Article(id=1217471081338815446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250299, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744300800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1748275200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-27, onlineDate=1768197325310, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1767456000000, pubDateStr=2026-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768197325310, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768197325310, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768197325310, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217471079325549522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='475', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768197324830, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768198886678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217477630291530315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217477630291530316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=170, endPage=186, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217471081552724954, articleId=1217471081338815446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Endophytic Penicillium GS218: whole genome analysis and characterization of antagonism against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in pepper, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the biocontrol potential of Penicillium sinense GS218, a new endophytic fungus, and to analyze the antifungal mechanism, so as to provide elite strain resources and lay a theoretical foundation for the biocontrol of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in pepper. [Methods] Plate assays were employed to determine the hydrolase activity and siderophore production capacity of GS218. The inhibitory effects of GS218 on different phytopathogenic fungi were evaluated by the plate confrontation method. Whole genome sequencing was performed to obtain insights into the genetic information and physiological functions of the strain. The metabolome of strain GS218 co-cultured with C. gloeosporioides was analyzed to explore the potential active substances for the inhibitory effects. The medicated plate method was employed to validate the inhibitory activities of differential metabolites. [Results] Strain GS218 had hydrolase activity, produced siderophores, and exhibited strong inhibitory effects on five pathogenic fungi (with the inhibition rate of 72.76% on C. gloeosporioides in pepper). The sterile fermentation filtrate of strain GS218 demonstrated a good control effect on pepper anthracnose. The genome size of strain GS218 was 27.77 Mb, which has abundant metabolic pathways, and its genome contained 30 synthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites. The metabolomics analysis showed that strain GS218 contained rich antimicrobial substances in organic acids and derivatives, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, and lipids and lipid-like molecules (including terpenoids). Compounds such as 7-ethoxycoumarin and pyruvic acid showed inhibitory effects against C. gloeosporioides in pepper. [Conclusion] The new strain, P. sinense GS218, has significant inhibitory effects on C. gloeosporioides and promising application prospects in the green development of agriculture. Whole genome sequencing and metabolomics analysis provide a theoretical basis for deciphering the biocontrol mechanism of strain GS218.

, correspAuthors=Chi ZHOU, Xin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: ZHOU Chi,
LI Xin,
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【目的】 探究内生真菌青霉属新种中华青霉(Penicillium sinense) GS218的生防潜力,解析其抑菌机制,为辣椒炭疽病的生物防治提供优良菌种资源及理论基础。 【方法】 采用平板检测法测定GS218的水解酶活性与产铁载体能力;通过平板对峙法评估GS218对不同植物病原真菌的抑制效果;对菌株进行全基因组测序,深入了解其遗传信息与生理功能;分析菌株GS218与辣椒炭疽病原菌共培养状态下的代谢组学,挖掘潜在抑菌活性物质,并利用含药平板法验证部分代谢物的抑菌活性。 【结果】 菌株GS218具有水解酶活性,可产生铁载体,对5种病原真菌表现出较强抑制效果,其中对辣椒炭疽病原菌的抑制率达72.76%,GS218无菌发酵滤液对辣椒炭疽病具有良好的防治效果。全基因组分析显示,菌株GS218的基因组大小为27.77 Mb,具有丰富的代谢途径,其基因组中含有30个次级代谢产物基因簇。代谢组分析表明,菌株GS218在有机酸及其衍生物、苯丙素和聚酮、脂质和类脂分子(包括萜类)三大类化合物中含有较多潜在抑菌活性代谢物,7-乙氧基香豆素、丙酮酸等化合物对辣椒炭疽病原菌表现出一定抑制作用。 【结论】 新种中华青霉GS218对辣椒炭疽病原菌具有显著抑制作用,在农业绿色发展中具有良好的应用潜力,全基因组测序和代谢组学分析为进一步深入研究菌株GS218的生防机制提供了理论依据。

