Article(id=1204800732030545934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250454, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749484800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1750953600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-27, onlineDate=1765176478630, onlineDateStr=2025-12-08, pubDate=1764777600000, pubDateStr=2025-12-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765176478630, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765176478630, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769158546134, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1204800727341310425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='12', pageStart='5191', pageEnd='5649', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765176477513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176611928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5257, endPage=5270, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1204800732319952934, articleId=1204800732030545934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress and prospects of viral diseases in giant pandas, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, the widespread application of new technologies such as viral metagenomics has expanded our understanding of viral diseases in giant pandas. In addition to the previously reported infections with canine distemper virus, rotavirus, and parvovirus, the viruses carried by giant pandas exhibit increasing diversity and unique genetic variation characteristics. The growing population size and density of giant pandas post serious challenges to the population biosecurity, especially the prevention and control of viral diseases. To better understand the epidemiological characteristics of viral diseases in giant pandas, as well as the current status of the prevention and control for the development of effective strategies, we review the studies about viral diseases in giant pandas. This paper systematically elucidates the infection characteristics and hazards of major viral pathogens, as well as diagnostic methods, treatment measures, and preventive strategies. Additionally, the paper explores the bottlenecks and challenges encountered in developing and applying vaccines for giant pandas and the difficulties faced in viral disease research and proposes future research directions and recommendations, aiming to provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling viral diseases in giant pandas.

, correspAuthors=Rong HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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近年来,病毒宏基因组等新技术的广泛应用拓展了对大熊猫病毒性疾病的认知。研究揭示,除已报道的犬瘟热病毒、轮状病毒、细小病毒感染外,大熊猫携带的病毒逐渐呈现出高度多样性和独特的基因变异特征。随着大熊猫种群数量的增长和密度的增加,种群生物安全,尤其是病毒性疾病的防控面临严峻挑战。为深入了解大熊猫病毒性疾病的流行特点与防治现状,以制定有效的防控方案,本文综述了大熊猫病毒性疾病的相关研究,系统阐述了主要病毒病原的感染特点、危害以及诊断方法、治疗措施和预防措施等,深入探讨了大熊猫专用疫苗研发及应用面临的瓶颈与挑战,总结了病毒性疾病研究面临的困难和存在的问题。基于此,对未来研究发展方向提出展望和建议,为大熊猫病毒性疾病的预防与控制提供科学依据。

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The death number of giant pandas caused by viral diseases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

病原

Pathogen

年份

Year

死亡数量

Death number

数据来源

Resource

总计

Total

犬瘟热病毒Canine distemper virus19832[2]9
19972[3]
2014-20155[5]
轮状病毒Rotavirus20011[6]1
犬细小病毒Canine parvovirus20221[10]1
猫泛白细胞减少症病毒Feline panleukopenia virus20202[11]2
), ArticleFig(id=1217784601657922001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800732030545934, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

病毒性疾病致大熊猫死亡情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

病原

Pathogen

年份

Year

死亡数量

Death number

数据来源

Resource

总计

Total

犬瘟热病毒Canine distemper virus19832[2]9
19972[3]
2014-20155[5]
轮状病毒Rotavirus20011[6]1
犬细小病毒Canine parvovirus20221[10]1
猫泛白细胞减少症病毒Feline panleukopenia virus20202[11]2
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大熊猫病毒性疾病研究进展及展望
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刘颂蕊 1 , 李运莉 1, 2 , 张洪文 1 , 苏小艳 1 , 张东升 1 , 岳婵娟 1 , 曾建红 1 , 侯蓉 1, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(12): 5257-5270
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(12): 5257-5270
大熊猫病毒性疾病研究进展及展望
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刘颂蕊1, 李运莉1, 2, 张洪文1, 苏小艳1, 张东升1, 岳婵娟1, 曾建红1, 侯蓉1, *
作者信息
  • 1.成都大熊猫繁育研究基地,珍稀濒危野生动物保护四川省重点实验室,四川 成都
  • 2.四川农业大学 动物医学院,四川 成都
Research progress and prospects of viral diseases in giant pandas
Songrui LIU1, Yunli LI1, 2, Hongwen ZHANG1, Xiaoyan SU1, Dongsheng ZHANG1, Chanjuan YUE1, Jianhong ZENG1, Rong HOU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
  • 2.College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2025-12-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250454
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近年来,病毒宏基因组等新技术的广泛应用拓展了对大熊猫病毒性疾病的认知。研究揭示,除已报道的犬瘟热病毒、轮状病毒、细小病毒感染外,大熊猫携带的病毒逐渐呈现出高度多样性和独特的基因变异特征。随着大熊猫种群数量的增长和密度的增加,种群生物安全,尤其是病毒性疾病的防控面临严峻挑战。为深入了解大熊猫病毒性疾病的流行特点与防治现状,以制定有效的防控方案,本文综述了大熊猫病毒性疾病的相关研究,系统阐述了主要病毒病原的感染特点、危害以及诊断方法、治疗措施和预防措施等,深入探讨了大熊猫专用疫苗研发及应用面临的瓶颈与挑战,总结了病毒性疾病研究面临的困难和存在的问题。基于此,对未来研究发展方向提出展望和建议,为大熊猫病毒性疾病的预防与控制提供科学依据。

