Article(id=1204800733288837227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250421, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748620800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1755619200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-20, onlineDate=1765176478931, onlineDateStr=2025-12-08, pubDate=1764777600000, pubDateStr=2025-12-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765176478931, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765176478931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176478931, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1204800727341310425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='12', pageStart='5191', pageEnd='5649', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765176477513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176611928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5524, endPage=5539, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1204800733595021445, articleId=1204800733288837227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Mixed culture and condition optimization promote ectoine synthesis and transformation in halophilic bacteria, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of changes in single factors such as pH, metal ions, and NaCl concentration in the MG medium on the growth of Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 and the yield of 5-hydroxyectoine (5-HE), optimize the culture conditions, and explore the mixed culture conditions of Halomonas campaniensis XH26 with V. salexigens DSM 11483 and the change in the yield of 5-HE. Methods We used a spectrophotometer was used to monitor the biomass (OD600) of bacteria. The HPLC method was used to measure the yields of ectoine and 5-HE. The one-sample t-test was conducted to analyze the difference significance of the experimental data. Results The optimal culture conditions for V. salexigens DSM 11483 were as follows: pH 9.0, FeSO4·7H2O concentration of 1.00 mmol/L, and NaCl concentration of 2.0 mol/L. In this medium, the yields of ectoine and 5-HE were 200.4 mg/L and 80.0 mg/L, respectively. After “feeding” V. salexigens DSM 11483 with 40.0 mmol/L ectoine and culturing for 72 h, the yield of 5-HE reached 1 373.5 mg/L, which was 17.2 times that in the control group. After 72 h of mixed culture of H. campaniensis XH26 cultured for 24 h with V. salexigens DSM 11483 cultured for 36 h, the yields of ectoine and 5-HE were 1 535.1 mg/L and 168.7 mg/L, respectively, which were 7.7 times and 2.1 times the yield of V. salexigens DSM 11483 in pure culture. Conclusions The mixed culture of halophilic bacteria can make full use of their respective advantages to improve the synthesis and transformation efficiency of ectoine, demonstrating further research value.

, correspAuthors=Yongzhen LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 基于MG培养基,考察pH、金属离子及NaCl浓度等单因素变化对需盐枝芽孢杆菌(Virgibacillus salexigens) DSM 11483生长及5-羟基四氢嘧啶(5-hydroxyectoine, 5-HE)产量的影响,优化得到最佳培养条件,并探索坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌(Halomonas campaniensis) XH26与V. salexigens DSM 11483混合培养条件及5-HE产量变化。 方法 利用分光光度计法(OD600)监测细菌的生长情况;采用HPLC法检测四氢嘧啶(ectoine, Ect)及5-HE产量;所有实验数据采用t检验方法进行统计学分析。 结果V. salexigens DSM 11483在最佳培养条件pH为9.0、FeSO4·7H2O为1.00 mmol/L、NaCl浓度为2.0 mol/L进行培养时Ect和5-HE产量分别为200.4 mg/L和80.0 mg/L;以40.0 mmol/L Ect “喂养” V. salexigens DSM 11483并培养72 h后5-HE产量为1 373.5 mg/L,是对照组产量的17.2倍。将H. campaniensis XH26培养24 h后与培养36 h的V. salexigens DSM 11483混合,继续培养72 h后的Ect和5-HE合成产量分别为1 535.1 mg/L和168.7 mg/L,分别是V. salexigens DSM 11483纯培养产量的7.7倍和2.1倍。 结论 本研究表明嗜盐菌混合培养可充分利用各自优势提高Ect的合成与转化效率,具有进一步研究的价值。

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A: Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 strain growth under different pH; B: Ectoine yield; C: 5-HE yield. **: P<0.01; ****: P<0.000 1; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=UqyZhVyRO1hYXXQoqdVbxA==, figureFileBig=BXrKsuc/s3OtGG2iI3LcFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784599556575564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同pH条件下 Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483菌株的生长量及ectoine5-HE的产量检测。A:不同pH作用下Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483菌株生长量;B:Ectoine产量;C:5-HE产量。, figureFileSmall=UqyZhVyRO1hYXXQoqdVbxA==, figureFileBig=BXrKsuc/s3OtGG2iI3LcFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784599707570522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of different metal ions on the growth of Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 strain and the yields of ectoine and 5-HE. A: Growth curves of Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 after addition of different metal ion groups; B: Ectoine yield with time; C: 5-HE yield with time (The initial concentration of metal ions was set to 0.25 mmol/L)., figureFileSmall=HD3o7mICkOHAjPIxuJVebg==, figureFileBig=xVuknAC2+jFCxHmCGhwBbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784599825011043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同金属离子对 Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483菌株生长量及Ect5-HE产量的影响。