Article(id=1204800737420223380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250379, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746720000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1756915200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-04, onlineDate=1765176479916, onlineDateStr=2025-12-08, pubDate=1764777600000, pubDateStr=2025-12-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765176479916, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765176479916, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176479916, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1204800727341310425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='12', pageStart='5191', pageEnd='5649', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765176477513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176611928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5406, endPage=5423, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1204800737738990511, articleId=1204800737420223380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps induced by influenza A virus, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) induced by influenza A virus (IAV) subtype H1N1 was investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Methods Mouse bone marrow neutrophils were isolated, purified, and characterized. NETs were induced in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Additionally, IAV groups with three different titers: one hundred 50% tissue culture infective doses (100 TCID50), 50 TCID50, and 25 TCID50 as well as the normal control group were established, and the intracellular nucleoprotein (NP) mRNA expression levels of the IAV groups were detected using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The effect of each factor on neutrophils was assessed by measuring the concentration of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the supernatant of each group using the quantitative SYTOX Green staining method. The NETs structure in each group of cells was observed under a fluorescence microscope after Hoechst 33342 staining. An immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect the expression levels of NET characteristic markers citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and neutrophil elastase (NE) proteins, as well as the nuclear co-localization and fluorescence intensity of PAD4 with CitH3, and MPO with NE in each group. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by using a fluorescent probe assay, and the levels of intracellular CitH3 protein formation were determined by using Western blotting. Results The activity of neutrophils isolated from mouse bone marrow reached 98%, with purities of ≥87%. The expression levels of NP mRNA in the IAV groups were significantly higher than those in the control group. Compared with the control group, the cfDNA levels of the PMA, LPS, and IAV groups were significantly increased, with significant increases in the web-like structures of NETs. The immunofluorescence assay showed that the relative expression levels of MPO, NE, PAD4, and CitH3 proteins were elevated to varying degrees, with the co-localization of PAD4/CitH3 or MPO/NE increased after IAV infection. Moreover, the peak of MPO protein expression was observed before that of NE protein, whereas CitH3 expression paralleled that of PAD4 protein. Additionally, the ROS level was elevated, and the level of CitH3 protein formation was also significantly increased. Conclusion Stimulation of neutrophils by IAV (H1N1) induces NET formation, which may be related to the increased intracellular ROS and PAD4 levels.

, correspAuthors=Fangguo LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Huihui LIU, Chunjing CHEN, Xiaoqi WANG, Xindan LIANG, Zhibin WANG, Yuanyuan ZHANG, Fangguo LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1204800741077655684, articleId=1204800737420223380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=甲型流感病毒(H1N1)诱导中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网的形成, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 采用定性与定量方法探讨甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus, IAV) H1N1亚型诱导中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs)的形成水平。 方法 分离、纯化并鉴定小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞,使用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)和佛波酯(phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, PMA)作为诱导剂在体外诱导NETs形成。同时设置3个滴度的甲型流感病毒组,分别为100个50%组织培养感染剂量(one hundred 50% tissue culture infective doses, 100 TCID50)、50 TCID50、25 TCID50和正常对照组。采用RT-qPCR法检测甲型流感病毒组细胞内核衣壳蛋白信使RNA (nucleoprotein messenger RNA, NP mRNA)的表达水平;通过SYTOX Green核酸染料(SYTOX green nucleic acid stain, SYTOX Green)定量法检测各因素干预中性粒细胞后各组上清液中游离DNA (cell-free DNA, cfDNA)的含量;采用Hoechst 33342染色法,在荧光显微镜下观察各组细胞形成的NETs结构;运用免疫荧光法检测NETs的特征性指标瓜氨酸化组蛋白(citrullinated histone H3, CitH3)、肽基精氨酸脱亚氨酶4 (peptidylarginine deiminase 4, PAD4)、髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO)、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(neutrophil elastase, NE)蛋白的表达水平,以及各组细胞中PAD4与CitH3、MPO与NE的核共定位和荧光表达强度;使用荧光探针法检测细胞活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平;采用Western blotting法检测细胞内CitH3蛋白的形成水平。 结果 从小鼠骨髓中分离的中性粒细胞活性可达98%,纯度可达87%以上。与正常对照组相比,甲型流感病毒组(IAV)的NP mRNA表达水平显著升高;PMA组、LPS组以及甲型流感病毒组(IAV)的cfDNA水平显著升高,NETs网状结构明显增多。免疫荧光结果显示,MPO、NE、PAD4、CitH3蛋白的相对表达量均有不同程度升高,共定位情况相对增多。其中,MPO蛋白表达的高峰期早于NE蛋白,CitH3蛋白表达趋势与PAD4蛋白表达趋势相似。此外,ROS水平升高,CitH3蛋白形成水平显著升高。 结论 甲型流感病毒(H1N1)刺激中性粒细胞后可诱导NETs形成,这可能与细胞内ROS及PAD4水平增加有关。

, correspAuthors=卢芳国, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Ss8P9gLvvEopNai5dShhHA==, magXml=WCXLCWa35E4FeihzoiqShg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=9mOq1P9p2SHV7xG5ABWNmg==, pdfFileSize=3195830, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=6zXSkoo80c7hrWd7xmrH0w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=sYs2CVaePLSPkkLXvWs/qg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=刘会会, 陈纯静, 王小奇, 梁馨丹, 王智槟, 张园园, 卢芳国)}, authors=[Author(id=1217784597157429275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217784597316812834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784597157429275, language=EN, stringName=Huihui LIU, firstName=Huihui, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1217784597472002092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784597157429275, language=CN, stringName=刘会会, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.湖南中医药大学 医学院,湖南 长沙, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217784596893189118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784596897383423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784596893189118, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784596905772032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784596893189118, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖南中医药大学 医学院,湖南 长沙)])]), Author(id=1217784597656551485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217784597815935050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784597656551485, language=EN, stringName=Chunjing CHEN, firstName=Chunjing, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1217784597908209743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784597656551485, language=CN, stringName=陈纯静, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.湖南中医药大学 医学院,湖南 长沙, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217784596893189118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784596897383423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784596893189118, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784596905772032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784596893189118, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖南中医药大学 医学院,湖南 长沙)])]), Author(id=1217784598050816093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217784598210199657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784598050816093, language=EN, stringName=Xiaoqi WANG, firstName=Xiaoqi, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1217784598340223087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784598050816093, language=CN, stringName=王小奇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.湖南中医药大学 中西医结合学院,湖南 长沙, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217784597006434310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784597019017225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784597006434310, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784597027405835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784597006434310, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖南中医药大学 中西医结合学院,湖南 长沙)])]), Author(id=1217784598432497784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217784598537355392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784598432497784, language=EN, stringName=Xindan LIANG, firstName=Xindan, middleName=null, lastName=LIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1217784598663184528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784598432497784, language=CN, stringName=梁馨丹, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.湖南中医药大学 中西医结合学院,湖南 长沙, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217784597006434310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784597019017225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784597006434310, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784597027405835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784597006434310, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖南中医药大学 中西医结合学院,湖南 长沙)])]), Author(id=1217784598822568093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217784599174889645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784598822568093, language=EN, stringName=Zhibin WANG, firstName=Zhibin, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1217784599296524475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784598822568093, language=CN, stringName=王智槟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.湖南中医药大学 中西医结合学院,湖南 长沙, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217784597006434310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784597019017225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784597006434310, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784597027405835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784597006434310, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖南中医药大学 中西医结合学院,湖南 长沙)])]), Author(id=1217784599422353605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217784599552377038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784599422353605, language=EN, stringName=Yuanyuan ZHANG, firstName=Yuanyuan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1217784599674011864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784599422353605, language=CN, stringName=张园园, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.湖南中医药大学 医学院,湖南 长沙, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217784596893189118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784596897383423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784596893189118, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784596905772032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784596893189118, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖南中医药大学 医学院,湖南 长沙)])]), Author(id=1217784599829201125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lufangguo0731@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217784600017944818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784599829201125, language=EN, stringName=Fangguo LU, firstName=Fangguo, middleName=null, lastName=LU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1.Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
2.School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1217784600160551165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, authorId=1217784599829201125, language=CN, stringName=卢芳国, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1.湖南中医药大学 医学院,湖南 长沙
2.湖南中医药大学 中西医结合学院,湖南 长沙, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217784596893189118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784596897383423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784596893189118, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784596905772032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784596893189118, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖南中医药大学 医学院,湖南 长沙)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217784597006434310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784597019017225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784597006434310, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784597027405835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784597006434310, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖南中医药大学 中西医结合学院,湖南 长沙)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1217784600395432202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=influenza A virus subtype H1N1), Keyword(id=1217784600504484116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=neutrophils), Keyword(id=1217784600634507549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=extracellular traps), Keyword(id=1217784600764530985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=甲型流感病毒(H1N1)), Keyword(id=1217784600865194287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=中性粒细胞), Keyword(id=1217784601032966458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=胞外诱捕网)], refs=[Reference(id=1217784604367438327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=6, pageStart=563, pageEnd=570, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=兰旭, 邓春青, journalName=中国人兽共患病学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=兰旭, 邓春青. 甲型流感病毒血凝素研究进展[J]. 中国人兽共患病学报, 2021, 37(6): 563-570., articleTitle=甲型流感病毒血凝素研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784604489073151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=6, pageStart=563, pageEnd=570, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=LAN X, DENG CQ, journalName=Chinese Journal of Zoonoses, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LAN X, DENG CQ. Research progress in influenza A virus hemagglutinin[J]. