Article(id=1204800729744646643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250414, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748275200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753113600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineDate=1765176478086, onlineDateStr=2025-12-08, pubDate=1764777600000, pubDateStr=2025-12-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765176478086, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765176478086, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176478086, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1204800727341310425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='12', pageStart='5191', pageEnd='5649', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765176477513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176611928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5500, endPage=5523, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1204800730113745402, articleId=1204800729744646643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of the antidepressant mirtazapine on the gut resistome in rats, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of the antidepressant mirtazapine on the microbial resistome in complex intestinal environments. Methods We employed read mapping and metagenomic assembly to analyze the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and their bacterial hosts based on metagenomic sequencing data of fecal and cecal content samples. Results A total of 29 classes of ARGs, comprising 610 subtypes, were identified. Bacitracin-, tetracycline-, and vancomycin-class ARGs were the predominant types. Chronic restrain stress (CRS) increased the total abundance of ARGs, significantly elevating the abundance of high-risk ARGs belonging to aminoglycoside, MLS (macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin), and tetracycline classes (e.g., tetM, tetO, and tet40). Oral administration of mirtazapine exhibited initial microbiota-dependent effects on the resistome. It increased the total abundance of ARGs in healthy rats but decreased that in depressed rats. In addition, mirtazapine significantly enhanced the abundance of vancomycin-, aminoglycoside-, and mupirocin-class ARGs in healthy rats, as well as the tetracycline resistance gene tetP and multidrug resistance gene ompR in depressed rats. Bacillota, Bacteroidota, and Pseudomonadota were the dominant phyla of gut microbiota and served as the primary bacterial hosts of ARGs. Bacillota, as the main host phylum for aminoglycoside and MLS-class ARGs, showed increased abundance after CRS treatment, which was a key factor driving the significant enrichment of these two ARG classes. Furthermore, CRS increased the proportion of pathogenic bacteria such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lactobacillus and Blautia were identified as potential hosts of tetP and ompR, respectively. The significant increases in the abundance of Lactobacillus and Blautia in the intestines of depressed rats after oral mirtazapine administration were critical factors for the marked enrichment of tetP and ompR. Conclusion CRS increases gut microbiota resistance risks by elevating the abundance of high-risk ARGs and pathogenic bacteria carrying ARGs. The effects of oral mirtazapine on the gut resistome are dependent on the initial microbiota composition. This study provides insights into the relationship between non-antibiotic drugs and gut microbiota resistance, offering important implications for the prevention and control of antibiotic resistance transmission.

, correspAuthors=He YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 探究抗抑郁药米氮平在复杂肠道环境中对微生物耐药组的影响。 方法 基于粪便和盲肠内容物的宏基因组测序数据,通过reads比对和宏基因组组装分析耐药基因及宿主情况。 结果 共鉴定出29类耐药基因(antibiotic resistance gene, ARG),包含610种亚型。杆菌肽、四环素和万古霉素类为主要ARG类型。慢性约束应激(chronic restrain stress, CRS)处理增加了ARG总丰度,显著提高了氨基糖苷类、大环内酯-林可酰胺-链阳菌素类(macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, MLS)类及四环素类高风险ARG (tetMtetOtet40)的丰度。口服米氮平对耐药组的影响具有初始菌群依赖性:它增加健康大鼠肠道ARG总丰度,降低抑郁大鼠肠道ARG总丰度。米氮平还显著增加了健康大鼠肠道万古霉素类、氨基糖苷类和莫匹罗星类ARG,以及抑郁大鼠肠道四环素耐药基因tetP、多重耐药基因ompR等的丰度。芽孢杆菌门、拟杆菌门和假单胞菌门是肠道优势菌门,同时也是主要ARG细菌宿主。芽孢杆菌门作为氨基糖苷类和MLS类耐药基因的主要宿主菌门,CRS处理后该菌门丰度的增加是导致这2类ARG显著富集的重要原因。CRS还增加了耐万古霉素肠球菌等致病菌的比例。乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和经黏液真杆菌属(Blautia)分别被鉴定为tetPompR的潜在宿主。口服米氮平后抑郁大鼠肠道LactobacillusBlautia丰度的显著增加是tetPompR显著富集的重要原因。 结论 CRS处理通过增加高风险ARG丰度及携带ARG的致病菌比例从而增加肠道耐药风险,口服米氮平对肠道微生物耐药组的影响具有初始菌群依赖性。本研究为深入理解非抗生素药物与肠道耐药性的关系提供了依据,对防控抗生素耐药性传播具有重要意义。