A:添加不同金属离子组Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483菌株的生长量;B:Ect产量随时间变化情况;C:5-HE产量随时间变化情况(金属离子初始浓度均设置为0.25 mmol/L)。, figureFileSmall=HD3o7mICkOHAjPIxuJVebg==, figureFileBig=xVuknAC2+jFCxHmCGhwBbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784599955034475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of different concentrations of FeSO4·7H2O on the growth of Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 strain and the yields of ectoine and 5-HE. A: Effects of different concentrations of FeSO4·7H2O on the growth of Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 strain; B: The change of ectoine yield over time; C: The change of 5-HE yield over time., figureFileSmall=Sqg1EhMCTx9jtY9fb8KyxQ==, figureFileBig=iGEajzVn/HVjNrZSCB31IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600131195250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同浓度FeSO4·7H2OVirgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483菌株生长及Ect5-HE产量的影响。A:不同浓度FeSO4·7H2O对Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483菌株生长量的影响;B:Ect产量随时间变化情况;C:5-HE产量随时间变化情况。, figureFileSmall=Sqg1EhMCTx9jtY9fb8KyxQ==, figureFileBig=iGEajzVn/HVjNrZSCB31IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600206692731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of NaCl concentration on the growth of Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 strain and the yields of ectoine and 5-HE. A: Growth amount of Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 strain in culture media with different NaCl concentrations; B: Yields of ectoine and 5-HE., figureFileSmall=99EIIfG2x3VMm+HoDcZ3ZQ==, figureFileBig=pxJcL10t5fuB0vjzODKcqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600298967425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=CN, label=图4, caption=NaCl浓度对 Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483菌株生长及Ect5-HE产量的影响。A:不同NaCl浓度培养基内Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483菌株的生长量;B:Ect和5-HE的产量。, figureFileSmall=99EIIfG2x3VMm+HoDcZ3ZQ==, figureFileBig=pxJcL10t5fuB0vjzODKcqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600403825033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of substrate concentration on the growth of Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 strain and the yields of ectoine and 5-HE. A: Growth of Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 strain under different substrate concentrations; B: Detection of ectoine production in intracellular and extracellular of bacteria; C: Detection of 5-HE production in intracellular and extracellular of bacteria., figureFileSmall=kSvFD+yUfQOtu6z+k5RRYw==, figureFileBig=R9edzkjuwarXGB+L2cRzgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600512876942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=CN, label=图5, caption=底物浓度对 Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483菌株生长及ectoine5-HE产量的影响。A:不同底物浓度下Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483菌株的生长量;B:细菌胞内和胞外ectoine产量检测;C:细菌胞内和胞外5-HE产量检测。, figureFileSmall=kSvFD+yUfQOtu6z+k5RRYw==, figureFileBig=R9edzkjuwarXGB+L2cRzgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600638706069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Growth conditions of Halomonas campaniensis XH26 and Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 strains and analysis of ectoine and 5-HE yields. A: Growth amount of Halomonas campaniensis XH26 bacteria, ectoine and 5-HE production; B: Growth amount of Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 bacteria, ectoine and 5-HE production., figureFileSmall=6V2/JrwvvfvO616v1RF+8A==, figureFileBig=7MelPqCc0mb/pgVJm/audQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600760340889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Halomonas campaniensis XH26Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483菌株生长情况及Ect5-HE产量分析。A:Halomonas campaniensis XH26细菌生长量、Ect及5-HE产量;B:Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483细菌生长量、Ect及5-HE产量。, figureFileSmall=6V2/JrwvvfvO616v1RF+8A==, figureFileBig=7MelPqCc0mb/pgVJm/audQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600873587107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Analysis of ectoine and 5-HE yields and bacterial dry weight in mixed cultures at different times. A: Ectoine production in mixed cultures at different times; B: 5-HE production in mixed cultures at different times; C: Dry weight of bacteria in co-culture of two strains at different times., figureFileSmall=gKFk2RazWUn9VF1XUuavhg==, figureFileBig=GkyeIaxiLVDn2ecQZnMysg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784601024582058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同时间混合培养Ect5-HE产量及细菌干重分析。