Article(id=1217471083536629792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250509, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751385600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1756828800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-03, onlineDate=1768197325834, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1767456000000, pubDateStr=2026-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768197325834, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768197325834, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768197325834, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217471079325549522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='475', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768197324830, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768198886678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217477630291530315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217477630291530316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=284, endPage=300, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217471083754733616, articleId=1217471083536629792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Transcriptome analysis reveals the function of the global transcriptional regulator McrA in Monascus purpureus, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Monascus, as a genus of edible fungi used in fermentation, are widely used in various industries such as wine making, food colorants, and pharmaceuticals due to their abundant secondary metabolites. McrA, a global regulator discovered in Aspergillus nidulans, has the function of regulating the growth and secondary metabolism of filamentous fungi. We had identified and cloned mcrA in Monascus purpureus in the previous study. [Objective] On the basis of transcriptome analysis, we mined the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of ΔmcrA and trpC:mcrA strains to explore the function of mcrA. [Methods] The knockout strain ΔmcrA and overexpression strain trpC:mcrA of M. purpureus were constructed by homologous recombination. The colonies and microscopic morphology on different media were observed. The yields of Monascus pigments and citrinin were determined. The metabolic pathways involving DEGs were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. [Results] The yields of Monascus pigments and citrinin of ΔmcrA decreased. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that the ΔmcrA strain up-regulated 111 genes and down-regulated 47 genes. The metabolic pathways involving the DEGs of ΔmcrA were mainly glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, tyrosine metabolism and so on. The trpC:mcrA strain up-regulated 1 199 genes and down-regulated 867 genes. The main metabolic pathways involving the DEGs of trpC:mcrA were tryptophan metabolism, sucrose and starch metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, fatty acid degradation, etc. [Conclusion] McrA is a global transcriptional regulator, and the knockout and overexpression of its gene will affect carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid-related metabolic pathways, thus affecting the production of secondary metabolites.

, correspAuthors=Donghua JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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红曲霉作为传统发酵食用菌因其丰富的次级代谢产物广泛应用于酿酒、食品着色剂和药品等行业。McrA是在构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)中发现的全局性转录调控因子,具有调控丝状真菌生长发育和次级代谢的作用。前期,实验室已找到并克隆了紫色红曲霉(Monascus purpureus)中的mcrA基因。 【目的】 基于转录组分析ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA差异表达基因,探究mcrA基因的功能。 【方法】 利用同源重组的方法构建ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA菌株,观察其在不同培养基上的菌落和显微形态,测定红曲色素和桔霉素产量,并进行转录组测序分析差异表达基因涉及的代谢通路。 【结果】 敲除株ΔmcrA的红曲色素和桔霉素产量下降。转录组测序结果显示,ΔmcrA菌株有111个基因上调,47个基因下调。ΔmcrA菌株差异基因涉及的代谢通路主要有糖酵解、丙酮酸代谢、脂肪酸合成、酪氨酸代谢等。trpC:mcrA菌株有1 199个基因上调,867个基因下调。trpC:mcrA差异基因涉及的代谢通路主要有色氨酸代谢、蔗糖和淀粉代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、脂肪酸降解等。 【结论】 McrA作为全局性转录调控因子,敲除和过表达会影响糖类、脂质、氨基酸相关代谢通路,进而影响次级代谢产物产量。

, correspAuthors=蒋冬花, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=QX8D7prhFbJwAv0QuEzV5Q==, magXml=NnMmMmIUZcY5CFg5QNOmjg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=SnxrPDic19y5zlIdT8ki7A==, pdfFileSize=35940498, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=TrtSFf3EO82TSPQ601bOAw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=e93seJ6RTeFZNs5wPGMwyg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

潘妍妍:研究构思和设计、实验操作、论文撰写;杨季学:数据收集和处理、实验协助;于宗训:实验协助、论文修改;胡佳燕:实验协助;蒋冬花:获取基金、项目管理、论文审阅和修改。