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Environment International, 2020, 138: 105649., articleTitle=Integrated metagenomic and metatranscriptomic profiling reveals differentially expressed resistomes in human, chicken, and pig gut microbiomes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217784601280434620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, awardId=32170064, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170064), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217784601423040966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, awardId=32170064, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32170064), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217784595727175709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784595781701664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, companyId=1217784595727175709, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217784595806867490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, companyId=1217784595727175709, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南理工大学 食品科学与工程学院,广东 广州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217784597782384839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Animal experiment procedure. SPT: The sucrose preference test; FST: The forced swimming test; LDT: The light-dark transition test., figureFileSmall=rVOwkdZ+VNkCJQLHWoKCqQ==, figureFileBig=KXGzDDVVoNOLkHfu57sq0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784597874659535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=CN, label=图1, caption=动物实验流程。SPT:糖水偏好试验;FST:强迫游泳试验;LDT:明暗穿梭试验。, figureFileSmall=rVOwkdZ+VNkCJQLHWoKCqQ==, figureFileBig=KXGzDDVVoNOLkHfu57sq0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784598130512090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The ARG profile in fecal and cecal content samples. A: Number of shared and unique ARG subtypes in feces and cecum; B: Number of shared and unique ARG subtypes among the four groups; C: ARG types shared by the four groups; D: Major antibiotic resistance mechanisms., figureFileSmall=beQvs9H5Gw33AR0RG4/LlQ==, figureFileBig=g8zgvksdHXI3y8UgnUuPfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784598218592486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=CN, label=图2, caption=粪便和盲肠内容物样本中ARG总体分布概况。A:粪便和盲肠共有和特有的ARG亚型数;B:4组共有和特有的ARG亚型数;C:4组共有的ARG类型;D:主要抗生素耐药机制。, figureFileSmall=beQvs9H5Gw33AR0RG4/LlQ==, figureFileBig=g8zgvksdHXI3y8UgnUuPfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784598348615924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The sum abundance of ARGs. A: The sum abundance of ARGs in fecal samples;B: The sum abundance of ARGs in cecal content samples. * indicates P<0.05 in Wilcoxon rank sum test. * indicates the result of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test with P<0.05; ● represents outliers., figureFileSmall=ut3ye7PZFyBm8+kyMSg4fw==, figureFileBig=x9wWx8Yxud0Ch37bYLwnCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784598487027968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=CN, label=图3, caption=ARG总丰度。A:粪便样本ARG总丰度;B:盲肠内容物样本ARG总丰度。*表示Wilcoxon秩和检验结果P<0.05;●代表异常值。, figureFileSmall=ut3ye7PZFyBm8+kyMSg4fw==, figureFileBig=x9wWx8Yxud0Ch37bYLwnCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784598608662795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The top 15 ARG subtypes. A: ARG abundance; B: Percentage of ARG abundance., figureFileSmall=dTJ2QlgVqAk2m03ObE99VA==, figureFileBig=77hGMlWmXYrf8jBtJNtNlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784598751269143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各组前15ARG类型。A:ARG丰度值;B:ARG丰度占比。