A:不同时间混合培养的Ect产量;B:不同时间混合培养的5-HE产量;C:两菌株不同时间混合培养的细菌干重。, figureFileSmall=gKFk2RazWUn9VF1XUuavhg==, figureFileBig=GkyeIaxiLVDn2ecQZnMysg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784601095885230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Analysis of ectoine, 5-HE and bacterial dry weight after mixing different volumes. A: Ectoine production in mixtures of different volumes; B: 5-HE production after mixing different volumes; C: Dry weight of bacteria after mixing different volumes., figureFileSmall=WttwpC/3NsY97Bd/LaFYJw==, figureFileBig=MvO7uqaXIC3zd8k3omjOoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784601179771318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同体积混合后Ect5-HE及细菌干重分析。A:不同体积混合Ect产量;B:不同体积混合后5-HE产量;C:不同体积混合后细菌干重。, figureFileSmall=WttwpC/3NsY97Bd/LaFYJw==, figureFileBig=MvO7uqaXIC3zd8k3omjOoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784601293017534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800733288837227, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Analysis of ectoine, 5-HE and bacterial dry weight after mixing different volumes under the same OD600 condition. 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基于混合培养和条件优化促进嗜盐菌中四氢嘧啶的合成及转化
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田雪 1 , 董梦瑶 1 , 秦蕊 1 , 龙启福 1 , 韩睿 2 , 朱德锐 1 , 李永臻 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(12): 5524-5539
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(12): 5524-5539
基于混合培养和条件优化促进嗜盐菌中四氢嘧啶的合成及转化
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田雪1, 董梦瑶1, 秦蕊1, 龙启福1, 韩睿2, 朱德锐1, 李永臻1, *
作者信息
  • 1.青海大学 医学院,基础医学部,青海 西宁
  • 2.青海大学 农林科学院,蔬菜遗传与生理重点实验室,青海 西宁
Mixed culture and condition optimization promote ectoine synthesis and transformation in halophilic bacteria
Xue TIAN1, Mengyao DONG1, Rui QIN1, Qifu LONG1, Rui HAN2, Derui ZHU1, Yongzhen LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
出版时间: 2025-12-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250421
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目的 基于MG培养基,考察pH、金属离子及NaCl浓度等单因素变化对需盐枝芽孢杆菌(Virgibacillus salexigens) DSM 11483生长及5-羟基四氢嘧啶(5-hydroxyectoine, 5-HE)产量的影响,优化得到最佳培养条件,并探索坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌(Halomonas campaniensis) XH26与V. salexigens DSM 11483混合培养条件及5-HE产量变化。 方法 利用分光光度计法(OD600)监测细菌的生长情况;采用HPLC法检测四氢嘧啶(ectoine, Ect)及5-HE产量;所有实验数据采用t检验方法进行统计学分析。 结果V. salexigens DSM 11483在最佳培养条件pH为9.0、FeSO4·7H2O为1.00 mmol/L、NaCl浓度为2.0 mol/L进行培养时Ect和5-HE产量分别为200.4 mg/L和80.0 mg/L;以40.0 mmol/L Ect “喂养” V. salexigens DSM 11483并培养72 h后5-HE产量为1 373.5 mg/L,是对照组产量的17.2倍。将H. campaniensis XH26培养24 h后与培养36 h的V. salexigens DSM 11483混合,继续培养72 h后的Ect和5-HE合成产量分别为1 535.1 mg/L和168.7 mg/L,分别是V. salexigens DSM 11483纯培养产量的7.7倍和2.1倍。 结论 本研究表明嗜盐菌混合培养可充分利用各自优势提高Ect的合成与转化效率,具有进一步研究的价值。

嗜盐菌  /  混合培养  /  培养条件优化  /  四氢嘧啶“喂养”  /  5-羟基四氢嘧啶

Objective To investigate the effects of changes in single factors such as pH, metal ions, and NaCl concentration in the MG medium on the growth of Virgibacillus salexigens DSM 11483 and the yield of 5-hydroxyectoine (5-HE), optimize the culture conditions, and explore the mixed culture conditions of Halomonas campaniensis XH26 with V. salexigens DSM 11483 and the change in the yield of 5-HE. Methods We used a spectrophotometer was used to monitor the biomass (OD600) of bacteria. The HPLC method was used to measure the yields of ectoine and 5-HE. The one-sample t-test was conducted to analyze the difference significance of the experimental data. Results The optimal culture conditions for V. salexigens DSM 11483 were as follows: pH 9.0, FeSO4·7H2O concentration of 1.00 mmol/L, and NaCl concentration of 2.0 mol/L. In this medium, the yields of ectoine and 5-HE were 200.4 mg/L and 80.0 mg/L, respectively. After “feeding” V. salexigens DSM 11483 with 40.0 mmol/L ectoine and culturing for 72 h, the yield of 5-HE reached 1 373.5 mg/L, which was 17.2 times that in the control group. After 72 h of mixed culture of H. campaniensis XH26 cultured for 24 h with V. salexigens DSM 11483 cultured for 36 h, the yields of ectoine and 5-HE were 1 535.1 mg/L and 168.7 mg/L, respectively, which were 7.7 times and 2.1 times the yield of V. salexigens DSM 11483 in pure culture. Conclusions The mixed culture of halophilic bacteria can make full use of their respective advantages to improve the synthesis and transformation efficiency of ectoine, demonstrating further research value.

