Article(id=1204800734438076640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250301, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744300800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753372800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-25, onlineDate=1765176479204, onlineDateStr=2025-12-08, pubDate=1764777600000, pubDateStr=2025-12-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765176479204, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765176479204, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176479204, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1204800727341310425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='12', pageStart='5191', pageEnd='5649', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765176477513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176611928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5309, endPage=5324, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1204800734790398204, articleId=1204800734438076640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Mechanism prediction of the synergistic degradation of polyacrylamide by Trichoderma asperellum and Aspergillus flavus, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Screening fungi with the ability to degrade polyacrylamide (PAM) and analyzing the characteristics of their degradation products can provide a basis for clarifying the degradation mechanism. Methods Fungi capable of degrading PAM were screened from bauxite sludge and used to construct a composite fungal community, with the degradation products and morphological characteristics being determined under optimized conditions. Results The results showed that the three strains of fungi screened out were Trichoderma asperellum, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger, which showed the degradation rates of 27.35%, 25.20%, and 23.04%, respectively, for PAM. The degradation conditions were optimized by the response surface method as initial pH 5.5, inoculum amount of 5.1%, and incubation temperature of 32 ℃, under which the fungal complex constructed with T. asperellum and A. flavus showed the PAM degradation rate of 45.44%, a viscosity reduction rate of 84.57%, and laccase and urease activities of 13.90 U/mL and 17.70 U/mL, respectively. A large number of hollows and cavities were formed on the surface of PAM after degradation. In addition, mycelial biofilm was observed on the surface. The degradation products showed -COOH and -OH functional groups. Conclusion The above results suggest that the fungal complex may degrade PAM into small molecules through the synergistic effects of mycelial physical erosion and extracellular enzymes.

, correspAuthors=Zhenjiang JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 筛选具有降解聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide, PAM)能力的真菌,并分析其降解产物特性,为明晰其降解机制提供参考依据。 方法 从铝土矿矿泥中筛选能够降解PAM的真菌并构建复合真菌群,测定在优化后的PAM降解条件下的产物和形貌特征。 结果 筛选到的3株真菌分别为棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger),其对PAM的降解率分别为27.35%、25.20%和23.04%。经响应面法优化试验后,由棘孢木霉与黄曲霉构建的复合真菌体系在初始pH 5.5、接种量为5%、培养温度为32 ℃时对PAM的降解效率可达45.44%,降黏率为84.57%,产漆酶和脲酶活力分别为13.90 U/mL和17.70 U/mL。降解后PAM结构表面形成大量凹陷和空腔,并附着菌丝状生物膜;降解产物中出现-COOH和-OH官能团。 结论 本研究结果表明,复合真菌可能通过菌丝物理侵蚀和胞外酶的协同作用将PAM降解为小分子物质。

