Article(id=1204800731791467032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250419, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748361600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1751731200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-06, onlineDate=1765176478574, onlineDateStr=2025-12-08, pubDate=1764777600000, pubDateStr=2025-12-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765176478574, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765176478574, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176478574, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1204800727341310425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='12', pageStart='5191', pageEnd='5649', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765176477513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176611928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5191, endPage=5208, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1204800732038930982, articleId=1204800731791467032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Giant virus: “invisible giants” in Earth’s ecosystems, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Viruses are known as the most abundant and diverse biological entities on Earth and regarded as key ecological drivers in ecosystems. The discovery of giant viruses has challenged the conventional understanding of virology and the definition of life with their microscale-virions, megabase-genome sizes, and remarkably numerous eukaryote-specific genes, which were once considered to be hallmark genes of cellular life but barely seen in viruses. Therefore, these biological characteristics of giant viruses blur the boundary between viruses and cellular life. Metagenomics studies have revealed that giant viruses are globally distributed in marine, freshwater, and soil ecosystems, and their geographical distribution is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, latitude, and host range. Giant virus genomes include core metabolic genes, which enhance environmental adaptability by regulating host metabolism. In addition, giant viruses may even be involved in the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. We review the research progress in giant viruses in terms of their diversity, biogeographic distribution, ecological relationships with hosts and intracellular parasites, reprogramming of host cell metabolic systems, driving forces in biogeochemical cycles, and potential impacts on human health to explore the ecological roles of giant viruses from multiple dimensions. This review aims to revolutionize our knowledge of viruses by revealing the ecological significance of giant viruses and their roles in global biogeochemical cycles.

, correspAuthors=Rui ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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病毒是地球上数量最为庞大、多样性最为丰富的生物实体之一,是影响生物地球化学循环的重要驱动力。巨病毒的发现使病毒颗粒的尺度从纳米级提升至微米级,病毒基因组大小从千碱基级别提升至百万碱基级别,大量曾经被视为细胞特有、而在病毒中罕见的基因在巨病毒基因组中被发现。这些生物学特征颠覆了传统病毒学的认知,模糊了病毒与细胞生命的界限。宏基因组学研究表明巨病毒广泛分布于海洋、淡水及土壤等生态系统,其生物地理分布受温度、纬度和宿主范围等因素影响。巨病毒基因组编码核心代谢基因,通过调控宿主代谢来增强自身环境适应性,甚至参与耐药基因的横向转移。本综述总结了巨病毒的多样性、生物地理分布、与宿主及胞内寄生物的生态关系、对宿主细胞代谢系统的重编程、对生物地球化学循环的驱动作用以及对人体健康的潜在影响,从多个维度探讨巨病毒在生态系统中所扮演的角色,为理解巨病毒的生态学地位及其在生物地球化学循环中的作用奠定了基础。

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Nature Communications, 2022, 13: 5853., articleTitle=Past and present giant viruses diversity explored through permafrost metagenomics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784612181427006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800731791467032, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=null, pageStart=7536, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[89], rfOrder=89, authorNames=YI X, LIANG J, WEN P, JIA P, FENG S, LIU S, ZHUANG Y, GUO Y, LU J, ZHONG S, LIAO B, WANG Z, SHU W, LI J, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YI X, LIANG J, WEN P, JIA P, FENG S, LIU S, ZHUANG Y, GUO Y, LU J, ZHONG S, LIAO B, WANG Z, SHU W, LI J. Giant viruses as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 7536., articleTitle=Giant viruses as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217784612252730176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800731791467032, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=15, issue=null, pageStart=10663, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[90], rfOrder=90, authorNames=XIA Y, SU B, REN H, LIU F, WANG X, WONG Y, ZHANG R, journalName=Scientific Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIA Y, SU B, REN H, LIU F, WANG X, WONG Y, ZHANG R. Conserved marseilleviruses harboring diverse antibiotic resistance genes isolated from the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, China[J]. 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A: Virophage interferes with the replication of the Mimivirus; B: Provirophage within the host cell, upon being infected by CroV, gets activated to interfere with the replication of CroV, thereby protecting the population of marine flagellates; C: Transposon virophage spread effects within the giant viruses and virophages; D: Symbiotic bacteria, after establishing symbiosis with amoebae, can inhibit the replication of giant viruses., figureFileSmall=hxK/BSSCLzPRz4/vbPfmJA==, figureFileBig=EdZjp6QMxNnu4EI+OHC0yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600798085420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800731791467032, language=CN, label=图5, caption=原生生物细胞内存在着多种微生物的复杂互作机制。A:噬毒体干扰拟菌病毒的复制;B:位于宿主细胞内的前噬毒体被CROV侵染后激活干扰CROV复制从而保护海洋鞭毛虫种群数量;C:转座病毒体在巨病毒和噬毒体中的扩散效应;D:共生菌在与变形虫建立共生后能抑制巨病毒复制。, figureFileSmall=hxK/BSSCLzPRz4/vbPfmJA==, figureFileBig=EdZjp6QMxNnu4EI+OHC0yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600898748726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800731791467032, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Typical strains of amoebal giant viruses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

年份

Year

变形虫巨病毒*

Amoebal giant viruses*

样品来源

Sample source

病毒颗粒大小

Virion size (μm)

基因组

Genome size (bp)

文献

References

2003

布拉德福拟菌病毒

Mimivirus bradfordmassiliense

英国布拉德福德市冷却水塔

A cooling tower in Bradford, England

直径约0.45#

0.45 in diameter#

1 181 549[4]
2009

马赛马赛病毒

Marseillevirus massiliense

法国巴黎市冷却水塔

A cooling tower in Paris, France

直径约0.25

0.25 in diameter

368 454[6]
2011

洛桑洛桑病毒

Losannavirus lausannense

法国塞纳河

Seine River in France

直径约0.25

0.25 in diameter

346 754[7]
2011

智利巨拟菌病毒

Megavirus chilense

智利拉斯克鲁塞斯海岸

Coast in Las Cruces, Chile

直径约0.44#

0.44 in diameter#

1 259 197[8]
2012

穆穆拟菌病毒

Moumouvirus moumou

法国冷却水塔

A cooling tower in France

直径约0.42#

0.42 in diameter#

1 021 348[9]
2013

智利潘多拉病毒

Pandoravirus salinus

通肯河河口(太平洋沿岸)