halophilic bacteria  /  mixed culture  /  optimization of culture conditions  /  “feeding” of ectoine  /  5-hydroxyectoine
田雪, 董梦瑶, 秦蕊, 龙启福, 韩睿, 朱德锐, 李永臻. 基于混合培养和条件优化促进嗜盐菌中四氢嘧啶的合成及转化. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5524 -5539 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250421
Xue TIAN, Mengyao DONG, Rui QIN, Qifu LONG, Rui HAN, Derui ZHU, Yongzhen LI. Mixed culture and condition optimization promote ectoine synthesis and transformation in halophilic bacteria[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5524 -5539 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250421
嗜盐微生物为抵御高盐环境的渗透压胁迫,会通过积累水溶性高的相容性溶质来平衡细胞内外的渗透压,从而在高盐度、高温等极端环境中生存[1-3]。相容性溶质在自然界中分布广泛,主要包括糖类、多元醇以及氨基酸及其衍生物[4]。其中,四氢嘧啶(ectoine, Ect)及其羟基化衍生物5-羟基四氢嘧啶(5-hydroxyectoine, 5-HE)因其具有维持蛋白质与DNA稳定性、保护细胞组织等生物学性能而备受关注[5-8]。5-HE相较于Ect额外多一个羟基基团,使其在耐高盐、高温等极端环境中展现出更为优异的性能,在化妆品、医药等工业应用中具有广阔的前景与巨大的开发价值[9]
5-HE以l-天冬氨酸为起始,依次经l-天冬氨酸激酶(l-aspartate kinase, Ask)、l-天冬氨酸-β-半醛脱氢酶(l-aspartate-β-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, Asd)、l-2,4-二氨基丁酸转氨酶(l-2,4-diaminobutyrate transaminase, EctB)、l-2,4-二氨基丁酸乙酰基转移酶(l-2,4-diaminobutyrate acetyltransferase, EctA)和四氢嘧啶合成酶(l-ectoine synthase, EctC)催化转化为Ect,最终由四氢嘧啶羟化酶(ectoine hydroxylase, EctD)催化Ect生成5-HE。然而,目前能用于高效合成5-HE的野生菌株较少,且菌株中EctD酶的催化效率存在较大差异[10]。因此,如何寻找大量合成5-HE的菌株成为国内外研究热点。尽管国内外学者已尝试通过代谢工程改造菌株以提高5-HE产量,如Yang等[11]通过改造嗜盐菌Halomonas salifodinae IM328显著提升了EctD表达水平最终使5-HE产量达到4.9 g/L;Ma等[12]通过代谢工程优化大幅提高了大肠杆菌的5-HE产量至14.9 g/L;Jungmann等[13]通过改造谷氨酸棒状杆菌提高异源表达EctD酶活性进而高产5-HE (产量为74.0 g/L)。虽然通过改造大肠杆菌和谷氨酸棒状杆菌使5-HE产量得到一定提升,但实际生产中仍面临诸多难题:(1) 嗜盐菌的工程菌构建及代谢调控难度大;(2) 传统工业生物技术存在易染菌、设备复杂、难以连续发酵等缺点;(3) 5-HE合成路线存在成本高、产物分离纯化难度大,产量低的问题。相比之下,嗜盐菌、嗜热菌和嗜酸碱菌等极端微生物具有显著优势,其具有能够适应开放环境、无需灭菌、可连续发酵等优点[14],而嗜盐菌因其独特的生理特性(如高耐盐性、耐极端环境等)在生物合成领域具有潜在优势。
混合培养策略在天然产物合成中的应用广泛[15-16],然而针对嗜盐菌混合培养提升相容性溶质产量的研究仍较为有限,本研究选取的2种嗜盐菌——坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌(Halomonas campaniensis) XH26和需盐枝芽孢杆菌(Virgibacillus salexigens) DSM 11483,它们在合成Ect及5-HE上具有互补优势。其中,菌株H. campaniensis XH26的Ect合成能力较强,产量可达(456.82±15.72) mg/L[17],能够为混合培养体系提供充足的Ect前体;菌株V. salexigens DSM 11483不仅具有较强的耐盐能力,还可长时间连续培养,其关键酶EctD可高效催化合成5-HE,已知通过优化培养条件其产量可达121.9 mg/L[3]。基于此,本研究通过嗜盐菌混合培养及培养条件优化,以期提高嗜盐菌混合体系中5-HE的产量,为5-HE的高产提供新的思路。
需盐枝芽孢杆菌(Virgibacillus salexigens) DSM 11483购自中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心(CGMCC 1.3498)。坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌(Halomonas campaniensis) XH26由青海大学基础医学研究中心保存,该菌株分离自小柴旦盐湖。