大熊猫  /  犬瘟热病毒  /  细小病毒  /  轮状病毒  /  新型病毒

In recent years, the widespread application of new technologies such as viral metagenomics has expanded our understanding of viral diseases in giant pandas. In addition to the previously reported infections with canine distemper virus, rotavirus, and parvovirus, the viruses carried by giant pandas exhibit increasing diversity and unique genetic variation characteristics. The growing population size and density of giant pandas post serious challenges to the population biosecurity, especially the prevention and control of viral diseases. To better understand the epidemiological characteristics of viral diseases in giant pandas, as well as the current status of the prevention and control for the development of effective strategies, we review the studies about viral diseases in giant pandas. This paper systematically elucidates the infection characteristics and hazards of major viral pathogens, as well as diagnostic methods, treatment measures, and preventive strategies. Additionally, the paper explores the bottlenecks and challenges encountered in developing and applying vaccines for giant pandas and the difficulties faced in viral disease research and proposes future research directions and recommendations, aiming to provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling viral diseases in giant pandas.

giant panda  /  canine distemper virus  /  parvovirus  /  rotavirus  /  novel virus
刘颂蕊, 李运莉, 张洪文, 苏小艳, 张东升, 岳婵娟, 曾建红, 侯蓉. 大熊猫病毒性疾病研究进展及展望. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5257 -5270 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250454
Songrui LIU, Yunli LI, Hongwen ZHANG, Xiaoyan SU, Dongsheng ZHANG, Chanjuan YUE, Jianhong ZENG, Rong HOU. Research progress and prospects of viral diseases in giant pandas[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5257 -5270 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250454