, figureFileSmall=dTJ2QlgVqAk2m03ObE99VA==, figureFileBig=77hGMlWmXYrf8jBtJNtNlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784598868709668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The variation in the relative abundance of ARG types among groups., figureFileSmall=qaXzQwu/RWiNA/lE9Z0N5g==, figureFileBig=q52hVNCEgqtKX+DKgCpXDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784599195865389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ARG类型相对丰度变化, figureFileSmall=qaXzQwu/RWiNA/lE9Z0N5g==, figureFileBig=q52hVNCEgqtKX+DKgCpXDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784599309111606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The top 15 ARG subtypes. A: ARG abundance; B: Percentage of ARG abundance., figureFileSmall=VO7TAC9d6r9V8JyfMK4Y2Q==, figureFileBig=d3JfqHrTUB9W/bMNs0J4xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784599422357825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各组前15ARG亚型。A:ARG丰度值;B:ARG丰度占比。, figureFileSmall=VO7TAC9d6r9V8JyfMK4Y2Q==, figureFileBig=d3JfqHrTUB9W/bMNs0J4xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784599560769868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The variation in the relative abundance of ARG subtypes., figureFileSmall=NAJcS8XWV+Bhyggf9LAIeQ==, figureFileBig=OPg0lUeR+Gcjax6tV3LB9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784599678210390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=CN, label=图7, caption=ARG亚型的相对丰度变化, figureFileSmall=NAJcS8XWV+Bhyggf9LAIeQ==, figureFileBig=OPg0lUeR+Gcjax6tV3LB9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784599795650908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=The nonmetric multidimensional scaling. A: The nonmetric multidimensional scaling of ARGs in fecal samples; B: The nonmetric multidimensional scaling of ARGs in cecum content samples., figureFileSmall=q4bUFlyEPIj5ydrjGWEslg==, figureFileBig=wQynNxLM55lS+NLyxd/YQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784599862759779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=CN, label=图8, caption=NMDS分析。A:粪便样本中ARG的NMDS分析;B:盲肠内容物样本中ARG的NMDS分析。, figureFileSmall=q4bUFlyEPIj5ydrjGWEslg==, figureFileBig=wQynNxLM55lS+NLyxd/YQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600013754731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Alpha index analysis. A: Chao1 index; B: Shannon index. ● represents outliers., figureFileSmall=hn/1/sYjkKwYEPLJb6Opng==, figureFileBig=BQ0eghIapAdTjTFFwaKDIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600156361076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=CN, label=图9, caption=α多样性分析。A:Chao1指数;B:Shannon指数。●代表异常值。, figureFileSmall=hn/1/sYjkKwYEPLJb6Opng==, figureFileBig=BQ0eghIapAdTjTFFwaKDIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600248635773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=The composition of gut microbiota. A: The composition of gut microbiota at the phylum level; B: The composition of gut microbiota at the genus level; C: The significantly altered bacterial phyla; D: The significantly altered bacterial genera. * indicates the result of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test with P<0.05; ● represents outliers., figureFileSmall=GDRzTe4w7q0GgnddkH8XxA==, figureFileBig=GcVFDyiGaDulqNJcvM3ymQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600366076292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=CN, label=图10, caption=肠道菌群组成。A:门水平;B:属水平;C:显著变化的菌门;D:显著变化的菌属。*表示Wilcoxon秩和检验结果P<0.05;●代表异常值。, figureFileSmall=GDRzTe4w7q0GgnddkH8XxA==, figureFileBig=GcVFDyiGaDulqNJcvM3ymQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600428990858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=The co-occurrence relationship between bacterial genera and ARG subtypes. Purple spheres represent ARG subtypes, and spheres of other colors represent genera from different phyla. Red lines indicate positive correlations, while green lines indicate negative correlations., figureFileSmall=XBlbnq1weSaNv+Zn9DA0uA==, figureFileBig=9dyR/Q1ghnxnK3h5vPGVQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600529654161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=CN, label=图11, caption=肠道菌群(属水平)ARG亚型的共现关系。紫色圆球代表ARG亚型;其余颜色圆球代表不同菌门的菌属;红色线条代表正相关;绿色线条代表负相关。, figureFileSmall=XBlbnq1weSaNv+Zn9DA0uA==, figureFileBig=9dyR/Q1ghnxnK3h5vPGVQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784600634511764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729744646643, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=The ARG bacterial hosts at the phylum level. 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抗抑郁药米氮平对大鼠肠道微生物耐药组的影响