MG优化培养基(g/L)[3]l-谷氨酸钠120.0,葡萄糖15.0,蛋白胨10.0,KH2PO4 3.0,K2HPO4 9.0,MgSO4·7H2O 0.4,FeSO4·7H2O 0.2,NaCl 6.0,pH调至7.0。
OSM优化培养基(g/L)[18]l-谷氨酸钠6.6,酶水解酪素7.5,NaCl 58.5,MgSO4·7H2O 24.7,KCl 55.9,CaCl2 0.2,酵母2.0,pH调至7.0。
NaCl、MgSO4·7H2O、FeSO4·7H2O,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;四氢嘧啶(ectoine, Ect)标准品、5-羟基四氢嘧啶(5-hydroxyectoine, 5-HE)标准品、甲醇(HPLC级),赛默飞世尔科技公司;有机系微孔滤膜,青海赛斯克生物科技有限公司。
恒温摇床、超净工作台,知楚生物科技(上海)有限公司;高效液相色谱仪,安捷伦科技有限公司;色谱柱,资生堂(中国)投资有限公司;台式离心机,艾本德(上海)国际贸易有限公司;pH计,上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司。
V. salexigens DSM 11483和H. campaniensis XH26原始菌株分别以1%的比例接种于10 mL的MG优化培养基和OSM优化培养基中,37 ℃、160 r/min振荡培养,并每隔12 h测定OD600值直至其达到0.6-1.0。然后分别取活化后的菌液1%接种于100 mL培养基内进行扩大培养。
取Ect 28.4 mg和5-HE 31.6 mg标准品分别加入100 mL纯水,配制成2.00 mmol/L的标准品母液,再将母液以梯度稀释成浓度分别为1.75、1.50、1.25、1.00、0.75、0.50、0.25 mmol/L的工作液。经有机系膜过滤后,利用HPLC进行分析检测,根据色谱峰面积和配制浓度制作标准曲线。HPLC检测条件:流动相为磷酸二氢钾(pH 3.0)/甲醇(96:4,体积比),检测波长210 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温恒定30 ℃,上样量为5 μL。
将活化好的菌液接种到不同培养基内,每组设3个生物学重复,37 ℃、160 r/min培养72 h,并测定OD600。取1 mL发酵液,12 000 r/min离心5 min弃上清,收集菌泥置于100 ℃干浴器内,加热15 min后加1 mL纯水振荡混匀,12 000 r/min离心5 min取上清液过滤后,用HPLC检测样品中5-HE和Ect的含量。
将菌株分别接种到不同pH (4.0-11.0)的培养基中,按照1.3节的方法进行培养,采用1.4节的方法检测5-HE及Ect的产量。
依据最佳pH值,在FeSO4·7H2O的基础上添加锰离子和镁离子,分组设置为FeSO4·7H2O+MnCl2、FeSO4·7H2O+MgSO4·7H2O、FeSO4·7H2O+MnCl2+MgSO4·7H2O组,各金属离子初始浓度均设为0.25 mmol/L。按照1.3节的方法进行培养,采用1.4节的方法检测5-HE及Ect的产量。
依据最佳pH值与最适金属离子组合和最佳浓度,设置0.0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 mol/L不同NaCl浓度组。按照1.3节的方法进行培养,采用1.4节的方法检测5-HE及Ect的产量。
在最优培养基条件下,向培养基内添加不同浓度的Ect,通过底物“喂养”提高V. salexigens DSM 11483合成5-HE的产量。Ect浓度依次为0.0、10.0、20.0、30.0、40.0、50.0 mmol/L,以0 mmol/L Ect为对照组,10.0-50.0 mmol/L为实验组。按照1.3节的方法进行培养,采用1.4节的方法检测5-HE及Ect的产量。
H. campaniensis XH26菌株培养至24 h,V. salexigens DSM 11483菌株分别培养36、48、60、72 h后,各取30 mL菌液混合(总体积60 mL),继续培养72 h,然后提取样品进行HPLC检测。
依据最佳混合培养时间,设置不同体积的H. campaniensis XH26与V. salexigens DSM 11483进行混合共培养,比例分别为H. campaniensis XH26:V. salexigens DSM 11483为1:4、1:3、1:1、3:1、4:1,混合后继续培养72 h,经HPLC检测5-HE和Ect的产量。之后根据两菌的OD600进行不同生物量比例混合,与上述体积比一致,继续培养72 h后经HPLC检测产量。
本研究所有实验数据均基于3次平行实验,利用GraphPad Prism 10.0、Origin 2021统计软件作图,数据比较采用t检验,P<0.05表示有统计学差异。
根据HPLC中Ect和5-HE的色谱峰面积和浓度绘制标准曲线,得到Ect的线性回归方程:y=0.000 5x+0.013 3 (R2=0.999 8);5-HE的线性回归方程:y=0.000 6x-0.018 1 (R2=0.999 9),并计算产量。
