减少有害细菌丰度[40]。复合微生物菌剂提高细菌种群丰富度并增强土壤特定细菌活性,明显增加土壤功能菌相对丰度[41]。富含Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn的菜园土壤中存活着重金属抗性菌Bacillus (10.18%-11.88%),添加生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)后,外源菌Ralstonia (R-B)和土壤Bacillus的相对丰度分别为3.95%-9.33%和7.78%-13.70%。生物炭固定化促使重金属抗性菌R-B和BC-Z在菜园土壤中定殖和持续生长,且Ralstonia (R-B)成长为土壤主要优势菌,有效缓解了土壤高抗性Bacillus对外源重金属抗性菌潜在的拮抗作用。此外,生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)维持菜园土壤Bacillus稳健生长,但抑制相对丰度较高(丰度>0.10%)的芽孢杆菌属细菌(TumebacillusPaenibacillusAlicyclobacillus等)的生长。生物炭促使外源菌R-B和BC-Z与菜园土壤原有的抗性菌Bacillus长期共存。然而,施入农田土壤的生物炭会发生改性和自然老化,并且高量生物炭会抑制土壤细菌种群生长[22]。单一功能菌无法克服菌种衰老解体和适用范围受限的缺陷[25,27]。通过将R-B和BC-Z与适量生物炭制备成生物炭复合菌剂,有效提高了外源菌(R-B和BC-Z)的生长活性,并维持其与菜园土壤Bacillus和优势菌Streptomyces (41.22%-49.34%)长期共存,为实现重金属复合污染土壤减少生物炭施用量、R-B降低土壤重金属活性[27]BC-Z增加土壤养分[26],从而改善菜园土壤细菌群落结构和优势菌相对丰度提供了参考。
土壤重金属的化学形态主要有交换态(酸溶态)、还原态、氧化态和残渣态,交换态性质活跃且易于被微生物吸收,还原态活性低于交换态,氧化态性质较为稳定,残渣态无活性且不能自由迁移[42-45]。减少高活性的交换态和还原态,增加残渣态或氧化态,可有效降低土壤重金属的活性和迁移能力[44-45]。生物炭固定化重金属抗性菌能明显提高其吸附土壤可溶性重金属的能力,并促使重金属的交换态或还原态转化为残渣态,降低土壤重金属的生物有效性和迁移率[35-36]R-B和BC-Z对Cd2+、Cr3+、Pb2+、Cu2+和Zn2+等重金属离子的耐受浓度为50‒2 000 mg/L,且吸附效率达到6.95%‒78.97%[25-26]R-B和BC-Z长期存活于农田土壤,与生物炭固定化提高R-B吸附土壤可溶性Cd和Pb的能力,并改变了土壤重金属Cd、Cr和Cu的化学形态分布[27]。重金属复合污染的菜园土壤添加R-B生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z),土壤pH增加0.31‒0.41;土壤Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的高活性化学态(交换态和还原态)减少8.59%-14.03%,残渣态增加2.95%-14.59%;Cr氧化态减少1.64%,残渣态增加2.23%;同时,土壤细菌种群、部分高丰度菌和外源菌Ralstonia (R-B)与土壤Cd、Pb和Cu化学形态(交换态、还原态、氧化态和残渣态)相关性显著(P<0.05)。BI+R-B和BI+R-B+BC-Z能吸附土壤重金属,并促进重金属高活性化学态转化为无活性残渣态或低活性氧化态,同时增强土壤细菌种群和高丰度菌对土壤重金属化学形态的作用,显著降低土壤Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn的活性(增加残渣态,P<0.05)。R-B或R-B+BC-Z与生物炭固定化制备的菌剂通过缓解土壤酸化、吸附土壤重金属、增强土壤细菌群落活性以及维持外源菌(R-B和BC-Z)和高丰度菌长期存活,有效促进土壤重金属化学形态转化,具备同时钝化菜园土壤多种重金属的潜力。
芽孢杆菌联合菌剂能增加土壤有机质含量并促进秸秆纤维素降解[46],有效提高土壤供肥能力[47]。双功能复合菌群可修复Cd污染土壤,并促使芽孢杆菌种群成长为高丰度菌[48]。土壤细菌相对丰度与有机质、总氮、铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)显著相关[49]。具有氧化酶活性的R-B与生物炭固定化,能显著增加施肥菜地土壤供肥能力,同时调节土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量[27]。热稳定性菌BC-Z能产纤维素酶且耐受高浓度Cd2+,在多种重金属胁迫下仍能高效降解蔬菜残留物[26]。富含重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn)的菜园土壤添加生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z),土壤EC、总氮、硝态氮、总有机碳和有机质增加10.26%-24.77%,铵态氮残留减少13.91%;此外,菜园土壤细菌种群、高丰度菌Streptomyces和土壤Bacillus与总氮、硝态氮、有机质或总有机碳相关性显著(P<0.05),外源菌Ralstonia (R-B)与硝态氮和铵态氮显著相关。在重金属复合污染的菜园土壤中外源菌R-B促进了施肥农田土壤氮形态转化[27]BC-Z降解蔬菜残留物增加了土壤养分含量[26],且生物炭菌剂(BI+R-B、BI+BC-Z和BI+R-B+BC-Z)维持了土壤高丰度菌Streptomyces (41.22%-49.34%)和Bacillus (7.78%-13.70%)的持续生长。生物炭复合菌剂(BI+R-B+BC-Z)同时实现BI+R-B调节土壤氮形态和BI+BC-Z增加土壤氮碳含量,并维持外源菌(R-B+BC-Z)和土壤高丰度菌(Streptomyces+Bacillus)长期共存于菜园土壤,促进土壤菌群共同作用于土壤氮组分(总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮)、总有机碳和有机质的转化,有效改善菜园土壤供肥能力。
生物炭与R-B和BC-Z固定化制备的生物炭复合菌剂(BI+R-B+BC-Z)调控了菜园土壤的细菌群落活性、高丰度菌(StreptomycesBacillus)生长、外源双功能菌(R-B和BC-Z)存活、氮碳组分、pH、EC和重金属化学形态,并维持了R-B和BC-Z与土壤抗性菌Bacillus (7.78%-13.70%)长期共存;从而有效增加了菜园土壤的全氮、有机质和总有机碳,调节硝态氮和铵态氮的含量,同时促使土壤重金属高活性的交换态和还原态转化为无活性的残渣态或低活性的氧化态,实现了改善菜园土壤氮碳供给能力和钝化土壤重金属(Cd、Pb和Cu)活性。
  • 福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2024J01329)
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2026年第66卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250493
  • 接收时间:2025-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-01-12
  • 出版时间:2026-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-25
  • 录用日期:2025-08-16
基金
Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation General Project(2024J01329)
福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2024J01329)
High Quality Agricultural Development Surpasses “5511” Collaborative Innovation Project(XTCXGC2021010)
农业高质量发展超越“5511”协同创新工程(XTCXGC2021010)
作者信息
    1.福建省农业科学院资源环境与土壤肥料研究所,福建 福州
    2.大田县奇韬镇乡村振兴综合服务中心,福建 三明
    3.福建省红壤山地农业生态过程重点实验室,福建 福州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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