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作者贡献声明

何秀兰:提出概念、数据分析、撰写文章;王玉琦:编辑、审阅;张明星:软件程序;陶禹:执行调研;彭迪:提供资源;周池:监督管理、审阅;李鑫:提出概念、获取基金。

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Virulence, 2022, 13(1): 149-159., articleTitle=Artemisinin displays bactericidal activity via copper-mediated DNA damage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226557158737752561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=5, issue=2, pageStart=20, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=62, authorNames=DINOS GP, ATHANASSOPOULOS CM, MISSIRI DA, GIANNOPOULOU PC, VLACHOGIANNIS IA, PAPADOPOULOS GE, PAPAIOANNOU D, KALPAXIS DL, journalName=Antibiotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DINOS GP, ATHANASSOPOULOS CM, MISSIRI DA, GIANNOPOULOU PC, VLACHOGIANNIS IA, PAPADOPOULOS GE, PAPAIOANNOU D, KALPAXIS DL. Chloramphenicol derivatives as antibacterial and anticancer agents: historic problems and current solutions[J]. Antibiotics, 2016, 5(2): 20., articleTitle=Chloramphenicol derivatives as antibacterial and anticancer agents: historic problems and current solutions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226557158817444341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=36, issue=6, pageStart=104, pageEnd=105, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=63, authorNames=范妤, 郭东艳, 宋强, 李涛, journalName=陕西中医学院学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=范妤, 郭东艳, 宋强, 李涛. 葛根素的体外抑菌作用[J]. 陕西中医学院学报, 2013, 36(6): 104-105., articleTitle=葛根素的体外抑菌作用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226557158897136122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=36, issue=6, pageStart=104, pageEnd=105, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=64, authorNames=FAN Y, GUO DY, SONG Q, LI T, journalName=Journal of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FAN Y, GUO DY, SONG Q, LI T. Puerarin in vitro antibacterial effect[J]. Journal of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 2013, 36(6): 104-105 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226557159022965246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=9, issue=5, pageStart=442, pageEnd=461, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=65, authorNames=NITBANI FO, TJITDA PJP, NITTI F, JUMINA J, DETHA AIR, journalName=ChemBioEng Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NITBANI FO, TJITDA PJP, NITTI F, JUMINA J, DETHA AIR. Antimicrobial properties of lauric acid and monolaurin in virgin coconut oil: a review[J]. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, companyId=1226557135887184500, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Hunan Engineering Research Center of Endophytic Microbial Resources Exploration and Utilization in Plants, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226557135899767414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, companyId=1226557135887184500, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.植物内生微生物资源挖掘与利用湖南省工程研究中心,湖南 长沙)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226557141859873748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Growth curve of strain GS218., figureFileSmall=D2fmRGEENKC0bHoff7pAOQ==, figureFileBig=Ebhe0MpzjQ9rYJ9derrApg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557141998285783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株GS218的生长曲线, figureFileSmall=D2fmRGEENKC0bHoff7pAOQ==, figureFileBig=Ebhe0MpzjQ9rYJ9derrApg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142170252258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The ability of strain GS218 to produce hydrolase enzymes and siderophore. A: Amylase; B: Cellulase; C: Dextranase; D: Proteinase; E: Siderophore., figureFileSmall=80/1tTg48Rj3Wz0jre3tUw==, figureFileBig=vghBdoD8HtzOIHZkHUMz3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142287692776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株GS218产水解酶和铁载体的能力。A:淀粉酶;B:纤维素酶;C:葡聚糖酶;D:蛋白酶;E:铁载体。, figureFileSmall=80/1tTg48Rj3Wz0jre3tUw==, figureFileBig=vghBdoD8HtzOIHZkHUMz3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142400938993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Inhibition of strain GS218 on different phytopathogenic fungi., figureFileSmall=a1GXV3CuCF29BR5MjzgzsQ==, figureFileBig=nljBbBYuwl6flJ/MXqNttw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557142547739638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株GS218对不同植物病原真菌的抑制效果, figureFileSmall=a1GXV3CuCF29BR5MjzgzsQ==, figureFileBig=nljBbBYuwl6flJ/MXqNttw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144070271996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Biocontrol effects of strain GS218 on pepper anthracnose. A: PDB; B: Sterile fermentation filtrate of strain GS218; C: PDB+Colletotrichum gloeosporioides; D: Sterile fermentation filtrate of strain GS218+Colletotrichum gloeosporioides; E: Prochloraz+Colletotrichum gloeosporioides., figureFileSmall=0UjnO4nJ4hThW8toYJ/Wkg==, figureFileBig=icbnQNYFVKMYa2sBg/Samg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144208684035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌株GS218对辣椒炭疽病的防效。A:PDB浸泡;B:菌株GS218的无菌发酵滤液浸泡;C:PDB浸泡后接种辣椒炭疽病原菌;D:菌株GS218的无菌发酵滤液浸泡后接种辣椒炭疽病原菌;E:咪鲜胺浸泡后接种辣椒炭疽病原菌。, figureFileSmall=0UjnO4nJ4hThW8toYJ/Wkg==, figureFileBig=icbnQNYFVKMYa2sBg/Samg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144430981132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Whole genome analysis of strain GS218. A: Circular genome map of strain GS218 [The circular distribution from inside to outside indicates G+C-skew, G+C content, rRNA (purple) and tRNA (blue), repeat sequence, negative chain gene, positive chain gene and genome size]; B: GO functional annotation classification statistics chart of strain GS218; C: KEGG annotation classification statistics chart of strain GS218., figureFileSmall=RiuAXlkmKbh1eY7t9ArlTw==, figureFileBig=7ME/tPmVWZJqYG6zebsqvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144657473551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菌株GS218的全基因组分析。A:GS218的基因组圈图[圈图从里到外分别代表G+C-skew、G+C含量、rRNA (紫色)和tRNA (蓝色)、重复序列、负链基因、正链基因、基因组大小];B:GS218的GO功能注释分类统计图;C:GS218的KEGG注释分类统计图。, figureFileSmall=RiuAXlkmKbh1eY7t9ArlTw==, figureFileBig=7ME/tPmVWZJqYG6zebsqvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144753942548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Comparative genomic analysis among strains GS218, IBT 35668, and HP7-1. A: Collinearity analysis (The same color modules joined by linear indicate collinear region); B: Venn diagram displaying the homologous gene families; C: GO functional annotation of unique genes in GS218 genome., figureFileSmall=hNpQCuw08KaGTcTlUprIgQ==, figureFileBig=B1/nQ6Hq3dFVNIe0y8bQFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144829440024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=CN, label=图6, caption=菌株GS218IBT 35668HP7-1的比较基因组分析。A:共线性分析;B:同源基因家族的Venn图;C:GS218基因组中特有基因的GO功能注释。, figureFileSmall=hNpQCuw08KaGTcTlUprIgQ==, figureFileBig=B1/nQ6Hq3dFVNIe0y8bQFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557144959463456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Metabolomic analysis of strain GS218 co-cultured with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. A: Volcano diagram; B: Distribution of differential metabolites in the secondary classification of the HMDB database; C: KEGG enrichment pathway diagram of differential metabolite., figureFileSmall=2DLHnl0CXflICNaBP77/xg==, figureFileBig=Uq7vi8EG6Bk83HRW3U75TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145085292577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=CN, label=图7, caption=菌株GS218与辣椒炭疽病原菌共培养的代谢组学分析。A:火山图;B:差异代谢物在HMDB数据库二级分类中的分布情况;C:差异代谢物的KEGG富集通路图。, figureFileSmall=2DLHnl0CXflICNaBP77/xg==, figureFileBig=Uq7vi8EG6Bk83HRW3U75TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145278230569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Inhibition rates of target metabolite on mycelium growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Different lowercases indicate significant differences between the groups being tested (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=Vpvszy9radCwGs02+qC9bQ==, figureFileBig=QSklDd1OyFyBe8ohG/o84g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145433419823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=CN, label=图8, caption=目标代谢物对辣椒炭疽病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率。图中不同小写字母表示各组处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=Vpvszy9radCwGs02+qC9bQ==, figureFileBig=QSklDd1OyFyBe8ohG/o84g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557145550860338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Inhibition rate of strain GS218 on different phytopathogenic fungi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Phytopathogenic fungiColony diameter (cm)Fungistatic rate (%)
CKGS218
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides8.13±0.042.22±0.08d72.76±0.88a
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae8.22±0.052.61±0.11ab68.24±1.35c
Fusarium boothii8.50±0.012.49±0.21bc70.75±2.53b
Phytophthora capsici7.84±0.102.41±0.10c69.20±1.38bc
Botrytis cinerea7.84±0.052.72±0.09a65.31±1.06d
), ArticleFig(id=1226557145676689465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