根据全国第四次大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)调查(https://www.forestry.gov.cn/search/39256)结果,野生大熊猫种群数量为1 864只,截至2024年底圈养大熊猫种群数量已达757只(https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202411/content_6989425.htm)。随着社会生态环境的变化,人类与新的自然区域以及野生动物的接触愈发频繁。同时,圈养大熊猫数量和种群密度的增长使得大熊猫感染病毒性疾病的风险大幅增加。动物之间的转运与交流加快了病原,尤其是病毒性病原的传播和变异速度,极易引发病毒性传染病的流行,给大熊猫的疾病防控带来了严峻挑战。现有报道和研究显示,大熊猫病毒性病原主要有犬瘟热病毒、细小病毒、轮状病毒、流感病毒等。其中,部分病毒为人兽共患病毒,传播力强,对大熊猫的致病性和危害性极大。此外,除了已知的烈性病毒性疾病外,作为旗舰物种的大熊猫体内可能携带大量致病性病毒和未知新型病毒,这些病毒潜在威胁着大熊猫种群健康。因此,全面了解大熊猫面临的病毒性疾病威胁有助于更好地开展疫病防控工作,维护大熊猫种群的健康发展,促进生物多样性保护。本文从大熊猫病毒性病原及危害、诊断、治疗、预防等方面对相关研究进行综述,并对未来研究方向进行展望,以期为大熊猫病毒性疾病的预防与控制提供参考。
犬瘟热病毒(canine distemper virus, CDV)可引发犬瘟热这一急性、高度接触性传染病,致死率极高。除犬科动物易感外,东北虎、非洲狮、雪豹、大熊猫等野生动物也可自然感染甚至致死,严重威胁野生动物种群安全[1]。早在1983年就有大熊猫感染犬瘟热病毒并导致2只死亡的案例报道[2]。1997年5月,重庆某动物园的2只大熊猫出现犬瘟热病毒和冠状病毒样病毒混合感染,经治疗无效最终死亡;基因序列比较发现,该例大熊猫犬瘟热病毒株与以往测定的毒株不同,与从海豹中分离的犬瘟热毒株亲缘关系较近[3]。多位学者针对该毒株开展了融合蛋白和血凝蛋白特征研究,以期为大熊猫犬瘟热病毒及疫苗研发提供科学依据。2014年,陕西珍稀野生动物救护中心发生大熊猫犬瘟热疫情,6只感染大熊猫中有5只死亡;首例大熊猫出现下颌颤抖、四肢抽搐症状后,在14周内相邻的4只大熊猫相继出现化脓性眼分泌物、鼻镜和足部角化及抽搐等症状,均在发病7-34 d内死亡;经PCR检测确认为犬瘟热病毒感染,分离的毒株与狐、貉源病毒亲缘较近,感染幼犬后幼犬相继出现临床症状,证实了该毒株具有强毒力[4]。序列分析发现,该毒株在F、P基因上存在变异,其中H蛋白上的Y549H突变可能与跨宿主传播能力及毒力增强有关[5]。此次犬瘟热疫情造成重大损失,犬瘟热病毒也被视为威胁大熊猫种群健康的首要烈性病毒。
轮状病毒(rotavirus, RV)是导致婴幼儿及幼龄动物发生急性腹泻的重要病原,严重时甚至可导致死亡。2001-2004年,成都大熊猫繁育研究基地的11只大熊猫幼兽(5-11月龄)先后表现食欲减退、腹泻等临床症状,其中1只在发病4 d后因败血症导致多器官功能衰竭而死亡;从8只大熊猫幼兽的腹泻粪便中分离出轮状病毒,经鉴定为大熊猫轮状病毒CH-1株,该传染病在2000-2003年间造成幼兽发病率达64.7%,严重危害种群健康[6]。2010年,在上海某农场腹泻仔猪中分离出的轮状病毒毒株,其VP7基因与大熊猫轮状病毒株高度同源,NSP4基因与人轮状病毒毒株高度同源,这表明轮状病毒可在人与动物间传播并进行基因组重排[7]。因此,在大熊猫的轮状病毒防控中不仅要加强实验室监测,还应该更加关注饲养人员与动物之间的轮状病毒交叉感染。
犬细小病毒(canine parvovirus, CPV)感染主要引起动物出现严重的综合肠炎和心肌炎。2009年有学者对3个不同机构的92份大熊猫血清进行血清学调查,结果显示近一半未免疫的大熊猫血清中CPV抗体阳性,这表明大熊猫可自然感染CPV,且该病毒在不同机构的大熊猫种群中可能广泛存在[8]。2013年,Guo等[9]从36份大熊猫粪便样本中检出1例CPV阳性,并发现该毒株VP2蛋白存在Q370R位点突变,随后建立了PCR诊断方法;流行病学调查结果显示,从成都大熊猫繁育研究基地采集的52份大熊猫粪便中CPV阳性率达15.3% (8/52),尽管阳性动物未呈现临床症状,但病毒在种群中潜伏存在暴发风险。2022年有文献报道卧龙自然保护区一只野生幼年大熊猫因CPV感染导致全身多器官损伤而死亡,分离的熊猫源CPV病毒株与保护区及周边城市犬类动物大多数CPV流行毒株同为CPV-2c型,存在相互传播的可能,亟需完善相关防治措施[10]
猫泛白细胞减少症病毒(feline panleukopenia virus, FPV)同属细小病毒科,临床感染表现多以突发高热、顽固性呕吐、腹泻、脱水、循环障碍及白细胞减少为特征。近期研究报道了2例幼龄大熊猫因严重腹泻、呕吐、厌食及精神萎靡治疗无效死亡的案例;病原检测结合病毒分离鉴定、遗传分析和动物致病性实验证实这2例死亡是由猫泛白细胞减少症病毒感染所致,基于VP2核苷酸序列的系统发育树分析显示,该毒株与猫泛白细胞减少症病毒高度同源,并表现出较强的毒力及潜在的跨物种传播能力[11]。2021年首次报道了猫泛白细胞减少症病毒可以感染大熊猫,并发现VP2基因存在自然点突变G299E,进一步的病毒分离和动物实验证实该毒株对幼猫具有强致病性[12-13]。同时发现,该毒株在同一生境内的小熊猫和流浪猫体内被检出,编码区相似度>99%,高度的亲缘关系暗示了该病毒在“大熊猫-小熊猫-流浪猫”三者间存在跨物种传播的可能性[14]。此外,有学者从死亡大熊猫体内分离到一株表现具有犬细小病毒和猫泛白细胞减少症病毒重组病毒特征的细小病毒毒株[15]。以上报道表明,无论是犬细小病毒还是猫泛白细胞减少症病毒,随着病毒传播能力的增强及变异积累均可能对大熊猫等珍稀野生动物种群构成严重威胁。