Mouth of the Tunquen River on the Pacific Ocean coast

长约1,

直径约0.5

1 in length, 0.5 in diameter

2 473 870[10]
2014

西伯利亚宽口罐病毒

Alphapithovirus sibericum

毗邻东西伯利亚海的苔原带

Tundra adjacent to the East Siberian Sea

长约1.5,

直径约0.5

1.5 in length, 0.5 in diameter

610 033[11]
2015

西伯利亚软体病毒

Mollivirus sibericum

毗邻东西伯利亚海的苔原带

Tundra adjacent to the East Siberian Sea

直径约0.6

0.6 in diameter

651 523[12]
2015

浮士德病毒

Faustovirus

法国污水样品

A sewage sample from France

直径约0.2

0.2 in diameter

466 625[13]
2016

考米巴病毒

Kaumoebavirus

沙特阿拉伯吉达市污水样品

A sewage sample from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

直径约0.25

0.25 in diameter

350 731[14]
2016

阿尔及利亚枸橼状病毒

Alphacedratvirus aljazairmassiliense

阿尔及利亚环境样品

An environmental sample from Algeria

长约1,直径约0.5

1 in length, 0.5 in diameter

589 068[15]
2017

克洛斯新病毒

Klosneuvirus

澳大利亚克洛斯特新堡市污水处理厂

A wastewater treatment plant in Klosterneuburg, Austria

宏基因组组装

Metagenome-assembled

1 573 084[16]
2017

帕克曼病毒

Pacmanvirus

阿尔及利亚埃勒卡拉港口和塔里夫市

El Kala and El Taref, in Algeria

直径约0.17

0.17 in diameter

395 405[17]
2018

深海图潘病毒

Tupanvirus altamarinense

巴西里约热内卢海平面以下3 000 m

3 000 meters belowwater line surface in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

长约2.3#,直径约0.45

2.3 in length#, 0.45 in diameter

1 516 267[18]
2018

马赛奥菲病毒

Alphaorpheovirus massiliense

法国拉西约塔港口污水样品

sewage samples from La Ciotat, France

长约1.5,直径约0.5

1.5 in length, 0.5 in diameter

1 473 573[19]
2019

美杜莎病毒

Medusavirus medusae

日本温泉

A hot spring in Japan

直径约0.26

0.26 in diameter

381 277[20]
2020

沙特茉莉状病毒

Yasminevirus saudimassiliense

沙特阿拉伯吉达市污水样品

A sewage water sample from Jeddah,Saudi Arabia

直径约0.33

0.33 in diameter

2 126 343[21]
2020

巴西雅拉病毒

Yaravirus brasiliense

巴西贝洛奥里藏特人工泻湖

An artificial lagoon in Belo Horizonte, Brazil

直径约0.08

0.08 in diameter

44 924[22]
2021

日本棉花状病毒

Cotonvirus japonicum

日本千叶市运河

A canal in Chiba, Japan

直径约0.6

0.6 in diameter

1 476 527[23]
2021

阿尔及尔法多里病毒

Fadolivirus algeromassiliense

阿尔及利亚西迪贝勒阿巴斯省污水样品

A sewage sample from Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria

直径约0.3

0.3 in diameter

1 595 395[24]
2022

宝山巨拟菌病毒

Megavirus baoshanense

中国上海市小龙虾养殖场

A crawfish farm in Shanghai, China

直径约0.45#

0.45 in diameter#

1 224 839[25]
2024

耐格利氏原虫病毒

Catovirus naegleriensis

澳大利亚克洛斯特新堡污水处理厂

A wastewater treatment plant in Klosterneuburg, Austria

直径约0.5

0.5 in diameter

1 163 307[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1217784601045549374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800731791467032, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变形虫巨病毒代表株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

年份

Year

变形虫巨病毒*

Amoebal giant viruses*

样品来源

Sample source

病毒颗粒大小

Virion size (μm)

基因组

Genome size (bp)

文献

References

2003

布拉德福拟菌病毒

Mimivirus bradfordmassiliense

英国布拉德福德市冷却水塔

A cooling tower in Bradford, England

直径约0.45#

0.45 in diameter#

1 181 549[4]
2009

马赛马赛病毒

Marseillevirus massiliense

法国巴黎市冷却水塔

A cooling tower in Paris, France

直径约0.25

0.25 in diameter

368 454[6]
2011

洛桑洛桑病毒

Losannavirus lausannense

法国塞纳河

Seine River in France

直径约0.25

0.25 in diameter

346 754[7]
2011

智利巨拟菌病毒

Megavirus chilense

智利拉斯克鲁塞斯海岸

Coast in Las Cruces, Chile

直径约0.44#

0.44 in diameter#

1 259 197[8]
2012

穆穆拟菌病毒

Moumouvirus moumou

法国冷却水塔

A cooling tower in France

直径约0.42#

0.42 in diameter#

1 021 348[9]
2013

智利潘多拉病毒

Pandoravirus salinus

通肯河河口(太平洋沿岸)

Mouth of the Tunquen River on the Pacific Ocean coast

长约1,

直径约0.5

1 in length, 0.5 in diameter

2 473 870[10]
2014

西伯利亚宽口罐病毒

Alphapithovirus sibericum

毗邻东西伯利亚海的苔原带

Tundra adjacent to the East Siberian Sea

长约1.5,

直径约0.5

1.5 in length, 0.5 in diameter

610 033[11]
2015

西伯利亚软体病毒

Mollivirus sibericum

毗邻东西伯利亚海的苔原带

Tundra adjacent to the East Siberian Sea

直径约0.6

0.6 in diameter

651 523[12]
2015

浮士德病毒

Faustovirus

法国污水样品

A sewage sample from France

直径约0.2

0.2 in diameter

466 625[13]
2016

考米巴病毒

Kaumoebavirus

沙特阿拉伯吉达市污水样品

A sewage sample from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

直径约0.25

0.25 in diameter

350 731[14]
2016

阿尔及利亚枸橼状病毒

Alphacedratvirus aljazairmassiliense

阿尔及利亚环境样品

An environmental sample from Algeria

长约1,直径约0.5

1 in length, 0.5 in diameter

589 068[15]
2017

克洛斯新病毒

Klosneuvirus

澳大利亚克洛斯特新堡市污水处理厂

A wastewater treatment plant in Klosterneuburg, Austria

宏基因组组装

Metagenome-assembled

1 573 084[16]
2017

帕克曼病毒

Pacmanvirus

阿尔及利亚埃勒卡拉港口和塔里夫市

El Kala and El Taref, in Algeria

直径约0.17

0.17 in diameter

395 405[17]
2018

深海图潘病毒

Tupanvirus altamarinense

巴西里约热内卢海平面以下3 000 m

3 000 meters belowwater line surface in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