菌株GS218对不同植物病原真菌的抑制率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Phytopathogenic fungiColony diameter (cm)Fungistatic rate (%)
CKGS218
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides8.13±0.042.22±0.08d72.76±0.88a
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae8.22±0.052.61±0.11ab68.24±1.35c
Fusarium boothii8.50±0.012.49±0.21bc70.75±2.53b
Phytophthora capsici7.84±0.102.41±0.10c69.20±1.38bc
Botrytis cinerea7.84±0.052.72±0.09a65.31±1.06d
), ArticleFig(id=1226557145840267327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Incidence of pepper anthracnose and control effects in different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentLesion diameter (mm)Control effect (%)
PDB0-
Sterile fermentation filtrate of strain GS2180-
PDB+Colletotrichum gloeosporioides17.64±4.96a-
Sterile fermentation filtrate of strain GS218+Colletotrichum gloeosporioides8.50±1.42b50.46±6.02a
Prochloraz+Colletotrichum gloeosporioides8.26±2.52b52.46±9.86a
), ArticleFig(id=1226557145974485062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理组辣椒炭疽病的发病程度及防治效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentLesion diameter (mm)Control effect (%)
PDB0-
Sterile fermentation filtrate of strain GS2180-
PDB+Colletotrichum gloeosporioides17.64±4.96a-
Sterile fermentation filtrate of strain GS218+Colletotrichum gloeosporioides8.50±1.42b50.46±6.02a
Prochloraz+Colletotrichum gloeosporioides8.26±2.52b52.46±9.86a
), ArticleFig(id=1226557146100314190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Classification table of secondary metabolite synthesis gene clusters of strain GS218

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cluster IDTypeStartEndPutative productionSimilarity (%)
Cluster 3T1PKS1 347 4661 394 117Naphthopyrone100
Cluster 4Terpene1 523 7541 546 117Clavaric acid100
Cluster 6Terpene55 74977 287Squalestatin S160
Cluster 13T1PKS, NRPS415 660451 797Aspyridone A66
Cluster 18NRPS737 413793 698Nidulanin A75
Cluster 25T1PKS242 986290 248Mycophenolic acid85
), ArticleFig(id=1226557146242920534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

菌株GS218的次生代谢产物合成基因簇分类表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cluster IDTypeStartEndPutative productionSimilarity (%)
Cluster 3T1PKS1 347 4661 394 117Naphthopyrone100
Cluster 4Terpene1 523 7541 546 117Clavaric acid100
Cluster 6Terpene55 74977 287Squalestatin S160
Cluster 13T1PKS, NRPS415 660451 797Aspyridone A66
Cluster 18NRPS737 413793 698Nidulanin A75
Cluster 25T1PKS242 986290 248Mycophenolic acid85
), ArticleFig(id=1226557146385526876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of genomic characteristics among strain GS218, IBT 35668, and HP7-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain

P. sinense

GS218

P. chrysogenum

IBT 35668

P. oxalicum

HP7-1

Genome size (Mb)27.7732.3830.79
Number of contigs34523
N50 (Mb)3.19.53.8
G+C content (%)51.8648.9050.69
Protein coding sequences29 38811 9819 728
Genome coverage (×)104.6103.0327.0
Complete BUSCOs (%)98.9798.7098.60
), ArticleFig(id=1226557146481995876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471081338815446, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

菌株GS218IBT 35668HP7-1的基因组特征比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain