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses, 2021, 37(6): 563-570 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784604593930755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=93, issue=8, pageStart=4638, pageEnd=4646, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=JAVANIAN M, BARARY M, GHEBREHEWET S, KOPPOLU V, VASIGALA V, EBRAHIMPOUR S, journalName=Journal of Medical Virology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JAVANIAN M, BARARY M, GHEBREHEWET S, KOPPOLU V, VASIGALA V, EBRAHIMPOUR S. A brief review of influenza virus infection[J]. Journal of Medical Virology, 2021, 93(8): 4638-4646., articleTitle=A brief review of influenza virus infection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784604728148492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=390, issue=10095, pageStart=697, pageEnd=708, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=PAULES C, SUBBARAO K, journalName=The Lancet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAULES C, SUBBARAO K. Influenza[J]. The Lancet, 2017, 390(10095): 697-708., articleTitle=Influenza, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784604908503568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=2123, issue=null, pageStart=83, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=SPACKMAN E, journalName=Methods in Molecular Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SPACKMAN E. A brief introduction to avian influenza virus[J]. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2020, 2123: 83-92., articleTitle=A brief introduction to avian influenza virus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784605013361174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=390, issue=5/6, pageStart=509, pageEnd=515, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=5, authorNames=EIERHOFF T, LUDWIG S, EHRHARDT C, journalName=Biological Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=EIERHOFF T, LUDWIG S, EHRHARDT C. The influenza A virus matrix protein as a marker to monitor initial virus internalisation[J]. Biological Chemistry, 2009, 390(5/6): 509-515., articleTitle=The influenza A virus matrix protein as a marker to monitor initial virus internalisation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784605227270682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=29, issue=4, pageStart=1069, pageEnd=1086, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=6, authorNames=RAMSEY CD, KUMAR A, journalName=Critical Care Clinics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RAMSEY CD, KUMAR A. Influenza and endemic viral pneumonia[J]. Critical Care Clinics, 2013, 29(4): 1069-1086., articleTitle=Influenza and endemic viral pneumonia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784605336322593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=303, issue=5663, pageStart=1532, pageEnd=1535, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=7, authorNames=BRINKMANN V, REICHARD U, GOOSMANN C, FAULER B, UHLEMANN Y, WEISS DS, WEINRAUCH Y, ZYCHLINSKY A, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BRINKMANN V, REICHARD U, GOOSMANN C, FAULER B, UHLEMANN Y, WEISS DS, WEINRAUCH Y, ZYCHLINSKY A. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria[J]. Science, 2004, 303(5663): 1532-1535., articleTitle=Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784605424402981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=423, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=8, authorNames=CHAPMAN EA, LYON M, SIMPSON D, MASON D, BEYNON RJ, MOOTS RJ, WRIGHT HL, journalName=Frontiers in Immunology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHAPMAN EA, LYON M, SIMPSON D, MASON D, BEYNON RJ, MOOTS RJ, WRIGHT HL. Caught in a trap-proteomic analysis of neutrophil extracellular traps in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2019, 10: 423., articleTitle=Caught in a trap-proteomic analysis of neutrophil extracellular traps in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784605516677674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=126, issue=null, pageStart=110065, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=9, authorNames=LIANG XF, LIU L, WANG Y, GUO HP, FAN H, ZHANG C, HOU LL, LIU ZB, journalName=Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIANG XF, LIU L, WANG Y, GUO HP, FAN H, ZHANG C, HOU LL, LIU ZB. Autophagy-driven NETosis is a double-edged sword-review[J]. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2020, 126: 110065., articleTitle=Autophagy-driven NETosis is a double-edged sword-review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784605608952369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=47, issue=19, pageStart=5306, pageEnd=5315, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=10, authorNames=赵澄, 张香港, 陈纯静, 王小奇, 陈凯琴, 刘畅, 肖荣, 贺笠, 彭美红, 卢芳国, journalName=中国中药杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵澄, 张香港, 陈纯静, 王小奇, 陈凯琴, 刘畅, 肖荣, 贺笠, 彭美红, 卢芳国. 麻杏石甘汤通过JAK1/2-STAT1信号通路改善流感病毒感染所致肺组织与结肠组织损伤[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2022, 47(19): 5306-5315., articleTitle=麻杏石甘汤通过JAK1/2-STAT1信号通路改善流感病毒感染所致肺组织与结肠组织损伤, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784605722198582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=47, issue=19, pageStart=5306, pageEnd=5315, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=11, authorNames=ZHAO C, ZHANG XG, CHEN CJ, WANG XQ, CHEN KQ, LIU C, XIAO R, HE L, PENG MH, LU FG, journalName=China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO C, ZHANG XG, CHEN CJ, WANG XQ, CHEN KQ, LIU C, XIAO R, HE L, PENG MH, LU FG. Maxing Shigan Decoction improves lung and colon tissue damage caused by influenza virus infection through JAK1/2-STAT1 signaling pathway[J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2022, 47(19): 5306-5315 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784605860610621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=29, issue=1, pageStart=234, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=12, authorNames=ZHANG SY, LI B, ZENG LT, YANG KL, JIANG JY, LU FG, LI L, LI WQ, journalName=European Journal of Medical Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG SY, LI B, ZENG LT, YANG KL, JIANG JY, LU FG, LI L, LI WQ. Exploring the immune-inflammatory mechanism of Maxing Shigan Decoction in treating influenza virus A-induced pneumonia based on an integrated strategy of single-cell transcriptomics and systems biology[J]. European Journal of Medical Research, 2024, 29(1): 234., articleTitle=Exploring the immune-inflammatory mechanism of Maxing Shigan Decoction in treating influenza virus A-induced pneumonia based on an integrated strategy of single-cell transcriptomics and systems biology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784605982245444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=19, issue=4, pageStart=14, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=13, authorNames=童骄, 葛资宇, 王小玉, 戴冰, 李玲, 张波, 肖子曾, 那婧婧, 邹莉, 卢芳国, journalName=辽宁中医药大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=童骄, 葛资宇, 王小玉, 戴冰, 李玲, 张波, 肖子曾, 那婧婧, 邹莉, 卢芳国. 不同煎煮方法麻杏石甘汤含药血清体外抗A型流感病毒实验研究[J]. 辽宁中医药大学学报, 2017, 19(4): 14-17., articleTitle=不同煎煮方法麻杏石甘汤含药血清体外抗A型流感病毒实验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784606082908746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=19, issue=4, pageStart=14, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=14, authorNames=TONG J, GE ZY, WANG XY, DAI B, LI L, ZHANG B, XIAO ZZ, NA JJ, ZOU L, LU FG, journalName=Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TONG J, GE ZY, WANG XY, DAI B, LI L, ZHANG B, XIAO ZZ, NA JJ, ZOU L, LU FG. Experimental study on the effects of the containing serum Maxinshigan decoction of different decocting methods on inhibiting influenza a virus[J]. Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2017, 19(4): 14-17 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784606204543569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=18, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=15, authorNames=CORRY J, KETTENBURG G, UPADHYAY AA, WALLACE M, MARTI MM, WONDERLICH ER, BISSEL SJ, GOSS K, STURGEON TJ, WATKINS SC, REED DS, BOSINGER SE, BARRATT-BOYES SM, journalName=PLoS Pathogens, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CORRY J, KETTENBURG G, UPADHYAY AA, WALLACE M, MARTI MM, WONDERLICH ER, BISSEL SJ, GOSS K, STURGEON TJ, WATKINS SC, REED DS, BOSINGER SE, BARRATT-BOYES SM. Infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils and widespread pyroptosis in lung drive influenza lethality in nonhuman Primates[J]. PLoS Pathogens, 2022, 18(3): e1010395., articleTitle=Infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils and widespread pyroptosis in lung drive influenza lethality in nonhuman Primates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784606342955606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=37199393, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=2023, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=16, authorNames=CHAPPLE ILC, HIRSCHFELD J, KANTARCI A, WILENSKY A, SHAPIRA L, journalName=Periodontology 2000, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHAPPLE ILC, HIRSCHFELD J, KANTARCI A, WILENSKY A, SHAPIRA L. The role of the host-neutrophil biology[J/OL]. Periodontology 2000, 2023. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12490 ., articleTitle=The role of the host-neutrophil biology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784606456201821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=235, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=17, authorNames=WANG H, KIM SJ, LEI Y, WANG SH, WANG H, HUANG H, ZHANG HJ, TSUNG A, journalName=Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG H, KIM SJ, LEI Y, WANG SH, WANG H, HUANG H, ZHANG HJ, TSUNG A. Neutrophil extracellular traps in homeostasis and disease[J]. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2024, 9: 235., articleTitle=Neutrophil extracellular traps in homeostasis and disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784606573642338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=21, issue=7, pageStart=736, pageEnd=745, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=18, authorNames=HOEKSEMA M, TRIPATHI S, WHITE M, QI L, TAUBENBERGER J, van EIJK M, HAAGSMAN H, HARTSHORN KL, journalName=Innate Immunity, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOEKSEMA M, TRIPATHI S, WHITE M, QI L, TAUBENBERGER J, van EIJK M, HAAGSMAN H, HARTSHORN KL. Arginine-rich histones have strong antiviral activity for influenza A viruses[J]. Innate Immunity, 2015, 21(7): 736-745., articleTitle=Arginine-rich histones have strong antiviral activity for influenza A viruses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784606695277158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=283, issue=null, pageStart=137423, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Da SILVA PINTO L, JUNIOR RSA, LOPES BRP, da SILVA GS, de LIMA MENEZES G, MOREIRA P, de OLIVEIRA J, da SILVA RA, LOUSA D, TOLEDO KA, journalName=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Da SILVA PINTO L, JUNIOR RSA, LOPES BRP, da SILVA GS, de LIMA MENEZES G, MOREIRA P, de OLIVEIRA J, da SILVA RA, LOUSA D, TOLEDO KA. MPO interacts with hRSV particles, contributing to the virucidal effects of NETs against clinical and laboratory hRSV isolates[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 283: 137423., articleTitle=MPO interacts with hRSV particles, contributing to the virucidal effects of NETs against clinical and laboratory hRSV isolates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784606833689199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=79, issue=2, pageStart=94, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=20, authorNames=CIESIELSKI O, BIESIEKIERSKA M, PANTHU B, SOSZYŃSKI M, PIROLA L, BALCERCZYK A, journalName=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CIESIELSKI O, BIESIEKIERSKA M, PANTHU B, SOSZYŃSKI M, PIROLA L, BALCERCZYK A. Citrullination in the pathology of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders: recent advances and future perspectives[J]. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2022, 79(2): 94., articleTitle=Citrullination in the pathology of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders: recent advances and future perspectives, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784606967906932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=953195, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=21, authorNames=SCOZZI D, LIAO FY, KRUPNICK AS, KREISEL D, GELMAN AE, journalName=Frontiers in Immunology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SCOZZI D, LIAO FY, KRUPNICK AS, KREISEL D, GELMAN AE. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in acute lung injury[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 13: 953195., articleTitle=The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in acute lung injury, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784607081153148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=37252, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=22, authorNames=LIU S, SU XL, PAN PH, ZHANG LM, HU YB, TAN HY, WU DD, LIU B, LI HT, LI HS, LI Y, DAI MH, LI YY, HU CP, TSUNG A, journalName=Scientific Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU S, SU XL, PAN PH, ZHANG LM, HU YB, TAN HY, WU DD, LIU B, LI HT, LI HS, LI Y, DAI MH, LI YY, HU CP, TSUNG A. Neutrophil extracellular traps are indirectly triggered by lipopolysaccharide and contribute to acute lung injury[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 37252., articleTitle=Neutrophil extracellular traps are indirectly triggered by lipopolysaccharide and contribute to acute lung injury, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784607198593664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=143, issue=null, pageStart=113368, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=23, authorNames=SHAO CL, MENG WT, WANG YC, LIU JJ, NING K, HOU XX, GUO HD, journalName=International Immunopharmacology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHAO CL, MENG WT, WANG YC, LIU JJ, NING K, HOU XX, GUO HD. Regulating NETs contributes to a novel antiatherogenic effect of MTHSWD via inhibiting endothelial injury and apoptosis[J]. International Immunopharmacology, 2024, 143(Pt 2): 113368., articleTitle=Regulating NETs contributes to a novel antiatherogenic effect of MTHSWD via inhibiting endothelial injury and apoptosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784607408308872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=126, issue=9, pageStart=1228, pageEnd=1241, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=24, authorNames=DÖRING Y, LIBBY P, SOEHNLEIN O, journalName=Circulation Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DÖRING Y, LIBBY P, SOEHNLEIN O. Neutrophil extracellular traps participate in cardiovascular diseases: recent experimental and clinical insights[J]. Circulation Research, 2020, 126(9): 1228-1241., articleTitle=Neutrophil extracellular traps participate in cardiovascular diseases: recent experimental and clinical insights, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784607500583566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=24, issue=6, pageStart=5125, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=25, authorNames=ZHAO J, ZHEN NX, ZHOU QC, LOU J, CUI W, ZHANG GS, TIAN BP, journalName=International Journal of Molecular Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO J, ZHEN NX, ZHOU QC, LOU J, CUI W, ZHANG GS, TIAN BP. NETs promote inflammatory injury by activating cGAS-STING pathway in acute lung injury[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, 24(6): 5125., articleTitle=NETs promote inflammatory injury by activating cGAS-STING pathway in acute lung injury, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784607613829779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=31, issue=3, pageStart=280, pageEnd=293, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=26, authorNames=POLI V, ZANONI I, journalName=Trends in Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=POLI V, ZANONI I. Neutrophil intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of NETosis in health and disease[J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2023, 31(3): 280-293., articleTitle=Neutrophil intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of NETosis in health and disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784607731270298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=27, authorNames=满姗姗, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=满姗姗. HBV对中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网形成的影响[D]. 