冠状病毒(coronavirus)可引起犬发生程度不同的胃肠炎,发病特征包括频繁呕吐、腹泻、精神沉郁及厌食等,常与犬细小病毒、轮状病毒等病原体混合感染。研究报道显示,2只大熊猫死于犬瘟热病毒和冠状病毒的混合感染,从死亡大熊猫的肝脏中成功分离出犬冠状病毒,并通过遗传分析揭示与其他犬冠状病毒的亲缘关系以分析其来源[16-18]。同时,利用该大熊猫源犬冠状病毒毒株进行动物感染实验发现,该毒株对幼犬具有强致病性,感染后5 d内幼犬相继死亡,组织内可检出病毒,证实病毒可在幼犬体内定植并复制,通过侵害组织造成动物死亡[19]。为了解冠状病毒对大熊猫的感染情况,Qiao等[20]对从北京动物园和四川区域采集的62份大熊猫血清开展了中和抗体调查,结果发现抗体阳性率为12.9% (8/62),表明犬冠状病毒在大熊猫种群中存在,可能对大熊猫的健康构成威胁。
流行性感冒病毒简称流感病毒,可引起人、禽、猪、马、蝙蝠等多种动物感染和发病。其中,甲型流感病毒由于常发生抗原变异,可进一步分为H1N1、H3N2、H5N1、H7N9等亚型。2009年秋季,四川雅安的3只大熊猫感染H1N1型流感病毒,该大熊猫感染的流感毒株与当时当地人类流行的pH1N1毒株非常接近[21]。2018年11月,香港海洋公园的大熊猫乐乐出现精神食欲差、黄色黏性鼻液、呼吸急促且腹式呼吸等症状,后经病原检测证实为流感病毒感染,经治疗后痊愈;该大熊猫源流感病毒也与2018年中国香港流行的人类流感病毒高度相似[22]。这2例大熊猫感染流感病毒的报道也提醒圈养大熊猫饲养机构,饲养人员一旦感染流感应做好隔离和消毒工作,降低传染大熊猫患病的几率。
圆环病毒属于圆环病毒科(Circoviridae),虽然大熊猫暂无感染圆环病毒发病的报道,但有研究团队运用病毒宏基因组学和PCR方法从12只临床无症状的健康大熊猫血液样本中获得了一种新型圆环病毒并发现了该病毒的全基因组序列[23]。在对大熊猫肠道病毒群落的研究中发现,除病毒种类具有多样性外,还发现了4个新型圆环状病毒,这些新型圆环病毒对大熊猫的潜在威胁需要进一步深入研究[24]
肠道病毒群落的研究近年来受到很多学者的关注,肠道病毒群落受不同机体的遗传特征、健康状态、生活环境及饮食习惯等因素影响,变化较大[25]。相比之下,病毒宏基因组技术是研究肠道病毒群落的最佳手段,利用该技术从秦岭7只野生大熊猫粪便样本中确定了6个接近完整的小核糖核酸目基因组,其中2个可作为一个新的病毒科或属[26]。这些新发现为深入开展肠道病毒群落以及野生动物病原谱研究提供了强有力的科学依据。
蜱传病毒对大熊猫的威胁也不容忽视。有研究团队从四川卧龙自然保护区内寄生在大熊猫身上的蜱中发现并确认了一种新的荆门蜱病毒——四川蜱病毒,并获得了该病毒的完整核苷酸序列,该病毒对人、动物的致病性及其在自然界的流行病学特征有待进一步研究[27]。近年来,从大熊猫生境内收集的蜱虫体内发现5株不同的新型布尼亚病毒,其中4株属于内罗病毒科正内罗属病毒,1株属于白细病毒科的白蛉病毒属,这表明蜱虫携带病毒群落具有多样性;此外,通过分析发现蜱虫体内有32个不同的病毒种类,其中有一半与大熊猫和小熊猫等宿主体内的病毒具有亲缘性,包括指环病毒、布尼亚病毒和戊型肝炎病毒[28]。针对新发现的病毒还需要加强研究其致病性及威胁性,同时做好蜱传疾病的防控,减少蜱虫对人类及大熊猫的健康威胁。
随着对大熊猫病毒研究的深入以及新的检测技术(如病毒宏基因组技术)的发展,越来越多的大熊猫病毒被发现和报道。德国的研究学者从1只雄性大熊猫的肌肉中检测到一种新型内源性β-逆转录病毒,这类逆转录病毒可感染包括人类在内的哺乳动物,经过研究分析后认为大熊猫的该新型病毒不具备传染性[29]。成都大熊猫繁育研究基地于2017年在1只死亡大熊猫的鼻腔拭子中发现一种可能具有潜在感染性的新型多瘤病毒,而多瘤病毒可以感染多种哺乳动物和鸟类宿主,造成无症状感染、急性全身性疾病或者诱导肿瘤的产生[30]。江苏大学联合成都大熊猫繁育研究基地研究团队在健康大熊猫的鼻咽分泌物和死亡野生大熊猫的肺组织中均检测到少量昆虫病毒序列,表明这些病毒可在大多数免疫能力强的动物中共生;虽然在健康大熊猫中也可检测到患病大熊猫中存在的病毒,但在患病大熊猫中检测到的乳头瘤病毒、小核糖核酸病毒和类绒毛病毒的比例更高,这些病毒与宿主之间的联系值得深入探究[31]。此后,在对大熊猫及其同一生境下的其他伴生动物各类样品的病毒组解析中观察到不同宿主中细小病毒科、指环病毒科、真菌类双生病毒科、圆环病毒科、乳头瘤病毒科、星状病毒科、双顺反子病毒科、小RNA病毒科、披膜病毒科、戊肝病毒科、芜菁黄花叶病毒科和小双节段RNA病毒科的丰度相对较高,表明同一生境下的多种动物中存在高度多样的病毒群落,且有多个未知新型病毒被发现[14]。此外,采用病毒宏基因组技术对大熊猫及其亲缘物种的噬菌体进行分析显示,大熊猫肠道中噬菌体群落比其他亲缘物种更加多样化[32]。这些病毒学研究增进了我们对大熊猫肠道病毒群落的了解,也丰富了大熊猫病毒学知识,为未来很多未知新发疾病的诊断以及监测提供了科学依据。