长约2.3#,直径约0.45

2.3 in length#, 0.45 in diameter

1 516 267[18]
2018

马赛奥菲病毒

Alphaorpheovirus massiliense

法国拉西约塔港口污水样品

sewage samples from La Ciotat, France

长约1.5,直径约0.5

1.5 in length, 0.5 in diameter

1 473 573[19]
2019

美杜莎病毒

Medusavirus medusae

日本温泉

A hot spring in Japan

直径约0.26

0.26 in diameter

381 277[20]
2020

沙特茉莉状病毒

Yasminevirus saudimassiliense

沙特阿拉伯吉达市污水样品

A sewage water sample from Jeddah,Saudi Arabia

直径约0.33

0.33 in diameter

2 126 343[21]
2020

巴西雅拉病毒

Yaravirus brasiliense

巴西贝洛奥里藏特人工泻湖

An artificial lagoon in Belo Horizonte, Brazil

直径约0.08

0.08 in diameter

44 924[22]
2021

日本棉花状病毒

Cotonvirus japonicum

日本千叶市运河

A canal in Chiba, Japan

直径约0.6

0.6 in diameter

1 476 527[23]
2021

阿尔及尔法多里病毒

Fadolivirus algeromassiliense

阿尔及利亚西迪贝勒阿巴斯省污水样品

A sewage sample from Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria

直径约0.3

0.3 in diameter

1 595 395[24]
2022

宝山巨拟菌病毒

Megavirus baoshanense

中国上海市小龙虾养殖场

A crawfish farm in Shanghai, China

直径约0.45#

0.45 in diameter#

1 224 839[25]
2024

耐格利氏原虫病毒

Catovirus naegleriensis

澳大利亚克洛斯特新堡污水处理厂

A wastewater treatment plant in Klosterneuburg, Austria

直径约0.5

0.5 in diameter

1 163 307[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1217784601146212679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800731791467032, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Typical strains of giant viruses infecting other protists

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

年份

Year

巨病毒*

Giant viruses*

宿主

Host

病毒颗粒大小

Virion size (μm)

基因组

Genome size (bp)

文献

References

2001

劳讷海峡赫利俄斯病毒#

Heliosvirus raunefjordenense#

东方塔胞藻

Pyramimonas orientalis

直径约0.22

0.22 in diameter

~560 000[27]
2010

墨西哥湾瑞亚病毒#

Rheavirus sinusmexicani#

罗氏藻食虫

Cafeteria roenbergensis

直径约0.3

0.3 in diameter

617 453[28]
2013

荷兰特泰西斯病毒#

Tethysvirus hollandense#

球形棕囊藻

Phaeocystis globosa

直径约0.15

0.15 in diameter

459 984[29]
2014

昆塔克奎托斯病毒#

Kratosvirus quantuckense#

抑食金球藻

Aureococcus anophagefferens

直径约0.14

0.14 in diameter

370 920[30]
2017

安大略泰西斯病毒#

Tethysvirus ontarioense#

蕊状金球藻

Chrysochromulina ericina

直径约0.16

0.16 in diameter

473 558[31]
2018

萨利希忒伊亚病毒#

Theiavirus salishense#

跳侧滴虫

Bodo saltans

直径约0.3

0.3 in diameter

1 385 869[32]
2018

卡内霍俄刻阿诺斯病毒#

Oceanusvirus kaneohense#

扁藻

Tetraselmis sp.

直径约0.24

0.24 in diameter

668 031[33]
2019

领鞭毛虫病毒

Choanovirus

领鞭毛虫

Choanoflagellates

单细胞测序875 401[34]
2021

劳讷海峡比亚病毒#

Biavirus raunefjordenense#

卡帕三毛金藻

Prymnesium kappa

直径约0.4

0.4 in diameter

1 421 182[35]
2022

小球藻病毒

Chlorella virus XW01

小球藻

Chlorella sp.

直径约0.12

0.12 in diameter

407 612[36]
2025

石南型触丝藻病毒

Haptolina ericina virus RF02

石南型触丝藻

Haptolina ericina

直径约0.15

0.15 in diameter

582 139[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1217784601276236115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800731791467032, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

其他原生生物巨病毒代表株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

年份

Year

巨病毒*

Giant viruses*

宿主

Host

病毒颗粒大小

Virion size (μm)

基因组

Genome size (bp)

文献

References

2001

劳讷海峡赫利俄斯病毒#

Heliosvirus raunefjordenense#

东方塔胞藻

Pyramimonas orientalis

直径约0.22

0.22 in diameter

~560 000[27]
2010

墨西哥湾瑞亚病毒#

Rheavirus sinusmexicani#

罗氏藻食虫

Cafeteria roenbergensis

直径约0.3

0.3 in diameter

617 453[28]
2013

荷兰特泰西斯病毒#

Tethysvirus hollandense#

球形棕囊藻

Phaeocystis globosa

直径约0.15

0.15 in diameter

459 984[29]
2014

昆塔克奎托斯病毒#

Kratosvirus quantuckense#

抑食金球藻

Aureococcus anophagefferens

直径约0.14

0.14 in diameter

370 920[30]
2017

安大略泰西斯病毒#

Tethysvirus ontarioense#

蕊状金球藻

Chrysochromulina ericina

直径约0.16

0.16 in diameter

473 558[31]
2018

萨利希忒伊亚病毒#

Theiavirus salishense#

跳侧滴虫

Bodo saltans

直径约0.3

0.3 in diameter

1 385 869[32]
2018

卡内霍俄刻阿诺斯病毒#

Oceanusvirus kaneohense#

扁藻

Tetraselmis sp.

直径约0.24

0.24 in diameter

668 031[33]
2019

领鞭毛虫病毒

Choanovirus

领鞭毛虫

Choanoflagellates

单细胞测序875 401[34]
2021

劳讷海峡比亚病毒#

Biavirus raunefjordenense#

卡帕三毛金藻

Prymnesium kappa

直径约0.4

0.4 in diameter

1 421 182[35]
2022

小球藻病毒

Chlorella virus XW01

小球藻

Chlorella sp.