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departmentName=null, remark=5.桂林理工大学,流域保护与绿色发展广西高校工程研究中心,广西 桂林)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217784602958156319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Development status of three fungi in Petri dishes, growth and antagonistic phenomenon in Petri dishes. A: Phylogenetic tree of ITS gene sequences of three fungi and other related strains (The NCBI accession number for the ITS sequence of each strain is given in parentheses after the strain name; The value at the branch is the bootstrap value); B: Growth status and antagonism of three fungi strains observed on Petri dishes., figureFileSmall=YdObGjLCCR6cL6Q/HfEl3g==, figureFileBig=stwfKQpDi1BorN3d3IoycQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784603075596838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=CN, label=图1, caption=真菌的系统发育树与在培养皿上的生长情况和拮抗现象。A:3株真菌的ITS基因序列系统发育树(菌株后面括号内为其ITS序列的GenBank登录号;分支处的数值是bootstrap值);B:3株真菌在培养皿上的生长情况和拮抗现象。, figureFileSmall=YdObGjLCCR6cL6Q/HfEl3g==, figureFileBig=stwfKQpDi1BorN3d3IoycQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784603205620274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Degradation rate of PAM by mixed fungi #2/#8 and #12/#8. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in the degradation rate of PAM by different mixed fungi under the same degradation conditions., figureFileSmall=dGfO/WsrquGpWz+yivj6yA==, figureFileBig=+vQzJRqqmh5iTDgy6EGLKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784603318866488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=CN, label=图2, caption=复合真菌#2/#8#12/#8PAM的降解率。不同小写字母表示相同降解条件下不同复合真菌对PAM降解率的差异显著。, figureFileSmall=dGfO/WsrquGpWz+yivj6yA==, figureFileBig=+vQzJRqqmh5iTDgy6EGLKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784603461472828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=PAM degradation rates of mixed fungi #12/#8 at different ratios, pH, inoculum size, and temperature. A: Degradation rate of PAM by mixed fungi at different ratios of #12 and #8; B: Degradation rate of PAM by mixed fungi at different pH levels; C: Degradation rate of PAM by mixed fungi at different inoculation levels; D: Degradation rate of PAM by mixed fungi at different temperatures., figureFileSmall=oUwu0JHy68BFmmbWGmvTTQ==, figureFileBig=g+FEznutMWbtJlF6y5fKqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784603599884868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=CN, label=图3, caption=复合真菌#12/#8在不同配比、pH、接种量和温度下对PAM的降解率。A:复合真菌在#12和#8的不同配比下对PAM的降解率;B:复合真菌在不同pH下对PAM的降解率;C:复合真菌在不同接种量下对PAM的降解率;D:复合真菌在不同温度下对PAM的降解率。, figureFileSmall=oUwu0JHy68BFmmbWGmvTTQ==, figureFileBig=g+FEznutMWbtJlF6y5fKqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784603742491212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The 3D surface and contour plots showing the response of the degradation rate to pH, inoculum size, and temperature. A, B: 3D plots and contour plots showing the effects of inoculum amount and pH on degradation rate, respectively; C, D: 3D plots and contour plots showing the effects of temperature and inoculum amount on degradation rate, respectively; E, F: 3D plots and contour plots showing the effects of temperature and pH on degradation rate, respectively., figureFileSmall=VPD/bJNEquhaet2COzr9Yw==, figureFileBig=mRRvz+7hGI5wJaum4Ype0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784603868320339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=CN, label=图4, caption=pH、接种量和温度对降解率的响应面3D和等高线图。A、B:分别代表接种量和pH对降解率的3D图和等高线图;C、D:分别代表温度和接种量对降解率的3D图和等高线图;E、F:分别代表温度和pH对降解率的3D图和等高线图。, figureFileSmall=VPD/bJNEquhaet2COzr9Yw==, figureFileBig=mRRvz+7hGI5wJaum4Ype0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784603973177950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Figure showing changes in enzyme activity and product concentration before and after mixed fungi degradation under optimal conditions. A to H respectively show the changes in urease activity, laccase activity, CO-NH2, NO2-N, NO3-N, NH2-OH, TOC concentration, and PAM molecular weight in the culture medium before and after degradation by mixed fungi under the optimal conditions., figureFileSmall=iw/6Mq2kyB5HyCWtDK1cAQ==, figureFileBig=ShGCDN+VK4nBFehCQrOBZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784604103201377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=CN, label=图5, caption=最优条件下复合真菌降解前后不同酶活与不同产物的浓度变化图。A-H分别为最优条件下复合真菌降解前后培养基中脲酶活力、漆酶活力、CO-NH2、NO2-N、NO3-N、NH2-OH、TOC浓度和PAM分子量的变化图。, figureFileSmall=iw/6Mq2kyB5HyCWtDK1cAQ==, figureFileBig=ShGCDN+VK4nBFehCQrOBZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784604216447595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Infrared spectral analysis of PAM before and after degradation by mixed fungi., figureFileSmall=hHtbAt+qsekXrLDBceBLSw==, figureFileBig=zhBANLme4G3628mmwi8vrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784604363248240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=CN, label=图6, caption=复合真菌降解前后PAM的红外光谱分析, figureFileSmall=hHtbAt+qsekXrLDBceBLSw==, figureFileBig=zhBANLme4G3628mmwi8vrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784604484883066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=SEM images of PAM before and after degradation by mixed fungi. A: Surface structure diagram of PAM before degradation by mixed fungi at 1 000 times magnification; B: Surface structure diagram of PAM after degradation by mixed fungi at 1 000 times magnification. The red-framed part is the structure diagram of PAM at 3 500 times magnification., figureFileSmall=SxD5dBFf5B0M7clvmi09UA==, figureFileBig=36zNnVmmDCFkprQ6GW4rIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784604593934977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=CN, label=图7, caption=复合真菌降解前后PAM的结构变化。A:复合真菌降解前PAM在放大1 000倍后的表面结构图;B:复合真菌降解后PAM在放大1 000倍后的表面结构图。红框部分为放大3 500倍后的PAM结构图。, figureFileSmall=SxD5dBFf5B0M7clvmi09UA==, figureFileBig=36zNnVmmDCFkprQ6GW4rIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784604719764105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Splicing of nitrogen metabolism pathways in mixed fungi. Red labels denote the nitrogen metabolism pathway of composite fungi in relation to PAM; Blue labels indicate the potential of composite fungi to degrade other nitrogen-containing organic compounds., figureFileSmall=Fe9TxONXqXEch4plwCxKpw==, figureFileBig=/GhUEKVyZ+2IPLiwMkwmmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784604908507790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=CN, label=图8, caption=复合真菌的氮代谢途径拼接。红色标签代表复合真菌对PAM的氮代谢途径,蓝色标签代表复合真菌存在降解其他含氮有机物的潜力。, figureFileSmall=Fe9TxONXqXEch4plwCxKpw==, figureFileBig=/GhUEKVyZ+2IPLiwMkwmmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784605017559700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Response surface experimental design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素Factors水平Levels