根据OD600测量结果(图1A)可知,V. salexigens DSM 11483菌株在pH 4.0-5.0、pH 10.0-11.0的培养基中生长受到抑制,在pH 6.0-9.0范围内生长良好。在pH为7.0时Ect (图1B)产量为202.0 mg/L,5-HE (图1C)产量为67.4 mg/L;pH为9.0时Ect产量较高,为249.5 mg/L,5-HE产量为57.1 mg/L,且pH 9.0时具有显著差异。综合考虑,将后续培养基的pH值确定为9.0。
金属离子会影响微生物的代谢产物,在最适pH为9.0、NaCl为2.5 mol/L的条件下添加不同金属离子,检测V. salexigens DSM 11483中5-HE和Ect的产量。不同金属离子的生长曲线显示(图2A),菌株在36 h后进入稳定期,金属离子对菌株生长无明显抑制作用。菌株培养至24 h开始积累Ect (图2B),72 h时积累量均逐渐增加。当培养基中单独添加FeSO4·7H2O时Ect产量为184.8 mg/L,5-HE产量为57.8 mg/L;FeSO4·7H2O+MgSO4·7H2O组合后5-HE产量为60.5 mg/L;3种盐混合培养后至36 h的5-HE产量为41.0 mg/L,至72 h后产量下降为26.8 mg/L。结果表明,铁离子和镁离子组合培养至72 h时5-HE产量相对较高,其中铁离子贡献最大(图2C)。因此,选择铁离子和镁离子组合为后续提高5-HE产量筛选的基础条件。
基于最适pH及最适金属离子条件,本研究在培养基中添加不同浓度的FeSO4·7H2O,浓度范围设定为0.25-1.00 mmol/L。结果表明,添加1.00 mmol/L铁离子时菌株生长态势更佳(图3A),随培养时间变化Ect产量逐渐增加,至72 h时为210.4 mg/L (图3B),5-HE产量为74.6 mg/L (图3C)。因此,选定培养基中FeSO4·7H2O的最佳浓度为1.00 mmol/L。
NaCl浓度对微生物的生长和代谢产物的生成具有显著影响,较高浓度的NaCl可能会促进Ect及5-HE的生成,但会对生物生长产生一定的抑制作用。在最适pH和金属离子条件下,考察培养基中NaCl浓度对菌株生长及5-HE产量的影响。在2.0 mol/L的NaCl浓度下菌株生长情况最佳(图4A),该浓度下Ect和5-HE的产量分别为200.4 mg/L和80.0 mg/L (图4B)。因此,最终确定合成Ect与5-HE的最佳培养条件为pH 9.0,MgSO4·7H2O浓度为0.25 mmol/L,FeSO4·7H2O浓度为1.00 mmol/L,NaCl浓度为2.0 mol/L。
前期体外酶学催化特性研究发现,V. salexigens DSM 11483菌株的EctD活性较高[10]。以不同浓度Ect “喂养” V. salexigens DSM 11483菌株并检测对5-HE产量的影响。该菌生长曲线结果显示在30-36 h生长迅速(图5A),表明以Ect “喂养”对菌株的生长无抑制作用,且能促进该菌株生长。检测结果表明,在底物浓度为40.0 mmol/L培养72 h时,胞内5-HE产量最高为1 373.5 mg/L (图5C),此时Ect产量为541.8 mg/L (图5B),5-HE/Ect产量比值约为2.5。其中,5-HE产量是对照组的17.2倍,说明添加Ect可显著提高5-HE产量。
基于两菌株的最佳培养基分别对V. salexigens DSM 11483 (盐度2.0 mol/L)与H. campaniensis XH26 (盐度1.0 mol/L[18])进行单独培养。通过HPLC检测及生长曲线分析发现(图6A),H. campaniensis XH26菌株在24 h进入对数期,菌株生长较为迅速,且Ect产量明显增加,但培养至84 h后产量逐渐下降。V. salexigens DSM 11483菌株的细菌生物量随培养时间增加而持续增加,当培养至72 h时Ect产量达到最高,但5-HE产量在72 h前后无明显变化(图6B)。综合考虑,确定H. campaniensis XH26与V. salexigens DSM 11483的最佳培养时间分别为24 h和36 h。
在混合培养条件下,两菌不同混合时间培养对产量有显著影响。因此,确定将H. campaniensis XH26培养至24 h后与培养不同时间的V. salexigens DSM 11483进行等比例混合培养72 h后检测产量。结果显示(图7A7B),当V. salexigens DSM 11483培养36 h后,与H. campaniensis XH26混合并继续培养72 h,Ect及5-HE产量均为最高,Ect产量为1 535.1 mg/L,5-HE产量达到最高值168.7 mg/L。如图7C所示,细菌生物量持续增长,相较于V. salexigens DSM 11483菌株单独培养,嗜盐菌混合培养可显著提高5-HE和Ect产量。
为探索培养体系中两菌最佳混合体积比,按照1.7.2节中的比例进行混合培养。不同比例混合培养结果显示(图8A8B),Ect和5-HE产量随时间增加而增多,且均高于单独培养。当两菌混合体积比为1:1,并培养至72 h时,Ect产量为1 489.8 mg/L,5-HE产量为164.3 mg/L,均高于其他比例。细菌干重结果显示(图8C),混合培养细菌干重比单独培养高,在60 h细菌干重呈下降趋势。