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陈亚琳 , 闫鹤 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(12): 5500-5523
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(12): 5500-5523
抗抑郁药米氮平对大鼠肠道微生物耐药组的影响
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陈亚琳, 闫鹤*
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学 食品科学与工程学院,广东 广州
Effects of the antidepressant mirtazapine on the gut resistome in rats
Yalin CHEN, He YAN*
Affiliations
  • School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2025-12-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250414
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目的 探究抗抑郁药米氮平在复杂肠道环境中对微生物耐药组的影响。 方法 基于粪便和盲肠内容物的宏基因组测序数据,通过reads比对和宏基因组组装分析耐药基因及宿主情况。 结果 共鉴定出29类耐药基因(antibiotic resistance gene, ARG),包含610种亚型。杆菌肽、四环素和万古霉素类为主要ARG类型。慢性约束应激(chronic restrain stress, CRS)处理增加了ARG总丰度,显著提高了氨基糖苷类、大环内酯-林可酰胺-链阳菌素类(macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, MLS)类及四环素类高风险ARG (tetMtetOtet40)的丰度。口服米氮平对耐药组的影响具有初始菌群依赖性:它增加健康大鼠肠道ARG总丰度,降低抑郁大鼠肠道ARG总丰度。米氮平还显著增加了健康大鼠肠道万古霉素类、氨基糖苷类和莫匹罗星类ARG,以及抑郁大鼠肠道四环素耐药基因tetP、多重耐药基因ompR等的丰度。芽孢杆菌门、拟杆菌门和假单胞菌门是肠道优势菌门,同时也是主要ARG细菌宿主。芽孢杆菌门作为氨基糖苷类和MLS类耐药基因的主要宿主菌门,CRS处理后该菌门丰度的增加是导致这2类ARG显著富集的重要原因。CRS还增加了耐万古霉素肠球菌等致病菌的比例。乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和经黏液真杆菌属(Blautia)分别被鉴定为tetPompR的潜在宿主。口服米氮平后抑郁大鼠肠道LactobacillusBlautia丰度的显著增加是tetPompR显著富集的重要原因。 结论 CRS处理通过增加高风险ARG丰度及携带ARG的致病菌比例从而增加肠道耐药风险,口服米氮平对肠道微生物耐药组的影响具有初始菌群依赖性。本研究为深入理解非抗生素药物与肠道耐药性的关系提供了依据,对防控抗生素耐药性传播具有重要意义。

米氮平  /  肠道菌群  /  抗生素耐药性  /  细菌宿主

Objective To investigate the effects of the antidepressant mirtazapine on the microbial resistome in complex intestinal environments. Methods We employed read mapping and metagenomic assembly to analyze the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and their bacterial hosts based on metagenomic sequencing data of fecal and cecal content samples. Results A total of 29 classes of ARGs, comprising 610 subtypes, were identified. Bacitracin-, tetracycline-, and vancomycin-class ARGs were the predominant types. Chronic restrain stress (CRS) increased the total abundance of ARGs, significantly elevating the abundance of high-risk ARGs belonging to aminoglycoside, MLS (macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin), and tetracycline classes (e.g., tetM, tetO, and tet40). Oral administration of mirtazapine exhibited initial microbiota-dependent effects on the resistome. It increased the total abundance of ARGs in healthy rats but decreased that in depressed rats. In addition, mirtazapine significantly enhanced the abundance of vancomycin-, aminoglycoside-, and mupirocin-class ARGs in healthy rats, as well as the tetracycline resistance gene tetP and multidrug resistance gene ompR in depressed rats. Bacillota, Bacteroidota, and Pseudomonadota were the dominant phyla of gut microbiota and served as the primary bacterial hosts of ARGs. Bacillota, as the main host phylum for aminoglycoside and MLS-class ARGs, showed increased abundance after CRS treatment, which was a key factor driving the significant enrichment of these two ARG classes. Furthermore, CRS increased the proportion of pathogenic bacteria such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lactobacillus and Blautia were identified as potential hosts of tetP and ompR, respectively. The significant increases in the abundance of Lactobacillus and Blautia in the intestines of depressed rats after oral mirtazapine administration were critical factors for the marked enrichment of tetP and ompR. Conclusion CRS increases gut microbiota resistance risks by elevating the abundance of high-risk ARGs and pathogenic bacteria carrying ARGs. The effects of oral mirtazapine on the gut resistome are dependent on the initial microbiota composition. This study provides insights into the relationship between non-antibiotic drugs and gut microbiota resistance, offering important implications for the prevention and control of antibiotic resistance transmission.

mirtazapine  /  gut microbiota  /  antibiotic resistance  /  bacterial hosts
陈亚琳, 闫鹤. 抗抑郁药米氮平对大鼠肠道微生物耐药组的影响. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5500 -5523 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250414
Yalin CHEN, He YAN. Effects of the antidepressant mirtazapine on the gut resistome in rats[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5500 -5523 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250414