P. sinense

GS218

P. chrysogenum

IBT 35668

P. oxalicum

HP7-1

Genome size (Mb)27.7732.3830.79
Number of contigs34523
N50 (Mb)3.19.53.8
G+C content (%)51.8648.9050.69
Protein coding sequences29 38811 9819 728
Genome coverage (×)104.6103.0327.0
Complete BUSCOs (%)98.9798.7098.60
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内生青霉GS218的基因组分析及对辣椒炭疽的拮抗特性
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何秀兰 1, 2 , 王玉琦 2, 3 , 张明星 2, 3 , 陶禹 2, 3 , 彭迪 2 , 周池 2, 3, * , 李鑫 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(1): 170-186
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(1): 170-186
内生青霉GS218的基因组分析及对辣椒炭疽的拮抗特性
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何秀兰1, 2, 王玉琦2, 3, 张明星2, 3, 陶禹2, 3, 彭迪2, 周池2, 3, * , 李鑫1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.湖南大学 生物学院隆平分院,湖南 长沙
  • 2.湖南省微生物研究所,湖南 长沙
  • 3.植物内生微生物资源挖掘与利用湖南省工程研究中心,湖南 长沙
Endophytic Penicillium GS218: whole genome analysis and characterization of antagonism against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in pepper
Xiulan HE1, 2, Yuqi WANG2, 3, Mingxing ZHANG2, 3, Yu TAO2, 3, Di PENG2, Chi ZHOU2, 3, * , Xin LI1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
  • 2.Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, Hunan, China
  • 3.Hunan Engineering Research Center of Endophytic Microbial Resources Exploration and Utilization in Plants, Changsha, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2026-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250299
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【目的】 探究内生真菌青霉属新种中华青霉(Penicillium sinense) GS218的生防潜力,解析其抑菌机制,为辣椒炭疽病的生物防治提供优良菌种资源及理论基础。 【方法】 采用平板检测法测定GS218的水解酶活性与产铁载体能力;通过平板对峙法评估GS218对不同植物病原真菌的抑制效果;对菌株进行全基因组测序,深入了解其遗传信息与生理功能;分析菌株GS218与辣椒炭疽病原菌共培养状态下的代谢组学,挖掘潜在抑菌活性物质,并利用含药平板法验证部分代谢物的抑菌活性。 【结果】 菌株GS218具有水解酶活性,可产生铁载体,对5种病原真菌表现出较强抑制效果,其中对辣椒炭疽病原菌的抑制率达72.76%,GS218无菌发酵滤液对辣椒炭疽病具有良好的防治效果。全基因组分析显示,菌株GS218的基因组大小为27.77 Mb,具有丰富的代谢途径,其基因组中含有30个次级代谢产物基因簇。代谢组分析表明,菌株GS218在有机酸及其衍生物、苯丙素和聚酮、脂质和类脂分子(包括萜类)三大类化合物中含有较多潜在抑菌活性代谢物,7-乙氧基香豆素、丙酮酸等化合物对辣椒炭疽病原菌表现出一定抑制作用。 【结论】 新种中华青霉GS218对辣椒炭疽病原菌具有显著抑制作用,在农业绿色发展中具有良好的应用潜力,全基因组测序和代谢组学分析为进一步深入研究菌株GS218的生防机制提供了理论依据。

中华青霉  /  生物防治  /  辣椒炭疽病原菌  /  全基因组测序  /  抑菌代谢物

[Objective] To investigate the biocontrol potential of Penicillium sinense GS218, a new endophytic fungus, and to analyze the antifungal mechanism, so as to provide elite strain resources and lay a theoretical foundation for the biocontrol of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in pepper. [Methods] Plate assays were employed to determine the hydrolase activity and siderophore production capacity of GS218. The inhibitory effects of GS218 on different phytopathogenic fungi were evaluated by the plate confrontation method. Whole genome sequencing was performed to obtain insights into the genetic information and physiological functions of the strain. The metabolome of strain GS218 co-cultured with C. gloeosporioides was analyzed to explore the potential active substances for the inhibitory effects. The medicated plate method was employed to validate the inhibitory activities of differential metabolites. [Results] Strain GS218 had hydrolase activity, produced siderophores, and exhibited strong inhibitory effects on five pathogenic fungi (with the inhibition rate of 72.76% on C. gloeosporioides in pepper). The sterile fermentation filtrate of strain GS218 demonstrated a good control effect on pepper anthracnose. The genome size of strain GS218 was 27.77 Mb, which has abundant metabolic pathways, and its genome contained 30 synthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites. The metabolomics analysis showed that strain GS218 contained rich antimicrobial substances in organic acids and derivatives, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, and lipids and lipid-like molecules (including terpenoids). Compounds such as 7-ethoxycoumarin and pyruvic acid showed inhibitory effects against C. gloeosporioides in pepper. [Conclusion] The new strain, P. sinense GS218, has significant inhibitory effects on C. gloeosporioides and promising application prospects in the green development of agriculture. Whole genome sequencing and metabolomics analysis provide a theoretical basis for deciphering the biocontrol mechanism of strain GS218.