直径约0.12

0.12 in diameter

407 612[36]
2025

石南型触丝藻病毒

Haptolina ericina virus RF02

石南型触丝藻

Haptolina ericina

直径约0.15

0.15 in diameter

582 139[37]
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巨病毒:地球生态系统中的隐形巨人
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夏宇程 , 张锐 *
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(12): 5191-5208
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(12): 5191-5208
巨病毒:地球生态系统中的隐形巨人
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夏宇程, 张锐*
作者信息
  • 深圳大学 高等研究院,广东省高校海洋微生物工程重点实验室,深圳市海洋微生物组工程重点实验室,合成生物学研究中心,古菌生物学研究中心,广东 深圳
Giant virus: “invisible giants” in Earth’s ecosystems
Yucheng XIA, Rui ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • Archaeal Biology Center, Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2025-12-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250419
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病毒是地球上数量最为庞大、多样性最为丰富的生物实体之一,是影响生物地球化学循环的重要驱动力。巨病毒的发现使病毒颗粒的尺度从纳米级提升至微米级,病毒基因组大小从千碱基级别提升至百万碱基级别,大量曾经被视为细胞特有、而在病毒中罕见的基因在巨病毒基因组中被发现。这些生物学特征颠覆了传统病毒学的认知,模糊了病毒与细胞生命的界限。宏基因组学研究表明巨病毒广泛分布于海洋、淡水及土壤等生态系统,其生物地理分布受温度、纬度和宿主范围等因素影响。巨病毒基因组编码核心代谢基因,通过调控宿主代谢来增强自身环境适应性,甚至参与耐药基因的横向转移。本综述总结了巨病毒的多样性、生物地理分布、与宿主及胞内寄生物的生态关系、对宿主细胞代谢系统的重编程、对生物地球化学循环的驱动作用以及对人体健康的潜在影响,从多个维度探讨巨病毒在生态系统中所扮演的角色,为理解巨病毒的生态学地位及其在生物地球化学循环中的作用奠定了基础。

巨病毒  /  变形虫  /  噬毒体  /  原生生物  /  水平基因转移  /  生态系统  /  病毒连接

Viruses are known as the most abundant and diverse biological entities on Earth and regarded as key ecological drivers in ecosystems. The discovery of giant viruses has challenged the conventional understanding of virology and the definition of life with their microscale-virions, megabase-genome sizes, and remarkably numerous eukaryote-specific genes, which were once considered to be hallmark genes of cellular life but barely seen in viruses. Therefore, these biological characteristics of giant viruses blur the boundary between viruses and cellular life. Metagenomics studies have revealed that giant viruses are globally distributed in marine, freshwater, and soil ecosystems, and their geographical distribution is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, latitude, and host range. Giant virus genomes include core metabolic genes, which enhance environmental adaptability by regulating host metabolism. In addition, giant viruses may even be involved in the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. We review the research progress in giant viruses in terms of their diversity, biogeographic distribution, ecological relationships with hosts and intracellular parasites, reprogramming of host cell metabolic systems, driving forces in biogeochemical cycles, and potential impacts on human health to explore the ecological roles of giant viruses from multiple dimensions. This review aims to revolutionize our knowledge of viruses by revealing the ecological significance of giant viruses and their roles in global biogeochemical cycles.