抗生素耐药性(antimicrobial resistance, AMR)作为全球食品安全与公共健康的重要威胁,每年导致超百万人死亡[1-2]。据预测,若缺乏干预,到2050年全球每年AMR相关死亡人数将突破千万[3]。传统观点普遍认为,微生物抗生素耐药性的产生和发展是由于抗生素药物的过度或不合理使用[4-5]。然而,随着非抗生素药物(如非甾体抗炎药、精神类药物等)在药物市场中所占比例不断上升,非抗生素药物对微生物抗生素耐药性的作用逐渐受到关注[6-7]。非抗生素药物可通过诱导突变、促进耐药基因(antibiotic resistance gene, ARG)水平转移等机制加剧细菌耐药性[8-10]
随着抑郁症患病率上升,抗抑郁药已成为全球使用最广泛的非抗生素药物之一,其消耗量持续增加[10-11]。多项体外研究表明,在有氧条件下抗抑郁药可通过活性氧诱导基因突变、可移动遗传元件(mobile genetic elements, MGE)介导的ARG水平转移等途径显著促进大肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等临床菌株耐药性发展[12-13]。Jin等[14]将大肠杆菌暴露于5-10 mg/L氟西汀30 d,发现胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平和基因突变频率显著升高,编码AcrAB-TolC外排泵的基因表达增加,使大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类和β-内酰胺类等抗生素耐药性提升超过5倍。Ou等[15]研究表明,选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs)及三环类(tricyclic antidepressants, TCA)抗抑郁药均可通过ROS诱导基因突变,增强AcrAB-TolC泵活性,导致多药耐药。Wang等[12]研究表明,大肠杆菌暴露于度洛西汀等5种抗抑郁药60 d后产生对11种抗生素的耐药性,且该耐药突变可稳定遗传。此外,抗抑郁药与抗生素联用会协同增强耐药性,Shi等[8]发现度洛西汀与氯霉素联合暴露显著增加大肠杆菌氯霉素耐药突变频率及多药耐药性,并加剧氧化应激。抗抑郁药对细菌耐药性的促进作用在鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)中同样显著[16]。Gurpinar等[16]将鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株暴露于氟西汀、舍曲林和阿米替林30 d,耐药菌数量及对庆大霉素、黏菌素等抗生素的最低抑菌浓度显著上升,其中舍曲林和阿米替林可诱导对亚胺培南的耐药性,而氟西汀无此作用。
抗抑郁药还可通过刺激细菌水平基因转移(horizontal gene transfer, HGT)加速耐药性传播[13,17]。质粒介导的接合转移是细菌HGT的重要途径[18]。Ding等[13]使用携带多种耐药基因(如blaCMY-6aacA4rmtC等)的临床质粒pMS6198A和环境质粒RP4,以大肠杆菌为供体菌、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)为受体菌进行接合试验,发现度洛西汀等6种抗抑郁药显著促进跨属接合转移。Lu等[17]使用贝伊不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baylyi)和携带tetAblaTEM-1等耐药基因的质粒pWH1266开展转化试验,证实度洛西汀等4种抗抑郁药可使耐药质粒转化效率最高提升2.3倍。
在临床治疗中抗抑郁药主要经口服进入人体,经胃肠道吸收后发挥治疗作用[19],其在肠道局部的药物浓度蓄积可能对肠道微生态产生重要影响[20]。作为人体最大的微生物群落栖息地,肠道包含1013-1014个细菌及多种微生物[21],这使得抗生素耐药性在肠道菌群中的进化过程远比体外单一菌株更为复杂[10],也使肠道成为抗生素耐药基因(ARG)和耐药细菌的重要储存库[22]。尽管以上体外研究已初步揭示抗抑郁药对细菌耐药性的影响,但在肠道厌氧环境下其对肠道耐药组的调控作用及机制仍缺乏系统性研究。前期研究发现,氟西汀与阿米替林在调节抑郁小鼠肠道菌群结构时显著改变肠道ARG组成,使氨基糖苷类耐药基因aph3iiiA相对丰度显著升高[23]。Wang等[24]基于276例受试者的横断面研究发现,艾斯西酞普兰治疗可显著上调抑郁症患者肠道内11个ARG (如编码MFS家族多药外排泵的ARG)的丰度。然而,目前仍缺乏抗抑郁药干预后肠道ARG宿主菌组成变化,以及肠道菌群与ARG变化关联的系统研究。
米氮平是临床常用的四环类抗抑郁药(tetracyclic antidepressants, TeCAs),主要通过拮抗中枢突触前α2肾上腺素受体以及增强去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺的释放发挥其抗抑郁疗效[25]。米氮平具有增加体重、改善睡眠和治疗睡眠困难的功效,尤其是针对抑郁症引发的功能性消化不良、慢性恶心和呕吐等症状具有较好的治疗效果[26-27]。Rukavishnikov等[28]的体外研究表明,米氮平对多种微生物的生长具有抑制作用,如双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium bifidum)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和白色念珠菌(Canidia albicans)。Rogers等[29]通过2个不同的数据集和研究设计,评估抑郁症或抗抑郁药物的使用是否会改变患艰难梭菌感染(Clostridioides difficile infection, CDI)的风险,在该研究中关于米氮平与CDI的关联结果如下:接受米氮平治疗的患者,其艰难梭菌检测呈阳性的几率是未接受该药物治疗患者的2.14倍;每增加1个米氮平剂量,艰难梭菌检测呈阳性的几率就会增加8%。然而,作为临床常用抗抑郁药,米氮平在肠道复杂环境下对肠道微生物及其耐药组的影响尚不明确。
本研究以SD大鼠为模型,通过慢性约束应激处理构建抑郁模型,基于宏基因组测序和16S rRNA基因测序技术系统探究临床常用抗抑郁药米氮平在健康与慢性约束应激抑郁状态2种初始菌群背景下对大鼠肠道微生物耐药组的影响。结合Spearman相关分析与宏基因组组装2种方式系统解析了肠道ARG细菌宿主的变化,从宿主角度解析米氮平影响肠道微生物耐药组的潜在机制,突破体外单一菌株研究局限。本研究旨在为评估抗抑郁药的肠道微生物耐药风险提供重要数据,也为抗抑郁药耐药性研究开辟体内生态机制探索新路径,对临床合理用药及耐药性防控具有重要指导意义。
本研究的动物实验方案已获得广州质量监督检测研究院动物实验伦理委员会的批准(2019-11-01)。无特定病原体(specific pathogen-free, SPF)成年雄性SD大鼠(体重范围为180-220 g)购自广东省医学实验动物中心,在广州质量监督检测研究院动物中心饲养。本研究实验动物质量合格证号:No.1100111911067742,生产许可证号:SCXK(京)2019-0006,实验动物使用许可证号:SYXK(粤)2018-0137。动物实验流程如图1所示,整体流程分为适应期、建模期、给药期及样本收集4个阶段。
(1) 适应期。试验前10天 (第1-11天),所有大鼠被置于实验室环境进行适应,环境条件设定为12 h光照/12 h黑暗循环、温度(25±1) ℃、相对湿度55%-65%。每笼饲养2只大鼠,确保其自由获取食物和水。
(2) 建模期。适应期结束后,将40只大鼠随机分为2组。其中20只作为健康对照组(healthy control, HC),保持正常饲养;另外20只作为慢性约束应激模型组(chronic restrain stress, CRS),进行为期3周(第11-32天)的造模处理。具体造模操作是每天将CRS组大鼠置于外径6.5 cm、长度18 cm的亚克力束缚管中约束6 h。
(3) 给药期。造模3周后,通过蔗糖偏好测试(sucrose preference test, SPT)、强迫游泳试验(forced swim test, FST)及明暗穿梭试验(light-dark test, LDT)等行为学试验评估造模效果,剔除4只造模不成功的大鼠。随后,将造模成功的20只CRS组大鼠随机分为模型组(CRS, n=12)和模型给药组(oral mirtazapine in CRS-induced rats,下文简称CRS_Mtp组,n=8);同时,HC组大鼠也随机分为健康对照组(HC, n=10)和健康给药组(oral mirtazapine in healthy rats,下文简称Mtp组,n=8)。对Mtp组和CRS_Mtp组大鼠按每天20 mg/kg的剂量灌胃米氮平;HC组和CRS组则灌胃相同体积的生理盐水。给药4周(第32-60天)后,再次通过上述行为学试验评估米氮平的干预效果。
(4) 样本收集。试验结束后,立即用无菌锥形管收集每只大鼠至少3粒粪便,粪便排出3 min内用液氮速冻,随后保存于-80 ℃备用。收集粪便后,让大鼠禁食过夜,采用颈椎脱臼法处死,剖腹取出盲肠。用磷酸盐缓冲盐水(phosphate buffered saline, PBS)冲洗盲肠内容物,收集后冷冻保存于-80 ℃,用于后续分析。