Penicillium sinense  /  biocontrol  /  Colletotrichum gloeosporioides  /  whole genome sequencing  /  antimicrobial metabolites
何秀兰, 王玉琦, 张明星, 陶禹, 彭迪, 周池, 李鑫. 内生青霉GS218的基因组分析及对辣椒炭疽的拮抗特性. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (1) : 170 -186 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250299
Xiulan HE, Yuqi WANG, Mingxing ZHANG, Yu TAO, Di PENG, Chi ZHOU, Xin LI. Endophytic Penicillium GS218: whole genome analysis and characterization of antagonism against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in pepper[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (1) : 170 -186 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250299
辣椒是一种重要的蔬菜兼经济作物,近年来我国种植面积稳定在210万hm2以上,占全国蔬菜总面积的10%左右[1]。然而,辣椒种植过程中会受到多种病害的威胁,其中炭疽病是影响辣椒产量和质量的主要病害之一,该病害是由刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum)引起的真菌性病害[2],通常在辣椒生长中后期发生,果实感染尤为严重。在恶劣条件下减产率可达50%,给辣椒生产造成了巨大的经济损失[3]。目前,对辣椒炭疽病的防控仍以化学防治为主,由此引发的食品安全和环境安全问题已成为社会各界关注的焦点。
生物防治具有绿色环保、安全高效和可持续性强等优点,是替代化学农药使用的重要方法之一[4-5]。青霉菌(Penicillium)作为一种生防真菌广泛存在于自然界中,环境适应能力强,生物活性较高。近年来,青霉菌在防治植物病害方面的潜力逐渐被发掘。Fang等[6]率先发现绳状青霉(P. funiculosum)对多种疫霉病菌具有抑制作用,能有效控制甜橙幼苗和柠檬树茎上的疫霉侵染。彭海莹[7]研究表明产紫篮状青霉(P. purpurogenum) Q2对烟草根黑腐病和烟草黑胫病均有较好的防治效果,可显著降低植株发病率和病情指数。研究发现青霉菌能产生聚酮类、萜类和生物碱类等多种具有抑菌活性的次级代谢产物,从而有效发挥拮抗作用[8]。抑菌活性物质的合成受多基因调控,这些基因通常成簇存在于基因组上,全基因组技术能够准确预测菌株的次级代谢产物[9-10]。目前,综合运用基因组和代谢组等多组学手段深入挖掘生防菌的次级代谢产物已成为探究生防菌抑菌机制的热点。
内生菌广泛存在于各种植物中,研究表明部分内生菌能够通过分泌具有抑菌活性的次级代谢产物或激活植物的系统抗性提高植物对病害的防御能力[11]。课题组前期从枳树叶片中分离得到内生青霉菌GS218,基于ITS、β-微管蛋白(β-tubulin, TUB)、钙调素(calmodulin, CaM)和RNA聚合酶II第二大亚基(RNA polymerase II subunit B, RPB2)基因片段序列鉴定该菌为青霉属新种[12],命名为中华青霉(P. sinense) GS218。为明确该菌的生物学特性及功能应用,本研究以菌株GS218为研究对象,测定其产水解酶能力及抑菌活性;通过全基因组测序和比较基因组分析深入了解GS218的基因组结构特征和遗传信息,探究其生防潜力;利用代谢组学分析方法挖掘菌株具有抑菌活性的次级代谢产物,并对其中部分代谢物进行功能验证,以期为菌株GS218的开发和利用提供理论依据,同时为辣椒产业的可持续发展和绿色防控技术提供优良的菌种资源。
中华青霉(P. sinense) GS218从枳树叶片中分离获得,保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号为CCTCC M 20241477。
供试病原真菌:辣椒炭疽病菌(C. gloeosporioides)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium boothii)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsic)、茄子枯萎病菌(F. oxysporum f. sp. melongenae)均由本实验室保藏。
培养基:PDA、PDB、铬天青S (chrome azurol S, CAS)检测培养基购自北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司;蛋白酶检测培养基、葡聚糖酶检测培养基、纤维素酶检测培养基、淀粉酶水解培养基参考文献[13]配制。
参考赵新贝等[14]的方法测定生长曲线。将菌株GS218接种至PDA培养基,培养7 d后用无菌水洗脱孢子,经4层无菌纱布过滤菌丝,采用血球计数板将孢子浓度调整为1×108 CFU/mL,此即为接种用孢子悬浮液。取0.5 mL接种用孢子悬浮液转移至50 mL PDB培养基中,30 ℃、180 r/min条件下振荡培养,每天取培养物过滤收集菌丝球,用滤纸吸去多余水分,随后置于烘箱烘至恒重,称量菌丝球总干重。以培养时间为横坐标,菌丝球总干重为纵坐标,绘制菌株生长曲线。
将GS218分别接种至纤维素酶、蛋白酶、葡聚糖酶检测培养基和淀粉酶水解培养基中央,于30 ℃培养箱中培养。若菌落周围有水解圈生成则说明菌株具有相应的酶活性。其中,淀粉酶水解圈需用5%的碘液染色后再观察。使用CAS双层平板[15]检测菌株分泌铁载体的能力,若有透明圈或色素圈形成则表明该菌株具有分泌铁载体的能力。
采用平板对峙法[16]测定GS218对不同植物病原真菌的抑制效果。取已培养好的GS218和病原真菌,用打孔器(直径7 mm)在菌落边缘打取菌饼,先将病原菌菌饼接种至PDA平板中央,再在四周距中心2 cm处接种GS218菌饼,以不接种GS218菌饼的PDA平板为对照,每组重复3次。30 ℃培养,根据真菌生长情况,使用十字交叉法[17]测量病原菌的菌落直径,按公式(1)计算抑菌率。
抑菌率=(对照菌落直径-处理菌落直径)/对照菌落直径×100%
取已培养好的菌株GS218,用打孔器(直径7 mm)打取菌饼放入装有50 mL PDB培养液的锥形瓶中,每瓶放入1个菌饼,30 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养7 d,用4层无菌纱布过滤菌丝,4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心20 min收集滤液,将上清液用0.45 μm和0.22 μm的微孔滤膜过滤,获得GS218无菌发酵滤液,备用。