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PLoS Genetics, 2013, 9(1): e1003193., articleTitle=Secondary metabolism and development is mediated by LlmF control of VeA subcellular localization in Aspergillus nidulans, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226557158741946866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=8, issue=5, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=63, authorNames=PFANNENSTIEL BT, ZHAO XX, WORTMAN J, WIEMANN P, THROCKMORTON K, SPRAKER JE, SOUKUP AA, LUO XY, LINDNER DL, LIM FY, KNOX BP, HAAS B, FISCHER GJ, CHOERA T, BUTCHKO RAE, BOK JW, AFFELDT KJ, KELLER NP, PALMER JM, journalName=mBio, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PFANNENSTIEL BT, ZHAO XX, WORTMAN J, WIEMANN P, THROCKMORTON K, SPRAKER JE, SOUKUP AA, LUO XY, LINDNER DL, LIM FY, KNOX BP, HAAS B, FISCHER GJ, CHOERA T, BUTCHKO RAE, BOK JW, AFFELDT KJ, KELLER NP, PALMER JM. Revitalization of a forward genetic screen identifies three new regulators of fungal secondary metabolism in the genus Aspergillus [J]. mBio, 2017, 8(5): e01246-17., articleTitle=Revitalization of a forward genetic screen identifies three new regulators of fungal secondary metabolism in the genus Aspergillus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226557158855193079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=64, authorNames=魏鹏霖, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=魏鹏霖. 黄曲霉调控因子LaeB及孢子色素合成基因pks1功能的鉴定[D]. 福州: 福建农林大学, 2019., articleTitle=黄曲霉调控因子LaeB及孢子色素合成基因pks1功能的鉴定, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226557158955856379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=65, authorNames=WEI PL, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEI PL. Functional identification of regulator LaeB and pigment synthetic gene pks1 in Aspergillus flavus [D]. Fuzhou: Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 2019 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226557146758819954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, awardId=31270061, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270061), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226557146901426296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, awardId=31270061, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31270061), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226557147052421246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, awardId=31570013, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570013), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226557148440735879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, awardId=31570013, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31570013), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226557148579147916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, awardId=202410345060, language=EN, fundingSource=National College Students Innovation Training Program(202410345060), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226557148730142867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, awardId=202410345060, language=CN, fundingSource=国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202410345060), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226557136503747255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226557136516330169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, companyId=1226557136503747255, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226557136520524474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, companyId=1226557136503747255, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江师范大学 生命科学学院,浙江 金华)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226557141415277504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Verification of mcrA gene knockout and overexpression strains. A: Verification of mcrA gene knockout strain; B: Verification of mcrA gene overexpression strain., figureFileSmall=DLfzbL7B8yJp+V2+eqVRXw==, figureFileBig=n6u9Row+V7rWSkpJYZkFyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141557883849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=图1, caption=mcrA 基因敲除株和过表达株的验证。A:mcrA基因敲除株验证;B:mcrA过表达株验证。, figureFileSmall=DLfzbL7B8yJp+V2+eqVRXw==, figureFileBig=n6u9Row+V7rWSkpJYZkFyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141721461712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The expression level of mcrA gene in Mp-21, ΔmcrA, and trpC:mcrA was detected by RT-qPCR., figureFileSmall=+ey3UDX4MHuGltDCrgOzfA==, figureFileBig=L9spuh4xvh5AO9Y5B7I6Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141838902227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=图2, caption=RT-qPCR检测Mp-21ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrAmcrA 基因的表达量, figureFileSmall=+ey3UDX4MHuGltDCrgOzfA==, figureFileBig=L9spuh4xvh5AO9Y5B7I6Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142002480087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Colony morphology of Mp-21, ΔmcrA, and trpC:mcrA on four kinds of media., figureFileSmall=FS1HyPLtHcDPdzgStp5twA==, figureFileBig=+7pu/Q4M9yWKeKww2M4hbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142140892124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Mp-21ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA 3种菌株在4种培养基上的菌落表型, figureFileSmall=FS1HyPLtHcDPdzgStp5twA==, figureFileBig=+7pu/Q4M9yWKeKww2M4hbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142254138341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Microscopic morphology of Mp-21, ΔmcrA, and trpC:mcrA. White arrows point to conidium spores and cleistothecium. Co: Conidium; Cl: Cleistothecium. The conidial morphology of ΔmcrA was different from that of the other two strains., figureFileSmall=Ho+kY4cryk0350fVq3ZDRg==, figureFileBig=szZp7JipkcQK4FbYNbTcgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142346413036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Mp-21ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA 3种菌株的显微形态。白色箭头指向分生孢子和闭囊壳。Co:分生孢子;Cl:闭囊壳。ΔmcrA的分生孢子形态与其他2种菌株不同。, figureFileSmall=Ho+kY4cryk0350fVq3ZDRg==, figureFileBig=szZp7JipkcQK4FbYNbTcgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142476436466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Comparison of Monascus pigment production in the fermentation broth of three strains: Mp-21, ΔmcrA, and trpC:mcrA. ns: No significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=gYzAIFnyj7QRZz7MVm13mQ==, figureFileBig=Pi2L0RVrEMZCZmqFt8kYUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557143931859960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Mp-21ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA 3种菌株发酵液中红曲色素产量比较, figureFileSmall=gYzAIFnyj7QRZz7MVm13mQ==, figureFileBig=Pi2L0RVrEMZCZmqFt8kYUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144208684032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Comparison of citrinin production in the fermentation broth of three strains: Mp-21, ΔmcrA, and trpC:mcrA. ns: No significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=ErTVOp6gpd/hpyjJIvOm6Q==, figureFileBig=FK135IpiiStpniEDrmEgGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144422592521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Mp-21ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA 3种菌株发酵液中桔霉素产量比较, figureFileSmall=ErTVOp6gpd/hpyjJIvOm6Q==, figureFileBig=FK135IpiiStpniEDrmEgGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144665862160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Differentially expressed gene volcano map. A: Mp-21 vs. ΔmcrA differential expression gene volcano map; B: Mp-21 vs. trpC:mcrA differential expression gene volcano map. Each blue point in the figure represents a down-regulated gene, and each red point represents an up-regulated gene., figureFileSmall=TJZTfE6QoXwfYDj7Yx4WNw==, figureFileBig=cKh5KsNT5GnzwI4rKP6hsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144821051415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=图7, caption=差异表达基因火山图。A:Mp-21 vs. ΔmcrA的差异表达基因火山图;B:Mp-21 vs. trpC:mcrA的差异表达基因火山图。图中蓝色点代表下调基因,红色点代表上调基因。, figureFileSmall=TJZTfE6QoXwfYDj7Yx4WNw==, figureFileBig=cKh5KsNT5GnzwI4rKP6hsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144963657757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=GO enrichment analysis. A: GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes of Mp-21 vs. ΔmcrA; B: GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes of Mp-21 vs. trpC:mcrA., figureFileSmall=nWKJCiNiE66qAgJeU0nNqw==, figureFileBig=OaUchZu8KjFouGLRl4wbNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145089486880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=图8, caption=GO富集分析。A:Mp-21 vs. ΔmcrA的GO富集分析图;B:Mp-21 vs. trpC:mcrA的GO富集分析图。, figureFileSmall=nWKJCiNiE66qAgJeU0nNqw==, figureFileBig=OaUchZu8KjFouGLRl4wbNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145261453351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes of Mp-21, ΔmcrA, and trpC:mcrA. The dot size represents the number of genes enriched in the pathway, and the dot color corresponds to different P values., figureFileSmall=Fxu6nOx+2KszBencs4hKaA==, figureFileBig=tA2XipKUv/x6kle7VxIlDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145437614128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=图9, caption=Mp-21ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA 差异表达基因的KEGG通路富集分析。圆点大小代表通路富集的基因数量,圆点颜色对应不同的P值。, figureFileSmall=Fxu6nOx+2KszBencs4hKaA==, figureFileBig=tA2XipKUv/x6kle7VxIlDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145559248950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=The schematic diagram of mcrA gene regulating Monascus pigment and citrinin synthesis., figureFileSmall=1gHkxHbd7TIQt5owRZdDcw==, figureFileBig=mZi3aWAmz0vFOP0Mh8lwHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145676689463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=图10, caption=mcrA 基因调控红曲色素、桔霉素合成示意图, figureFileSmall=1gHkxHbd7TIQt5owRZdDcw==, figureFileBig=mZi3aWAmz0vFOP0Mh8lwHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145773158461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used to construct mcrA gene knockout cassette

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Primer usage
mcrA-5FGGGGTACCCCAGAAACTAAATTACGAATCGGGTCFor the amplification of 5′ flanking region
mcrA-5RGCTCCTTCAATATCATCTTCTCTCGATTTCCTGAACATACCTTTCGTCG
mcrA-3FTAGAGTAGATGCCGACCGAACAAGACAATAAACTTCTCGGGATGACGCCFor the amplification of 3′ flanking region
mcrA-3RCCAAGCTTGGGAGACGCTCAAGCATGAACACGAC
hph-FCGAGAGAAGATGATATTGAAGGAGCFor the amplification of hph gene
hph-RTCTTGTTCGGTCGGCATCTACTCTA
), ArticleFig(id=1226557145890598980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