济南: 济南大学, 2015., articleTitle=HBV对中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网形成的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784607844516510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=28, authorNames=MAN SS, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAN SS. The effect of HBV in the formation of neutrophil extracellar traps (NETs)[D]. Jinan: University of Jinan, 2015 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784607949374113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=13, issue=1, pageStart=132, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=29, authorNames=LIN W, CHEN HL, CHEN XJ, GUO CR, journalName=Antioxidants, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIN W, CHEN HL, CHEN XJ, GUO CR. The roles of neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) in diseases: the new progress[J]. Antioxidants, 2024, 13(1): 132., articleTitle=The roles of neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) in diseases: the new progress, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784608041648806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=44, issue=5, pageStart=542, pageEnd=553, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=30, authorNames=SOLLBERGER G, TILLEY DO, ZYCHLINSKY A, journalName=Developmental Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SOLLBERGER G, TILLEY DO, ZYCHLINSKY A. Neutrophil extracellular traps: the biology of chromatin externalization[J]. Developmental Cell, 2018, 44(5): 542-553., articleTitle=Neutrophil extracellular traps: the biology of chromatin externalization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784608154895017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=3, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=31, authorNames=HUANG JY, HONG WQ, WAN MH, ZHENG LM, journalName=MedComm, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG JY, HONG WQ, WAN MH, ZHENG LM. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic target of NETosis in diseases[J]. MedComm, 2022, 3(3): e162., articleTitle=Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic target of NETosis in diseases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784608201032366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=92, issue=4, pageStart=841, pageEnd=849, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=32, authorNames=PARKER H, DRAGUNOW M, HAMPTON MB, KETTLE AJ, WINTERBOURN CC, journalName=Journal of Leukocyte Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PARKER H, DRAGUNOW M, HAMPTON MB, KETTLE AJ, WINTERBOURN CC. Requirements for NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophil extracellular trap formation differ depending on the stimulus[J]. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 2012, 92(4): 841-849., articleTitle=Requirements for NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophil extracellular trap formation differ depending on the stimulus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784608280724148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=6, issue=7, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=33, authorNames=HEMMERS S, TEIJARO JR, ARANDJELOVIC S, MOWEN KA, journalName=PLoS One, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HEMMERS S, TEIJARO JR, ARANDJELOVIC S, MOWEN KA. PAD4-mediated neutrophil extracellular trap formation is not required for immunity against influenza infection[J]. PLoS One, 2011, 6(7): e22043., articleTitle=PAD4-mediated neutrophil extracellular trap formation is not required for immunity against influenza infection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784608385581750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=29, issue=10, pageStart=894, pageEnd=898, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=34, authorNames=张春晶, 顾立刚, 牛旭艳, 王甫, 彭桂英, journalName=中华微生物学和免疫学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张春晶, 顾立刚, 牛旭艳, 王甫, 彭桂英. 人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1对流感病毒感染细胞的影响及其机制研究[J]. 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志, 2009, 29(10): 894-898., articleTitle=人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1对流感病毒感染细胞的影响及其机制研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784608473662138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=6, pageStart=1843, pageEnd=1859, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=35, authorNames=LI YH, CHEN DY, SU JY, CHEN MK, CHEN TF, JIA W, ZHU B, journalName=Theranostics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI YH, CHEN DY, SU JY, CHEN MK, CHEN TF, JIA W, ZHU B. Selenium-ruthenium complex blocks H1N1 influenza virus-induced cell damage by activating GPx1/TrxR1[J]. Theranostics, 2023, 13(6): 1843-1859., articleTitle=Selenium-ruthenium complex blocks H1N1 influenza virus-induced cell damage by activating GPx1/TrxR1, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784608544965314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=21, issue=1, pageStart=160, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=36, authorNames=CHAN LLY, NICHOLLS JM, MALIK PEIRIS JS, LAU YL, CHAN MCW, CHAN RWY, journalName=Respiratory Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHAN LLY, NICHOLLS JM, MALIK PEIRIS JS, LAU YL, CHAN MCW, CHAN RWY. Host DNA released by NETosis in neutrophils exposed to seasonal H1N1 and highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses[J]. Respiratory Research, 2020, 21(1): 160., articleTitle=Host DNA released by NETosis in neutrophils exposed to seasonal H1N1 and highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784608641434310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=879, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=37, authorNames=KENNO S, PERITO S, MOSCI P, VECCHIARELLI A, MONARI C, journalName=Frontiers in Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KENNO S, PERITO S, MOSCI P, VECCHIARELLI A, MONARI C. Autophagy and reactive oxygen species are involved in neutrophil extracellular traps release induced by C. albicans morphotypes[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2016, 7:879., articleTitle=Autophagy and reactive oxygen species are involved in neutrophil extracellular traps release induced by C. albicans morphotypes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784608754680524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=215, issue=7, pageStart=1040, pageEnd=1048, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=38, authorNames=SHARMA A, SIMONSON TJ, JONDLE CN, MISHRA BB, SHARMA J, journalName=The Journal of Infectious Diseases, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHARMA A, SIMONSON TJ, JONDLE CN, MISHRA BB, SHARMA J. Mincle mediated neutrophil extracellular trap formation by regulation of autophagy[J]. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2017, 215(7):1040-1048., articleTitle=Mincle mediated neutrophil extracellular trap formation by regulation of autophagy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784608859538130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=39, authorNames=胡胜男, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡胜男. HBV对中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网释放的抑制作用及其机制研究[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2019., articleTitle=HBV对中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网释放的抑制作用及其机制研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784608935035606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=40, authorNames=HU SN, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU SN. Inhibitory and mechanism of HBV infection in neutrophil extracellular traps release[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2019 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217784603755069904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, awardId=82374266, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(82374266), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217784603851538906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, awardId=82374266, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82374266), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217784603956396512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, awardId=82405375, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(82405375), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217784604094808551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, awardId=82405375, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82405375), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217784596893189118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784596897383423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784596893189118, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784596905772032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784596893189118, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖南中医药大学 医学院,湖南 长沙)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217784597006434310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784597019017225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784597006434310, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784597027405835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, companyId=1217784597006434310, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖南中医药大学 中西医结合学院,湖南 长沙)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217784601267847505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Viability and purity assessment of mouse bone marrow neutrophils. A: Viability results detected by trypan blue staining; B: Purity results detected by Wright’s staining; C: The results of purity detection by flow cytometry., figureFileSmall=5PpstLcwcnOGUn5KZyNM8Q==, figureFileBig=A4r0larDFU4zu8Z6Pmoo5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784601343344985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=CN, label=图1, caption=小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞活性及纯度检测。A:台盼蓝染色法检测活性的结果;B:瑞氏-吉姆萨染色法检测纯度的结果;C:流式细胞分析技术检测纯度的结果。, figureFileSmall=5PpstLcwcnOGUn5KZyNM8Q==, figureFileBig=A4r0larDFU4zu8Z6Pmoo5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784601553060193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Gene expression (A) and amplification curves (B) of influenza virus NP in each group (mean±SD, n=3). Compared with the normal control group, **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=FZ5OqCAPddiDf1Fmo66RUQ==, figureFileBig=8xn1tCdyQJCpP6F3muMFDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784601670500711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各细胞流感病毒NP基因表达水平(A)及扩增曲线(B) (mean±SDn=3), figureFileSmall=FZ5OqCAPddiDf1Fmo66RUQ==, figureFileBig=8xn1tCdyQJCpP6F3muMFDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784601800524139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The content of dsDNA in the supernatant of each group (mean±SD, n=6). A: Absorbance of cfDNA in the supernatant at 2 h; B: Absorbance of cfDNA in the supernatant at 3 h; C: Absorbance of cfDNA in the supernatant at 4 h; D: Absorbance of cfDNA in the supernatant at 6 h. Compared with the normal control group, **: P<0.01, *: P<0.05; Compared with the PMA (100 µg/L) group, ##: P<0.01; Compared with the LPS (100 µg/L) group, △△: P<0.01, : P<0.05., figureFileSmall=1uxSRLPMmAbE/NQwQr5IYQ==, figureFileBig=DtzWrxNeWVy4hDQ1GKisnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784601922158962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各组上清液中dsDNA含量(mean±SDn=6)。A:各组2 h上清液cfDNA吸光值;B:各组3 h上清液cfDNA吸光值;C:各组4 h上清液cfDNA吸光值;D:各组6 h上清液cfDNA吸光值。, figureFileSmall=1uxSRLPMmAbE/NQwQr5IYQ==, figureFileBig=DtzWrxNeWVy4hDQ1GKisnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784602022822265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Formation of NETs under Hoechst 33342 staining. Images showing NETs formation (stained with Hoechst 33342) in each group of cells after 6 hours of intervention., figureFileSmall=7PG6T6Ow9LziVMOy+l8F8g==, figureFileBig=MMYcZIe/01cyZ51Qzfbucg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784602144457089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Hoechst 33342染色下的NETs形成图。各组细胞被干预6 h后,Hoechst 33342染色NETs形成图。, figureFileSmall=7PG6T6Ow9LziVMOy+l8F8g==, figureFileBig=MMYcZIe/01cyZ51Qzfbucg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784602261897610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Immunofluorescence analysis of NETs markers PAD4 and CitH3: nuclear colocalization and quantitative detection (mean±SD, n=6). A: Immunofluorescence images showing PAD4 nuclear colocalization in cells after 2, 4, and 6 h of intervention; B: Quantitative analysis of PAD4 mean fluorescence intensity at 2, 4, and 6 h; C: Immunofluorescence images showing CitH3 nuclear colocalization in cells after 2, 4, and 6 h of intervention; D: Quantitative analysis of CitH3 mean fluorescence intensity at 2, 4, and 6 h. Compared with the normal control group, **: P<0.01, *: P<0.05; Compared with the PMA (100 µg/L) group, ##: P<0.01, #: P<0.05; Compared with the LPS (100 µg/L) group, △△: P<0.01, : P<0.05., figureFileSmall=JBvUZt9f7Dl8g+N5dJYsGw==, figureFileBig=f3z9NnRS6d0Nzwqjq26Z2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784602396115340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=CN, label=图5, caption=免疫荧光染色下NETs特征性指标PAD4CitH3与细胞核共定位图及PAD4CitH3定量检测(mean±SDn=6)。