综上所述,犬瘟热病毒、细小病毒及轮状病毒的感染是近40年来造成大熊猫死亡及引发临床症状的主要病毒性疾病(表1),也是目前大熊猫疫病防控的重点。由于大熊猫所有的病毒性疾病均无专用的特效治疗药物,在疫病发生后对兽舍进行紧急消毒、严格封锁,并分类划区、加强饲养管理可以有效阻止病毒的传播。此外,加强疫情监测、紧急免疫疫苗、做好污物的无害化处理、制定大熊猫疫病防控预案均是圈养条件下饲养机构需要高度重视的关键环节。
大熊猫为大型哺乳类动物,且野生动物对疼痛的忍耐力较强,很多疾病在发病初期难以从临床症状得出准确诊断。大熊猫犬瘟热发病个体临床初期症状表现为突然倒地并剧烈抽搐、口吐白沫,呈癫痫样症状,神经症状稍有缓解后出现打颤、呼吸急促并出现腹式呼吸,临床初期与常规癫痫病、狂犬病、犬细小病毒感染等疾病临床症状极为相似,单独依靠临床表现很难确诊[33]。PCR检测由于具有较高的灵敏度和准确性,被广泛应用于大熊猫的犬瘟热病毒检测[34-35]。长春军事兽医研究所基于重组聚合酶扩增技术(recombinase polymerase amplification, RPA)建立了一种更便捷且准确性高的大熊猫犬瘟热病毒检测方法,无需复杂设备,检测时长缩短至30 min内,灵敏度也较高[36]。以CDV的F蛋白或H蛋白作为包被抗原建立的酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)方法已成功应用于CDV的病原学及血清学检测,为该病毒的感染监测提供了技术支撑[37-38]
大熊猫幼兽感染轮状病毒后主要表现体温升高、呕吐、腹泻等症状,严重时可致死亡,对大熊猫轮状病毒的早期快速检测有利于有效预防和治疗该病。苏小艳等[39]通过构建大熊猫轮状病毒VP7基因PUC-VP7重组质粒,并以其作为阳性对照建立PCR检测方法,该方法具有较好的特异性和敏感性,有效促进该检测技术在大熊猫饲养单位的应用。此外,SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量逆转录PCR技术(quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)和可视化环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)检测技术均具有更高的灵敏度[40-41],也可作为快速检测大熊猫轮状病毒的有效工具。
犬细小病毒和猫泛白细胞减少症病毒在初期常表现出腹泻、呕吐,难以与轮状病毒感染或其他细菌感染进行区别诊断。在细小病毒检测中,血凝试验(hemagglutination, HA)与血凝抑制试验(hemagglutination inhibition, HI)因其简便、结果直观的特点仍为常用检测方法。早在1994年,对卧龙保护区的大熊猫进行CPV的血清抗体中和实验和血凝抑制实验的结果发现其CPV抗体呈阳性,表明野生及散养大熊猫种群均存在CPV既往感染史[42]。郭玲[43]利用建立的PCR方法对大熊猫样品进行CPV检测,并结合测序结果证明病毒为大熊猫源犬细小病毒。李强等[44]于2023年首次建立了基于大熊猫源CPV-VP2蛋白为抗原、自制HRP标记兔抗大熊猫IgG为酶标二抗的间接ELISA方法,该方法特异性强、灵敏性较高、重复性好,为大熊猫血清中CPV抗体的检测提供了技术支持。
随着技术的不断提高,大熊猫病毒性疾病检测的方法也越来越多。最新的研究报道中有学者针对3种危害大熊猫健康的主要病毒(犬瘟热病毒、犬细小病毒2型、轮状病毒)开发了多重PCR检测方法,该方法具有高灵敏度和特异性,同时可反映样品的混合感染情况,为临床诊断和治疗提供了新的方法[45]。传统的病毒检测方法操作简便,但只能对目前已知的病毒进行检测,很难发现未知病毒,其准确性和时效性存在很多无法避免的局限性。随着科技的发展和检测技术的提高,基于二代测序技术的病毒宏基因组学(viral metagenomics)研究方法的应用很好地突破了这种局限性,该方法可直接以样品中全部病毒核酸为研究对象,既能有效探测存在的已知病毒,还能发现未知病毒,基于该技术对大熊猫及同一生境下的其他伴生动物病毒群落的研究展现出丰富的多样性,对于挖掘新型病毒、潜在致病性病毒具有重要意义[14]