构建 mcrA 基因敲除盒所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Primer usage
mcrA-5FGGGGTACCCCAGAAACTAAATTACGAATCGGGTCFor the amplification of 5′ flanking region
mcrA-5RGCTCCTTCAATATCATCTTCTCTCGATTTCCTGAACATACCTTTCGTCG
mcrA-3FTAGAGTAGATGCCGACCGAACAAGACAATAAACTTCTCGGGATGACGCCFor the amplification of 3′ flanking region
mcrA-3RCCAAGCTTGGGAGACGCTCAAGCATGAACACGAC
hph-FCGAGAGAAGATGATATTGAAGGAGCFor the amplification of hph gene
hph-RTCTTGTTCGGTCGGCATCTACTCTA
), ArticleFig(id=1226557145987067978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers for construction of mcrA gene overexpression cassette

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Primer usage
2mcrA-5FCCAAGCTTGGTTACATCCTTCCCAGTTCCCGTTTTFor the amplification of mcrA gene and 5′ flanking region
2mcrA-5RCGTGCAATCCATCTTGTTCAATCATGACAGTCCAAGACCGTGACGAAAG
2mcrA-3FTGACTTACCTATTCTACCCAAGCATCGATGTCATCGTCCCTACAAATGTCCAGCFor the amplification of mcrA gene and 3′ flanking region
2mcrA-3RGGGTACCCGAAAACAAAATGAAGAACAACATCGCA
trpC-FTCGCCTTCTTGACGAGTTCTTCTGAGTCGACGACGTTAACTGAGATTGAAGGFor the amplification of trpC gene
trpC-RATCGATGCTTGGGTAGAATAGGTAAGTCA
neo-FATGATTGAACAAGATGGATTGCACGFor the amplification of neo gene
neo-RTCAGAAGAACTCGTCAAGAAGGCGA
), ArticleFig(id=1226557146117091409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

构建 mcrA 基因过表达盒所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Primer usage
2mcrA-5FCCAAGCTTGGTTACATCCTTCCCAGTTCCCGTTTTFor the amplification of mcrA gene and 5′ flanking region
2mcrA-5RCGTGCAATCCATCTTGTTCAATCATGACAGTCCAAGACCGTGACGAAAG
2mcrA-3FTGACTTACCTATTCTACCCAAGCATCGATGTCATCGTCCCTACAAATGTCCAGCFor the amplification of mcrA gene and 3′ flanking region
2mcrA-3RGGGTACCCGAAAACAAAATGAAGAACAACATCGCA
trpC-FTCGCCTTCTTGACGAGTTCTTCTGAGTCGACGACGTTAACTGAGATTGAAGGFor the amplification of trpC gene
trpC-RATCGATGCTTGGGTAGAATAGGTAAGTCA
neo-FATGATTGAACAAGATGGATTGCACGFor the amplification of neo gene
neo-RTCAGAAGAACTCGTCAAGAAGGCGA
), ArticleFig(id=1226557146234531923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Primers used in RT-qPCR experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
β-actin-FTCTGGCACCACACATTCTACAA
β-actin-RCGAAGACGATCTGGGTCATCT
mcrA-FTCCACTGAGCCAGACCGT
mcrA-RGAGGAAGACGGTAAGGGT
), ArticleFig(id=1226557146310029402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

RT-qPCR实验所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
β-actin-FTCTGGCACCACACATTCTACAA
β-actin-RCGAAGACGATCTGGGTCATCT
mcrA-FTCCACTGAGCCAGACCGT
mcrA-RGAGGAAGACGGTAAGGGT
), ArticleFig(id=1226557146410692704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Metabolic pathways regulated by mcrA gene

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
KEGG classPathway
Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolitesTropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis
Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis
Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism
Cell growth and deathMeiosis-yeast
Energy metabolismMethane metabolism
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes
Nitrogen metabolism
Oxidative phosphorylation
Folding, sorting and degradationProtein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
Lipid metabolismFatty acid degradation
Glycerolipid metabolism
Fatty acid biosynthesis
Membrane transportABC transporters
Metabolism of cofactors and vitaminsOne carbon pool by folate
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketidesTerpenoid backbone biosynthesis
Nucleotide metabolismPurine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Signal transductionHIF-1 signaling pathway
MAPK signaling pathway-fly
Two-component system
FoxO signaling pathway
Transport and catabolismLysosome
Peroxisome
Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolismMetabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450
Drug metabolism-cytochrome P450
Chloroalkane and chloroalkene degradation
), ArticleFig(id=1226557146511356008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471083536629792, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

mcrA 基因调控的代谢通路

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
KEGG classPathway
Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolitesTropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis
Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis
Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism
Cell growth and deathMeiosis-yeast
Energy metabolismMethane metabolism
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes
Nitrogen metabolism
Oxidative phosphorylation
Folding, sorting and degradationProtein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
Lipid metabolismFatty acid degradation
Glycerolipid metabolism
Fatty acid biosynthesis
Membrane transportABC transporters
Metabolism of cofactors and vitaminsOne carbon pool by folate
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketidesTerpenoid backbone biosynthesis
Nucleotide metabolismPurine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Signal transductionHIF-1 signaling pathway
MAPK signaling pathway-fly
Two-component system
FoxO signaling pathway
Transport and catabolismLysosome
Peroxisome
Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolismMetabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450
Drug metabolism-cytochrome P450
Chloroalkane and chloroalkene degradation
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基于转录组分析紫色红曲霉全局性转录调控因子McrA的功能
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潘妍妍 , 杨季学 , 于宗训 , 胡佳燕 , 蒋冬花 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(1): 284-300
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(1): 284-300
基于转录组分析紫色红曲霉全局性转录调控因子McrA的功能
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潘妍妍, 杨季学, 于宗训, 胡佳燕, 蒋冬花*
作者信息
  • 浙江师范大学 生命科学学院,浙江 金华
Transcriptome analysis reveals the function of the global transcriptional regulator McrA in Monascus purpureus
Yanyan PAN, Jixue YANG, Zongxun YU, Jiayan HU, Donghua JIANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2026-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250509
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红曲霉作为传统发酵食用菌因其丰富的次级代谢产物广泛应用于酿酒、食品着色剂和药品等行业。McrA是在构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)中发现的全局性转录调控因子,具有调控丝状真菌生长发育和次级代谢的作用。前期,实验室已找到并克隆了紫色红曲霉(Monascus purpureus)中的mcrA基因。 【目的】 基于转录组分析ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA差异表达基因,探究mcrA基因的功能。 【方法】 利用同源重组的方法构建ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA菌株,观察其在不同培养基上的菌落和显微形态,测定红曲色素和桔霉素产量,并进行转录组测序分析差异表达基因涉及的代谢通路。 【结果】 敲除株ΔmcrA的红曲色素和桔霉素产量下降。转录组测序结果显示,ΔmcrA菌株有111个基因上调,47个基因下调。ΔmcrA菌株差异基因涉及的代谢通路主要有糖酵解、丙酮酸代谢、脂肪酸合成、酪氨酸代谢等。trpC:mcrA菌株有1 199个基因上调,867个基因下调。trpC:mcrA差异基因涉及的代谢通路主要有色氨酸代谢、蔗糖和淀粉代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、脂肪酸降解等。 【结论】 McrA作为全局性转录调控因子,敲除和过表达会影响糖类、脂质、氨基酸相关代谢通路,进而影响次级代谢产物产量。