giant virus  /  amoeba  /  virophage  /  protist  /  horizontal gene transfer  /  ecosystems  /  viral sweep/link
夏宇程, 张锐. 巨病毒:地球生态系统中的隐形巨人. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5191 -5208 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250419
Yucheng XIA, Rui ZHANG. Giant virus: “invisible giants” in Earth’s ecosystems[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5191 -5208 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250419
病毒是地球上数量最为庞大、多样性最为丰富的生物实体之一。以海洋生态系统为例,据估计海洋病毒总量高达约1030个,远超其他生命形式的总和,且每秒发生约1023次病毒侵染[1];海洋病毒通过基因水平转移促进海洋生物群落的遗传和功能多样性,平衡海洋生物群落结构、食物网及其生产力,并在全球范围内驱动碳、氮、磷、硫、铁等元素的生物地球化学循环,以及颗粒有机物和溶解有机物之间的交换[2];病毒可影响藻类水华的暴发与终止,促进气候活性气体(如二甲硫醚)的释放,从而可能影响云层形成和气候[1]。尽管病毒颗粒体积处于纳米尺度,所携带的基因信息也十分有限,但巨大的数量使其成为生态系统中隐形的调控者。
自1892年首个烟草花叶病毒被发现后,在很长的一段时间里病毒学的研究对象都以能通过除菌过滤器(孔径约0.3 μm)的病原体为基础,而忽视了滞留在细菌滤器上的病毒颗粒;因此,病毒被视为依赖宿主复制的非细胞实体,其颗粒直径小于0.3 μm且基因组一般小于0.3 Mb[3]。这一认知在2003年布拉德福拟菌病毒[Mimivirus bradfordmassiliense,2022年国际病毒分类委员会(international committee on taxonomy of viruses, ICTV)由多食棘阿米巴拟菌病毒(Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus)更名而来)]被发现后发生了根本性转变:该病毒不仅颗粒直径达到0.75 μm,拥有1.2 Mb的庞大基因组,还编码大量细胞特有基因,模糊了病毒与细胞生命之间的界限[3-4]。这一突破性发现开启了病毒学研究的“巨病毒时代”[5]。通过变形虫共培养方法,研究者相继从世界各地的海水、淡水、土壤、热液及生物样本中分离出形态各异、种类繁多的变形虫巨病毒(表1)[4,6-26]。目前已知基因组和颗粒最大的病毒分别为潘多拉病毒(Pandoravirus)[10]和图潘病毒(Tupanvirus)[18],它们颗粒体积和基因复杂性远超传统方法发现的病毒,甚至超过一些专性寄生的细菌,堪称病毒世界里的“巨人” (图1)。值得注意的是,一些未分类的原生生物病毒和不属于藻类DNA病毒科(Phycodnaviridae)的真核藻类病毒,在经过全基因组测序和保守基因系统发育分析后,也被纳入巨病毒范畴(表2)[27-37]。此外,有2类发现较早但至今仍未被ICTV正式分类的变形虫巨病毒:一类是与藻类DNA病毒科的赫氏颗石藻病毒(Emiliania huxleyi virus, EhV)关系较近的潘多拉病毒和软体病毒[38];另一类是与非洲猪瘟病毒科(Asfarviridae)的非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus, ASFV)关系较近的浮士德病毒[13]、考米巴病毒[14]和帕克曼病毒[17]。本文聚焦于侵染自然环境中真核微生物的变形虫巨病毒和赫氏颗石藻病毒等海洋环境中常见的原生生物巨病毒。
巨病毒的发现推动了ICTV的分类体系从表型分类转向基因组分类,标志着病毒分类学进入基因组时代[39]。巨病毒编码的大量核心代谢和环境适应基因使其构建出不同于宿主细胞的代谢网络,深度调控宿主细胞的生理过程,在生态系统中形成复杂的互作网络,改变了学界对病毒生态功能的传统认知,为理解病毒在生物地球化学循环中的作用提供了新视角[40-41]
巨病毒的宿主以原生生物为主,包括变形虫门(例如变形虫)、泛植物超群(例如绿藻)、后鞭毛生物(例如领鞭毛虫)以及茸鞭生物界-囊泡虫界-有孔虫界超类群(Stramenopiles-Alveolates-Rhizaria, SAR supergroup)(例如硅藻、甲藻)[42]。通过病毒保守基因的系统发育分析发现,巨病毒与囊泡病毒科(Ascoviridae)、虹彩病毒科(Iridoviridae)、藻类DNA病毒科、痘病毒科(Poxviridae)和非洲猪瘟病毒科等的成员共同归属于核质病毒门(Nucleocytoviricota),即核质病毒(nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus, NCLDV);NCLDV都具有较大的病毒衣壳(直径>0.1 μm)和双链DNA基因组(>0.1 Mb),主要在细胞质或细胞核内完成复制,大部分成员都编码主要衣壳蛋白、β家族DNA聚合酶等9个核心基因[38]
由于布拉德福拟菌病毒发现较晚,大部分巨病毒的分离工作均以棘阿米巴为宿主,因此目前对巨病毒的传统认识主要集中于变形虫巨病毒。近年来,随着宏基因组学技术的快速发展,通过鉴定NCLDV核心基因,大量未培养的巨病毒宏基因组组装基因组(giant virus metagenome-assembled genomes, GVMAGs)被发现。基于宏基因组技术,从全球8 535个公开宏基因组数据中组装出2 074个新型GVMAGs,这表明巨病毒在全球自然环境中分布十分广泛;系统发育分析揭示约100个潜在的新病毒属/亚科级分支,显著扩展了巨病毒[尤其是布拉德福拟菌病毒所在的拟菌病毒目(Imitervirales)]的系统发育多样性和功能多样性,表明巨病毒的系统发育多样性远超传统培养方法的认知边界;而且生物地理数据分析揭示大部分GVMAGs来自海洋和淡水生态系统,提示巨病毒可能驱动海洋碳/氮循环、影响光合作用效率等关键生态过程[43]
为进一步了解巨病毒在海水生态系统中的生物地理分布,基于bioGEOTRACES项目在太平洋和大西洋4个断面的宏基因组数据库组装出330个GVMAGs;丰度分析显示巨病毒在浅层水域(<150 m)更为丰富,巨病毒多样性在北半球高纬度地区达到峰值,可能与宿主广谱性和环境波动性相关,这一发现挑战了赤道多样性高峰的传统认知[44]。从Tara Oceans项目宏基因组数据库中组装出697个新型GVMAGs,这些数据揭示极地与非极地的巨病毒群落存在生态屏障,并进一步提示温度是驱动巨病毒-宿主网络结构变化的关键因素;由于极地病毒基因与宿主同源基因重叠极少,因此巨病毒很可能采用独立于宿主的基因组创新策略,而非依赖宿主的适应机制[45]。在研究这697个新型GVMAGs的基础上发现了一类全新病毒的GVMAG——奇病毒门(Mirusviricota),其基因组嵌合了疱疹病毒目(Herpesvirales)与核质病毒门的特征基因,在进化地位上介于核质病毒和疱疹病毒之间;由于疱疹病毒与有尾噬菌体、古菌病毒处于双链DNA病毒域(Duplodnaviria),因此奇病毒的发现进一步拓展了巨病毒进化研究的维度[46]