使用MagBeads FastDNA® Kit for Feces试剂盒(上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司)按照说明书分别从粪便和盲肠内容物样本中进行样品DNA的抽提。完成DNA抽提后,检测DNA浓度和纯度,利用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA完整性。通过超声波破碎仪(Covaris公司)将DNA片段化,筛选约350 bp的片段,用于构建PE文库。使用NEXTFLEX Rapid DNA-Seq (Bioo Scientific公司)建库,具体流程如下:(1) 接头连接;(2) 使用磁珠筛选去除接头自连片段;(3) 利用PCR扩增进行文库模板的富集;(4) 磁珠回收PCR产物得到最终的文库。使用MiSeq测序平台(Illumina公司)进行宏基因组测序,具体流程如下:(1) 文库分子一端与引物碱基互补,经过一轮扩增,将模板信息固定在芯片上;(2) 固定在芯片上的分子另一端随机与附近的另外一个引物互补,也被固定住,形成“桥(bridge)”;(3) PCR扩增,产生DNA簇;(4) DNA扩增子线性化成为单链;(5) 加入改造过的DNA聚合酶和带有4种荧光标记的dNTPs,每次循环只合成1个碱基;(6) 用激光扫描反应板表面,读取每条模板序列第一轮反应所聚合上去的核苷酸种类;(7) 将“荧光基团”和“终止基团”化学切割,恢复3′端黏性,继续聚合第二个核苷酸;(8) 统计每轮收集到的荧光信号结果,获知模板DNA片段的序列。宏基因组测序原始数据已提交至NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra),登录号为PRJNA7266600 (对应样本:Mtp组和CRS_Mtp组大鼠粪便及盲肠内容物样本)和PRJNA1204160 (对应样本:HC组和CRS组大鼠粪便及盲肠内容物样本)。
采用NanoDrop 2000超微量分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)对DNA样本的浓度及纯度进行检测,同时运用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术评估DNA样品的完整性。针对质量与浓度均达标的DNA样本,采用引物338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)开展16S rRNA基因片段V3-V4区的扩增操作。PCR反应体系:5×FastPfu Buffer 4 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 μL,上、下游引物(5 μmol/L)各0.8 μL,TransStart FastPfu DNA聚合酶(2.5 U/μL) 0.4 μL,BSA 0.2 μL,模板DNA 10 ng,ddH2O补至20 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 30 s,共27个循环;72 ℃ 10 min;4 ℃保存。每个样本设置3次重复扩增。将同一样本的3次PCR产物混合后,采用2%琼脂糖凝胶进行回收处理,具体操作借助AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit完成。纯化后的产物先通过2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,再利用QuantusTM荧光剂(Promega公司)进行定量分析。后续使用NEXTFLEX Rapid DNA-Seq Kit建库试剂盒构建测序文库,并在MiSeq PE300平台(Illumina公司)上开展测序工作。16S rRNA基因原始数据已提交至NCBI数据库,登录号为PRJNA1265918 (对应样本:Mtp组和CRS_Mtp组大鼠粪便及盲肠内容物样本)和PRJNA1203359 (对应样本:HC组和CRS组大鼠粪便及盲肠内容物样本)。
使用fastp[30] (https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp,version 0.20.0)对reads的3′端和5′端的adapter序列进行剪切,去除剪切后长度小于50 bp、平均碱基质量值低于20的reads,保留高质量序列;使用软件BWA[31] (http://bio-bwa.sourceforge.net,version 0.7.17)将reads比对到宿主DNA序列,并去除比对相似性高的污染reads,其中参考序列登录号为GCF_036323735.1。
使用Sickle工具(https://github.com/najoshi/sickle)按照默认参数去除测序接头序列、低质量核苷酸序列(包括无法识别的碱基对序列),从宏基因组原始读长(raw reads)数据中生成高质量的宏基因组测序净数据(clean reads)用于下游分析。使用Diamond[32] (v0.9.21)将预处理后的clean reads与综合抗生素耐药基因数据库(integrated antibiotic resistance genes database, IARDB)比对,E-value设为10-10,该数据库是由Yao等[33]整合ARDB数据库(antibiotic resistance genes database, ARDB)、CARD数据库(comprehensive antibiotic resistance database, CARD)和ResFinder数据库这3个常用ARG数据库的资源创建而成,共包含28种ARG类型和1 768种ARG亚型。若满足以下条件:比对相似性≥80%,比对长度≥25个氨基酸,则将该序列鉴定为ARG相关序列。基于16S rRNA基因序列按照公式(1)对鉴定到的ARG相对丰度进行标准化,标准化后的单位为“ARG copy per 16S”,下文称为拷贝比。
Abundance (ratio)=1nNARG-like read×Lreads/LARG reference sequenceN16S read×Lreads/L16S reference sequence
式中:NARG-like read表示鉴定为ARG相关序列的数量;LARG reference sequence表示IARDB数据库中ARG参考序列的长度;N16S read表示经BLASTn工具与SILVA SSU Ref数据库(release 132)比对所得的16S rRNA基因序列数[33]L16S reference sequence表示16S rRNA基因参考序列长度;n表示所识别到的同一种ARG类型或亚型的数目;Lreads为宏基因组测序数据的序列长度。
使用SPAdes将各样本质控后的宏基因组序列进行从头组装,生成长片段(scaffolds),该过程参数设置如下:-meta-k21,33,55,77-only-assembler。筛选出长度≥500 bp的scaffolds,使用Prodigal (v2.6.3)[34]对scaffolds进行开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)预测。
使用BLASTp将1.6节中预测得到的ORF对应蛋白序列与IARDB耐药基因数据库进行比对,E-value设为10-10,若比对结果符合以下条件:相似度≥80%,查询覆盖率≥70%,则该ORF被鉴定为ARG的ORF,其所在的scaffolds即为携带ARG的scaffolds (ARG-carrying scaffold, ACS)。将被注释为ARG的ORF按照ARG类别和ARG亚型进行统计,以方便后续分析。此方法已被Hu等[35]的研究验证,鉴定结果精确度高达99.1%。使用CAT软件(contig annotation tool, CAT)对长度≥500 bp的ACS的所有ORF进行物种注释,若一个ACS上超过50%的ORF被鉴定为同一物种分类水平,则该水平下的物种注释结果被鉴定为该ACS的细菌宿主。将细菌宿主鉴定结果按照“界门纲目科属种”的顺序进行统计以方便后续分析。
数据分析的统计学显著水平为P<0.05。进行两组间比较时,若数据符合正态分布则使用t检验进行比较,若不符合正态分布则使用独立样本非参数检验Wilcoxon秩和检验进行统计分析。在R studio分析环境下使用R-4.3.1中的ggplot2、vegan、ggpubr等数据包基于ARG亚型丰度数据进行α、β多样性分析及图形可视化,使用Adobe Illustrator 2022调整图形排版布局(如标签、图例位置等),但未修改图形中数据相关元素。使用Spearman相关分析计算主要ARG亚型(即相对丰度>0.005)与属水平ASV之间的所有成对相关系数R,若R>0.5且P<0.05,则认为二者之间的相关性具有统计学意义。使用gephi-0.10.1对显著相关的ARG和属水平微生物进行网络分析及可视化。
对16份粪便样本和16份盲肠内容物样本进行宏基因组测序,通过宏基因组短序列比对进行ARG鉴定。从所有样本中共鉴定出610种ARG亚型,涵盖了IARDB耐药基因数据库的全部28种ARG类型。其中,447种ARG亚型为粪便和盲肠内容物样本所共有(图2A)。为评估这些ARG在4组(HC、Mtp、CRS和CRS_Mtp)中的分布情况,统计了4组共有和特有的ARG。结果显示,有371个核心ARG亚型为4组所共有(图2B),最主要的核心ARG类型是多重耐药类(multidrug resistance, MDR)、β-内酰胺类、大环内酯-林可酰胺-链阳菌素类(macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, MLS)类(图2C)。此外,通过与CARD数据库比对鉴定了610种ARG亚型的抗生素耐药机制。结果显示,抗生素失活(34.75%)、抗生素外排(33.11%)和抗生素靶点改变(15.57%)是这些ARG的主要抗生素耐药机制(图2D)。