紫色红曲霉  /  全局性转录调控因子McrA  /  次级代谢产物  /  调控基因

Monascus, as a genus of edible fungi used in fermentation, are widely used in various industries such as wine making, food colorants, and pharmaceuticals due to their abundant secondary metabolites. McrA, a global regulator discovered in Aspergillus nidulans, has the function of regulating the growth and secondary metabolism of filamentous fungi. We had identified and cloned mcrA in Monascus purpureus in the previous study. [Objective] On the basis of transcriptome analysis, we mined the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of ΔmcrA and trpC:mcrA strains to explore the function of mcrA. [Methods] The knockout strain ΔmcrA and overexpression strain trpC:mcrA of M. purpureus were constructed by homologous recombination. The colonies and microscopic morphology on different media were observed. The yields of Monascus pigments and citrinin were determined. The metabolic pathways involving DEGs were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. [Results] The yields of Monascus pigments and citrinin of ΔmcrA decreased. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that the ΔmcrA strain up-regulated 111 genes and down-regulated 47 genes. The metabolic pathways involving the DEGs of ΔmcrA were mainly glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, tyrosine metabolism and so on. The trpC:mcrA strain up-regulated 1 199 genes and down-regulated 867 genes. The main metabolic pathways involving the DEGs of trpC:mcrA were tryptophan metabolism, sucrose and starch metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, fatty acid degradation, etc. [Conclusion] McrA is a global transcriptional regulator, and the knockout and overexpression of its gene will affect carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid-related metabolic pathways, thus affecting the production of secondary metabolites.