Low

level (-1)

Base

lever (0)

High

lever (1)

pH4.55.56.5
接种量Inoculum size (%)456
温度T/℃303234
), ArticleFig(id=1217784605227274904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BBD试验因素水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素Factors水平Levels

Low

level (-1)

Base

lever (0)

High

lever (1)

pH4.55.56.5
接种量Inoculum size (%)456
温度T/℃303234
), ArticleFig(id=1217784605348909727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

BBD experimental design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Run

X1

pH

X2

接种量

Inoculum size (%)

X3

温度

T/℃

降解率Degradation

rate (%)

Run

X1

pH

X2

接种量

Inoculum size (%)

X3

温度

T/℃

降解率Degradation

rate (%)

14.563238.90105.553244.24
25.553244.86114.543240.43
35.553243.97125.543038.90
46.553036.61135.553245.00
55.563435.97144.553436.61
65.563037.89154.553039.66
76.553435.09165.553244.56
86.543238.14175.543435.14
96.563236.61
), ArticleFig(id=1217784605474738850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

BBD试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Run

X1

pH

X2

接种量

Inoculum size (%)

X3

温度

T/℃

降解率Degradation

rate (%)

Run

X1

pH

X2

接种量

Inoculum size (%)

X3

温度

T/℃

降解率Degradation

rate (%)

14.563238.90105.553244.24
25.553244.86114.543240.43
35.553243.97125.543038.90
46.553036.61135.553245.00
55.563435.97144.553436.61
65.563037.89154.553039.66
76.553435.09165.553244.56
86.543238.14175.543435.14
96.563236.61
), ArticleFig(id=1217784605596373670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ANOVA for quadratic model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceSum of squaresdfMean squareF-valueP-valueSignifianceFit statistics
模型Model207.07923.0183.92<0.000 1**-
X110.47110.4738.170.000 5**-
X21.3111.314.790.064 9--
X313.13113.1347.900.000 2**-
X1X20.0010.000.001.000 0--
X1X30.5910.592.130.187 4--
X2X30.8510.853.090.122 3--
X1237.75137.75137.69<0.000 1**-
X2238.19138.19139.30<0.000 1**-
X3286.76186.76316.44<0.000 1**-
残差Residual1.9270.27----
失拟项Lack of fit1.1930.402.180.233 0--
纯误差Pure error0.7340.18----
总和Cor total208.9916-----
R2------0.990 8
Adjusted R2------0.979 0
Predicted R2------0.903 4
), ArticleFig(id=1217784605743174319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800734438076640, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

二次模型方差分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceSum of squaresdfMean squareF-valueP-valueSignifianceFit statistics
模型Model207.07923.0183.92<0.000 1**-
X110.47110.4738.170.000 5**-
X21.3111.314.790.064 9--
X313.13113.1347.900.000 2**-
X1X20.0010.000.001.000 0--
X1X30.5910.592.130.187 4--
X2X30.8510.853.090.122 3--
X1237.75137.75137.69<0.000 1**-
X2238.19138.19139.30<0.000 1**-
X3286.76186.76316.44<0.000 1**-
残差Residual1.9270.27----
失拟项Lack of fit1.1930.402.180.233 0--
纯误差Pure error0.7340.18----
总和Cor total208.9916-----
R2------0.990 8
Adjusted R2------0.979 0
Predicted R2------0.903 4
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棘孢木霉与黄曲霉协同降解聚丙烯酰胺的机制预测
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李嘉 1 , 靳振江 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 胡章恒 1 , 王诗萱 1 , 罗婷 1 , 杨承熹 1 , 范晨 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(12): 5309-5324
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(12): 5309-5324
棘孢木霉与黄曲霉协同降解聚丙烯酰胺的机制预测
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李嘉1, 靳振江1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 胡章恒1, 王诗萱1, 罗婷1, 杨承熹1, 范晨1
作者信息
  • 1.桂林理工大学 环境科学与工程学院,广西 桂林
  • 2.桂林理工大学,岩溶地区水污染控制与用水安全保障协同创新中心,广西 桂林
  • 3.桂林理工大学,广西环境污染控制理论与技术重点实验室,广西 桂林
  • 4.广西生态环保现代产业学院,广西 桂林
  • 5.桂林理工大学,流域保护与绿色发展广西高校工程研究中心,广西 桂林
Mechanism prediction of the synergistic degradation of polyacrylamide by Trichoderma asperellum and Aspergillus flavus
Jia LI1, Zhenjiang JIN1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , Zhangheng HU1, Shixuan WANG1, Ting LUO1, Chengxi YANG1, Chen FAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, China
  • 2.Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Security in Karst Regions, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, China
  • 3.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, China
  • 4.Guangxi Modern Industrial College of Ecological Environmental Protection, Guilin, Guangxi, China
  • 5.Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Basin Protection and Green Development, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, China
出版时间: 2025-12-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250301
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目的 筛选具有降解聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide, PAM)能力的真菌,并分析其降解产物特性,为明晰其降解机制提供参考依据。 方法 从铝土矿矿泥中筛选能够降解PAM的真菌并构建复合真菌群,测定在优化后的PAM降解条件下的产物和形貌特征。 结果 筛选到的3株真菌分别为棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger),其对PAM的降解率分别为27.35%、25.20%和23.04%。经响应面法优化试验后,由棘孢木霉与黄曲霉构建的复合真菌体系在初始pH 5.5、接种量为5%、培养温度为32 ℃时对PAM的降解效率可达45.44%,降黏率为84.57%,产漆酶和脲酶活力分别为13.90 U/mL和17.70 U/mL。降解后PAM结构表面形成大量凹陷和空腔,并附着菌丝状生物膜;降解产物中出现-COOH和-OH官能团。 结论 本研究结果表明,复合真菌可能通过菌丝物理侵蚀和胞外酶的协同作用将PAM降解为小分子物质。