全球8 535个公开宏基因组数据不仅挖掘出了新型GVMAGs,还包含了58 023个巨病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因,其地理信息显示约55%来源于海洋,而40%来源于淡水环境,这表明淡水生态系统也有丰富多样的巨病毒[43]。为了解巨病毒在淡水湖泊的时间变化情况并获得高可信度的巨病毒基因组信息,基于长读长宏基因组测序技术对日本琵琶湖时空样本(2个水层×12个月)的宏基因组数据库进行分析,组装出293个新型GVMAGs。这些巨病毒在淡水湖中的生物地理分布显示巨病毒群落存在明显的垂直分层现象:48.8%是表水层特有,16.7%是深水层特有。表水层特异性巨病毒多为瞬时存在,且丰度呈现短时暴发式波动,与其调控表层藻类水华的功能相吻合;而深水层特异性病毒在水体分层期持续稳定存在于深水层,可能其在深水层中感染特定宿主,并在黑暗水体微生物生态系统中发挥未知的生态功能[47]
由于海洋巨病毒数量、种类较多,相关研究较为深入,而土壤中的巨病毒相对较少,因此对其多样性、分布及生态功能知之甚少。前文提及的2 074个新型GVMAGs均基于常规宏基因组测序技术,其中来源于土壤样品的巨病毒的占比不到1%[43]。类似地,在中国农田、森林、草原、戈壁沙漠、矿渣地的333个土壤宏基因组中仅组装出44个高质量的新型GVMAGs,该研究大规模、系统性地揭示了农田和森林生境的巨病毒多样性较高,而矿渣地生境则以环境独有的基因型为主;此外,巨病毒丰度与分布范围呈负相关,即广泛分布的巨病毒丰度低,而生境特异的巨病毒丰度则高;这些结果为研究土壤病毒生态学以及病毒在土壤生态系统中的元素循环和宿主调控中的潜在作用奠定了基础[48]。为发现环境中低丰度的巨病毒,采用单颗粒流式分选技术结合全基因组扩增测序技术在美国哈佛森林的28份土壤宏基因组数据库中组装出16个新型GVMAGs,相较于常规宏基因组技术,结合单颗粒流式分选的宏基因组技术能发现更多的低丰度巨病毒基因组,证明了其在挖掘稀有微生物资源方面的技术优势[49]
除了海洋、湖泊和土壤等常见生境,极端环境生态系统中也存在巨病毒。在挪威洛基城堡热液喷口区的深海沉积物宏基因组数据中,组装出23个新型GVMAGs,这些巨病毒在Tara Oceans数据库中未被检测到,表明深海沉积物是一类有待研究的病毒多样性热点生境;而且这些巨病毒与已分离的巨病毒的基因组大小差异显著,表明不同支系的巨病毒在通过横向转移获得和基因丢失的动态过程中独立演化和基因组巨型化[50]。在东北太平洋的次表层地壳热液样本中组装鉴定出2个新型GVMAGs,由于该环境样品中只能检测到1种属于子囊菌门的真核生物,推测该巨病毒宿主为真菌,这一发现挑战了“真菌病毒核苷酸类型只有RNA或单链DNA”的传统认知[51]。在陆地上的热液环境中,从美国黄石国家公园柠檬溪的溪流、岩内、土壤3个热液生境中组装获得12个新型GVMAGs且数量占主导地位,尽管采样地点相近,但每个生境均存在独特的巨病毒,系统发育分析表明热液巨病毒在发育树上处于早期分支位置,支持其起源于早期地球极端环境[52]
病毒细胞(virocell)这一概念在2010年首次被提出,其强调病毒侵染过程中的胞内阶段、代谢自主性以及病毒作为动态代谢实体的角色,以此说明被病毒重编程的宿主细胞具有完全不同于正常细胞的代谢系统(图2)[40,53]。由于巨病毒拥有复杂程度堪比细胞的遗传信息,因此巨病毒侵染宿主后形成的病毒细胞也具备不同于正常宿主细胞的代谢系统和生理生态特征。
不同类型的变形虫具有不同的生命周期。以棘阿米巴为例,其生命周期包含2个阶段:代谢活跃、以捕食微生物为生的滋养体(trophozoite)和代谢停滞的包囊(cyst);当棘阿米巴面临食物营养匮乏、渗透压变化等不良环境时会以包囊阶段应对恶劣环境[54]。由于巨病毒无法侵染包囊,布拉德福拟菌病毒通过抑制丝氨酸蛋白酶表达阻断棘阿米巴进入包囊阶段,表明对棘阿米巴细胞代谢系统的重编程能够确保巨病毒完成复制[55]。棘阿米巴对巨病毒侵染的逃避策略类似于赫氏颗石藻(Emiliania huxleyi)通过单倍体细胞阶段逃避赫氏颗石藻病毒侵染的现象,体现了宿主与病毒之间的动态博弈[54]。被不同类型巨病毒侵染的变形虫滋养体会表现出病毒特异性的宿主行为模式:马赛病毒会短暂增强宿主运动能力以加速群体内的病毒传播;拟菌病毒在潜伏期内不影响宿主行为,但会突发性地使细胞变圆,通过暴发式裂解细胞来传播病毒;美杜莎病毒和潘多拉病毒则会诱导细胞间桥形成,触发持续性旋转行为;这些行为改变均提示巨病毒对宿主细胞骨架和线粒体的独特干扰作用[56]。宝山巨拟菌病毒编码的类泛素蛋白在侵染过程中表达量异常高,并且该病毒编码大量泛素化相关的folliculin-interacting protein (FNIP)重复结构域蛋白,宿主编码的参与囊泡转运的小GTP酶(Rap1和Rab7)在这类蛋白的作用下被快速降解,提示巨拟菌病毒可对宿主泛素-蛋白酶体通路进行重编程,破坏胞内蛋白稳态[57]
不仅变形虫巨病毒编码大量翻译、代谢、离子通道等细胞特有基因,扁藻病毒、卡帕三毛金藻病毒等其他原生生物巨病毒中也存在许多类似基因[28-37]。领鞭毛虫病毒编码的病毒视紫红质蛋白与细胞生物的视紫红质功能类似,加之该病毒编码完整的β-胡萝卜素代谢途径和视黄醛裂解酶,提示其可为宿主提供光驱动力;进一步分析巨病毒视紫红质在全球的分布情况发现巨病毒视紫红质广泛分布于全球表层海洋,且与巨病毒标志基因丰度高度相关,提示该类病毒是海洋光能利用的重要参与者[35]。对在全球各类环境样本中挖掘出的GVMAGs基因组进行分析揭示,视紫红质、铁/硫/氮/铵转运蛋白、糖酵解/TCA循环/乙醛酸循环的关键酶等代谢基因广泛存在于多种巨病毒内,表明巨病毒具有复杂且独立的代谢网络,它们不仅是基因“小偷”,更是代谢创新的驱动者[43,45,58]。既然巨病毒编码许多细胞特有基因,且拥有较完整的代谢通路关键酶(如糖酵解中的磷酸果糖激酶、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶,三羧酸循环中的琥珀酸脱氢酶、柠檬酸合酶、乌头酸酶,脂代谢的脂肪酰-CoA合成酶、酰基-CoA脱氢酶,氨基酸代谢中的谷氨酸脱氢酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶),超越了病毒仅作为遗传包裹的传统认知,意味着病毒感染期的细胞代谢系统重编程是病毒生命周期的核心环节,病毒通过调控宿主代谢网络来优化自身复制环境;在恶劣环境(如极地[45]、热液[50,52]、深海地壳[51])中,巨病毒可补充宿主代谢缺陷,赋予感染细胞环境适应能力和生存优势,从而促进病毒传播[53,59]。这些研究成果和推测将促使学者重新审视病毒定义标准以及有关“病毒是否具备自主性”的核心问题[3,59-60]