Monascuspurpureus  /  global transcriptional regulator McrA  /  secondary metabolite  /  regulatory genes
潘妍妍, 杨季学, 于宗训, 胡佳燕, 蒋冬花. 基于转录组分析紫色红曲霉全局性转录调控因子McrA的功能. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (1) : 284 -300 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250509
Yanyan PAN, Jixue YANG, Zongxun YU, Jiayan HU, Donghua JIANG. Transcriptome analysis reveals the function of the global transcriptional regulator McrA in Monascus purpureus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (1) : 284 -300 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250509
紫色红曲霉是一类有益的丝状真菌,同时具有无性和有性[1] 2种繁殖方式。无性繁殖通过产生分生孢子进行,有性繁殖则通过产生子囊孢子实现。红曲霉能产生丰富的次级代谢产物[2-3],包括红曲色素、桔霉素、莫纳可林K等。红曲色素(Monascus pigments)是一类氮杂环丙酮类化合物,其合成途径与聚酮化合物类似,由黄色素、橙色素和红色素组成。早在2013年,谢娜娜[4]在红色红曲霉中克隆出控制红曲色素的相关基因簇,该基因簇长度约50 kb,由17个基因组成,被命名为MpigAMpigQ。其中,MpigA为聚酮合酶[5],敲除该基因后红曲霉菌株M7不再产生红曲色素,但桔霉素产量提高了2.8倍,说明该基因为红曲色素合成的关键基因,且对桔霉素的合成有一定影响。MpigB基因是Zn(II)2cys6型转录因子,研究表明缺失株不再产生红曲色素,而将由trpC强启动子驱动的MpigB基因导入缺失株后发现菌株恢复了产生红曲色素的能力,证实了MpigB基因是红曲色素合成的关键基因[6]MpigC介导的ω-2还原是合成红曲色素吡喃二酮双环的前提条件[7]MpigD为酰基转移酶,研究表明其参与色素产物聚酮化合物中间体的形成[8-9]。敲除MpigE基因后,菌株只产生少量红色素和4种黄色素,不再产生橙色素[10]MpigF为还原酶基因,该基因失活会导致橙色素合成能力下降,但对黄色素合成无影响[11]MpigG编码酯酶结构域蛋白,相关研究表明其在聚酮化合物合成中的作用主要是使吡喃环闭合;敲除该基因对色素种类无影响,但黄色素产量下降[12]MpigH是还原酶基因,在紫色红曲霉中敲除该基因后导致黄色素产量下降约一半,橙色素和红色素产量上升,说明该基因主要控制黄色素合成[13]MpigJMpigK为同一个脂肪链合成酶基因簇编码的脂肪链合成酶MpFAS2的异二聚体,其中MpigJ为α亚基,MpigK为β亚基,敲除该基因后发现菌株不再产生红曲色素,而是积累了大量中间化合物,主要是红曲松A,说明该基因在红曲色素的产生中不可或缺[14]MpigL是锚定蛋白,主要负责色素转运,敲除该基因后发现生长3-7 d时与野生型相比黄色素产量下降,后期9-11 d黄色素产量与野生型相当[15]MpigM是P450单加氧酶,敲除该基因后导致代谢产物改变,红曲色素不再产生[16]MpigN/O敲除后发现发酵液中检测不到红曲色素,只有色素合成的前体物质[17],说明MpigN/O是红曲色素合成的必要条件。敲除MpigQ后菌株无明显变化[4]。除此之外,研究发现同时缺失MpigJ-MpigR 8个基因后菌株产生大量黄色素,为苯甲醛衍生物,证实该物质为红曲色素中间体[18]
McrA作为全局性转录调控因子,在构巢曲霉中发现敲除mcrA基因会导致分生孢子数量下降,影响孢子活力,次级代谢产物杂色曲霉素产量上升,同时增加了一些未知次级代谢产物的种类[19]。在黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)中发现mcrA敲除株菌落颜色由黑色变成黄色,对次级代谢产物进行鉴定的结果表明3种化合物中有2种产量上升,1种产量下降,说明其参与菌株次级代谢产物产量和种类等方面的调控[20]。2020年,在温曲霉(Aspergillus wentii)中利用CRISPR-Cas9技术敲除mcrA基因,激活了沉默的基因簇,增加了次级代谢产物的产量[21]。目前,已经在紫色红曲霉和黄曲霉中找到了mcrA基因,发现其与构巢曲霉有较高同源性,生物信息学分析表明mcrA基因长1 356 bp,其中含有3个外显子和2个内含子,编码410个氨基酸,与构巢曲霉序列比对蛋白相似性高达64%[22-23]。预测结果显示,McrA属于亲水蛋白,可能位于细胞核,基因含有54个潜在的磷酸化位点;可能存在5个转录因子结合位点;蛋白结构大部分为无规则卷曲,整体结构较松散。本研究通过构建紫色红曲霉mcrA敲除株和过表达株,对其进行生长代谢分析及转录组测序,研究mcrA基因在紫色红曲霉中的调控作用。
紫色红曲霉Mp-21从市售红曲米中分离得到。大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司,农杆菌感受态细胞AGL-1购自上海唯地生物技术有限公司。
pCB1003质粒用于克隆潮霉素基因;敲除载体pKO1B质粒由浙江大学农业与生物技术学院王政逸教授惠赠;过表达载体质粒pCAMBIA3300购自长沙艾碧维生物科技有限公司。pSlient-Dual1质粒用于克隆新霉素抗性基因neotrpC启动子基因,该质粒购自武汉淼灵生物科技有限公司。
马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)、马铃薯葡萄糖培养液(PDB)、Luria-Bertani培养基(LB)、诱导培养基(IM)、共培养诱导培养基(Co-IM)、麦芽提取物琼脂培养基(MEA)、25%甘油硝酸盐琼脂培养基(G25N)、察氏酵母膏琼脂培养基(CYA)、酵母浸粉蔗糖培养基(YES)等,其配方和配制方法参考文献[24]。
LA Taq DNA Polymerase、Kpn I、Hind III、T4 DNA ligase、PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymersae、Mighty TA-cloning Reagent Set for PrimeSTAR、HotStart 2×SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix、新霉素,合肥海博莱生物技术有限公司。Taq PCR Master Mix、AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit、DL1000 DNA marker、DL2000 DNA marker、DL5000 DNA marker、DL10000 DNA marker,北京科奥科技有限公司。
PCR仪,Bio-Rad公司;实时荧光定量PCR仪,ThermoFisher Scientific公司。