降解PAM  /  真菌  /  漆酶  /  脲酶

Objective Screening fungi with the ability to degrade polyacrylamide (PAM) and analyzing the characteristics of their degradation products can provide a basis for clarifying the degradation mechanism. Methods Fungi capable of degrading PAM were screened from bauxite sludge and used to construct a composite fungal community, with the degradation products and morphological characteristics being determined under optimized conditions. Results The results showed that the three strains of fungi screened out were Trichoderma asperellum, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger, which showed the degradation rates of 27.35%, 25.20%, and 23.04%, respectively, for PAM. The degradation conditions were optimized by the response surface method as initial pH 5.5, inoculum amount of 5.1%, and incubation temperature of 32 ℃, under which the fungal complex constructed with T. asperellum and A. flavus showed the PAM degradation rate of 45.44%, a viscosity reduction rate of 84.57%, and laccase and urease activities of 13.90 U/mL and 17.70 U/mL, respectively. A large number of hollows and cavities were formed on the surface of PAM after degradation. In addition, mycelial biofilm was observed on the surface. The degradation products showed -COOH and -OH functional groups. Conclusion The above results suggest that the fungal complex may degrade PAM into small molecules through the synergistic effects of mycelial physical erosion and extracellular enzymes.

polyacrylamide degradation  /  fungi  /  laccase  /  urease
李嘉, 靳振江, 胡章恒, 王诗萱, 罗婷, 杨承熹, 范晨. 棘孢木霉与黄曲霉协同降解聚丙烯酰胺的机制预测. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5309 -5324 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250301
Jia LI, Zhenjiang JIN, Zhangheng HU, Shixuan WANG, Ting LUO, Chengxi YANG, Chen FAN. Mechanism prediction of the synergistic degradation of polyacrylamide by Trichoderma asperellum and Aspergillus flavus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5309 -5324 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250301
聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide, PAM)具有高水溶性、高黏度以及絮凝作用等特性,因而被广泛应用于矿业领域。在铝土矿洗矿废水中加入PAM进行絮凝,经沉降和压缩后可大幅降低矿泥含水率和体积[1]。含PAM的矿泥经处理后可用于复垦,能有效解决矿区土地土源不足的问题,实现矿泥的安全处置和资源化利用[2]。然而,经过压滤后含PAM的矿泥形成块状体,干燥后极易板结,导致植物难以扎根。此外,PAM在自然条件下会产生有毒害的丙烯酰胺,不仅会污染河流和土壤,还会对人体健康造成严重危害[3-4]。因此,去除其中的PAM对于实现矿泥的安全处置和资源化利用尤为重要。