A:各组细胞分别干预2、4、6 h后的免疫荧光染色,显示PAD4与细胞核共定位情况;B:各组细胞分别干预2、4、6 h后PAD4平均荧光强度;C:各组细胞分别干预2、4、6 h后的免疫荧光染色,显示CitH3与细胞核共定位情况;D:各组细胞分别干预2、4、6 h后CitH3平均荧光强度。, figureFileSmall=JBvUZt9f7Dl8g+N5dJYsGw==, figureFileBig=f3z9NnRS6d0Nzwqjq26Z2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784602547110291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Immunofluorescence analysis of NETs markers MPO and NE: colocalization and quantitative detection (mean±SD, n=6). A: Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of MPO in cells after 2, 4, and 6 h of intervention; B: Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of NE in cells after 2, 4, and 6 h of intervention; C: Immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of MPO, NE, and nuclei after intervention. Compared with the normal control group, **: P<0.01; Compared with the PMA (100 µg/L) group, ##: P<0.01, #: P<0.05; Compared with the LPS (100 µg/L) group, △△: P<0.01, : P<0.05., figureFileSmall=BK6IWtv8/uLfdDDX5R4lGQ==, figureFileBig=wRtkSAPeD8/JGgGoVE/PJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784602693910939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=CN, label=图6, caption=免疫荧光染色下NETs特征性指标MPONE共定位与定量检测(mean±SDn=6)。A:各组细胞分别干预2、4、6 h后MPO平均荧光强度;B:各组细胞分别干预2、4、6 h后NE平均荧光强度;C:免疫荧光染色显示MPO和NE与细胞核共定位情况。, figureFileSmall=BK6IWtv8/uLfdDDX5R4lGQ==, figureFileBig=wRtkSAPeD8/JGgGoVE/PJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784602823934370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in neutrophils after 2, 4, and 6 h of intervention (mean±SD, n=4). Compared with the normal control group, **: P<0.01, *: P<0.05; Compared with the PMA (100 µg/L) group, ##: P<0.01, #: P<0.05; Compared with the LPS (100 µg/L) group, △△: P<0.01, : P<0.05., figureFileSmall=RBQW9DIvFAsTuzJ96pg1+g==, figureFileBig=ujWXV9jBTagAqf13N6PzGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784602966540717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各组分别干预246 h后,中性粒细胞中活性氧(ROS)的含量(mean±SDn=4), figureFileSmall=RBQW9DIvFAsTuzJ96pg1+g==, figureFileBig=ujWXV9jBTagAqf13N6PzGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784603079786929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=The protein formation of CitH3 in neutrophils after 6 h intervention (mean±SD, n=3).A: Western blotting detected the expression of CitH3 proteins in cells; B: Quantitative analysis of relative protein expression. Compared with the normal control group, **: P<0.01; Compared with the PMA (100 µg/L) group, ##: P<0.01; Compared with the LPS (100 µg/L) group, △△: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=KbIEsbdjXUMN5yoxVVcz+g==, figureFileBig=qEW9Ue3/soLzRoAtF8rfNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784603201421753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各组干预6 h后中性粒细胞中CitH3的蛋白形成水平(mean±SDn=3)。A:Western blotting检测细胞中CitH3蛋白表达情况;B:蛋白相对表达定量分析。, figureFileSmall=KbIEsbdjXUMN5yoxVVcz+g==, figureFileBig=qEW9Ue3/soLzRoAtF8rfNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784603323056573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5ʹ→3ʹ)
NP-FCCTGTGTGTATGGACCTGCC
NP-RCTCTTGGGACCACCTTCGTC
β-actin-FACATCCGTAAAGACCTCTATGCC
β-actin-RTACTCCTGCTTGCTGATCCAC
), ArticleFig(id=1217784603486634437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800737420223380, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5ʹ→3ʹ)
NP-FCCTGTGTGTATGGACCTGCC
NP-RCTCTTGGGACCACCTTCGTC
β-actin-FACATCCGTAAAGACCTCTATGCC
β-actin-RTACTCCTGCTTGCTGATCCAC
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1192105720683257860, delFlag=0, nameCn=微生物学报, nameEn=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0001-6209, eissn=null, cn=11-1995/Q, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=tNA7JigLZj/rxynSmzKgDQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1762149752067, updatedTime=1762150746905, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=A, firstLetterEn=A, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=tNA7JigLZj/rxynSmzKgDQ==, picEn=R/d5eSUu8/o5mAGWCF3M5Q==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1192109893441171829, language=CN, name=微生物学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1762150746928, updatedTime=1762150746928, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn/actamicrocn/author/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn/actamicrocn/editor/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn/actamicrocn/reviewer/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1192109893512474998, language=EN, name=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1762150746944, updatedTime=1762150746944, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn/actamicrocn/author/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn/actamicrocn/editor/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn/actamicrocn/reviewer/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1192105938417971205, websiteList=[Website(id=1192106105867223981, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1192105938417971205, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1762149843899, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1762149888800, updateBy=18614031015, name=微生物学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=微生物学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1192107120863626198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1762150085893, updateTime=1762150085893, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120834266067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1762150085886, updateTime=1762150085886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120892986329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1762150085900, updateTime=1762150085900, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120825877458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=FOz4Ks7dC79FYnCEBIlMdw==, createTime=1762150085884, updateTime=1762150085884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120905569243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1762150085903, updateTime=1762150085903, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120846848981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1762150085889, updateTime=1762150085889, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120897180634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1762150085901, updateTime=1762150085901, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120842654676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1762150085888, updateTime=1762150085888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120872014807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1762150085895, updateTime=1762150085895, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120880403416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1762150085897, updateTime=1762150085897, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1192106106018218929, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1192105938417971205, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1762149843935, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1762149925242, updateBy=18614031015, name=微生物学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1192107140455220192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1762150090564, updateTime=1762150090564, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140434248669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1762150090559, updateTime=1762150090559, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140476191715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1762150090569, updateTime=1762150090569, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140425860060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=FOz4Ks7dC79FYnCEBIlMdw==, createTime=1762150090557, updateTime=1762150090557, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140484580325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1762150090571, updateTime=1762150090571, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140451025887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1762150090563, updateTime=1762150090563, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140480386020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1762150090570, updateTime=1762150090570, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140442637278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1762150090561, updateTime=1762150090561, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140463608801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1762150090566, updateTime=1762150090566, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140467803106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1762150090567, updateTime=1762150090567, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=微生物学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, journalPhotoCn=tNA7JigLZj/rxynSmzKgDQ==, journalPhotoEn=R/d5eSUu8/o5mAGWCF3M5Q==, journalFirstLetter=A, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250379, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/EN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250379, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/PDF/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250379, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/EN/PDF/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250379, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
甲型流感病毒(H1N1)诱导中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网的形成
收藏切换
PDF下载
刘会会 1 , 陈纯静 1 , 王小奇 2 , 梁馨丹 2 , 王智槟 2 , 张园园 1 , 卢芳国 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(12): 5406-5423
收起
收藏切换
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(12): 5406-5423
甲型流感病毒(H1N1)诱导中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网的形成
全屏
刘会会1, 陈纯静1, 王小奇2, 梁馨丹2, 王智槟2, 张园园1, 卢芳国1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.湖南中医药大学 医学院,湖南 长沙
  • 2.湖南中医药大学 中西医结合学院,湖南 长沙
Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps induced by influenza A virus
Huihui LIU1, Chunjing CHEN1, Xiaoqi WANG2, Xindan LIANG2, Zhibin WANG2, Yuanyuan ZHANG1, Fangguo LU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
  • 2.School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-12-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250379
文章导航
收藏切换

目的 采用定性与定量方法探讨甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus, IAV) H1N1亚型诱导中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs)的形成水平。 方法 分离、纯化并鉴定小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞,使用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)和佛波酯(phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, PMA)作为诱导剂在体外诱导NETs形成。同时设置3个滴度的甲型流感病毒组,分别为100个50%组织培养感染剂量(one hundred 50% tissue culture infective doses, 100 TCID50)、50 TCID50、25 TCID50和正常对照组。采用RT-qPCR法检测甲型流感病毒组细胞内核衣壳蛋白信使RNA (nucleoprotein messenger RNA, NP mRNA)的表达水平;通过SYTOX Green核酸染料(SYTOX green nucleic acid stain, SYTOX Green)定量法检测各因素干预中性粒细胞后各组上清液中游离DNA (cell-free DNA, cfDNA)的含量;采用Hoechst 33342染色法,在荧光显微镜下观察各组细胞形成的NETs结构;运用免疫荧光法检测NETs的特征性指标瓜氨酸化组蛋白(citrullinated histone H3, CitH3)、肽基精氨酸脱亚氨酶4 (peptidylarginine deiminase 4, PAD4)、髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO)、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(neutrophil elastase, NE)蛋白的表达水平,以及各组细胞中PAD4与CitH3、MPO与NE的核共定位和荧光表达强度;使用荧光探针法检测细胞活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平;采用Western blotting法检测细胞内CitH3蛋白的形成水平。 结果 从小鼠骨髓中分离的中性粒细胞活性可达98%,纯度可达87%以上。与正常对照组相比,甲型流感病毒组(IAV)的NP mRNA表达水平显著升高;PMA组、LPS组以及甲型流感病毒组(IAV)的cfDNA水平显著升高,NETs网状结构明显增多。免疫荧光结果显示,MPO、NE、PAD4、CitH3蛋白的相对表达量均有不同程度升高,共定位情况相对增多。其中,MPO蛋白表达的高峰期早于NE蛋白,CitH3蛋白表达趋势与PAD4蛋白表达趋势相似。此外,ROS水平升高,CitH3蛋白形成水平显著升高。 结论 甲型流感病毒(H1N1)刺激中性粒细胞后可诱导NETs形成,这可能与细胞内ROS及PAD4水平增加有关。

甲型流感病毒(H1N1)  /  中性粒细胞  /  胞外诱捕网

Objective The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) induced by influenza A virus (IAV) subtype H1N1 was investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Methods Mouse bone marrow neutrophils were isolated, purified, and characterized. NETs were induced in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Additionally, IAV groups with three different titers: one hundred 50% tissue culture infective doses (100 TCID50), 50 TCID50, and 25 TCID50 as well as the normal control group were established, and the intracellular nucleoprotein (NP) mRNA expression levels of the IAV groups were detected using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The effect of each factor on neutrophils was assessed by measuring the concentration of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the supernatant of each group using the quantitative SYTOX Green staining method. The NETs structure in each group of cells was observed under a fluorescence microscope after Hoechst 33342 staining. An immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect the expression levels of NET characteristic markers citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and neutrophil elastase (NE) proteins, as well as the nuclear co-localization and fluorescence intensity of PAD4 with CitH3, and MPO with NE in each group. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by using a fluorescent probe assay, and the levels of intracellular CitH3 protein formation were determined by using Western blotting. Results The activity of neutrophils isolated from mouse bone marrow reached 98%, with purities of ≥87%. The expression levels of NP mRNA in the IAV groups were significantly higher than those in the control group. Compared with the control group, the cfDNA levels of the PMA, LPS, and IAV groups were significantly increased, with significant increases in the web-like structures of NETs. The immunofluorescence assay showed that the relative expression levels of MPO, NE, PAD4, and CitH3 proteins were elevated to varying degrees, with the co-localization of PAD4/CitH3 or MPO/NE increased after IAV infection. Moreover, the peak of MPO protein expression was observed before that of NE protein, whereas CitH3 expression paralleled that of PAD4 protein. Additionally, the ROS level was elevated, and the level of CitH3 protein formation was also significantly increased. Conclusion Stimulation of neutrophils by IAV (H1N1) induces NET formation, which may be related to the increased intracellular ROS and PAD4 levels.