采用宏基因组短序列比对分析方法,系统鉴定大鼠肠道ARG总丰度。结果表明,在粪便及盲肠内容物样本中,慢性约束应激模型组(CRS组)的ARG总丰度相较于健康对照组(HC组)均呈上升趋势;其中,仅盲肠内容物样本中的差异达到统计学显著水平(Wilcoxon秩和检验,P<0.05),揭示慢性约束应激对盲肠ARG的富集具有显著促进作用(图3)。进一步对比模型给药组(CRS_Mtp组)与CRS组发现,CRS_Mtp组大鼠粪便及盲肠内容物样本中的ARG总丰度呈降低趋势,但差异未达到统计学显著性(Wilcoxon秩和检验,P>0.05)。为深入探究米氮平干预在不同肠道菌群背景下对耐药组的影响,分析了健康大鼠给药后的ARG总丰度变化。结果显示,健康给药组(Mtp组)在粪便和盲肠内容物样本中的ARG总丰度均高于HC组,且盲肠内容物样本中的差异具有统计学意义(Wilcoxon秩和检验,P<0.05)。上述结果表明,口服米氮平对大鼠肠道ARG总丰度的影响呈现肠道初始菌群背景依赖性:在健康大鼠肠道菌群背景下表现为促进ARG总丰度上升,而在CRS诱导的抑郁大鼠肠道菌群背景下ARG总丰度呈降低趋势,但尚未达到显著水平。
依据抗生素作用类别对ARG进行系统分类统计,共鉴定出28类ARG,且在所有粪便样本与盲肠内容物样本中均检测到这些ARG类型,表明大鼠肠道微生物耐药基因组成具有高度复杂性与广泛性。进一步分析发现,杆菌肽类、万古霉素类、四环素类、MLS类和MDR类为所有样本中平均相对丰度最高的5类ARG (图4)。这5种主要ARG类型在全部样本中的相对丰度占比介于68.67%-86.12%,占据肠道ARG组成的主导地位。无论是粪便样本还是盲肠内容物样本,杆菌肽类、万古霉素类和四环素类均是丰度占比前三的ARG类型。
为探究CRS处理与口服米氮平对不同ARG类型相对丰度的影响,对各ARG类型相对丰度的组间差异进行统计学分析。结果显示,在粪便与盲肠样本中,相较于HC组,为期三周的CRS处理均显著提升了氨基糖苷类(aminoglycoside)和MLS类ARG的相对丰度(图5)。此外,CRS处理还显著增加了盲肠样本中万古霉素(vancomycin)、氯霉素(chloramphenicol)、利福霉素(rifamycin)、柔红霉素(daunorubicin)和恶唑烷酮(oxazolidinone)等ARG类型的相对丰度,表明CRS应激能够显著改变大鼠肠道微生物特定ARG类型的丰度分布。进一步对比CRS_Mtp组与CRS组发现,口服米氮平后抑郁大鼠粪便和盲肠内容物中莫匹罗星类(mupirocin) ARG的相对丰度均上升,仅在盲肠内容物样本中达到统计学显著水平(Wilcoxon 秩和检验,P<0.05)。为明确米氮平在不同肠道菌群背景下对不同类型ARG相对丰度的作用差异,分析了健康大鼠给药后的ARG变化情况。结果显示,与HC组相比,Mtp组在粪便和盲肠内容物中万古霉素类、氨基糖苷类和莫匹罗星类ARG的相对丰度均显著增加,在盲肠内容物中还显著增加了杆菌肽类、四环素类、柔红霉素类和博来霉素类(bleomycin) ARG的相对丰度。值得注意的是,米氮平干预后,健康和抑郁大鼠肠道莫匹罗星类耐药基因的丰度均一致上升,仅在盲肠内容物中达到显著(Wilcoxon秩和检验,P<0.05)。
从所有样本中共鉴定出610种ARG亚型,粪便样本中ARG亚型平均相对丰度介于1.42×10-7和0.18拷贝比之间;盲肠内容物中ARG亚型平均相对丰度介于7.45×10-8和0.23拷贝比之间(图6)。值得注意的是,杆菌肽类耐药基因bceA (0.06-0.23拷贝比)、bcrA (0.03-0.16拷贝比)和bacA (0.04-0.09拷贝比)在所有样本中均为丰度最高的ARG亚型。
本研究聚焦于主要耐药基因(ARG)亚型(相对丰度>0.005),系统评估了CRS处理及口服米氮平对其相对丰度的影响(图7)。相较于HC组,CRS处理后,粪便样本中未检测到显著富集的ARG亚型;但在盲肠内容物中,8个ARG亚型的相对丰度显著上升,其中包括3个万古霉素类耐药基因(vanRGvanRIvanAG)、3个四环素类耐药基因(tet40tetOtetM)以及1个氯霉素类耐药基因(cat3),表明CRS应激对大鼠盲肠特定ARG亚型具有选择性富集作用。
接着评估了口服米氮平干预对主要ARG亚型相对丰度的影响,与CRS组相比口服米氮平使四环素类耐药基因tetP在抑郁大鼠粪便和盲肠内容物中均显著富集。此外,米氮平还显著增加了抑郁大鼠粪便样本中多重耐药基因ompR的相对丰度,同时显著降低了抑郁大鼠盲肠内容物中杆菌肽类耐药基因bacA的相对丰度。进一步探究健康大鼠口服米氮平后的ARG亚型相对丰度变化发现,万古霉素类耐药基因vanRA在粪便和盲肠内容物中均显著富集。此外,米氮平还显著增加了健康大鼠粪便样本中2个MLS类耐药基因(lnuAlnuC)的相对丰度;在盲肠内容物中还显著增加了2个万古霉素类耐药基因(vanRGvanAG)、3个四环素类耐药基因(tetMtetOtet40)、2个杆菌肽类耐药基因(bceAbcrA)及1个氨基糖苷类耐药基因[ANT(6)-Ia]的相对丰度。
为评估粪便和盲肠内容物样本中各组ARG组成的差异,基于Bray-Curtis距离算法进行了非度量多维尺度分析(nonmetric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)。结果显示,无论在粪便还是盲肠内容物中,HC、Mtp、CRS和CRS_Mtp 4个处理组的样本点具有不同的聚类特征,并按组别明显分开(图8)。在粪便样本中,原始Stress值为0.095,保留两位小数后为0.10 (图8A);在盲肠内容物样本中,Stress值为0.06 (图8B)。Stress值小于0.10,说明4组ARG组成的组间差异具有较高的可信度。相似性分析(analysis of similarities, ANOSIM)进一步表明,无论在粪便(P=0.02)还是盲肠内容物(P<0.01)中,4组ARG组成的组间差异均显著大于组内差异,这说明分组具有生物学依据。
为深入探究慢性约束应激与口服米氮平对大鼠肠道耐药基因α多样性的影响,本研究选择Chao1和Shannon 2个指数进行系统评估。其中,Chao1指数依据ARG的种类数量,直观反映肠道ARG的丰富程度,Chao1指数越高表明肠道ARG的丰富度越高;Shannon指数则综合考虑ARG的种类数及相对丰度分布情况,全面衡量肠道ARG的多样性,Shannon指数越高意味着ARG的多样性越高。使用R包vegan和ggplot进行ARG的Chao1指数和Shannon指数的运算和可视化。结果显示,无论在粪便样本还是盲肠内容物样本中,与HC组相比,CRS组的ARG丰富度(Chao1指数)和多样性(Shannon指数)均增加;与CRS组相比,抑郁大鼠口服米氮平后(CRS_Mtp)降低了ARG的丰富度(Chao1指数)和多样性(Shannon指数) (图9)。对健康大鼠进行米氮平干预后,ARG的α多样性变化在粪便和盲肠内容物中呈现不同的趋势。与健康组(HC)相比,健康给药组(Mtp)中ARG的丰富度(Chao1指数)和多样性(Shannon指数)在粪便样本中降低,而在盲肠内容物中增加,但以上变化均未达到统计学显著水平。
对肠道菌群组成进行分析显示,无论在大鼠粪便还是盲肠样本中,芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)在各处理组均为最主要的肠道细菌门(图10A)。在属水平上,粪便样本中主要的细菌属为罗姆布茨菌属(Romboutsia)和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus),盲肠样本中主要的菌属为唾液乳杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus)和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus) (图10B)。进一步分析了CRS处理和口服米氮平后肠道菌群组成的变化情况(图10C10D)。经过CRS处理后,与HC相比,粪便和盲肠样本中的芽孢杆菌门丰度均上升;拟杆菌门的丰度在粪便样本中降低,在盲肠样本中升高;假单胞菌门的丰度在粪便样本中上升,在盲肠样本中降低,但以上变化均未达到显著水平。抑郁大鼠口服米氮平后,粪便样本中芽孢杆菌门和拟杆菌门的丰度显著上升,而盲肠样本中假单胞菌门的丰度显著上升。在属水平,CRS处理增加了粪便样本中葡萄球菌属的丰度,但未达到显著水平。抑郁大鼠口服米氮平后,粪便样本中经黏液真杆菌属(Blautia)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和NK4A214_group菌属的丰度显著上升。
使用Spearman相关分析计算了314个肠道细菌属与相对丰度大于0.005的79个ARG之间的相关关系,按照相关系数R>0.5和P<0.05的条件进行筛选。结果显示,67个ARG与74个细菌属显著相关,图11展示了这些ARG与细菌属之间的网络关系。在该相关性网络中,平均度为3.28,平均加权度为1.98,网络直径为1,网密度为0.02,模块化指数为0.48,连接部件为3,平均路径长度为3.92。74个潜在细菌宿主属主要属于芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota, 71.72%),其次是假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 13.62%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota,7.59%)。值得注意的是,几个丰度较高的菌属被鉴定为潜在的细菌宿主,如NK4A214_groupEnterococcusLactococcusStaphylococcus,这些菌属都与10个以上的ARG (如fexAompR等)存在显著的相关关系。其中,包含多种病原体的肠球菌属(Enterococcus)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)被确定为31种ARG (如fexAmecA等)的潜在宿主,这可能会导致更复杂的耐药性问题,并增加疾病控制的难度。此外,多重耐药基因ompRNK4A214_groupAerococcus等19个肠道菌属显著相关,四环素类耐药基因tetPLactobacillusBacteroides等7个菌属显著相关,杆菌肽类耐药基因bacABacteroidesButyricimonas等5个菌属显著相关。与这些ARG显著相关的菌属主要属于芽孢杆菌门和拟杆菌门。