挑取紫色红曲霉Mp-21的菌丝,使用DNA提取试剂盒获得DNA作为模板。根据mcrA基因序列,在MycoCosm中找到mcrA基因上下游序列,利用Primer 5软件设计克隆mcrA基因5′侧翼及3′侧翼、潮霉素基因的引物,具体设计原理参考文献[25],引物具体序列见表1mcrA-5F、mcrA-3R引物分别带有Kpn I、Hind III酶切位点,mcrA-5R和mcrA-3F分别带有部分潮霉素序列。PCR反应体系(25 μL):DNA模板(10 μmol/L) 0.5 μL,LA Taq DNA Polymerase (5 U/μL) 0.25 μL,dNTP Mixture 4 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,10×LA PCR Buffer 2.5 μL,无菌水 15.75 μL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃ 3 min;98 ℃ 10 s,57 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 10 s,共30个循环;72 ℃ 10 min。参考文献[24]的方法将mcrA基因5′侧翼、hphmcrA基因3′侧翼进行连接,将连接产物割胶回收进行测序验证。用限制性内切酶Kpn I、Hind III同时切割mcrA敲除盒和pKO1B载体,使其具有相同的黏性末端,再用T4 DNA连接酶连接2个片段,将连接产物转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,挑取单菌落进行验证,得到pKO1B-mcrA敲除载体,将其转化至农杆菌AGL-1。
具体原理及方法与敲除载体构建相似,利用Primer 5软件设计克隆mcrA 5′侧翼、neo基因、trpC基因、mcrA基因编码区及3′侧翼的引物。引物具体序列见表2,2mcrA-5F、2mcrA-3R分别带有Kpn I、Hind III的酶切位点,2mcrA-5R带有部分neo基因序列,trpC启动子带有部分neo基因序列,2mcrA-3F带有部分trpC启动子序列。利用PCR技术扩增出构建mcrA基因过表达盒的4个片段。PCR体系与敲除载体构建一致,PCR反应条件:94 ℃ 3 min;98 ℃ 10 s,59 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 1 min,共30个循环;72 ℃ 10 min。先将mcrA 5′、neotrpC 3个片段按照三片融合法连接,将连接产物与第4个片段进行连接,割胶回收后得到mcrA基因过表达盒,将其割胶回收后进行测序验证。用限制性内切酶Kpn I、Hind III同时切割mcrA敲除盒和pCAMBIA3300载体,使其具有相同的黏性末端,再用T4 DNA连接酶连接2个片段,将连接产物转化至大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,挑取单菌落进行验证,得到pCAM-mcrA过表达载体,将其转化至农杆菌AGL-1。
将含有pKO1B-mcrA和pCAM-mcrA的农杆菌用LB液体培养基(含50 μg/mL Kana)在28 ℃、160 r/min培养16 h,5 000 r/min离心5 min后用IM培养基稀释至OD600=0.5,再放置摇床中诱导培养6 h。取在PDA上生长15 d左右的紫色红曲霉Mp-21,用灭菌后的纯水将孢子冲洗下来,用擦镜纸过滤菌丝后使用血球计数板计数,用诱导后的农杆菌菌液将孢子浓度稀释至105个/mL,充分混匀后涂布在含玻璃纸的IM固体培养基上28 ℃共培养3 d。等待孢子萌发后,分别用含有潮霉素和新霉素的PDA培养基接种转化子,对能稳定生长的转化子进行PCR和RT-qPCR验证是否为目标菌株,验证引物见表3,将mcrA敲除株命名为ΔmcrAmcrA过表达株命名为trpC:mcrA
取培养10 d后的野生型Mp-21、∆mcrAtrpC:mcrA,用无菌水将孢子冲下,孢子稀释至105个/mL后分别点接于PDA、MA、G25N和CYA培养基上,培养10 d后拍照记录菌落表型。另取100 µL孢子混悬液涂布接种于PDA平板上,在第6天取灭菌后的载玻片斜插入菌落内,培养到7 d取载玻片用显微镜观察子囊孢子、分生孢子和菌丝的形态。
将等量100 µL野生型Mp-21、∆mcrAtrpC:mcrA的孢子悬液分别接种至预先灭菌的PDB培养基中,随后在28 ℃、160 r/min条件下进行摇瓶发酵,分别取发酵3、5、7、9、11、13、15 d的发酵液,过滤后的菌丝置于烘箱干燥72 h,记录菌丝的质量。取1 mL发酵液加9 mL 70%的乙醇,在40 ℃、200 r/min摇床中萃取2 h,采用分光光度计在410、470、505 nm波长处分别测定黄色素、橙色素、红色素的吸光度值,三者相加即为红曲色素的吸光度值。
取野生型Mp-21、∆mcrAtrpC:mcrA分别发酵3、5、7、9、11、13、15 d的发酵液,超声破碎(功率300 W,30 min)后10 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液用0.25 µm滤膜过滤,得到样品。将分析纯甲苯、乙酸乙酯、甲酸,按照7:3:1比例混合,取1 mL萃取液与样品混合,用涡旋混匀。用注射器吸取上清液,经滤膜过滤后装入色谱瓶中。磷酸用蒸馏水稀释调整pH值至2.5,将色谱纯乙腈、磷酸超声除气30 min,作为用于高效液相色谱仪测定桔霉素含量的流动相。流动相比例为乙腈:磷酸=75:25,检测波长为331 nm,流速为1 mL/min,柱温30 ℃。色谱柱为C18液相色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm,Agilent公司)。
挑取野生型Mp-21、ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA 3种菌株的菌丝接种于PDA固体培养基,28 ℃培养15 d后,用5 mL无菌水将孢子冲洗下来,取200 μL孢子悬液涂布于PDA固体培养基上,培养7 d后提取RNA进行转录组测序(上海伟寰生物科技有限公司),每种菌株设置3个重复,对测序结果进行分析。
以ΔmcrA基因组为模板,采用mcrA-5F、mcrA-3R为引物进行扩增,得到3 886 bp的片段;以野生型Mp-21基因组为模板,同样使用mcrA-5F、mcrA-3R为引物进行扩增,得到3 359 bp的片段(图1A)。以trpC:mcrA基因组为模板,用2mcrA-5F、2mcrA-3R为引物进行扩增得到4 473 bp的片段;以野生型Mp-21基因组为模板,用2mcrA-5F、2mcrA-3R为引物进行扩增,得到3 305 bp的片段(图1B)。
将野生型Mp-21、ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA 3种菌株在PDA培养基上培养7 d后,采用RT-qPCR检测Mp-21、ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA这3种菌株中mcrA基因的表达量(图2)。在ΔmcrA中未检测到mcrA基因的表达,在trpC:mcrA中检测到的mcrA基因表达量是Mp-21中的1.5倍。
图3所示,野生型Mp-21、∆mcrAtrpC:mcrA 3种菌株在PDA、MA、CYA、G25N 4种培养基上菌丝颜色和菌落形态均有较大差异,在PDA培养基上可见3种菌株的菌落形态相似,均呈现绒毛地毯状,肉眼可见trpC:mcrA菌株的菌丝颜色最深。在MA培养基上,Mp-21与trpC:mcrA的菌丝颜色相似,呈浅橘色,而∆mcrA呈现粉红色。在CYA培养基上,Mp-21与trpC:mcrA的菌丝形态相似,菌丝量较少;三者相比,∆mcrA的菌丝最多。在G25N培养基上,Mp-21与trpC:mcrA的菌丝颜色相似,呈现橘红色,而∆mcrA的菌丝偏白。这说明敲除mcrA基因会影响菌株的表型,该结果与黑曲霉中敲除mcrA基因后表型发生改变的结果一致。
图4所示,Mp-21、ΔmcrA菌株中能观察到分生孢子和闭囊壳,而trpC:mcrA中未观察到闭囊壳存在,3种菌株的分生孢子形态存在差异,Mp-21的分生孢子无间隔,依次在菌丝顶端产生,菌丝顶端多数为1个或者2个。ΔmcrA菌株的分生孢子量较少,且孢子中间有间隔,类似菌丝串珠状。trpC:mcrA菌株一条菌丝顶端多的可见3-4个串生分生孢子,且孢子间无间隔。结合之前在构巢曲霉中的研究结果:mcrA的缺失导致分生孢子数量减少,无性发育激活因子brlA的mRNA水平降低。这表明mcrA基因对孢子形成有一定的调控作用。