由于缺乏针对性的特效药物且传染性较强,通常大熊猫病毒性疾病的治疗难度更大。关于犬瘟热的治疗,赵鹏鹏等[33]在治疗感染犬瘟热病毒的大熊猫时首选使用高免血清辅助犬瘟热免疫球蛋白,为临床治疗争取到一定时机,但随后个体又突发病症并死亡,这可能与机体抵抗力下降导致病毒反扑有关,在治疗过程中针对出现的临床症状对症治疗和支持疗法也是非常必要的手段。2015年大熊猫犬瘟热疫情暴发后,Zhao等[46]首次研究了感染犬瘟热病毒后大熊猫的肠道微生物菌群多样性,发现病毒破坏了肠道微生物菌群的平衡;当个体感染犬瘟热病毒时肠道炎症增加,含病原体肠道群落的相对丰度会发生变化,这些结果可能为靶向微生物群的治疗方法提供新的见解。虽然大熊猫犬瘟热病毒感染发病后无特效治疗方法,但做好未发病个体的隔离防疫是控制疫病发生的关键。
大熊猫轮状病毒的治疗也无专用特效药物,王成东等[47]根据轮状病毒的致病机理及大熊猫幼兽的生物学特点总结出治疗原则:(1) 治疗过程中及时纠正水、电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱;(2) 及时调整幼兽人工乳的浓度和饲喂量,保护肠黏膜并止泻;(3) 调整肠道菌群并进行抗感染治疗。轮状病毒通常对刚断母乳的幼兽危害极大,而免疫力较强的成年大熊猫通常可耐过感染,甚至无明显临床症状,因此建议在饲养管理中延长幼兽母乳喂养时长,同时辅助一定剂量的微生态制剂和消化酶,定期对环境进行消毒,保持兽舍干燥通风,加强对幼兽的轮状病毒监测,一旦发病及时进行隔离治疗[47]
目前暂未看到有关大熊猫源细小病毒感染后治疗的相关报道,与犬瘟热病毒、轮状病毒一样,大熊猫感染细小病毒的治疗也无特效药物,临床治疗多采用对症治疗及支持疗法。在饲养管理中清洁和消毒是细小病毒等病毒性疾病防控中的重要环节。过氧乙酸消毒液被证明是抑制大熊猫源猫泛白细胞减少症病毒最有效的消毒剂[48],选择合适的消毒剂以及定期清洁消毒是预防大多数感染性病原的主要措施之一。虽然目前暂未发现关于大熊猫感染犬冠状病毒后治疗的研究报道,但是关于大熊猫源冠状病毒的分子生物学研究有助于研究人员了解该毒株的生物特性,为临床诊断、治疗以及疫苗研发提供了大量科学数据。
国内外预防犬瘟热病毒、细小病毒、轮状病毒等传染病的疫苗有很多,但无一种专门用于预防大熊猫传染病的疫苗。各大熊猫饲养机构受条件限制使用的疫苗品牌多样且免疫标准不一,因此多家饲养单位及研究单位开展了犬瘟热疫苗的筛选和评估工作。
2006年,吴开波[49]率先开展了大熊猫注射全弱毒疫苗后4种病毒的抗体消长规律研究。随后,有学者用国产犬用犬瘟热等六联弱毒苗接种33只不同性别、不同年龄的健康大熊猫,连续11个月采集血清测定犬瘟热病毒中和抗体效价,结果表明该疫苗对大熊猫安全,但在现有的免疫剂量和程序下难以有效刺激大熊猫产生保护性中和抗体[50]。美国史密森尼国家动物园通过对2只成年大熊猫进行为期2年的金丝雀痘载体重组犬瘟热病毒疫苗血清中和抗体研究后证明该疫苗是安全的,血清中和抗体滴度证实对大熊猫具有保护作用[51]。使用商品化犬用金丝雀痘病毒重组犬瘟热活载体疫苗,按2种不同的免疫策略对来自某研究中心的23只大熊猫和某研究基地的37只大熊猫进行实验免疫,结果显示犬用重组犬瘟热疫苗可以诱导大熊猫产生中和抗体,进一步依据抗体阳性率和中和抗体水平高低确定该疫苗对大熊猫的最佳免疫策略[52]。此后,多家大熊猫饲养机构选用该金丝雀痘病毒重组疫苗进行大熊猫的犬瘟热免疫,但由于该疫苗购买困难,给大熊猫的犬瘟热免疫带来了极大挑战。
近年来,国内多个研究机构也开始了大熊猫专用犬瘟热疫苗的研发。2012年,李凤琴[53]从被犬瘟热病毒感染的大熊猫眼拭子中扩增得到核蛋白基因,并首次从大熊猫外周血中扩增得到粒细胞-淋巴细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF)基因,采用真核表达载体构建了犬瘟热病毒核酸疫苗。吉林农业大学与长春军事兽医研究所共同构建了能够表达大熊猫源犬瘟热病毒分离株giant panda/SX/2014 H蛋白的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒,成功获得了能够表达大熊猫源犬瘟热病毒-H蛋白的重组腺病毒rAd-CDV-H,在进一步证明其安全有效后可为大熊猫犬瘟热免疫预防提供候选疫苗株[54]。程松等[55]构建了安全性高、容量大的大熊猫犬瘟热病毒H基因重组山羊痘病毒表达系统,为进一步开发大熊猫犬瘟热病毒重组山羊痘病毒活载体疫苗奠定了基础。有研究团队制备了由CPV-VP2和CDV必需抗原表位组成的重组融合蛋白,构建大熊猫源CPV和CDV的VLPs候选疫苗,验证了嵌合CPV-VP2 VLPs可作为大熊猫CPV和CDV感染的潜在二价疫苗候选基因[56]。基于免疫学开展的大熊猫犬瘟热病毒研究也有零星报道,比如大熊猫接种犬瘟热疫苗之后微小RNA (microRNA, miRNA)谱的变化和免疫应答反应,以及大熊猫与犬瘟热病毒肽结合的关键三分子复合物的结构,这些研究为研发大熊猫专用的犬瘟热疫苗提供了免疫学数据[57-59]