influenza A virus subtype H1N1  /  neutrophils  /  extracellular traps
刘会会, 陈纯静, 王小奇, 梁馨丹, 王智槟, 张园园, 卢芳国. 甲型流感病毒(H1N1)诱导中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网的形成. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5406 -5423 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250379
Huihui LIU, Chunjing CHEN, Xiaoqi WANG, Xindan LIANG, Zhibin WANG, Yuanyuan ZHANG, Fangguo LU. Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps induced by influenza A virus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5406 -5423 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250379
流感病毒是最常见的呼吸道病原体之一,具有极强的传染性[1]。流感患者常出现咽痛、咳嗽、气喘、鼻塞、流涕、高热等多种呼吸系统症状[2]。婴儿、孕妇和有潜在心肺疾病的患者感染流感后容易并发肺炎[3]。据统计,流感每年可导致5%-10%的成人和20%-30%的儿童发病[4-5],且会出现大量严重低氧性呼吸衰竭病例出现,若治疗不及时或不当极有可能发展为严重并发症,导致流感患者死亡[6]
中性粒细胞是先天免疫系统中对外源性病原体刺激产生第一免疫反应的细胞。中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs)是中性粒细胞将去聚化的染色质释放到胞外形成的、附着有颗粒蛋白及肽类等组分的DNA纤维网状结构[7-8]。研究表明中性粒细胞在肉豆蔻酸佛波酯(phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, PMA)、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)等刺激下被活化,细胞发生变形、胞质颗粒溶解,核分叶消缩、核膜溃解,胞质颗粒中的酶,如弹性蛋白酶(neutrophil elastase, NE)、髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO)、肽基精氨酸脱亚氨酶4 (peptidylarginine deiminase 4, PAD4)等向核内转移,组蛋白发生瓜氨酸化(citrullinated histone H3, CitH3),染色质DNA去聚化后排放到胞外,并导致中性粒细胞死亡。NETs的形成既是机体抗感染的有效途径,也是炎症反应、组织损伤等发生发展的病理机制[9]。课题组前期研究发现,流感病毒肺炎小鼠模型肺组织均有大量巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞等浸润,表明流感肺炎模型肺组织病理损伤与中性粒细胞浸润、变形等有关,但其机制有待进一步研究[10-11]。据此,本研究开展甲型流感病毒诱导中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网形成的研究,以期为解析流感肺炎等并发症的发生机制提供参考。
选用7-8周龄无特定病原体(specific pathogen free, SPF)级贝格斯白化繁殖/c系(Bagg albino bred/c, BALB/c)纯系小鼠,购自湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司。动物生产许可证号:SCXK (湘) 2021-0002;实验单位使用许可证编号:SYXK (湘) 2019-0009。本研究所有动物实验均通过湖南中医药大学动物实验中心动物伦理委员会审批,编号为LL2023081704。
甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus, IAV)小鼠肺适应株(A/PR/8/34)由湖南师范大学病毒研究室惠赠。该病毒经10日龄鸡胚尿囊腔接种培养传代,血凝效价≥1:640的病毒液保存于本实验室。实验前,采用10倍连续倍比稀释法(1×10-1-1×10-6)检测甲型流感病毒保存液对犬肾细胞(Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, MDCK)的50%组织培养感染剂量(50% tissue culture infective doses, TCID50)。实验中应用的甲型流感病毒TCID50为10-2.7/0.1 mL[12]
Percoll分离液,Pharmacia公司;瑞氏吉姆萨复合染色液,武汉塞维尔生物科技有限公司;SYTOX Green核酸染料(SYTOX green nucleic acid stain, SYTOX Green)、藻红蛋白(phycoerythrin, PE)荧光标记的淋巴细胞抗原6复合体G位点(lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G, Ly6G)抗体和异硫氰酸荧光素(fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer, FITC)荧光标记的分化簇11b (cluster of differentiation 11b, CD11b)抗体,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;髓过氧化物酶(MPO)抗体和瓜氨酸化组蛋白(CitH3)抗体,Abcam公司;中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)抗体和肽酰基精氨酸脱亚氨酶4 (PAD4)抗体,Affinity Biosciences公司;RPMI-1640培养基,Gibco公司;脂多糖(LPS)、佛波酯(PMA)和Hoechst 33342,Sigma-Aldrich公司;贴壁得,北京普利莱基因技术有限公司;双标三色试剂盒和抗体洗脱液,湖南艾方生物科技有限公司;PBS、放射免疫沉淀法缓冲液(radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer, RIPA)裂解液和无蛋白快速封闭液,广州亿涛生物科技有限公司;胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)、台盼蓝染色液和青霉素-链霉素溶液,武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;活性氧检测试剂盒,上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;AG RNAex Pro RNA提取试剂盒,湖南艾科瑞生物工程有限公司;NovoScript逆转录试剂盒和荧光定量PCR试剂盒,近岸蛋白公司;BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、苯甲基磺酰氟(phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, PMSF),赛文创新(北京)生物科技有限公司;实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)引物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。
二氧化碳细胞恒温培养箱和细胞超净工作台,益世科(上海)企业发展有限公司;台式常温低速离心机,长沙湘智离心机仪器有限公司;流式细胞仪,贝克曼库尔特有限公司;MD荧光酶标仪,美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司;蔡司倒置荧光显微镜和蔡司正置荧光显微镜,Zeiss公司;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR)仪,罗氏公司;电泳仪和凝胶成像系统,Bio-Rad公司。
无菌分离SPF级BALB/c小鼠的股骨和胫骨,用RPMI-1640培养基冲洗以收集骨髓细胞悬液,经100 μm细胞滤器过滤细胞后,1 200 r/min离心5 min,弃上清液;使用无菌的0.2%和1.6%生理盐水等体积先后裂解红细胞,再以1 200 r/min离心10 min,弃上清液;加入2 mL含1%双抗、10% FBS的RPMI-1640培养基。按照Percoll说明书配制100% Percoll应用液,随后分别配制体积分数为62.5%、72.5%的Percoll应用液各3 mL,按浓度从高到低依次缓慢加入试管中。将骨髓细胞悬液小心加入铺好的Percoll应用液上方,静置5 min,保持各层之间分界清晰,22 ℃、810×g离心35 min,吸取62.5%-72.5%层间的细胞(即中性粒细胞),用PBS重复洗涤2次,再用RPMI-1640培养基重悬细胞。取少量中性粒细胞进行台盼蓝活性染色,染色3 min后在显微镜下拍照计数,死细胞染色后呈淡蓝色,活细胞拒染。
将细胞1 200 r/min离心10 min,收集细胞沉淀,用4%多聚甲醛重悬细胞沉淀,固定15 min后离心弃上清,再用0.5 mL PBS重悬细胞,均匀地涂在载玻片上,自然晾干,然后使用瑞氏吉姆萨染色法检测细胞纯度。
用离心管收集分离液纯化后的细胞,350×g离心5 min,弃上清液,用PBS重悬后再次离心弃上清;每管加入100 µL封闭液(原液1:200稀释),轻轻吹打混匀,孵育5 min后,每管各加入1 µL含荧光素的CD11b和Ly6G抗体,轻轻吹打混匀,室温避光孵育15 min后用PBS清洗,再用PBS重悬后用流式细胞分析仪检测细胞纯度。
分别设置正常对照组、甲型流感病毒(IAV) 3个滴度(100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50)组,IAV干预中性粒细胞2、4、6 h后,采用RT-qPCR法检测细胞内中性粒细胞内流感病毒核衣壳蛋白信使RNA (nucleoprotein messenger RNA, NP mRNA)表达水平,根据试剂盒说明书进行RNA提取及cDNA合成。引物序列见表1
将提纯后的小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞置于37 ℃、5% CO2的细胞恒温培养箱中适应性培养30 min后,以2.5×106细胞/孔的密度接种于6孔板,分别设置正常对照组、PMA组(阳性对照组1)、LPS组(阳性对照组2)、甲型流感病毒组(设3个滴度)。PMA组以100 µg/L浓度的PMA干预细胞,LPS组采用100 µg/L浓度的LPS干预细胞,甲型流感病毒组分别采用3个滴度(100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50)的流感病毒液干预细胞,正常对照组同步以等体积的RPMI-1640基础培养基干预细胞。将加入干预因素后的各组细胞置于细胞培养箱中分别培养2、3、4、6 h后,收集细胞上清液。取上清液转移至96孔板中,加入SYTOX Green (终浓度:1 µmol/L)室温避光孵育15 min,使用荧光酶标仪检测吸光度(激发波长:504 nm,发射波长:520 nm),定量检测细胞上清液中细胞游离DNA (cell free DNA, cfDNA)水平。