选取新鲜健康、大小均匀的辣椒,清洗表面并消毒。参考赵子璇等[18]、朱晓琴等[19]的方法,将辣椒分别于PDB培养基、GS218无菌发酵滤液、40%咪鲜胺水乳剂1 600倍液中浸泡,取出后置于无菌托盘中晾干,使用灭菌牙签对辣椒进行针刺处理,在针刺部位放置培养7 d的辣椒炭疽菌饼(直径7 mm)。试验设置5个处理:仅用PDB培养基浸泡(阴性对照,CK1)、PDB培养基浸泡后接种辣椒炭疽菌饼(阳性对照,CK2)、仅用GS218无菌发酵滤液浸泡、GS218无菌发酵滤液浸泡后接种辣椒炭疽菌饼、40%咪鲜胺水乳剂1 600倍液浸泡后接种辣椒炭疽菌饼。每个处理5根辣椒,3次重复。处理后的辣椒放入无菌保鲜盒中,用喷湿的脱脂棉保湿,28 ℃培养,10 d后采用十字交叉法测量病斑直径。
在严格无菌条件下从PDA培养基上刮取培养7-10 d的GS218菌体,转移至2 mL冻存管中,迅速放入液氮中速冻。委托北京百迈克生物科技有限公司提取菌株DNA,并基于PacBio Sequel II测序平台对其进行全基因组测序。使用hifiasm[20]软件对ccs reads进行组装,最后利用Pilon[21]软件基于二代数据库对组装基因组进行纠错,得到准确度更高的基因组用于后续的组分分析以及基因本体(gene ontology, GO) (http://www.geneontology.org/)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG) (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/kegg/)功能注释分析。
选取2株具有生物防治潜力的青霉菌:产黄青霉(P. chrysogenum) IBT 35668 (GCF_028827035.1)和草酸青霉(P. oxalicum) HP7-1 (GCF_001723175.1),在NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)下载其全基因组序列信息,与菌株GS218进行比较基因组分析。采用Mauve软件对菌株基因组进行共线性分析;通过OrthoMCL软件对菌株预测出的蛋白序列进行家族聚类,以进行同源性分析;并对GS218特有基因进行GO注释分析。
按照1.3.1节中的方法,共培养(co-culture, CO)菌株GS218和辣椒炭疽病原菌7 d后,刮取靠近病原菌一侧的GS218菌体200 mg置于2 mL冻存管中作为1个样品,设置6个重复。以相同培养条件下菌株GS218单独培养(GS218)的菌落为对照。收集所有样品,经液氮速冻后,委托北京百迈克生物科技有限公司进行非靶向代谢组学分析。采用液相色谱-质谱仪对代谢物进行检测。使用MassLynx V4.2采集原始数据,借助Progenesis QI软件对数据进行峰提取、峰对齐等处理,然后通过分子离子峰和碎片离子进行分子式的预测并与mzCloud (https://www.mzcloud.org/)、MZvault (https://mytracefinder.com/tag/mzvault/)、Chemspider (http://www.chemspider.com/Default.aspx)数据库进行比对,最终得到数据鉴定结果。
对目标代谢物的市售药品进行检索,最终选择其中14种代谢物的标准品进行抑菌活性验证。参考王若彤[22]、赵新贝等[14]的方法,使用含药平板法测定目标代谢物对辣椒炭疽病原菌的抑制作用。将溶解后的药品用0.22 μm的微孔滤膜过滤除菌,倒入灭菌后的PDA培养基中混匀,制成药物浓度为1 mg/mL的含药PDA培养基,以含有等量相应溶剂的PDA培养基为对照,在平板中央接种辣椒炭疽病原菌菌饼,将平板置于25 ℃恒温培养箱中培养5-8 d,以十字交叉法测量菌落的直径,计算抑制率。
使用SPSS 27对数据进行单因素方差分析,并用Duncan法进行组间多重比较(P<0.05表示差异显著);采用Origin 2021软件绘图。
将菌株GS218的孢子悬浮液接种至PDB培养基中培养,连续10 d取样,称量菌丝球干重。由图1可知,在培养1-7 d时菌丝生长较快,干重迅速增加,此阶段为菌丝快速生长期;之后随着时间的延长,菌丝干重趋于稳定,进入生长稳定期。
测定结果显示,菌株GS218可在淀粉酶、纤维素酶、葡聚糖酶、蛋白酶、CAS检测培养基上生长,并产生水解圈或色素圈(图2A-2E),这表明菌株GS218具有产淀粉酶、纤维素酶、葡聚糖酶、蛋白酶和分泌铁载体的能力。
对峙试验结果表明,菌株GS218对辣椒炭疽、茄子枯萎、小麦赤霉、辣椒疫霉、番茄灰霉5种植物病害的病原真菌均具有明显的抑菌活性(图3),其中对辣椒炭疽病原菌的抑制效果最好,抑菌率为72.76% (表1)。
图4可知,仅用PDB浸泡(阴性对照)和仅用GS218无菌发酵滤液浸泡的辣椒果实未发病;接种辣椒炭疽病原菌后PDB (阳性对照)处理组辣椒果实发病严重,接种处菌丝扩散,组织变软呈黑褐色,病斑直径达17.64 mm,GS218 (sterile fermentation filtrate)处理组辣椒果实发病程度明显较轻,菌丝生长受到抑制,病斑直径显著小于PDB处理组,防效为50.46% (P<0.05),咪鲜胺(prochloraz)处理组防效为52.46%,略高于GS218,但差异不显著(表2),这说明菌株GS218可以较好地抑制炭疽病原菌在辣椒果实上的扩展,具有活体生防潜力。
菌株GS218的基因组长27 767 911 bp、G+C含量为51.86%、重复序列为1 022 873 bp,占总长的3.68%。该菌株含有9 311个基因、29 388个编码序列,总长度为14 119 848 bp,占基因组总长的50.85%;还含有125个rRNA和400个tRNA。菌株GS218的基因组圈如图5A所示,其基因组序列已上传至NCBI,GenBank登录号为GCA_049463015.1。