关于大熊猫轮状病毒疫苗的研究相对较少,马磊[60]将大熊猫轮状病毒CH-1株的VP4VP7基因与真核表达载体pVAX1进行定向连接,构建出真核表达质粒,再将其转化入减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,这为研究以减毒沙门氏菌为载体的大熊猫轮状病毒CH-1株疫苗的生物学性质奠定了基础。此外,文继峰等[61]开展了壳寡糖对大熊猫轮状病毒VP6-VP7亚单位疫苗作用的研究,证实大熊猫轮状病毒重组蛋白VP6-VP7能够显著诱导动物机体的免疫应答,壳寡糖对重组蛋白呈现较好的免疫增强效果,为研制大熊猫轮状病毒亚单位疫苗提供了参考。
长春军事兽医研究所乔军等[62]以pVAX1为载体首次构建了犬冠状病毒基因的3种真核表达质粒,转染马丁-达比犬肾(Madin-Darby canine kidney cell, MDCK)细胞后可检测到目的基因的转录及目的蛋白的表达;动物免疫试验表明,3种真核表达载体能有效地诱导机体产生细胞免疫与体液免疫应答,这为犬冠状病毒基因疫苗的研究奠定了良好的基础。
随着我国大熊猫圈养种群逐年扩大,传染性疫病预防愈发成为决定圈养大熊猫种群安全的重要环节,动物感染暴发疫情的挑战也越来越大。邵伟庚等[63]采用MaxEnt模型和4种情景模拟下的未来环境因子数据运算,结合ArcGIS 10.2软件分析我国大熊猫栖息地犬瘟热未来空间分布;研究发现,2050年和2070年栖息地内犬瘟热仍有很高风险,且在未来30-50年的时间里犬瘟热对大熊猫的健康构成潜在的较高威胁,应加强对该区域内野生动物疫情防范。因此,不管是野外还是圈养,制定大熊猫疫病防控预警机制,完善传染性疫病的监测系统,加强大熊猫专用疫苗研发,预防传染病对大熊猫的侵袭,都具有非常重要的意义。
2016年陕西大熊猫感染犬瘟热病毒后,Jin等[64]评估了陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区的8只野生大熊猫和周边未接种犬瘟热疫苗的125只犬只的抗体水平。结果发现,8只大熊猫血清中未发现中和抗体,但72%的犬只犬瘟热病毒中和抗体呈阳性,随后31只犬通过PCR检测被证实感染犬瘟热病毒,且毒株与造成大熊猫死亡的犬瘟热病毒同源性较高;该研究表明中国佛坪国家级自然保护区周边的犬只感染犬瘟热病毒具有地方性,且可能跨物种传播给大熊猫,严重威胁着野生大熊猫的安全和健康[64]。2020年,陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区管理局通过调查佛坪大熊猫保护区辖区范围内家养犬的分布情况以及2次免疫前后犬瘟热病毒抗体水平,评估了保护区野生大熊猫受犬瘟热病毒感染的风险;结果表明免疫接种前后,家养犬携带的犬瘟热病毒均会对保护区野生大熊猫构成巨大风险,但免疫接种可有效增强保护区家养犬对犬瘟热病毒的抗病能力[65]。随后,刘新玉等[66]为预防与监测佛坪保护区内野生大熊猫冬季活动区域内的犬瘟热暴发,对保护区内不同海拔高度的3个保护站的34只自由活动的家犬进行犬瘟热病毒疫苗免疫,并引入9只哨兵犬让其自由活动且不进行免疫,作为环境病毒监测的指示动物;结果显示在保护区内对家犬进行CDV疫苗接种并设置哨兵犬的举措,成为冬季佛坪保护区内大熊猫CDV的有效预防与监测措施。
为做好犬瘟热等病毒性疾病的防控工作,越来越多的研究机构开始将防控范围扩大至保护区周边或大熊猫国家公园周边社区。成都大熊猫繁育研究基地评估了犬只对四川栗子坪保护区内野生动物的传染性疾病威胁,调查发现至少有370只犬生活在大熊猫保护的核心区域附近,其中64%的犬只为散养,21%的犬只存在1种或多种病毒(犬瘟热病毒、细小病毒、轮状病毒、狂犬病毒)抗体阳性,而胃肠道寄生虫阳性率为67%,表明犬只携带的病原对栗子坪保护区内的大熊猫等野生动物构成了严重的健康威胁[67]。2019年通过持续对四川大相岭和瓦屋山大熊猫自然保护区周边的潜在风险区域犬只的疫病监测调查发现,犬携带的轮状病毒与大熊猫轮状病毒同源率为100%,且仅有12.7%的犬携带具有保护效率的狂犬病病毒抗体;此后,在村民自愿的前提下对区域内158只家养犬接种犬瘟热四联苗,在大熊猫自然保护区潜在风险区域建立犬瘟热和细小病毒的免疫隔离带[68]。赵九洲等[69]通过实地调查栗子坪自然保护区周边地区368只家养犬的活动受限程度,结果显示该地区家养犬多数具有较强的活动能力,且均为自由散养状态,其中部分携带有以轮状病毒为主的4种病毒和以犬弓首蛔虫为主的7种蠕虫,以轮状病毒/犬瘟热病毒和轮状病毒/犬细小病毒的混合感染为主。李宏飞等[70]全面调查了白水江保护区核心区毗邻的18个行政村2 226户居民家犬病毒携带情况,大部分犬只未接种疫苗,78份血样中犬肝炎病毒、犬细小病毒、犬瘟热病毒抗体阳性率分别为48.72%、85.90%、98.71%,说明调查区域多数家犬感染过3种病毒,向核心区大熊猫等野生动物传播犬肝炎病毒、犬细小病毒、犬瘟热病毒的风险较大,甚至不能排除病毒已经传入部分野生动物种群,对保护区内的野生动物生物安全存在潜在感染风险。