在6孔板中每孔放置一张细胞爬片,将1:1 500倍稀释的贴壁液加入含有细胞爬片的6孔板中,孵育2 h后弃去贴壁液,用PBS浸洗细胞爬片3次,每次5 min。将提纯后的小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞置于37 ℃、5% CO2的细胞恒温培养箱中适应性培养30 min后,以2.5×106细胞/孔的密度接种于6孔板,分组及干预方式同1.6节。干预细胞6 h后使用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞15 min,用PBS浸洗3次,每次5 min;对中性粒细胞进行Hoechst 33342荧光染色(Hoechst 33342染料终浓度:1 µg/mL),避光染色6 min用PBS清洗,再用荧光封片剂封片,置于正置荧光显微镜下观察各组细胞NETs释放情况。
将提纯后的小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞置于37 ℃、5% CO2的细胞恒温培养箱中适应性培养30 min后,以2.5×106细胞/孔的密度接种于放有经贴壁液处理后的细胞爬片的6孔板中,分组及干预方式同1.6节。分别干预细胞2、4、6 h后使用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞15 min,用PBS浸洗3次,每次5 min;使用0.1%曲拉通X-100 (triton X-100)破膜15 min,用含吐温-20的磷酸盐缓冲盐水(phosphate-buffered saline with tween-20, PBST)浸洗3次,每次5 min;滴加非免疫正常山羊血清100-200 μL/孔,室温孵育30 min;吸取封闭液,滴加一抗MPO (1:1 500)、一抗NE (1:3 000)或一抗PAD4 (1:1 500)、一抗CitH3 (1:3 000);4 ℃孵育过夜。次日,用PBST浸洗细胞3次,每次5 min;使用辣根过氧化物酶-聚合物(horseradish peroxidase-polymer, HRP-Polymer)抗鼠/兔免疫组化二抗孵育细胞,室温孵育30 min;用PBST浸洗5次,每次5 min。
滴加4ʹ,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4ʹ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI)染料,避光室温孵育10 min。PBS清洗后用荧光封片剂封片。置于正置荧光显微镜下观察并在同一拍摄条件下进行图像采集。实验重复3次,统一分析。使用ImageJ软件分析免疫荧光图片中CitH3、PAD4、MPO、NE阳性区域的面积,并统计视野中的细胞个数。
将提纯后的小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞置于37 ℃、5% CO2的细胞恒温培养箱中适应性培养30 min后,以2.5×106细胞/孔的密度接种于6孔板,分组及干预方式同1.6节。将含有各组细胞的6孔板置于细胞培养箱中分别培养2、4、6 h后,用PBS将荧光探针2,7-二氯荧光素二乙酸酯(2,7-dichlorofuorescin diacetate, DCFH-DA)原液按1:100倍稀释后,取200 µL加入2 mL细胞液中,轻轻吹打混匀;放入37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱孵育20 min,收集各组细胞后离心弃上清,再用PBS清洗2遍(以洗去多余的荧光探针)。用PBS将细胞重悬,加入96孔板中,使用MD荧光酶标仪检测ROS含量(激发波长:488 nm,发射波长:525 nm)。
将提纯后的小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞置于37 ℃、5% CO2的细胞恒温培养箱中适应性培养30 min后,以2.5×106细胞/孔的密度接种于6孔板,分组及干预方式同1.6节。收集干预6 h后的中性粒细胞,使用苯甲基磺酰氟(phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, PMSF)和含磷酸酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液(RIPA裂解液:PMSF=100:1),于4 ℃充分裂解细胞提取总蛋白,使用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒定量,调节各组细胞总蛋白浓度一致,据分组依次上样,并进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE),使用恒压160 V,电泳45 min。待蛋白分离后,将蛋白湿转至聚偏二氟乙烯(polyvinylidene difluoride, PVDF)膜上,使用快速封闭液,封闭15 min,随后进行一抗CitH3 (1:1 000)孵育,4 ℃过夜。次日,使用TBST清洗膜,共3次,每次10 min,二抗(1:5 000)室温孵育60 min。洗膜后,滴加显影液避光显影。采用ImageJ软件对蛋白条带的灰度值进行分析,目的蛋白相对表达量以目的条带和内参条带的灰度值作为结果。
实验数据用SPSS 25.0进行统计学分析,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。结果用均值±标准差(x±SD)表示,若数据符合正态分布和方差齐性,使用单因素方差分析;若不符合正态分布,用非参数检验进行比较分析。
取少量经Percoll密度梯度分离的小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞,使用0.4%台盼蓝染液染色,以鉴定提取的中性粒细胞的活性。在显微镜下随机选取3个视野,计数活细胞与死细胞的数量,结果显示活性细胞约为98% (图1A)。取小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞涂片于载玻片上,进行瑞氏吉姆萨染色,在光学显微镜下观察并采集图片。镜下可见大量中性粒细胞,其形态呈杆状或分叶状,胞质为淡紫色,核为蓝紫色(图1B)。经PE-Ly6G和FITC-CD11b标记后使用流式细胞分析仪检测,结果显示细胞纯度达到87% (图1C)。上述结果表明提取的骨髓中性粒细胞活性和纯度均较高,可用于后续实验。
甲型流感病毒基因组由单负链病毒RNA片段组成。在单链病毒RNA及其互补链cRNA复制延伸的过程中,由流感病毒第5基因节段核酸转录合成的NP蛋白被招募到新生链中,与RNA片段和RNA聚合酶组装成病毒核糖核蛋白复合体。NP的mRNA表达水平是流感病毒复制的标志性指标。如图2A所示,模型对照组相较于正常对照组NP基因表达水平显著增加(P<0.01);NP的表达水平越高,流感病毒的滴度越高,病毒复制能力越强。如图2B所示,正常对照组无NP基因扩增现象,在分析时以正常对照组作为参照,红色箭头表示IAV (100 TCID50)组扩增曲线,橙色和绿色箭头分别表示IAV (50 TCID50)组、IAV (25 TCID50)组扩增曲线。
各组细胞分别干预2、3、4、6 h后,使用SYTOX Green试剂对细胞上清液中的游离DNA (cfDNA)水平进行定量检测。与正常对照组相比,PMA组和LPS组的cfDNA水平显著升高(P<0.05);与PMA组相比,LPS组诱导的cfDNA水平升高更显著。IAV干预细胞2 h后,IAV组cfDNA水平虽有所升高,但与正常对照组相比差异无统计学意义;IAV干预细胞3 h后,IAV (100 TCID50)组cfDNA水平显著(与正常对照组相比)升高(P<0.05) (图3A3B)。IAV (100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50)分别干预细胞4 h和6 h后,cfDNA水平显著(与正常对照组相比)升高(P<0.01) (图3C3D)。IAV (100 TCID50)组分别干预细胞2、3、4 h后的cfDNA水平均高于其他IAV组(50 TCID50、25 TCID50 2个组)。上述结果显示,IAV感染可促进中性粒细胞cfDNA的形成。
各因素干预细胞6 h后,本研究对细胞进行Hoechst 33342荧光染色,观察NETs的形成情况。与正常对照组相比,PMA刺激组的细胞核明显比正常对照组的核疏松膨大,细胞间可见网状结构,同时LPS组和IAV (100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50) 3个组均可见明显的网状结构,提示IAV能刺激中性粒细胞促进其NETs的释放(图4)。
各因素分别干预细胞2、4、6 h后进行免疫荧光染色。将中性粒细胞的PAD4与细胞核进行免疫荧光共定位,结果如图5A所示(蓝色代表细胞核,绿色代表PAD4蛋白表达,蓝色与绿色合并显示为青色)。与正常对照组相比,阳性对照组PMA组、LPS组以及IAV组(100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50 3个组)中PAD4与细胞核共定位情况明显增多(图5A)。中性粒细胞中PAD4平均荧光强度统计分析结果显示,干预2 h的LPS组和IAV组(50 TCID50、25 TCID50 2个组)的PAD4平均荧光强度与正常对照组相比显著增强(P<0.01);干预4 h的LPS组和IAV组(50 TCID50、25 TCID50 2个组)的PAD4平均荧光强度显著增强(P<0.01或P<0.05)。干预6 h的LPS组和IAV组(100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50 3个组)的PAD4平均荧光强度均显著增强(P<0.01)。2、4、6 h的PAD4平均荧光强度表达最高的均是LPS组,LPS组诱导PAD4平均荧光强度与PMA组相比更显著,而PMA组的PAD4平均荧光强度表达与正常对照组相比无统计学意义(图5B),其原因有待进一步研究。上述结果显示,IAV感染可促进中性粒细胞中存在于细胞质中的PAD4发生核移位变化,并使PAD4的表达增多。
图5C所示,在瓜氨酸化组蛋白(CitH3)的免疫荧光染色中(蓝色代表细胞核,红色代表CitH3蛋白表达,蓝色与红色合并显示为紫色)与正常对照组相比,阳性对照组PMA组、LPS组以及IAV组(100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50 3个组)中CitH3与细胞核共定位情况明显增多,且CitH3的荧光强度随时间呈依赖性增加(图5C)。中性粒细胞中CitH3平均荧光强度统计分析结果显示,干预2 h的PMA组、LPS组以及IAV组(50 TCID50、25 TCID50 2个组)的CitH3平均荧光强度与正常对照组相比显著增强(P<0.01)。干预4 h的LPS组和IAV组(25 TCID50组)的CitH3平均荧光强度显著增强(P<0.01或P<0.05)。干预6 h的PMA组与LPS组的CitH3平均荧光强度显著增强(P<0.01或P<0.05) (图5D)。上述结果提示,IAV感染能促进中性粒细胞内CitH3蛋白表达增加,且CitH3蛋白表达趋势与PAD4蛋白表达趋势相似。
各因素分别干预细胞2、4、6 h后进行免疫荧光染色。如图6A所示(蓝色代表细胞核,绿色代表MPO蛋白表达,红色代表NE蛋白表达,蓝色与绿色合并显示为青色,红色与绿色合并显示为黄色,蓝色、绿色与红色合并显示为白色),将中性粒细胞的MPO、NE与细胞核进行免疫荧光共定位,干预2 h的免疫荧光染色结果显示,与正常对照组相比,阳性对照组PMA组、LPS组以及IAV组(100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50 3个组)中MPO、NE及其与细胞核共定位情况明显增多,其中PMA组的共定位最为显著(图6A)。这表明PMA、LPS或IAV刺激可导致中性粒细胞的MPO及NE共同向核内转移。