据报道,PAM的去除方式包括物理处理[5]、化学氧化[6]和微生物降解[7]。其中,微生物能够将PAM最终降解为丙烯酸和CO2等小分子物质,且不会对环境造成二次污染,因而微生物降解备受关注[7-10]。与细菌相比,真菌的优势在于其在极端环境中具有较高的适应能力,适用性更广[11];同时,真菌在生长过程中产生的菌丝网络有助于其在矿泥中扩散。对降解塑料聚合物的研究结果表明,真菌能够先物理侵蚀聚合物表面结构,再分泌胞外酶进一步降解聚合物[12-13]。这一降解机制启示我们,真菌对PAM的降解可能同样遵循物理侵蚀与酶催化的协同作用。目前,对PAM生物降解关键酶信息研究较多的包括酰胺酶和漆酶。脲酶是一种常见的酰胺酶,能够催化有机物质中的酰胺基水解,将有机氮转化为铵态氮后供微生物利用[14];而漆酶在降解PAM时更倾向于氧化其碳骨架,使其转变为小分子聚合物[15]。因此,测定降解PAM的真菌的脲酶和漆酶活性有助于揭示PAM的降解机理。
目前已知的PAM降解真菌仅有部分白腐真菌[16]和木霉[17]。韩昌福等[18]发现,在低氮环境下处理PAM废水时可促进真菌产生降解PAM的生物酶。张东晨等[16]在复合菌协同降解PAM的体系中发现,在培养基中预添加少量葡萄糖和NH4+作为共代谢底物时能够显著提高复合菌降解PAM的能力。路蓉蓉[17]从油田土壤中分离出复合真菌,其复合体系在第8天表现出最优降解效能。虽然棘孢木霉和曲霉属尚未被证实能够降解PAM,但Shanmugam等[19]筛选出的一株棘孢木霉在30 ℃下具有较好的产漆酶能力。研究表明黄曲霉和黑曲霉在降解塑料等高分子聚合物方面具有较大潜力,其中黄曲霉在降解聚氨酯(polyurethane, PU)和聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)等高分子聚合物时能够产生较高水平的漆酶和脲酶[20-22]。上述特性表明,木霉与曲霉对PAM这类高分子聚合物的生物降解具有重要研究价值。
本研究拟从铝土矿泥中筛选出能够降解PAM的真菌,然后按照最佳配比构建复合真菌体系,研究复合真菌对聚丙烯酰胺的协同降解效果。利用Box-Behnken design (BBD)响应面法确定最佳降解条件,测定脲酶和漆酶的活性,利用红外光谱和扫描电镜分析PAM降解后的产物和结构变化,并推测PAM的降解途径和机制,以期为含PAM矿泥的安全处置和资源化利用提供参考依据。
本研究所涉及的真菌分离自铝土矿矿泥,其中污泥中PAM的浓度约为500 mg/L,聚丙烯酰胺为非离子型,分子量大于3×106
富集培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,无水葡萄糖40.0,氯霉素0.1。
PAM液体培养基(g/L):无水葡萄糖3.0,NH4Cl 0.1,KH2PO4 3.0,MgSO4 1.0,维生素B1 0.008,CuSO4·5H2O 0.008,ZnSO4·7H2O 0.012,PAM 0.5,加入去离子水搅拌溶解后定容,自然pH。PAM固体培养基是在PAM基础液体培养基中加入18.0 g/L琼脂。PAM马丁氏培养基:参考文献[17]配制。
将5 g矿泥加入到无菌水中,30 ℃、150 r/min恒温振荡3 h后,取5 mL悬浊液加入到100 mL富集培养基中,在相同条件下培养4 d。然后取5 mL富集后的菌液到PAM液体培养基中,使培养基中PAM浓度依次增大至100、200、500 mg/L。在每个浓度下各培养8 d后,将终浓度培养液稀释1 000倍,取0.1 mL稀释液分别涂布于PAM固体培养基和PAM马丁氏培养基,于30 ℃倒置培养4 d。将固体培养基上单一的真菌菌落重新分离纯化3次后,用0.85%的无菌生理盐水洗刮平板,再用双层纱布过滤除去菌丝和培养基,得到OD600=1.0的孢子悬液[23]。在PAM液体培养基中加入2%的真菌孢子液,30 ℃、150 r/min培养8 d,经8 000 r/min高速离心10 min后收集上清液,利用淀粉-碘化镉法初步测定降解率,选取降解率最高的真菌作为后续研究对象。
分别在PAM马丁氏培养基中滴加1 μL降解真菌的孢子悬液,在30 ℃下恒温培养4 d后观察各真菌的菌落特征以及真菌之间的拮抗情况。
选取降解率最高的真菌经Ezup柱式试剂盒[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]提取DNA,采用通用引物ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTG CGG-3′)和ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATG C-3′)对真菌内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)序列进行扩增。PCR扩增体系(25 µL):2×Taq Plus Master Mix 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 9.5 μL。PCR扩增条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,57 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸90 s,30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。PCR扩增产物的测序工作由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成。所测ITS序列经NCBI数据库BLAST比对并构建系统发育树。