研究结果显示,菌株GS218有7 221个基因在GO数据库中得到注释(图5B)。其中,属于生物过程的代谢过程(metabolic process)富集到的基因最多,达3 978个;其次是属于分子功能的催化活性(catalytic activity),注释基因数为3 965个;再者是属于细胞组分的细胞(cell)和细胞部分(cell part)。GO注释分析发现GS218含有与热反应(GO: 0009408)、光刺激反应(GO: 0009416)、盐胁迫反应(GO: 0009651)、紫外反应(GO: 0009411)和细胞对pH值的反应(GO: 0071467)等功能表达相关的基因,表明其可能具有较强的环境适应性。此外,GS218还包含有纤维素酶(GO: 0008810)、几丁质酶(GO: 0004568)、葡聚糖酶(GO: 0052861;GO: 0052862)、蛋白酶(GO: 0004843;GO:1990381)、淀粉酶(GO: 0004556)和铁载体合成(GO: 1900706)等相关基因,表明其可能具有协助宿主抵抗病原菌的功能[原始数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(http://nmdc.cn),编号为NMDCX0002139]。菌株GS218在KEGG数据库注释到114条代谢通路(图中展示部分),共3 214个常规代谢通路相关基因(图5C),在新陈代谢方面的基因数量显著超过其他功能类别,表明其代谢途径极为丰富和多样化。其中最主要的3种代谢通路是氨基酸的生物合成(biosynthesis of amino acids,137个基因)、碳代谢(carbon metabolism,110个基因)、核糖体(ribosome,91个基因)。值得注意的是,GS218与抗菌相关的常规通路及其基因数量分别为:萜类骨架生物合成(terpenoid backbone biosynthesis) 19个、泛醌和其他萜类醌的生物合成(ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis) 12个、脂肪酸生物合成(fatty acid biosynthesis) 11个、酮体合成与降解(synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies) 8个以及青霉素和头孢菌素生物合成(penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis) 1个(编号为NMDCX0002139)。
通过antiSMASH预测,GS218基因组共得到30个次生代谢产物合成基因簇,其中,I型聚酮合酶(type I polyketide synthases, T1PKS) 7个,编码非核糖体多肽合成酶(non-ribosomal peptide synthase, NRPS) 5个,T1PKS和NRPS复合类2个,NRPS-like 8个,萜烯(terpene) 4个,β-内酯(beta-lactone) 2个,NRPS和beta-lactone复合类1个,fungal-RiPP 1个(编号为NMDCX0002139)。菌株GS218基因组中cluster 3和cluster 4分别与萘吡酮(naphthopyrone)和克拉维酸(clavulanic acid)合成基因簇显示100%的相似度。Cluster 6、13、18、25分别与角鲨烯S1 (squalestatin S1)、aspyridone A、构巢素A (nidulanin A)和霉酚酸(mycophenolic acid)的生物合成基因簇有较高相似性,相似度为60%-85% (表3)。
中华青霉GS218和产黄青霉IBT 35668、草酸青霉HP7-1的基因组特征比较见表4。3株青霉菌的共线性分析结果如图6A所示,GS218、IBT 35668和HP7-1之间有54个共线性块,其中部分共线性块存在倒位、易位和缺失等基因重排现象。对3株菌的蛋白序列进行家族聚类,鉴定GS218的特有基因,并对其GO功能进行注释分析。结果显示,3株菌共有的基因家族为6 557个,占GS218总基因家族数的84.81%,表明GS218和IBT 35668、HP7-1之间的功能相似性很高(图6B)。此外,GS218有63个特有基因家族,1 077个特有基因(包含特有基因家族中的基因和未参与基因家族聚类的基因)。GO功能注释结果表明,GS218的特有基因主要与代谢过程(metabolic process)、催化活性(catalytic activity)和结合(binding)功能相关(图6C)。
分别提取菌株GS218与辣椒炭疽病原菌共培养(CO)和菌株GS218单独培养(GS218)的菌体细胞代谢物并上机检测,共检测到2 181个峰,匹配到1 933个代谢物。PCA分析和置换验证模型显示,样本间存在显著差异,数据模型可用于筛选差异代谢物(编号为NMDCX0002139)。基于VIP>1.0、fold change>1且P<0.05的标准筛选差异代谢物,结果显示,CO和GS218有1 115种差异代谢物,其中上调(CO>GS218)代谢物914种,下调(CO<GS218)代谢物201种(图7A)。通过HMDB数据库分析差异代谢物的分类情况,发现其主要富集在有机酸及其衍生物、有机杂环化合物、苯丙素和聚酮类化合物、脂质和类脂分子、苯环型化合物、生物碱等超类中(图7B),对以上超类中的上调差异代谢物进行文献检索,结果表明有机酸及其衍生物(9种)、苯丙素和聚酮类化合物(7种)、脂质和类脂分子(6种)这3类中的抗菌代谢物较多,包括琥珀酸、延胡索酸、丙酮酸、甘氨酸、l-酪氨酸、l-苯丙氨酸、dl-谷氨酸、柠檬酸、克林霉素、咖啡酸、黄腐酚、葛根素、7-乙氧基香豆素、桑皮酮、紫杉醇、异鼠李素、月桂酸、大麻二酚、双氢青蒿素、亚油酸、棕榈酸、α-亚麻酸。其他超类中具有抑菌活性报道的上调差异代谢物共有5种,分别为左氧氟沙星、核黄素、硫胺素、黄连素、氯毒素(编号为NMDCX0002139)。对差异代谢物进行KEGG注释分析,筛选出富集差异代谢物数量排名前20的代谢通路(图7C)。结果显示,差异代谢物主要富集在植物次生代谢产物的生物合成、ABC转运蛋白、苯丙烷类化合物的生物合成、各种抗生素的生物合成、生物碱和d-氨基酸代谢的生物合成等通路。
对目标代谢物的市售药品进行检索,最终对其中14种代谢物的标准品进行抑菌活性测定。结果如图8所示,有10种化合物对辣椒炭疽病原菌表现出不同程度的抑制作用,抑制率超过10%的化合物有7-乙氧基香豆素(7-ethoxycoumarin)、丙酮酸(pyruvic acid)、双氢青蒿素(dihydroartemisinin)、氯毒素(chloramphenicol)、葛根素(puerarin)、月桂酸(lauric acid),其中,7-乙氧基香豆素的抑制率最高,为48.83%。
全基因组测序技术能够高效、快速且低成本地获取生物体的完整基因组序列,对基因结构、生物过程和功能的研究具有重要意义[23]。刘峰等[24]通过全基因组测序揭示产紫青霉菌SW-10富含解磷酶基因,有力证实了该菌株具有强解磷能力。Woo等[25]利用全基因组测序成功挖掘出马尔尼菲青霉(P. marneffei)的黑色素合成酶和聚酮合酶基因簇,为后续解析抗菌物质的合成途径奠定了基础。本研究对分离自枳树叶片的青霉属新种中华青霉GS218进行全基因组测序,确定菌株的基因组大小为27.77 Mb,与已报道的青霉菌基因组大小相近(一般在25-35 Mb)[26]。同时,将菌株基因组测序数据在GO数据库比对发现,GS218含有与热反应、光刺激反应、pH值反应等相关抗性基因,推测菌株可能具有较强的环境适应能力。本研究还发现菌株GS218包含纤维素酶、葡聚糖酶、蛋白酶、淀粉酶和铁载体合成等相关基因,平板检测结果显示该菌株能产生相应的水解酶和铁载体。这些水解酶可以破坏病原真菌的细胞壁结构,表现出较强的抑菌作用[27]。产铁载体的微生物能与病原菌竞争铁资源,使病原菌缺铁而不能正常生长繁殖,从而实现控病减害的目的;同时,在缺铁环境下铁载体能使Fe3+还原为Fe2+,以促进植物吸收[28]。此外,本研究发现菌株GS218在代谢过程中富集到的基因数量最多,表明其代谢途径极为丰富和多样化,可能产生多种具有生物活性的代谢物。