MPO平均荧光强度统计分析结果显示,干预2 h的LPS组以及IAV组(100 TCID50组)的MPO平均荧光强度与正常对照组相比显著增强(P<0.01);干预4 h的PMA组、LPS组以及IAV组(100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50 3个组)的MPO平均荧光强度显著增强(P<0.01);干预6 h的LPS组以及IAV组(25 TCID50组)的MPO平均荧光强度显著增强(P<0.01)。在2、4、6 h时MPO平均荧光强度表达水平最高的均为LPS组。其中,各组4 h时MPO的平均荧光强度高于2 h和6 h (图6A6C)。NE平均荧光强度统计分析结果显示,干预2 h的PMA组和LPS组的NE平均荧光强度与正常对照组相比较显著增强(P<0.01);干预4 h的IAV组(50 TCID50组)的NE平均荧光强度显著增强(P<0.01);干预6 h的LPS组和IAV组(25 TCID50组)的NE平均荧光强度显著增强(P<0.01);IAV组(100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50 3个组)的NE荧光强度随着干预时间延长而增强。此外,各组6 h时NE的平均荧光强度高于2 h和4 h (图6B6C)。这些结果表明IAV感染能使中性粒细胞内MPO和NE蛋白表达增加,且MPO表达的高峰期先于NE。
甲型流感病毒感染中性粒细胞后,ROS通过烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶2 (NADPH oxidase 2, NOX2)、线粒体等途径产生发挥抗病毒与促炎双重作用。荧光探针DCFH-DA检测结果显示(图7),与正常对照组相比干预2 h的PMA组ROS含量增加(P<0.01);干预4 h的PMA组和LPS组ROS含量增加(P<0.01或P<0.05);干预6 h后,PMA组、LPS组、IAV (100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50 3个组)的ROS含量均显著增加(P<0.01或P<0.05)。流感病毒(IAV)干预中性粒细胞的3个亚组IAV (100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50)在2 h和4 h时,ROS含量有所增加(与正常对照组相比),且呈浓度依赖性,但差异无统计学意义。结果表明,IAV感染可促进中性粒细胞内ROS形成增加,且IAV浓度越高,诱导ROS形成的能力越强。
瓜氨酸化组蛋白H3 (CitH3)是PAD4介导的组蛋白修饰产物,是中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(NETs)形成过程中的关键标志物。Western blotting检测结果显示,干预6 h的PMA组、LPS组、IAV (100 TCID50、50 TCID50、25 TCID50 3个组)的CitH3含量与正常对照组相比显著增加(P<0.01);IAV (25 TCID50亚组)的CitH3含量虽有增加但差异无统计学意义(图8A8B)。结果表明,IAV感染可促进中性粒细胞内CitH3表达增加,且IAV浓度越高诱导CitH3形成的水平越高。
中性粒细胞是肺部常驻免疫细胞,细胞内的嗜天青颗粒和特异性颗粒在机体抗病原体感染过程中发挥了重要作用。多种免疫细胞与组织细胞相互作用激活免疫系统并释放炎症因子,有助于宿主清除流感病毒[13]。当感染发生时,中性粒细胞可迅速募集至感染部位,通过释放活性氧(ROS)、脱颗粒以及形成胞外诱捕网(NETs)来抵御病原体感染[14-15]。NETs是由DNA、组蛋白及蛋白酶等组成的纤维网状物质。NETs不仅具有抗菌特性,还可能作为物理屏障阻止细菌进一步传播。本研究从BALB/c小鼠中提取并纯化骨髓中性粒细胞后,使用H1N1进行干预,并设置不同种类的NETs激活剂对照组(PMA组和LPS组),这有利于对H1N1刺激中性粒细胞形成的NETs进行比较。关于H1N1刺激中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网的形成目前已有一些报道。在已有研究基础上,本研究设置了3个H1N1感染滴度和3个时间点以研究H1N1刺激对中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网形成的量效关系和时效关系,这有助于进一步动态了解不同滴度的H1N1对中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网形成的影响。本研究发现,H1N1感染量及干预时间与NETs的形成能力、中性粒细胞ROS形成水平呈正相关。
NETs在抗病原体感染方面,有研究发现在所有核心组蛋白中组蛋白H4在抑制病毒传染性方面最为有效,且组蛋白对季节性H1N1毒株具有很强的抗病毒活性[16]。中性粒细胞髓过氧化物酶(MPO)具有杀病毒作用,可与人类呼吸道合胞病毒(human respiratory syncytial virus, hRSV)表面的F0蛋白相互作用,从而达到消灭病毒的目的[17]。NETs适量形成有利于中性粒细胞固定和捕获病原体,有效控制炎症范围。然而,在炎症性疾病中NETs是中性粒细胞重要的炎症介质,可促使巨噬细胞浸润,放大炎症反应[18]。在病理状态下,机体免疫反应较为激烈和复杂,NETs过量产生会对组织和细胞产生损伤作用,中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)是肺泡毛细血管通透性的公认介质,被认为主要通过催化内皮细胞钙黏蛋白水解来触发微血管损伤[19]。在动物体内实验中,LPS诱导的急性肺损伤(acute lung injury, ALI)期间形成的NETs已被证明会直接导致器官损伤,并加剧以白细胞积累、弥漫性肺泡损伤和细胞因子释放为特征的炎症反应,且通过脱氧核糖核酸酶(deoxyribonuclease, DNase)处理后能得到改善[20]。在用人脐静脉内皮细胞进行的研究中发现,NETs浓度越高、干预时间越长对人脐静脉内皮细胞生长的抑制、细胞的损伤和凋亡就越严重[21]。NETs中的组蛋白可裂解平滑肌细胞膜以促进细胞死亡、触发炎症因子产生[22]。在肺炎中NETs可通过破坏肺泡-毛细血管屏障降低肺换气功能,促进肺水肿来加剧急性呼吸窘迫综合征的病情进展[23]
NETs可由多种外源性或内源性刺激物诱导[24]。以往研究证明,PMA和LPS是诱导NETs产生的强刺激因子[7]。本研究从BALB/c小鼠中提取并纯化骨髓中性粒细胞后,使用H1N1进行干预,检测中性粒细胞内核蛋白(NP) mRNA表达水平,结果显示H1N1可在中性粒细胞中复制,随着H1N1滴度的增高,NP的基因表达水平越高。检测NETs起始标志物cfDNA的含量发现,随着H1N1干预时间的延长cfDNA的含量逐渐升高,在一定程度上量化了NETs的形成水平。NETs的染色方式主要有SYTOX Green染色和Hoechst 33342染色,Hoechst 33342荧光染色的观察效果优于SYTOX Green染色[25]。本研究的Hoechst 33342染色结果表明,100 TCID50的H1N1滴度干预中性粒细胞后诱导NETs形成的能力大于50 TCID50和25 TCID50的H1N1滴度,说明H1N1干预小鼠中性粒细胞可形成纤维网状结构的NETs,且H1N1浓度越高促进NETs形成的能力越强。
中性粒细胞形成NETs的免疫过程称为NETosis,NETs的形成可通过2种机制发生。(1) 经典的溶解性NETosis,该过程大约需要2-4 h,是NETs释放的主要途径。在佛波酯(PMA)、细胞因子、病原体、自身抗体等的刺激下,中性粒细胞被激活并促发烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH)氧化酶系统,启动细胞内活性氧(ROS)的形成,促进MPO、NE、PAD4的分泌[26]。ROS是导致核膜和细胞膜破裂的关键因素。PAD4被ROS激活后可调节带正电荷的精氨酸侧链转化为带正电荷的组蛋白侧链,即诱导组蛋白中精氨酸转化为瓜氨酸,从而导致染色质的解凝集,并形成特征性标志物瓜氨酸化组蛋白(CitH3)。细胞内的过氧化氢被MPO催化产生次氯酸和其他氧化剂,氧化剂通过分子生物学反应参与嗜天青颗粒释放NE的过程,使其转移到细胞核,从而促进染色质的进一步展开和核膜损伤,染色质被释放到胞质中,与多种胞质蛋白结合[27]。(2) 非溶解性NETosis,由补体受体识别刺激物诱导激活而不依赖于NADPH氧化酶系统,主要由Ca2+介导,升高的Ca2+激活胞质中的PAD4,PAD4进入细胞核促使组蛋白瓜氨酸化以及染色质解聚,最后NETs通过囊泡从中性粒细胞中释放出来[28]。例如,离子霉素和白细胞介素-8 (interleukin-8, IL-8)诱导的NETs由钙动员介导,不依赖于NADPH氧化酶的活性[29]。由于质膜完整,非溶解性NETosis并未影响中性粒细胞的活性和吞噬功能。本研究表明,H1N1干预中性粒细胞后MPO、NE蛋白相对表达均不同程度升高,与细胞核共定位情况明显增多,且MPO蛋白表达的高峰期先于NE蛋白。PAD4在中性粒细胞中高表达,PAD4的激活也可能需要ROS的产生,而ROS主要由NADPH氧化酶复合物和线粒体中的电子传递链产生。研究表明,在小鼠体内实验中H1N1感染刺激的NET形成依赖于PAD4[30];另有研究也表明H1N1感染细胞可促进ROS形成[31-32]。然而,也有研究报道,H1N1诱导的NET形成不依赖于NADPH氧化酶复合物诱导的ROS的形成[33]。目前尚无H1N1诱导的NETs是否涉及细胞内钙离子(Ca2+)水平变化的相关研究报道。与之不同的是,本研究表明H1N1刺激也会增加中性粒细胞中ROS的形成。活性氧检测结果显示,H1N1干预6 h后IAV组的ROS水平比正常组显著升高,H1N1干预中性粒细胞后ROS形成水平与病毒感染剂量和干预时间呈正相关,但ROS形成的来源还需进一步证实。CitH3的Western blotting结果显示,H1N1可诱导中性粒细胞内CitH3含量水平升高;此外,免疫荧光结果显示,PAD4和CitH3蛋白相对表达均不同程度升高,CitH3蛋白表达趋势与PAD4蛋白表达趋势相似。关于NETs的形成机制还有研究表明与中性粒细胞自噬的启动有关。Kenno等[34]的研究中以人外周血中性粒细胞为研究对象,在早期阶段(15 min)证明自噬参与了白色念珠菌菌丝和酵母2种形态诱导NET的释放;而在4 h时,自噬仅对白色念珠菌菌丝诱导的NETs产生影响。另有研究报道[35],在小鼠体内及小鼠中性粒细胞实验中在肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎感染期间,C型凝集素受体(Mincle)通过自噬介导NET的形成而不影响ROS的产生。目前,自噬对H1N1诱导的NETs的形成的影响尚未见研究报道,在今后的研究中将会对其进行探索。
以上研究表明,经H1N1感染后中性粒细胞被激活,ROS形成增加,细胞内MPO和NE分泌增加,PAD4异位入核,启动组蛋白瓜氨酸化及染色质解凝集,提高细胞内CitH3形成水平,促进中性粒细胞NETs的释放。然而,受多种因素影响,不同病毒对胞外诱捕网的形成影响不同。即使是同一类型的病毒,其感染量不同,中性粒细胞的来源不同,影响NETs形成的程度和水平也会不一样。本研究结果显示,H1N1对胞外诱捕网的形成有促进作用,但也有报道,乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染人外周血中性粒细胞对NETs的形成有抑制作用,这与HBc和HBe蛋白通过抑制中性粒细胞自噬活性及ROS生成有关[36]
甲型流感病毒亚型H1N1是在人类中最常流行的流感病毒,传染性强,发病率和死亡率高,流感的临床研究对流感病毒的预防与治疗具有重要意义。然而,受专业限制,本研究只以小鼠中性粒细胞为样本开展了研究,未对临床样本进行检测。在今后的研究中我们将设法解决这一不足。
刘会会:提出概念、数据分析、完成呈现、撰写文章; 陈纯静:方法论、审阅;王小奇:审阅;梁馨丹:监督管理;王智槟:方法论、验证;张园园:参与协助实验操作;卢芳国:提出概念、项目管理、审阅修改文章。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82374266)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82405375)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
兰旭, 邓春青. 甲型流感病毒血凝素研究进展[J]. 中国人兽共患病学报, 2021, 37(6): 563-570.