从研究报道来看,大熊猫饲养历史上暴发的几次病毒性疾病多为传染性较强的疾病,也对大熊猫的种群造成了极大的伤害。如果隔离治疗不及时可造成种群大面积感染。加上大熊猫的物种特殊性,无专用的特效治疗药物,治疗困难。病毒的变异加剧了监测及诊断治疗的难度,越来越多的跨物种传播病原也让大熊猫的疫病防控面临更大挑战和压力。
近年来,虽然越来越多的研究机构开始参与大熊猫的保护和研究,但目前在大熊猫病毒性疾病研究中还存在以下困难及问题:(1) 关于大熊猫的病毒性疾病研究主要集中在病原诊断方法的建立、病毒分离鉴定、分子生物特性等方面,多种病毒如犬瘟热病毒、猫泛白细胞减少症病毒等对大熊猫的致病机制尚未研究清楚,且病毒变异快,常规监测手段和防控措施无法应对大熊猫种群密度增加带来的病毒暴发威胁。(2) 大熊猫病毒性疾病研究力量分散且集中在每次大熊猫病毒性疾病暴发后的三五年内,多数研究并未持续深入开展,且很多研究转化率不高。关于大熊猫犬瘟热病毒和细小病毒防控最重要的疫苗研发多存在于实验室阶段,无法将研究成果转化应用到大熊猫保护中来。此外,由于大熊猫的物种特异性,很多病毒的机制研究及药物疫苗研发缺少合适的动物模型,无法深入开展及有效评估。(3) 大熊猫主要饲养机构的病原监测预警平台还不够完善,野生动物疾病的监测体系还有待于加强和提高。成都大熊猫繁育研究基地建立了大熊猫主要病原的监测平台,为饲养管理和临床治疗提供病毒PCR检测、细菌培养、寄生虫筛查等工作,但并未深入开展很多病原的致病机制研究,疫苗抗体的研发平台也需要不断提高和完善。(4) 野外大熊猫的病毒性疾病研究不全面且工作开展困难。病毒性疾病对样本要求很高,野外样品采集困难且无法保证样品新鲜度给野外大熊猫等野生动物的病毒性疾病防控带来了极大挑战。
为更好地保护大熊猫这一珍稀物种,做好大熊猫国家公园的建设,做到关口前移、人病兽防,加强病毒性疾病的研究很有必要。建议未来可以加强以下5个方面的研究工作:(1) 集中研究力量,大熊猫饲养单位加强与高校、研究所的紧密合作,共同攻克技术难关,联合开展重大病毒性疾病的诊断、治疗、预防工作;(2) 加强产学研合作与交流,推动实验室研究成果落地转化应用,加快大熊猫专用疫苗的研发及推广应用,实现真正预防重大疾病的暴发及对种群的伤害;(3) 使用大熊猫源细胞系等代替大熊猫本体动物模型,深入开展部分病毒的致病机制研究及疫苗抗体药物的研发;(4) 大熊猫饲养机构应建立和完善病原监测平台,培养专业人才队伍,定期开展主要病毒的检测工作;(5) 与大熊猫国家公园及各个自然保护区合作开展野外大熊猫等野生动物的疫源疫病调查及周边犬只免疫隔离带建立工作,为大熊猫国家公园的生物安全防范提供科学支撑。通过加强各方面的联系与合作,增加对大熊猫病毒性疾病的认识和了解,制定可实施的防控方案,可以共同维护大熊猫种群的安全,提高生物多样性保护水平。
刘颂蕊:数据收集及论文框架设计和撰写;李运莉:数据整理、参与论文框架设计和讨论;张洪文:数据收集和整理、论文修改;苏小艳:数据分析、论文修改;张东升:数据收集、论文修改;岳婵娟:论文修改及讨论;曾建红:参与数据收集;侯蓉:论文讨论、审阅及修改。
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2025年第65卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250454
  • 接收时间:2025-06-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-08
  • 出版时间:2025-12-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-10
  • 录用日期:2025-06-27
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1305402)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFF1305402)
Research Project of Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding(2022CPB-Y01)
成都大熊猫繁育研究基地自立课题(2022CPB-Y01)
Research Project of Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding(2024CPB-Y04)
成都大熊猫繁育研究基地自立课题(2024CPB-Y04)
作者信息
    1.成都大熊猫繁育研究基地,珍稀濒危野生动物保护四川省重点实验室,四川 成都
    2.四川农业大学 动物医学院,四川 成都

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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