病毒是影响海洋生物地球化学循环的重要驱动力。一方面,病毒通过裂解释放的大量溶解有机质和颗粒有机物可被异养细菌利用,加速有机质氧化和无机营养盐再生,即病毒分流(viral shunt)效应;另一方面,宿主细胞内的大分子聚合物因病毒裂解而释放,形成透明胞外聚合物,并与其他细胞碎片、黏液和粪便颗粒等聚集,增强颗粒物沉降,加快深海碳封存,间接影响全球碳汇,即病毒穿梭(viral shuttle)效应[1,40-41]。研究表明巨病毒在海洋有机碳循环中发挥病毒分流和病毒穿梭的作用,还揭示巨病毒具有新的营养循环作用。
赫氏颗石藻是自然藻类水华中常见的真核藻类,赫氏颗石藻病毒是一类病毒颗粒直径为0.17 μm,基因组为0.4 Mb,与潘多拉病毒进化关系较近的巨病毒。其侵染赫氏颗石藻后会对宿主的脂代谢系统进行重编程,并通过合成病毒糖鞘脂(viral glycosphingolipid, vGSL)激活宿主细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death)[61]。单细胞转录组学分析显示,赫氏颗石藻病毒在水华指数增长初期即可检测到其早期基因的转录物,每日都有固定比例的赫氏颗石藻处于病毒复制早期阶段,病毒糖鞘脂等相关代谢产物持续释放,推测巨病毒通过持续性病毒分流重塑周围微生物组的代谢网络[62]。在水华消亡期,即病毒裂解阶段,赫氏颗石藻病毒诱导的溶解性有机质以富氧的氯-碘代谢物为主,具有独特化学特征,这类稳定存在的生物标志物不仅在挪威海湾的诱导藻华中被发现,也在北大西洋的天然藻类水华中被检测到[63]。此外,日本淡水湖泊深水黑暗生态中特有的持续存在的巨病毒[47]和在瑞典淡水湖泊中长期存在的巨病毒隐性感染的野生衣藻[64]均表明巨病毒可长期影响宿主细胞的代谢系统,进而对水体系统的微生物食物网和碳氮元素循环产生持续性影响。
赫氏颗石藻病毒侵染赫氏颗石藻后不仅促进细胞持续性产生病毒糖鞘脂,还伴随透明胞外聚合物产量激增[61]。该聚合物导致富含赫氏颗石藻的致密聚集体形成,显著提升宿主细胞的沉降速率;由于沉积物颗粒中病毒糖鞘脂等病毒标志物含量异常高,表明下沉颗粒富集病毒细胞;该针对北大西洋自然藻类水华的研究不仅验证了病毒穿梭效应,还确立了病毒介导的生物泵(viral-mediated biological pump)作为海洋碳循环的关键新路径[65]。一项涉及空间尺度的研究整合了北太平洋副热带环流区浮游生物与颗粒附着微生物的宏基因组样本以及4 000 m深度颗粒碳输出通量数据,证实球形棕囊藻病毒、蕊状金球藻病毒等巨病毒从海洋表层垂直迁移至4 000 m深海,该发现拓展了巨病毒的病毒穿梭假说[66]
海绵、被囊动物、软体动物和其他无脊椎动物通过过滤大量海水来捕获并吞食浮游生物以获取营养和能量,而浮游生物又以细菌、古菌、病毒等微生物为食,这在营养循环、食物网和碳输出等方面发挥着重要作用。巨病毒的颗粒体积与细菌大小相当,含脂质膜,碳含量高且接近天然细菌,能量密度更高,可作为海洋生物的优质营养源[41]。无论是在异体住囊虫(Oikopleura dioica)摄食赫氏颗石藻病毒[67]、海洋无脊椎动物摄食球形棕囊藻病毒[68]、红海珊瑚礁海绵(Negombata magnifica)摄食病毒颗粒[69]等模型实验系统中,还是北大西洋自然藻类水华的浮游动物摄食赫氏颗石藻[65]的研究中,均证明巨病毒易被滤食性生物摄食。此外,单细胞测序技术揭示领鞭毛虫(Choanozoa)和皮胆虫(Picozoa)等非宿主原生生物胞内只有病毒核酸,表明海洋中存在以病毒为食的原生生物[70]。因此,另一种病毒驱动海洋生物地球化学循环的假说——病毒连接效应被提出:巨病毒颗粒可通过领鞭毛虫、皮胆虫等海洋原生生物捕食重新进入食物网,抵消部分病毒分流效应,促进营养向高营养级传递,为海洋碳汇、营养循环模型优化提供新视角(图3)[41,71]
目前,由于可培养的巨病毒大部分基于变形虫共培养方法且研究最多的是拟菌病毒,因此人们对巨病毒参与的胞内互作机制的认识主要来自棘阿米巴-拟菌病毒体系。变形虫是自然界中广泛分布的单细胞真核生物,以捕食、吞噬和消化微生物为生。其古老的捕食关系促进了微生物跨物种、跨界的多向基因水平转移以抵抗变形虫的降解机制(图4),造就了一群能抵抗变形虫和哺乳动物巨噬细胞消化的病原菌,如军团菌、分枝杆菌,因此变形虫被学者称为“基因熔炉” “病原菌进化训练场”[72]。在变形虫细胞内存在着涉及细菌、病毒、可移动遗传元件等多种微生物的复杂互作机制,这些胞内寄生物之间存在不同类型的生态关系。
巨病毒不仅是原生生物的胞内寄生物,同时被其他更小的病毒寄生。La Scola等[73]在研究棘阿米巴-拟菌病毒体系时发现了一类更小型的双链DNA病毒——噬毒体(virophage),类似于卫星病毒,其复制组装完全依赖于拟菌病毒,而且会干扰拟菌病毒复制,导致拟菌病毒工厂产生更多缺陷型颗粒(图5A)。类似噬毒体干扰宿主拟菌病毒复制的情况,在海洋鞭毛虫(Cafeteria roenbergensis)-海洋鞭毛虫巨病毒(Cafeteria roenbergensis virus, CroV)-噬毒体体系中,CroV的噬毒体能够以自复制DNA转座子的形式整合到宿主细胞的细胞核基因组中,形成前噬毒体(provirophage),当宿主细胞被CroV侵染时前噬毒体会被特异性激活,启动噬毒体基因表达、复制和释放;携带前噬毒体的宿主细胞虽然本身不被噬毒体直接保护,但由于细胞裂解释放更少的CroV感染性颗粒,因此显著降低了后续感染,提高了宿主种群存活率,这种防御机制具有群体层面的利他性(图5B)[74]。为应对噬毒体对拟菌病毒复制的干扰,拟菌病毒进化出了类似原核生物抗外源基因侵染的规律成簇的间隔短回文重复序列系统及相关蛋白(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins, CRISPR-Cas)系统的拟菌病毒抗噬毒体元件(Mimivirus virophage resistance element, MIMIVIRE)系统,通过整合噬毒体的重复序列实现对其的特异性免疫,该研究首次在真核生物病毒中发现类似原核细胞生物的核酸免疫机制,挑战了病毒缺乏复杂防御系统的传统认知[75]
不同于拥有病毒衣壳的巨病毒和噬毒体,棘阿米巴-拟菌病毒-噬毒体体系中还存在另一种新型可移动遗传元件——转座病毒体(transpovirons),这是一类长约7 kb的线性DNA元件,具有逆转录转座子特征,包含6-8个基因,其中2个基因与噬毒体同源,转座病毒体在拟菌病毒的病毒工厂内复制,并能以高拷贝数存在于宿主细胞质、拟菌病毒以及噬毒体的颗粒中;此外,转座病毒体可整合到宿主病毒或噬毒体基因组中,促进不同病毒基因组之间形成复杂的遗传互作网络[76]。通过不同种类组合的噬毒体和转座病毒体的共感染实验,进一步揭示转座病毒体的传播机制呈允许效应和优势效应(图5C),即当宿主拟菌病毒未携带自身转座病毒体时噬毒体可将外源转座病毒体成功转移并复制;若宿主已携带自身转座病毒体,噬毒体引入的异源转座病毒体会被排斥,仅宿主原有转座病毒体被复制,显示类似质粒不相容性的竞争机制;而且三者之间均未显著影响对方的复制周期,形成了病毒界罕见的共生关系[77]。除了拟菌病毒体系会携带转座病毒体,从大西洋中脊的失落城热液喷口区(700-800 m深海)的碳酸盐烟囱样本中分离出的失落城帕克曼病毒(Pacmanvirus lostcity)也携带转座病毒体,这一发现扩展了人们对巨病毒可移动遗传元件的宿主病毒谱的认知,表明其他巨病毒也可携带转座病毒体[78]