LAN X, DENG CQ. Research progress in influenza A virus hemagglutinin[J]. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses, 2021, 37(6): 563-570 (in Chinese).
[2]
JAVANIAN M, BARARY M, GHEBREHEWET S, KOPPOLU V, VASIGALA V, EBRAHIMPOUR S. A brief review of influenza virus infection[J]. Journal of Medical Virology, 2021, 93(8): 4638-4646.
[3]
PAULES C, SUBBARAO K. Influenza[J]. The Lancet, 2017, 390(10095): 697-708.
[4]
SPACKMAN E. A brief introduction to avian influenza virus[J]. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2020, 2123: 83-92.
[5]
EIERHOFF T, LUDWIG S, EHRHARDT C. The influenza A virus matrix protein as a marker to monitor initial virus internalisation[J]. Biological Chemistry, 2009, 390(5/6): 509-515.
[6]
RAMSEY CD, KUMAR A. Influenza and endemic viral pneumonia[J]. Critical Care Clinics, 2013, 29(4): 1069-1086.
[7]
BRINKMANN V, REICHARD U, GOOSMANN C, FAULER B, UHLEMANN Y, WEISS DS, WEINRAUCH Y, ZYCHLINSKY A. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria[J]. Science, 2004, 303(5663): 1532-1535.
[8]
CHAPMAN EA, LYON M, SIMPSON D, MASON D, BEYNON RJ, MOOTS RJ, WRIGHT HL. Caught in a trap-proteomic analysis of neutrophil extracellular traps in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2019, 10: 423.
[9]
LIANG XF, LIU L, WANG Y, GUO HP, FAN H, ZHANG C, HOU LL, LIU ZB. Autophagy-driven NETosis is a double-edged sword-review[J]. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2020, 126: 110065.
[10]
赵澄, 张香港, 陈纯静, 王小奇, 陈凯琴, 刘畅, 肖荣, 贺笠, 彭美红, 卢芳国. 麻杏石甘汤通过JAK1/2-STAT1信号通路改善流感病毒感染所致肺组织与结肠组织损伤[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2022, 47(19): 5306-5315.
ZHAO C, ZHANG XG, CHEN CJ, WANG XQ, CHEN KQ, LIU C, XIAO R, HE L, PENG MH, LU FG. Maxing Shigan Decoction improves lung and colon tissue damage caused by influenza virus infection through JAK1/2-STAT1 signaling pathway[J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2022, 47(19): 5306-5315 (in Chinese).
[11]
ZHANG SY, LI B, ZENG LT, YANG KL, JIANG JY, LU FG, LI L, LI WQ. Exploring the immune-inflammatory mechanism of Maxing Shigan Decoction in treating influenza virus A-induced pneumonia based on an integrated strategy of single-cell transcriptomics and systems biology[J]. European Journal of Medical Research, 2024, 29(1): 234.
[12]
童骄, 葛资宇, 王小玉, 戴冰, 李玲, 张波, 肖子曾, 那婧婧, 邹莉, 卢芳国. 不同煎煮方法麻杏石甘汤含药血清体外抗A型流感病毒实验研究[J]. 辽宁中医药大学学报, 2017, 19(4): 14-17.
TONG J, GE ZY, WANG XY, DAI B, LI L, ZHANG B, XIAO ZZ, NA JJ, ZOU L, LU FG. Experimental study on the effects of the containing serum Maxinshigan decoction of different decocting methods on inhibiting influenza a virus[J]. Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2017, 19(4): 14-17 (in Chinese).
[13]
CORRY J, KETTENBURG G, UPADHYAY AA, WALLACE M, MARTI MM, WONDERLICH ER, BISSEL SJ, GOSS K, STURGEON TJ, WATKINS SC, REED DS, BOSINGER SE, BARRATT-BOYES SM. Infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils and widespread pyroptosis in lung drive influenza lethality in nonhuman Primates[J]. PLoS Pathogens, 2022, 18(3): e1010395.
[14]
CHAPPLE ILC, HIRSCHFELD J, KANTARCI A, WILENSKY A, SHAPIRA L. The role of the host-neutrophil biology[J/OL]. Periodontology 2000, 2023. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12490 .
[15]
WANG H, KIM SJ, LEI Y, WANG SH, WANG H, HUANG H, ZHANG HJ, TSUNG A. Neutrophil extracellular traps in homeostasis and disease[J]. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2024, 9: 235.
[16]
HOEKSEMA M, TRIPATHI S, WHITE M, QI L, TAUBENBERGER J, van EIJK M, HAAGSMAN H, HARTSHORN KL. Arginine-rich histones have strong antiviral activity for influenza A viruses[J]. Innate Immunity, 2015, 21(7): 736-745.
[17]
Da SILVA PINTO L, JUNIOR RSA, LOPES BRP, da SILVA GS, de LIMA MENEZES G, MOREIRA P, de OLIVEIRA J, da SILVA RA, LOUSA D, TOLEDO KA. MPO interacts with hRSV particles, contributing to the virucidal effects of NETs against clinical and laboratory hRSV isolates[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 283: 137423.
[18]
CIESIELSKI O, BIESIEKIERSKA M, PANTHU B, SOSZYŃSKI M, PIROLA L, BALCERCZYK A. Citrullination in the pathology of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders: recent advances and future perspectives[J]. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2022, 79(2): 94.
[19]
SCOZZI D, LIAO FY, KRUPNICK AS, KREISEL D, GELMAN AE. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in acute lung injury[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 13: 953195.
[20]
LIU S, SU XL, PAN PH, ZHANG LM, HU YB, TAN HY, WU DD, LIU B, LI HT, LI HS, LI Y, DAI MH, LI YY, HU CP, TSUNG A. Neutrophil extracellular traps are indirectly triggered by lipopolysaccharide and contribute to acute lung injury[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 37252.
[21]
SHAO CL, MENG WT, WANG YC, LIU JJ, NING K, HOU XX, GUO HD. Regulating NETs contributes to a novel antiatherogenic effect of MTHSWD via inhibiting endothelial injury and apoptosis[J]. International Immunopharmacology, 2024, 143(Pt 2): 113368.
[22]
DÖRING Y, LIBBY P, SOEHNLEIN O. Neutrophil extracellular traps participate in cardiovascular diseases: recent experimental and clinical insights[J]. Circulation Research, 2020, 126(9): 1228-1241.
[23]
ZHAO J, ZHEN NX, ZHOU QC, LOU J, CUI W, ZHANG GS, TIAN BP. NETs promote inflammatory injury by activating cGAS-STING pathway in acute lung injury[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, 24(6): 5125.
[24]
POLI V, ZANONI I. Neutrophil intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of NETosis in health and disease[J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2023, 31(3): 280-293.
[25]
满姗姗. HBV对中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网形成的影响[D]. 济南: 济南大学, 2015.
MAN SS. The effect of HBV in the formation of neutrophil extracellar traps (NETs)[D]. Jinan: University of Jinan, 2015 (in Chinese).
[26]
LIN W, CHEN HL, CHEN XJ, GUO CR. The roles of neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) in diseases: the new progress[J]. Antioxidants, 2024, 13(1): 132.
[27]
SOLLBERGER G, TILLEY DO, ZYCHLINSKY A. Neutrophil extracellular traps: the biology of chromatin externalization[J]. Developmental Cell, 2018, 44(5): 542-553.
[28]
HUANG JY, HONG WQ, WAN MH, ZHENG LM. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic target of NETosis in diseases[J]. MedComm, 2022, 3(3): e162.
[29]
PARKER H, DRAGUNOW M, HAMPTON MB, KETTLE AJ, WINTERBOURN CC. Requirements for NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophil extracellular trap formation differ depending on the stimulus[J]. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 2012, 92(4): 841-849.
[30]
HEMMERS S, TEIJARO JR, ARANDJELOVIC S, MOWEN KA. PAD4-mediated neutrophil extracellular trap formation is not required for immunity against influenza infection[J]. PLoS One, 2011, 6(7): e22043.
[31]
张春晶, 顾立刚, 牛旭艳, 王甫, 彭桂英. 人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1对流感病毒感染细胞的影响及其机制研究[J]. 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志, 2009, 29(10): 894-898.
[32]
LI YH, CHEN DY, SU JY, CHEN MK, CHEN TF, JIA W, ZHU B. Selenium-ruthenium complex blocks H1N1 influenza virus-induced cell damage by activating GPx1/TrxR1[J]. Theranostics, 2023, 13(6): 1843-1859.
[33]
CHAN LLY, NICHOLLS JM, MALIK PEIRIS JS, LAU YL, CHAN MCW, CHAN RWY. Host DNA released by NETosis in neutrophils exposed to seasonal H1N1 and highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses[J]. Respiratory Research, 2020, 21(1): 160.
[34]
KENNO S, PERITO S, MOSCI P, VECCHIARELLI A, MONARI C. Autophagy and reactive oxygen species are involved in neutrophil extracellular traps release induced by C. albicans morphotypes[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2016, 7:879.
[35]
SHARMA A, SIMONSON TJ, JONDLE CN, MISHRA BB, SHARMA J. Mincle mediated neutrophil extracellular trap formation by regulation of autophagy[J]. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2017, 215(7):1040-1048.
[36]
胡胜男. HBV对中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网释放的抑制作用及其机制研究[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2019.
HU SN. Inhibitory and mechanism of HBV infection in neutrophil extracellular traps release[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2019 (in Chinese).
2025年第65卷第12期
PDF下载
381
206
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250379
  • 接收时间:2025-05-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-08
  • 出版时间:2025-12-04
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-05-09
  • 录用日期:2025-09-04
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82374266)
国家自然科学基金(82374266)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82405375)
国家自然科学基金(82405375)
作者信息
    1.湖南中医药大学 医学院,湖南 长沙
    2.湖南中医药大学 中西医结合学院,湖南 长沙

通讯作者:

参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250379
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