antiSMASH分析结果显示,GS218基因组含有30个次级代谢产物基因簇,与已知化合物相似度较高的产物有6个,主要与聚酮类和萜烯类化合物相关。据报道,萘吡酮[29]、克拉维酸[30]、角鲨烯S1[31]都有一定的抑菌活性,其中角鲨烯S1具有抗真菌活性。霉酚酸是一种抗生素,对真菌、细菌、病毒均有拮抗作用[32];aspyridone A可作为激活生物合成基因的启动子,引起结构基因转录,进而产生生物合成蛋白及促进新的化合物生成[33];构巢素A的功能和性质尚不清楚。此外,菌株GS218的次生代谢产物中还有22种功能未知的基因簇,主要是β-内酯、T1PKS和NRPS类,这表明菌株GS218可能合成新的、具有生物活性的次级代谢产物。
中华青霉GS218与产黄青霉、草酸青霉的基因组特征比较结果显示,3株菌共有的基因家族为6 557个,占GS218总基因家族数的84.81%,由此可以推测GS218具有和产黄青霉、草酸青霉相似的功能。研究表明产黄青霉的发酵滤液对爪哇根结线虫具有较高毒杀作用,并且可以抑制镰孢菌(F. solani)的菌丝生长,改善秋葵生长状况[34]。李梦玮等[35]从花椒根部分离的草酸青霉能使花椒根腐病原菌的菌丝出现皱缩膨胀,且分生孢子萎缩、变形,有效降低花椒根腐病发病率。本研究结果显示中华青霉GS218对辣椒炭疽、茄子枯萎、辣椒疫霉等植物病原真菌有较好的抑制作用,其中对辣椒炭疽病原菌抑制率最高。试验发现菌株GS218与不同病原菌进行对峙培养时菌丝形态会发生一定的改变,其原因可能是GS218为了更好地抵抗病原菌而作出的调整与适应。朱文亭等[36]在菌株FCR-Y1与不同病原真菌的对峙培养中也发现了类似现象。辣椒离体果实接种试验进一步证明GS218产生的代谢产物可以有效抑制辣椒炭疽病原菌的生长,降低果实发病率。这表明该菌株作为青霉属新种在防治植物病害方面具有较大的研究价值和应用潜力,是挖掘抑菌活性物质的重要菌种资源。
对菌株GS218与辣椒炭疽病原菌共培养的代谢组学分析发现,在HMDB数据库中GS218共培养和单独培养的差异代谢物主要富集在有机酸及其衍生物、有机杂环化合物、苯丙素和聚酮类化合物、脂质和类脂分子、苯环型化合物、生物碱等超类中。对上调差异代谢物进行文献检索,筛选出27种潜在的抑菌活性物质,主要为有机酸及其衍生物、苯丙素和聚酮、脂质和类脂分子(包括萜类) 3类化合物,对其中部分代谢物的抑菌活性进行功能验证,发现对辣椒炭疽病原菌抑制作用最强的是7-乙氧基香豆素,抑制率为48.83%,其次抑制率在10.00%以上的化合物有丙酮酸、双氢青蒿素、氯毒素、葛根素、月桂酸。香豆素及其衍生物具有的苯并吡喃酮结构使其能够通过弱键相互作用与生物体中的各种酶和受体结合,从而表现出广泛的生理活性,具有抗菌、抗炎、抗癌等功能[37]。Purohit等[38]发现丙酮酸能抑制沙门氏菌(Salmonella)的生长,减少肉类中沙门氏菌的数量。Chung等[39]研究证明,在9种青蒿素衍生物中双氢青蒿素在杀死霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholerae)方面最为有效。氯毒素是一种古老的广谱抗生素,主要通过抑制菌株的蛋白质合成发挥抑菌作用[40]。葛根素对表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)和金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus)具有较强的抑制作用[41]。月桂酸能与细胞膜中的某些官能团相互作用,从而对细胞造成损害[42]。本研究结果显示测定的化合物中有10种对辣椒炭疽病原菌表现出一定的抑制作用,这表明GS218的抑菌效果是由多种活性物质共同作用的结果。此外,GS218可能还存在一些未筛选到的潜在抑菌活性代谢物也在发挥作用。
综上所述,本研究前期筛选到的青霉属新种中华青霉(P. sinense) GS218具有水解酶活性,能产生铁载体,对辣椒炭疽病原菌具有显著抑制作用,能有效降低辣椒炭疽病的发病率。全基因组和代谢组分析结果表明GS218具有丰富的代谢途径,其抑菌功能源于7-乙氧基香豆素、丙酮酸等多种活性物质协同增效。因此,GS218是一株有应用价值的安全有效的生防真菌,可为植物病害绿色防控提供新的青霉属菌种资源,在推动环境友好的生态农业实践中,其生防应用潜力值得进一步深入研究。
  • 湖南省重点研发计划(2023NK2030)
  • 湖南省农业科技创新资金(2024CX50)
  • 湖南省农业科技创新资金(2024CX115)
  • “红石榴”湖南援疆科技特派团项目(202406)
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2026年第66卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250299
  • 接收时间:2025-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-01-12
  • 出版时间:2026-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-11
  • 录用日期:2025-05-27
基金
Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province(2023NK2030)
湖南省重点研发计划(2023NK2030)
Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Hunan Province(2024CX50)
湖南省农业科技创新资金(2024CX50)
Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Hunan Province(2024CX115)
湖南省农业科技创新资金(2024CX115)
“Red Pomegranate” Hunan Aid to Xinjiang Science and Technology Mission Project(202406)
“红石榴”湖南援疆科技特派团项目(202406)
作者信息
    1.湖南大学 生物学院隆平分院,湖南 长沙
    2.湖南省微生物研究所,湖南 长沙
    3.植物内生微生物资源挖掘与利用湖南省工程研究中心,湖南 长沙

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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