除了噬毒体能干扰巨病毒的复制,棘阿米巴的胞内寄生菌棘阿米巴副衣原体(Parachlamydia acanthamoebae)也能够抑制拟菌病毒、图潘病毒和马赛病毒的复制,从而保护宿主细胞免受巨病毒的裂解;尽管该副衣原体可能因代谢负担降低宿主细胞生长速率,但面对巨病毒的侵染时可显著提升宿主存活率,因此副衣原体与变形虫的寄生关系可转变为互利共生关系,该研究提示细菌共生体可能是原生生物对抗巨病毒侵染的重要策略(图5D)[79]
值得注意的是,目前所有分离研究的变形虫巨病毒均是裂解宿主细胞的烈性病毒,在变形虫基因组内尚未发现内源性巨病毒,而在其他原生生物基因组中存在巨病毒整合的迹象。通过对65个绿藻的全基因组完整图的深入分析发现,其中12个基因组含有完整的巨型内源病毒元件(giant endogenous viral element, GEVE),最大长度为四胞藻(Tetrabaena socialis)的GEVE,拥有1.925 Mb,贡献了四胞藻基因组约10%的编码基因;GEVE包含76-1 782个预测基因,编码功能多样的病毒蛋白,包括巨病毒标志性基因(如主要衣壳蛋白、β家族DNA聚合酶)和影响宿主代谢、环境适应的基因(如光解酶、氨转运蛋白),为宿主提供了进化创新的遗传资源[80]。不同于上述65个整合但未产生巨病毒颗粒的GEVE,模式绿藻莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)里存在宿主细胞进入静止生长期时积累巨病毒颗粒的GEVE;转录组分析显示,86%的巨病毒基因在宿主生长周期中表达,其中结构蛋白在巨病毒颗粒生成高峰期表达上调,巨病毒基因组两端基因在早期表达,可能参与抑制巨病毒激活;该研究进一步揭示瑞典不同地区的淡水湖泊中60%-72%野生衣藻分离株里存在相关的巨病毒,提示隐性感染可能是巨病毒在自然界的藻类中的常见策略[64]
鉴于布拉德福拟菌病毒最早发现于英国的肺炎流行地区,关于巨病毒对人体的潜在感染和致病性国外已开展过许多相关研究,通过变形虫共培养、PCR扩增检测、宏基因组测序等方法从人体血液、排泄物、角膜炎患者的隐形眼镜液等相关样品中分离或检测到了巨病毒的存在;也有一些研究未检测到这类病毒。相比之下,国内仅有北京微生物与流行病学研究所曾发表过一项关于拟菌病毒PCR大规模检测呈阴性的研究报道[81],La Scola等专门针对该阴性研究发现,PCR检测拟菌病毒具有局限性和不准确性[82]。本文作者曾针对变形虫巨病毒的致病性,通过文献调研进行了详细概述[83]。然而,目前尚无明确的巨病毒在人群间传播或对人及哺乳动物致病的系统性证据,因此巨病毒的潜在健康风险还有待评估。
细菌耐药性在2019年被世界卫生组织列为全球公共卫生的十大威胁之一,变形虫为寄生菌提供基因水平转移的胞内环境,对土壤生态系统中变形虫的深入研究揭示变形虫会主动富集抗生素,其相关胞内寄生菌携带大量抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance gene, ARG)[84],并且变形虫的捕食行为显著筛选出携带ARG与毒力因子的菌群[85]。同为变形虫胞内寄生物,巨病毒基因组也编码不同类型的ARG。马赛病毒编码的二氢叶酸还原酶基因可赋予酿酒酵母对甲氧苄啶和吡啶膦酸的抗性[86]。图潘病毒能主动破坏宿主核糖体RNA,因此比拟菌病毒更耐受遗传霉素和放线菌酮[18];而且其编码的β-内酰胺酶可赋予大肠杆菌对青霉素G等β-内酰胺类抗生素的抗性[87]。在永冻层内组装的8个GVMAGs中也检测到了编码二氢叶酸还原酶或β-内酰胺酶的基因[88]。扩大对NCLDV成员的分析研究表明,巨病毒的ARG携带率接近细菌,显著高于噬菌体;不同类型的巨病毒携带的ARG也不尽相同;系统发育分析显示巨病毒ARG可能来源于真核宿主、原核生物及噬菌体的基因水平转移,提示巨病毒可能作为跨物种ARG传播的桥梁[89]。同时,通过结构预测基因功能发现马赛病毒编码多种全新的小穿膜转运蛋白,其折叠结构、保守氨基酸位点与大肠杆菌、艰难梭菌编码的多药耐药蛋白(small multidrug resistance family of transporter, SMR)高度相似,由于巨病毒的分离方法涉及抗生素鸡尾酒,提示巨病毒可通过SMR来调控宿主细胞内的抗生素浓度[90]。加之前文提及变形虫细胞内存在着巨病毒-噬毒体-可移动遗传元件-胞内共生菌等复杂的互作机制以及与此相关的多向水平基因转移,这意味着变形虫可能成为“超级细菌”的“进化训练场”。
病毒作为生态系统中的“暗物质”,是地球上分布最广泛的生物实体之一。它不仅是生物死亡的执行者,更是贯穿微观代谢调控到全球物质循环的生态系统的代谢工程师。相比之下,因传统病毒学研究方法的局限而发现较晚的病毒中的“隐形巨人”——巨病毒,其编码的大量细胞特有基因给学者留下了深刻印象。原生生物共培养技术、单细胞测序技术、宏基因组学等多种方法揭示巨病毒可自主精细地调控原生生物宿主细胞资源分配,进而重塑海洋能量流动和元素循环。尽管宏基因组学极大扩展了巨病毒的研究边界,但其宿主鉴定仍是目前面临的技术瓶颈。单细胞基因组学和荧光原位杂交技术的结合有望突破现有巨病毒-原生生物宿主预测模型的局限性。在进化生物学领域,巨病毒的起源时间仍存在争议,古病毒基因组重建和分子钟分析将有助于厘清其与真核宿主的共进化历史。总之,巨病毒多样性格局与适应机制的研究不仅拓展了病毒生态学的理论边界,也为理解极端环境生物地球化学循环提供了新的视角。未来研究需整合多组学技术和原位观测手段系统解析巨病毒在生态系统中的多维功能网络。
夏宇程:执行调研,数据收集与监管,获取基金,撰写文章;张锐:提出概念,获取基金,项目管理,审阅。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42406092)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2025A1515010802)
  • 广东省高校创新团队项目(2023KCXTD028)
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2025年第65卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250419
  • 接收时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-28
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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