图5展示了发酵3、5、7、9、11、13、15 d的红曲色素产量。Mp-21与ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA菌株的红曲色素产量有显著差异性。在发酵过程中ΔmcrA的红曲色素产量均低于Mp-21菌株,而trpC:mcrA的红曲色素产量均高于Mp-21。峰值为第13天,此时ΔmcrA相对Mp-21的红曲色素产量降低66%;第9天,trpC:mcrA相对Mp-21的红曲色素产量增加40%。这表明mcrA基因敲除会使红曲色素产量下降,过表达mcrA基因会使红曲色素产量上升,即mcrA基因会影响红曲色素的合成。这与黑曲霉中的研究结果类似:mcrA的缺失导致部分次级代谢产物衣康酸衍生物产量下降。
图6所示,Mp-21、ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA这3种菌株的桔霉素产量存在显著差异。Mp-21菌株发酵液中桔霉素在第5天开始产生,在13-15 d时发酵液中桔霉素产量变化不大,推测此时菌株生长已逐渐缓慢,基本停止产生桔霉素。在发酵过程中,ΔmcrA菌株发酵液的桔霉素产量始终低于Mp-21菌株,而trpC:mcrA菌株发酵液的桔霉素产量均高于Mp-21菌株。第9天,与Mp-21相比ΔmcrA菌株发酵液的桔霉素产量下降45%;第11天,trpC:mcrA菌株相对Mp-21菌株的桔霉素产量增加了26%。这表明mcrA基因缺失会导致桔霉素产量下降,而过表达则会使桔霉素产量上升。
收集Mp-21、ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA这3种菌株的菌丝,每种菌株设置3个生物学重复,提取RNA后进行转录组测序。为保证数据质量,在信息分析前对低质量数据进行过滤,从而得到测序数据。结果显示Q20超过96.8%,Q30超过90.8%,G+C含量在50.31%-52.90%之间,说明测序所得数据质量较好,碱基组成较为平衡,可进行转录组分析。
本研究采用重复样本进行差异表达分析,根据差异分析结果筛选显著差异基因,筛选标准为Padj<0.05且|log2 fold change|>1,Mp-21 vs. ΔmcrA比较组中共有158个基因的转录水平发生显著变化,其中111个基因显著上调,47个基因显著下调。Mp-21 vs. trpC:mcrA比较组中共有2 066个基因的转录水平发生显著变化,其中1 199个基因显著下调,867个基因显著上调。Mp-21 vs. ΔmcrA、Mp-21 vs. trpC:mcrA的差异基因火山图如图7所示,红色和蓝色分别代表上调基因和下调基因,图中每个点代表一个基因,基因位置越靠近两端表示差异程度越大。
GO (gene ontology)是基因功能的国际标准分类体系,它采用一套随研究动态更新的标准词汇来描述物种的基因和蛋白质功能,主要包含3个本体,即生物过程(biological process, BP)、细胞组分(cellular component, CC)和分子功能(molecular function, MF)。Mp-21 vs. ΔmcrA、Mp-21 vs. trpC:mcrA两组的差异基因GO富集情况类似。在生物过程方面,差异基因主要富集在细胞过程(cellular process)、代谢过程(metabolic process);在细胞组分方面,差异基因主要富集在细胞(cellular)、细胞解剖实体(cellular anatomical entity)、细胞内(intracellular);在分子功能方面,差异基因主要富集在催化活性(catalytic activity)、运输活性(transport activity)、结合(binding)。
生物过程方面,两组差异基因富集的通路top 20如图8所示,Mp-21 vs. ΔmcrA差异基因富集的通路主要涉及一元羧酸代谢、小分子分解代谢、醇代谢、碳水化合物代谢、脂肪酸代谢等有机物的分解代谢过程。Mp-21 vs. trpC:mcrA差异基因富集的通路主要是一些酶以及物质跨膜转运过程,例如氧化还原酶、ATP酶、乙醛脱氢酶、转移酶、甘油三酯脂肪酶,以及l-氨基酸跨膜转运活性、硫化合物跨膜转运、蛋白跨膜转运。由此可见,两组差异基因富集的通路不同。
细胞组分方面,Mp-21 vs. ΔmcrA差异基因富集最多的细胞组分是膜区域,如线粒体外膜、细胞器外膜、质膜、原生质膜等。Mp-21 vs. trpC:mcrA差异基因富集最多的组分包括线粒体的基质、蛋白复合体、外膜、内膜、拟核,此外还有核糖体、质膜。两组差异基因富集的细胞组分均含膜区域。
在分子功能方面Mp-21 vs. ΔmcrA差异基因主要涉及酰基转移酶、水解酶、葡萄糖苷酶等。这些酶的作用主要是分解含糖化合物、糖蛋白、脂肪、蛋白质分解,将大分子变成小分子,以便于小分子进入不同的能量代谢途径并被重新利用。Mp-21 vs. trpC:mcrA差异基因主要涉及氧化还原酶、RNA结合、RNA解旋酶、RNA依赖的ATP酶等。可见,两组差异基因的分子功能不同。
京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)是一个整合了基因组、化学和系统功能信息的数据资源库。分析表明Mp-21 vs. ΔmcrA差异基因显著富集的前20条通路主要是糖酵解、丙酮酸代谢、丁酸代谢、酪酮酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、甘氨酸代谢、苏氨酸代谢、丝氨酸代谢等。Mp-21 vs. trpC:mcrA差异基因富集的通路主要有真核生物中核糖体的合成、色氨酸代谢、丙酮酸代谢、酪氨酸代谢、淀粉和蔗糖的代谢、糖酵解、精氨酸代谢、脯氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢等。从图9可以看出,两组差异基因均涉及糖酵解、氨基酸代谢等通路。
红曲色素和桔霉素合成的原料是乙酰辅酶A和丙二酰辅酶A,乙酰辅酶A的来源主要是碳代谢、脂代谢和氨基酸代谢。在糖酵解中丙酮酸在丙酮酸脱氢酶的作用下生成乙酰辅酶A,乙酰辅酶A在乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的作用下生成丙二酰辅酶A[26] (图10)。Mp-21 vs. ΔmcrA组KEGG富集分析结果显示,丙酮酸脱氢酶(MPDQ006259)、乙醇脱氢酶(MPDQ004385)下调,其中乙醇脱氢酶的作用是催化乙醇转变为乙醛和乙酰辅酶A,推测这2个基因下调导致乙酰辅酶A产量下降,进而使红曲色素、桔霉素合成受阻。脂代谢分析显示脂肪酸降解和脂肪代谢2条代谢途径呈上调趋势,而脂肪酸合成酶(MPDQ003997)下调,该酶主要催化乙酰辅酶A和丙二酰辅酶A的合成[27],生成红曲色素的前体物质,再通过氧化还原反应生成黄色素,黄色素再与含氮化合物反应生成红色素[28]。前期实验发现,敲除色素相关MpigE基因后转录组测序结果显示影响了碳代谢和乙酰辅酶A相关基因[29]。推测由于乙酰辅酶A和丙二酰辅酶A产量下降,为维持正常生命活动,细胞通过上调脂肪酸降解和脂肪代谢来产生更多乙酰辅酶A,同时下调脂肪酸合酶以减少乙酰辅酶A的消耗。氨基酸代谢中苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸代谢上调,推测是因为乙酰辅酶A不足,导致这3种氨基酸分解途径上调以产生乙酰乙酰辅酶A,在β-酮硫解酶催化下生成乙酰辅酶A[30]和α-酮戊二酸,从而维持乙酰辅酶A的产量(图10)。