将未产生拮抗反应的真菌按1:1的比例制成复合真菌孢子液,以2%的接种量接种于PAM液体培养基中,在30 ℃、150 r/min条件下培养8 d后用淀粉-碘化镉法[24]测定PAM的降解率。
将未产生拮抗反应的复合真菌分别按照1:7、2:6、3:5、4:4、5:3、6:2、7:1的配比以2%的接种量加入到PAM液体培养基中,在自然pH、30 ℃和150 r/min条件下培养8 d后测定降解率。为确定复合真菌体系最佳pH,将pH设为4.5、5.5、6.5、7.5和8.5;为确定复合真菌最适接种量,将接种量设为1%、2%、3%、4%、5%和6%;为确定复合真菌的最佳培养温度,在复合真菌最佳配比、pH和接种量的条件下,将温度设定为28、32、36、40和44 ℃,在150 r/min转速条件下培养8 d后测定PAM的降解率。
在单因素降解试验结果的基础上设计响应面试验。根据BBD的中心组合试验设计原理,选择初始pH、复合真菌接种量和培养温度作为3个显著性因素,将3种水平分别编码为-1、0和1,以代表单因素中的低、中和高3种水平进行多因素多水平的响应面试验方案。根据试验结果拟合模型,通过对响应值进行方差分析后确定复合真菌降解的最佳条件,并对该条件进行验证。
CO-NH2的测定采用淀粉-碘化镉法[24]。NO3-N和NO2-N的测定采用紫外分光光度法[25-26]。NH2-OH的测定采用卢光远等[27]的方法。总有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)浓度测定采用燃烧氧化-非分散红外吸收法[28]。PAM分子量采用乌氏黏度计测定其极限黏数,并按照经验公式计算[29]
采用ABTS法测定漆酶活力[30]:将上清液、柠檬酸缓冲溶液和ABTS 溶液充分混匀后30 ℃水浴反应3 min,于420 nm处测得吸光度,计算3 min内的吸光度变化。此时求得每分钟内催化1 µmol底物所需酶量并定义为1个酶活力单位(U)。
利用陈素素[31]的研究方法测定得脲酶活力:将上清液与3%的尿素溶液混合,水浴加热7 min后立即加入10%的三氯乙酸溶液终止反应,取下冷却至室温,加入1 mL纳氏试剂后定容,显色20 min后与标准曲线一起在415 nm处测定吸光度,根据标准曲线计算试样中的NH4+浓度,以每分钟释放的1 μmol游离的NH4+来表示脲酶活性(U)。
将PAM降解前后的上清液与过量甲醇混合,静置10 min后培养液中残留的聚合物会发生沉淀,4 000 r/min离心10 min。再用甲醇洗涤沉淀2次,最后将沉淀置于50 ℃的真空干燥箱中进行干燥后待测[17]
数据处理采用Excel 2021和SPSS 26.0,系统发育树采用MEGA 11绘制,响应面试验设计与结果分析采用Design-Expert 13,代谢途径采用InDraw绘制。
本研究共分离纯化了12株真菌,其中#2、#8和#12菌株的降解率显著高于其他菌株,分别为23.04%、25.20%和27.35%,因此被选为后续研究的对象。
图1B所示,#12菌株的分生孢子呈深绿色簇棉絮状;#2呈黑色厚绒状,分生孢子头呈褐黑色球形放射状;#8菌株呈黄绿至草绿色,中央部分呈絮状,分生孢子呈球形或近球形。仅有#12菌株与#2菌株在PAM马丁氏培养基上产生明显的拮抗现象,因此后续的复合真菌研究将重点考察#2/#8以及#12/#8的组合。
结果序列经对比分析后得出#2、#8和#12菌株与黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger) (KY593490.1)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus) (JQ844451.1)和棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum) (MN945286.1)的相似度分别为100.00%、99.47%和99.61% (图1A)。因此,确定这3株真菌分别为黑曲霉、黄曲霉和棘孢木霉。目前,这3株真菌的序列均已上传至NCBI,登录号分别为PQ651884、PQ656717和PQ658230。
图2可以看出,复合真菌#12/#8和#2/#8的降解率分别为31.68%和15.12%,因此选定#12/#8为后续研究对象。