为进一步探索细菌生物量对产量的影响,将处于对数生长期的H. campaniensis XH26 (OD600=1.8,图6A)与处于稳定期的V. salexigens DSM 11483 (OD600=1.8)菌株按不同比例混合后继续培养,并检测Ect与5-HE产量。结果显示,当H. campaniensis XH26:V. salexigens DSM 11483体积比为1:4时,Ect产量为1 246.9 mg/L (图9A),5-HE的产量为157.2 mg/L (图9B);体积比例为3:1时,Ect产量较高,为1 380.6 mg/L,而5-HE产量为56.8 mg/L。
综合来看,在探索不同混合时间、混合比例及生物量条件下发现,当H. campaniensis XH26培养至24 h,V. salexigens DSM 11483培养至36 h时,按体积比1:1混合继续培养72 h,5-HE呈现最高产量,为168.7 mg/L。
本研究探索了V. salexigens DSM 11483菌株生产5-HE和Ect的最优培养条件。结果表明,该菌株在pH 6.0-9.0环境中生长良好,过酸或过碱均会显著抑制微生物生长及代谢产量[19-20]。铁、镁等离子是微生物生长所必需的微量元素,根据5-HE合成催化机制,铁离子可提高5-HE产量[21-22]。因此,本研究在MG培养基中含FeSO4·7H2O的基础上,增加MnCl2和MgSO4·7H2O后探索不同金属离子组合对5-HE和Ect产量的影响。菌株生长曲线及代谢产物分析结果显示,添加金属离子并未抑制菌株生长,3种金属离子的协同作用可显著促进Ect合成,而铁、镁离子组合对5-HE积累表现出特异性刺激作用。该结果与Bursy等[22]在体外实验中得出的EctD催化Ect发生羟基化反应依赖铁离子的结论高度一致。添加锰离子后5-HE产量下降,可能是锰离子对Ect合成途径关键酶活性具有正向调控作用[23-24]。铁离子作为EctD酶的必需辅酶因子,可与镁离子协同促进5-HE生物合成[25],验证了金属离子组合在Ect代谢调控中的关键作用。本菌株在盐环境中的生长曲线显示,在0-3.0 mol/L盐度范围内生长良好,当盐度为2.0 mol/L时生长量、5-HE与Ect产量最高,这可能是高盐环境下菌株通过积累Ect及5-HE等相容性溶质来平衡细胞内外渗透压[5,26]
酶促反应动力学实验结果表明,源于V. salexigens DSM 11483的EctD具有较高催化效率[10]。因此,本研究将Ect作为外源底物检测其被V. salexigens DSM 11483吸收并转化合成5-HE的能力。结果显示,在底物浓度为0-40.0 mmol/L范围内细菌胞内的Ect和5-HE积累量逐渐增加;当底物浓度为40.0 mmol/L时5-HE产量最高,5-HE/Ect产量比为19%,但底物浓度超过40.0 mmol/L时细菌胞内的二者产量均下降。Jungmann等[13]研究发现,在C. glutamicum菌中当底物浓度提高至5.0 mmol/L时5-HE在培养基内积累。本研究中V. salexigens DSM 11483对外加Ect转化能力不足的原因可能是胞内高浓度5-HE抑制了EctD酶后续催化,这与井东源等[10]的实验结果相符。值得注意的是,生长曲线显示此时菌体生物量仍保持持续增长,因此推测该嗜盐菌在特定盐浓度培养基中维持细菌生长至稳定期所需相容性溶质[27-28]的产量是一定的,而此时外加Ect可能会破坏其渗透压稳态,进而抑制该菌自身Ect和5-HE合成,提示Ect和5-HE可能存在其他未知的代谢降解途径参与调控。
本研究还探索了菌株对胞内合成的Ect和5-HE的外泌特性,分别检测0 h和72 h时培养基中Ect和5-HE的产量。结果表明,在72 h时培养基中仅检测到少量Ect,但未能检测出5-HE,推测可能是大部分相容性溶质积累在胞内发挥维持渗透压作用,抑或该菌合成的5-HE产量较少不足以外泌至培养基内或HPLC检测能力不足导致,后续计划通过同位素示踪法并利用高分辨质谱进行检测[29-30]并追踪外加Ect的转化及降解途径。值得注意的是,在Ect “喂养”体系中将细菌培养至72 h时检测胞内、外的Ect和5-HE产量发现可检测到少量5-HE外泌。当“喂养” Ect浓度小于20.0 mmol/L培养至72 h时,胞外Ect的浓度相比初始浓度有所减少,同时伴有5-HE产量的升高,可能是外源添加的Ect被摄取并转化为5-HE,此时Ect转化率为25%,这与Jungmann等[13]的推测一致。当底物浓度超过20.0 mmol/L时,胞外的Ect浓度则比初始浓度略有升高,这些结果表明培养基中低浓度Ect时菌株以吸收转化Ect为主,而高浓度时细菌可能激活其他未知代谢路径或自身开始合成Ect。在本研究体系中,V. salexigens DSM 11483菌株生长代谢过程中胞内5-HE持续累积到一定浓度,进而触发外泌机制,推测还可能存在外膜囊泡分泌或主动转运等来实现胞内外物质平衡。然而,具体外泌机制和调节机制仍需进一步实验研究来阐明[31-32]