Mp-21 vs. trpC:mcrA组KEGG富集分析显示,淀粉与蔗糖代谢途径中葡萄糖苷酶(MPDQ004385)、α-淀粉酶(MPDQ003346)上调,将淀粉、多糖分解为葡萄糖,通过糖酵解快速生成丙酮酸,再转化为乙酰辅酶A,为色素合成提供充足前体。TCA代谢通路中琥珀酸脱氢酶(MPDQ006075)、柠檬酸合酶(MPDQ001957)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(MPDQ003844)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸激酶(MPDQ003437)等酶下调,推测这减少了乙酰辅酶A进入线粒体氧化,导致更多乙酰辅酶A进入聚酮合成途径,促进色素的生成。除上述提及的2种酶外,乳酸脱氢酶(MPDQ007354)、乙醇脱氢酶(MPDQ4863)上调,这2种酶催化的反应产物均含有乙酰辅酶A,因此这2个酶编码的基因上调也增加了乙酰辅酶A的产量。同时,在上调的差异基因中还发现红曲色素基因簇中PKS聚酮合酶(MPDQ005614)、MpigM (MPDQ006013)、桔霉素聚酮合酶(MPDQ003567)、桔霉素合成基因簇MFS转运蛋白(MPDQ003566)、桔霉素合成基因ctnF (MPDQ002184)、组氨酸磷酸酶(MPDQ002184)等色素合成基因上调,也会导致trpC:mcrA菌株的红曲色素、桔霉素产量上升。
cAMP信号转导途径在真菌的次生代谢方面发挥重要作用,其原理主要是碳代谢产生的环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)结合蛋白激酶A (protein kinase A, PKA),释放其催化亚基,磷酸化分生孢子发育的调控因子brlA,促进其转录[31]。在稻瘟病菌中额外添加cAMP可使分生孢子产量增加2倍[32]。研究表明稻瘟病菌中MoSom1和MoCdt是cAMP-PKA途径下游的转录因子,缺失其中任何一个都会使菌株丧失产孢和附着孢形成能力,外源添加cAMP能部分恢复该能力,酵母双杂实验也证实MoSom1与PKA的催化亚基CpkA互作[33-34]。除此之外,细胞周期调节因子MoLKH1[35]通过调控细胞分裂和细胞骨架影响cAMP,导致分生孢子形成异常。cAMP来源于糖酵解代谢途径产生的ATP,ATP激活腺苷酸环化酶,催化ATP转化为cAMP,trpC:mcrA组KEGG富集分析显示糖酵解代谢通路上调,推测这是trpC:mcrA菌株分生孢子数量增加的原因。
研究表明,真菌利用甲基柠檬酸循环将丙酰辅酶A转化为丙酮酸,最终生成乙酰辅酶A[36]。乙酰辅酶A作为三羧酸循环的原料,是分生孢子合成的能量来源,也是孢子发育的重要碳源,还是聚酮类、萜类等次级代谢产物的合成前体[37-38],这些化合物也会调控孢子发育。乙酰辅酶A作为组蛋白乙酰化的乙酰基供体,通过修饰组蛋白H3调控孢子形成相关基因,进而影响孢子的形成[39]。在烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)中添加乙酰辅酶A前体可使烟曲霉孢子数量增加1.5倍[40]。黄曲霉的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶正调节分生孢子和硬化体的形成,敲除该基因后产孢量显著下降[41]。另一项研究表明,在高淀粉培养基培养黄曲霉能上调乙酰辅酶A合成基因的表达[42]。这说明乙酰辅酶A代谢途径与孢子形成密切相关,因此推测trpC:mcrA菌株碳代谢相关途径上调,生成更多乙酰辅酶A导致分生孢子数量增加。除上述原因外,在trpC:mcrA组差异基因中还有分生孢子发育的核心调控因子FlbB (MPDQ001666)、分生孢子形成特异性蛋白(MADQ001390)、分生孢子蛋白(MPDQ003955)、分生孢子特异性蛋白(MPDQ005836)、分生孢子色素生物合成酶(MPDQ007930)等分生孢子相关基因上调,但其如何调控分生孢子的数量尚不明确。
ΔmcrAtrpC:mcrA菌株的KEGG富集分析结果显示,mcrA基因除了影响图9中提及的代谢通路影响,还影响其他次级代谢产物的合成、细胞的生长发育等代谢通路(表4)。mcrA基因作为全局调控因子不仅调控红曲色素、桔霉素等代谢产物,还影响多个代谢途径,由于代谢通路中还有许多蛋白功能尚不明确,因此mcrA调控代谢通路的机制未知,但转录组测序结果为mcrA基因功能研究提供了新的思路,后续可通过这些分析结果进一步研究。
紫色红曲霉拥有丰富的次级代谢产物,包括洛伐他汀类及其衍生物、γ-氨基丁酸、红曲色素等。在对紫色红曲霉进行次级代谢产物分离时发现,部分代谢产物还具有抗氧化能力和抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶和淀粉酶的作用[43-44]。研究表明丝状真菌的次级代谢产物是一个复杂的、受多因素影响的调控网络。为充分利用红曲霉资源,增加红曲色素的产量,近年来人们进行了多种尝试[45],如选育高产红曲色素、低产桔霉素的菌种,优化培养基条件[46]。红曲霉的代谢受培养(如温度、培养基等)和一些基因的影响。如Velvet蛋白家族中的veA基因[47]laeB基因[48]均属于全局性调控转录因子。新型全局性调控转录因子LaeB在构巢曲霉中影响杂色曲霉素的合成及次级代谢,在黄曲霉中影响黄曲霉毒素的合成[49]及生长速度和形态。其中,mcrA缺失株在构巢曲霉中可上调至少10个与次级代谢产物相关的基因簇,在土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)和卡氏青霉(Penicillium canescens)中改变其次级代谢产物谱,说明mcrA基因与丝状真菌的次级代谢产物密切相关,本研究也进一步证实了这一点。
除此之外,mcrA菌株转录组测序中还有许多假定蛋白,在紫色红曲霉色的生长发育中起着重要的作用,后续也可围绕这些蛋白展开研究,挖掘更多有效信息,对mcrA的基因功能会有更深了解。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31270061)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31570013)
  • 国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202410345060)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250509
  • 接收时间:2025-07-02
  • 首发时间:2026-01-12
  • 出版时间:2026-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-02
  • 录用日期:2025-09-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270061)
国家自然科学基金(31270061)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570013)
国家自然科学基金(31570013)
National College Students Innovation Training Program(202410345060)
国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202410345060)
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    浙江师范大学 生命科学学院,浙江 金华

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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