复合真菌#12/#8在4种条件下对PAM的8 d降解率如图3所示。当复合真菌#12/#8的配比从3:5逐渐调整为6:2时降解率分别为29.01%、30.30%、30.95%和30.30%。整体来看,配比的调整并未显著影响PAM的降解率,因此后续仅选择最佳配比5:3进行试验,并不再将此因素纳入响应面试验设计中。复合真菌在pH值为5.5时PAM降解率达到最高,为32.32%,因此后续的响应面试验选择pH值为4.5、5.5和6.5进行研究。接种量为5%时降解率最大,为38.54%;当接种量增至6%时降解率反而下降,因此后续的响应面试验选择以4%、5%和6%的接种量进行研究。复合真菌在32 ℃时对PAM的降解率最高,为41.72%,而较低或较高的温度都会影响复合真菌的降解效果。为了简化响应面试验设计,因此选择更接近32 ℃的30 ℃和34 ℃作为研究对象。
在单因素试验的基础上,以pH (X1)、接种量(X2)和培养温度(X3)为自变量,以复合真菌对PAM的降解率(Y)为响应值进行3因素3水平的响应面试验(表1),对上述3组因素与PAM降解率Y之间进行试验设计并代入试验结果,见表2
利用Design-Expert 13软件进行数据分析后得到二次回归方程:Y (%)=44.526-1.143 75X1-0.405X2-1.281 25X3-8.543 61e-15X1X2+0.382 5X1X3+0.46X2X3-2.994 25X12-3.011 75X22-4.539 25X32
PAM降解率的方差分析如表3所示。此回归模型的P<0.01,极显著;而失拟项0.233 0>0.050 0,不显著,这表明该模型拟合度较好,可用于对复合真菌降解PAM的条件优化。该模型的决定系数(R2)、调整后拟合度(adjusted R2, R2Adj)和预测拟合度(predicted R2, R2Pre)分别为0.990 8、0.979 0和0.903 4,R2AdjR2Pre的差值小于2,可证明此模型能够较好地预测响应值。方差分析结果表明,温度(X3)和pH (X1)是影响复合真菌降解PAM的主要因素,二次项X12X22X32X42均对响应值有极显著影响。
运用Design-Expert 13软件根据二次回归模型方程可绘制3种因素的影响PAM降解率(响应值)的三维响应面和等高线图。三维曲面越陡则代表该因素对响应值的影响越显著;等高线越接近椭圆则代表两组因素间相互作用更强,见图4
根据模型拟合结果,复合真菌降解PAM的最佳pH、接种量和温度分别为5.53、5.13%和32.03 ℃,此时降解率可达44.36%。为便于实际应用,将上述最佳pH、接种量和温度分别近似取整为5.5、5%和32 ℃,因此在本研究中将采用此降解条件进行验证试验。经过3次验证试验测得的降解率分别为45.44%、46.67%和44.20%,平均降解率为45.44%,计算得到相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为2.72%。结果与模型预测值相近,表明该模型能够较好地预测复合真菌降解PAM的情况。
图5可以看出,复合真菌系在降解8 d后的脲酶和漆酶活力分别为17.70 U/mL和13.90 U/mL。此时复合真菌产漆酶酶活高于脲酶酶活,表明复合真菌在降解初期可能以氮代谢为主导来降解PAM。对复合真菌降解PAM前后培养基中的CO-NH2、NO3-N、NO2-N和NH2-OH的测定结果显示,PAM被降解8 d后培养基中的CO-NH2浓度从405.17 mg/L降低至198.50 mg/L,NO3-N和NH2-OH的浓度分别升至3.70 mg/L和0.18 mg/L,培养基中未检测出NO2-N。培养基中的TOC浓度和PAM的分子量分别从1 010.33 mg/L和7.13×106降至154.86 mg/L和1.10×106,TOC浓度和PAM分子量分别降低了84.67%和84.57%。
图6可以看出,红外光谱吸收带在3 500-3 100 cm-1范围是N-H键的伸缩振动[9],1 601 cm-1则代表了酰胺基N-H的面内弯曲振动[32],降解后N-H的伸缩振动峰3 433 cm-1更加尖锐,同时N-H的面内弯曲振动峰1 607 cm-1减弱,说明PAM侧链的酰胺基大量水解,-NH2浓度增加,但由于该峰并未消失,因此说明复合真菌未能完全利用水解后的NH3
2 969 cm-1为甲基的反对称伸缩振动特征吸收峰,该峰在降解后增强且发生蓝移,说明降解后的PAM长链分子被分解成小分子物质,导致末端甲基数量增加[33]。2 950-2 700 cm-1是C-H的伸缩振动,此范围的部分峰在降解后消失,说明部分断裂的小分子PAM已被复合真菌完全利用。1 700-1 630 cm-1是C=O的伸缩振动峰,C=O的伸缩振动吸收带在降解后更加尖锐,且透射率降低,说明降解后生成了更多的C=O键,出现了酮或羧酸类物质[7]。1 200-1 000 cm-1是C-O的伸缩振动峰和C-C的伸缩振动,降解后出现的1 048 cm-1可能是生成了醇类物质,而1 087 cm-1的弱峰则进一步验证了酮的生成。
图7可以看出,PAM在真菌降解前表面较为粗糙,虽存在明显的凹凸,但结构并未被破坏。在被真菌降解后PAM的结构遭到显著破坏,表面出现了大量空腔、裂纹和凹陷。在10 μm标尺下可观察到真菌菌丝附着在PAM表面或延伸进入降解后的孔洞中,形成类似生物膜的结构。