微生物在共培养环境下会相互促进或抑制生长,不同微生物也会争夺环境中的营养成分[16]H. campaniensis XH26与V. salexigens DSM 11483菌株分别具有高产Ect和5-HE的能力,且二者均可在高盐条件下生长,因此本研究中将2种嗜盐菌株H. campaniensis XH26和V. salexigens DSM 11483进行混合,拟通过混合培养提高5-HE产量。实验数据表明,H. campaniensis XH26培养24 h、V. salexigens DSM 11483培养36 h后再混合培养72 h,此时5-HE产量相对较高,其5-HE/Ect产量比为10%,显著高于单独培养或其他时间点混合培养的产量比,这可能是因为混合培养时通过交叉喂养促进了相容性溶质Ect的合成和转化。基于Ect “喂养”实验有明显增加5-HE合成的效果,推测两菌株以不同比例混合可能会有利于5-HE的合成,但结果表明不同体积混合培养时,H. campaniensis XH26:V. salexigens DSM 11483为1:1时5-HE产量较高,5-HE/Ect产量比为11%,在相同体积下混合体系中H. campaniensis XH26菌株生物量较多,提供了更充足的Ect底物,所以起到部分Ect “喂养”效果,从而使5-HE产量相对高于单独培养;而将相同OD600值两菌培养物以不同比例混合时,H. campaniensis XH26:V. salexigens DSM 11483为1:4或3:1时5-HE和Ect产量均比1:1混合培养高,此时5-HE/Ect产量比分别为12%和4%,这可能是因为1:1时菌株的生物量相近,代谢产物合成过程中存在营养竞争,导致5-HE产量相对较低,但菌株间的相互作用和具体促进分子机制后续还需通过检测胞内代谢情况和转录组分析技术进行深入分析以进一步验证。混合培养体系中Ect及5-HE产量及比例不如Ect “喂养”效果好,可能是H. campaniensis XH26菌株自身分泌的Ect仅为433.0 mg/L,而Ect “喂养”是该菌株分泌的3.5-16.0倍,远低于外源添加Ect量,使得5-HE产量未达期望值。后续实验可通过多种手段增加H. campaniensis XH26中Ect外泌至混合培养体系,如基因重组增加H. campaniensis XH26的ectABC基因表达或体外增加EctABC酶的催化活性提高Ect供给,或可直接加H. campaniensis XH26裂解液,进而提升5-HE合成效率。
本研究对嗜盐菌V. salexigens DSM 11483与H. campaniensis XH26混合培养及V. salexigens DSM 11483喂养Ect并提高5-HE产量的策略进行了初步探索与条件优化。结果表明,在pH 9.0、1.00 mmol/L FeSO4·7H2O及2.0 mol/L NaCl条件下,V. salexigens DSM 11483菌中5-HE产量达80.0 mg/L,是原始培养条件下5-HE合成产量的1.2倍。40.0 mmol/L Ect “喂养” V. salexigens DSM 11483时5-HE产量最高达1 373.5 mg/L,是上述优化条件下5-HE产量的17.2倍。在两菌株混合培养实验中,将菌株H. campaniensis XH26培养24 h后与V. salexigens DSM 11483 (培养至36 h)按1:1比例混合培养至72 h,5-HE产量提高至168.7 mg/L,是单因素优化下5-HE产量的2.1倍。混合培养效果还远不如外源Ect喂养的效果,未来需进一步优化菌株共培养条件或增强H. campaniensis XH26的Ect分泌效率以提高5-HE产量及比例,为后续5-HE的高效生产提供理论基础。
田雪:研究设计、数据处理、论文撰写及修改;董梦瑶:V. salexigens DSM 11483的基础条件优化;秦蕊:H. campaniensis XH26基础培养条件优化;龙启福:两菌混合培养研究方法指导;韩睿:研究方法指导;朱德锐:实验方案可行性评估与指导;李永臻:研究方法指导及论文讨论与修改。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32260019)
  • 青海中央引导地方科技发展资金(2024ZY015)
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2025年第65卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250421
  • 接收时间:2025-05-31
  • 首发时间:2025-12-08
  • 出版时间:2025-12-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-31
  • 录用日期:2025-08-20
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260019)
国家自然科学基金(32260019)
Qinghai Central Government Guide Local Science and Technology Development Fund(2024ZY015)
青海中央引导地方科技发展资金(2024ZY015)
作者信息
    1.青海大学 医学院,基础医学部,青海 西宁
    2.青海大学 农林科学院,蔬菜遗传与生理重点实验室,青海 西宁

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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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