在本研究中,复合真菌对PAM的降解率显著高于单菌,这是因为单一菌株通常只能利用特定的降解途径和酶系统来分解某些特定化合物,所以单独研究一种真菌的降解效果并不理想[34]。相比之下,微生物菌群中的不同菌株可以分工合作,相互补充不同的降解功能,从而提高整体的降解能力,表现出显著的协同效应[35]。此外,真菌产生的大量菌丝能够包裹PAM,甚至从PAM表面延伸至内部,致使PAM的结构出现大量孔洞和裂纹。这一现象与已报道的真菌降解塑料的过程[36]类似,这种现象在真菌对PAM的降解过程中尚属首次发现。这主要归因于真菌菌丝的独特作用,因为菌丝能够机械性地渗入高分子材料的间隙与孔隙中,首先通过物理手段破坏其稳定结构,降低PAM的分子量,随后分泌胞外酶对小分子PAM进行降解[37]。复合真菌对PAM分子量的降低率普遍高于细菌[38],但对PAM氮源的利用率不如细菌[39]。因此,可将多菌协同代谢与真菌菌丝的物理化学双重作用相结合,为实现PAM的彻底降解以及提高微生物的环境适应性提供新的研究方向。
微生物无法直接将含酰胺基团的物质作为氮源用于生长,而是需要通过一系列酶促反应将其转化为其他可利用的氮源[40]。在本研究中,复合真菌降解PAM后产物中的TOC、酰胺基、NH4-N和PAM分子量降低,PAM酰胺基侧链的-NH2大量水解,PAM的长链结构被破坏,被分解成小分子有机物。PAM被降解后有少量NO3-N和NH2-OH生成,表明NH4-N参与了硝化作用[41],这可能与真菌在长期PAM的环境胁迫下发生了代谢重编程[42]或氨氧化基因的水平转移现象[42-43]有关。
氮代谢是微生物降解含氮有机物过程中的重要途径[44]。由于本研究未对#8和#12进行全基因组测序,因此将通过挖掘KEGG数据库中与#8和#12相似度最接近的同种菌株(其org编号分别为afv00910和tasp00910[45])的基因组进行分析。结合本研究中培养基中存在NH4Cl和PAM 2种氮源的结果,分别对黄曲霉和棘孢木霉的特异性氮代谢途径进行拼接,拼接结果见图8。从图8可以看出,黄曲霉和棘孢木霉均能利用酰胺酶[EC: 3.5.1.49]将酰胺基水解生成氨,进而在谷氨酸合酶的作用下将氨逐步转化为l-谷氨酸,完成后续的谷氨酸代谢步骤。此外,黄曲霉和棘孢木霉均存在[EC: 1.7.1.4]这条亚硝酸盐还原途径,且黄曲霉存在一条完整的同化硝酸盐还原途径(图8),这可能是培养基中降低亚硝酸盐积累的重要原因[46]
(1) 从矿泥中筛选出3株可以降解PAM的真菌,分别为黑曲霉(#2)、黄曲霉(#8)和棘孢木霉(#12),其在8 d的最大降解率分别为25.20%、23.04%和27.35%,用#12/#8构建的复合真菌对PAM的降解率为31.68%。
(2) 复合真菌#12/#8的最佳降解条件为配比5:3,最佳pH、接种量和培养温度分别为5.5、5%和32 ℃,最优条件下培养8 d后降解率为45.44%,温度是影响其降解PAM的主要因素。最优降解条件下复合真菌的产漆酶和脲酶活力分别达到13.90 U/mL和17.70 U/mL,对CO-NH2、TOC和PAM分子量的降解率分别为45.44%、84.67%和84.57%。
(3) 复合真菌降解后,PAM的侧链酰胺基大量减少,碳链结构被破坏,生成了含-COOH和-OH的小分子有机物。降解后的PAM表面出现大量孔洞、裂纹和凹陷,同时附着有真菌菌丝形成的生物膜。
(4) 根据产物变化和比对KEGG数据的特异性氮代谢途径,表明复合真菌在降解PAM过程中能够有效降低NO2-N的积累。
李嘉:提出概念,调查研究、完成实验、数据分析、撰写正文;靳振江:项目管理、资源支持、监督指导、审阅与修改;胡章恒:协助微生物实验、数据整理;王诗萱:软件指导;罗婷:数据监管;杨承熹:协助实验;范晨:参与论文讨论。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42367017)
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2025年第65卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250301
  • 接收时间:2025-04-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-08
  • 出版时间:2025-12-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-11
  • 录用日期:2025-07-25
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42367017)
国家自然科学基金(42367017)
作者信息
    1.桂林理工大学 环境科学与工程学院,广西 桂林
    2.桂林理工大学,岩溶地区水污染控制与用水安全保障协同创新中心,广西 桂林
    3.桂林理工大学,广西环境污染控制理论与技术重点实验室,广西 桂林
    4.广西生态环保现代产业学院,广西 桂林
    5.桂林理工大学,流域保护与绿色发展广西高校工程研究中心,广西 桂林

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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