为系统解析携带ARG的肠道细菌宿主组成,并探究ARG与肠道菌群的直接关联,本研究采用物种注释工具CAT对鉴定出的ACS进行了不同分类水平的物种注释分析。结果显示,各组样本的门水平注释率为57.77%-70.45%。在粪便样本中,平均62.91%的ACS被注释到门水平,9个肠道细菌门被鉴定为ARG细菌宿主。其中,芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota, 6.00%-83.00%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, 4.20%-15.77%)和假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 3.20%-23.00%)是各组粪便样本在门水平上的主要ARG细菌宿主(图12A)。值得注意的是,与HC组相比,经CRS处理后大鼠粪便样本携带ARG的假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)所占比例由4.10%升至23.00%,在口服米氮平干预后该菌门占比下降至3.20%。此外,健康大鼠经米氮平干预后,携带ARG的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)所占比例由11.00%升至15.77%。这提示CRS处理和口服米氮平会促进大鼠粪便中某些耐药菌的扩张,从而增加肠道抗生素耐药风险。在盲肠内容物样本中,平均63.33%的ACS被注释到门水平,8个肠道细菌门被鉴定为ARG宿主(图12B)。与粪便样本一致,芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota, 78.25%-81.40%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, 9.81%-15.80%)和假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 4.05%-6.73%)也是盲肠样本中的门水平主要ARG细菌宿主。与HC组相比,CRS组携带ARG的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)占比由9.81%升至15.80%。对抑郁大鼠进行米氮平干预后,携带ARG的致病菌门——假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)占比由4.05%升至5.18%;而健康大鼠经米氮平干预后,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)占比由9.81%升至13.42%。值得关注的是,芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)也是大鼠粪便及盲肠样本的优势菌门,其相对丰度分别占肠道菌群总丰度的88.40%和7.10%。宏基因组组装分析显示,这两大菌门携带了80.00%以上的ARG,表明肠道优势菌门具有成为ARG主要宿主的优势。
从耐药基因的角度分析发现,杆菌肽类ARG无论在粪便还是盲肠样本中均是宿主类型最丰富的ARG类别,其宿主范围跨越了芽孢杆菌门、拟杆菌门等5个细菌门,这可能是其在大鼠肠道占据高丰度的主要原因。尽管万古霉素类ARG在各组中平均相对丰度排在第三位,但其细菌宿主仅局限于芽孢杆菌门。肠道耐药组分析结果显示CRS处理显著增加了粪便和盲肠中氨基糖苷类和MLS类这2类ARG的相对丰度。宿主分析结果显示,芽孢杆菌门为氨基糖苷类和MLS类ARG的主要肠道细菌宿主。因此CRS处理后芽孢杆菌门丰度的增加可能是导致这2类ARG在大鼠肠道显著富集的重要原因。
在粪便样本中,葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)在各处理组中均为携带ARG类型最多的宿主属,在HC组、Mtp组、CRS组和CRS-Mtp组分别携带了14、14、15和11类ARG (图13A)。葡萄球菌属携带的主要ARG类型为氟喹诺酮类、MLS类、β-内酰胺类和多重耐药类。在HC组中,除葡萄球菌属外,拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和肠球菌属(Enterococcus)携带的ARG类型也较多,分别为9类和8类。拟杆菌属主要携带杆菌肽类(bacitracin)和β-内酰胺类(beta-lactam)耐药基因。在CRS组中,除葡萄球菌属外,不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和肠球菌属(Enterococcus)携带的ARG类型最丰富,分别携带了10类和9类ARG。其中,不动杆菌属主要携带多重耐药类ARG,而肠球菌属主要携带万古霉素类ARG。在Mtp组和CRS_Mtp组中,拟杆菌属和副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)均携带了6类以上ARG,这2个菌属分别以携带杆菌肽类(bacitracin)和磷酰胺霉素类(fosmidomycin)耐药基因为主。与HC组相比,CRS处理使大鼠粪便中携带ARG的EnterococcusAcinetobacter等条件致病菌属的比例上升。
在盲肠样本中,从HC组来看普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)是HC组中携带ARG种类最丰富的细菌宿主属,分别携带7类和6类ARG,主要ARG类型均为杆菌肽类;拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)也是Mtp组中携带ARG类型最多的宿主属,共携带8类ARG,主要类型也是杆菌肽类(图13B)。在CRS组中,伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)均携带7类ARG。其中,伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)携带的主要ARG类型为多重耐药类,拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)主要携带杆菌肽类和β-内酰胺类耐药基因。伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)同时也是CRS_Mtp组携带ARG类型最丰富的细菌宿主属,其主要携带多重耐药类ARG。在CRS_Mtp组中,除伯克霍尔德氏菌属外,梭菌属(Clostridium)也携带了7类ARG,主要为杆菌肽类和万古霉素类ARG。
从耐药基因角度来看,杆菌肽类ARG是宿主范围最广泛的ARG类型,其在粪便和盲肠样本各处理组中的细菌宿主属均在30种以上。杆菌肽类ARG在粪便样本中主要由梭菌属(Clostridium)携带,而在盲肠样本中主要由梭菌属(Clostridium)、普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)和多氏菌属(Dorea)携带。除杆菌肽类ARG外,四环素类和万古霉素类ARG的宿主类型也较为广泛。宿主的多样性可能是杆菌肽类、万古霉素类和四环素类ARG在大鼠肠道中占据高丰度的主要原因之一。
肠道作为人体最大的微生态系统,也是耐药菌和耐药基因的重要储存库,其耐药基因谱的动态变化与宿主健康密切相关[36]。本研究聚焦了SD大鼠肠道微生物耐药组,系统揭示了在CRS处理与口服米氮平干预下大鼠肠道耐药组的变化特征。研究发现CRS处理会通过促进高风险ARG (tetMtetOtet40)的富集和提高耐药性致病菌的比例从而增加大鼠肠道耐药风险。口服米氮平对大鼠肠道耐药组的调控作用呈现出初始菌群依赖性,即在健康大鼠与抑郁大鼠肠道中米氮平对肠道耐药基因谱的影响表现出差异化特征。肠道微生物多样性和ARG细菌宿主鉴定结果表明,CRS处理和口服米氮平干预通过增加或降低ARG宿主菌的丰度从而改变大鼠肠道耐药组组成。
本研究系统分析了CRS对大鼠肠道耐药组的影响,发现无论在粪便还是盲肠内容物中CRS处理均增加了大鼠肠道ARG总丰度,其中显著增加了氨基糖苷类和MLS类ARG的相对丰度。氨基糖苷类抗生素是临床治疗革兰氏阴性菌(如大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌)感染常用的广谱抗生素,而MLS类抗生素则是治疗革兰氏阳性菌和非典型病原体相关感染的首选药物[37]。这2类ARG的显著上调提示,CRS可能增加肠道微生物的抗生素耐药风险,进而加剧临床疾病和感染治疗失效的风险。进一步分析ARG亚型的变化发现,CRS诱导的ARG富集不仅局限于传统类别,还涉及四环素类(tetMtetOtet40)和万古霉素类(vanRGvanAGvanRI)等关键ARG。Zhang等[38]根据人类可及性、可移动性和宿主致病性对ARG建立了风险分级系统,其中tetM被归类为Rank I高风险ARG,tetOtet40被归类为Rank II高风险ARG。vanRG基因作为vanG型万古霉素耐药基因簇的核心调控基因,编码双组分调控系统的响应调节因子,是介导vanG型肠球菌万古霉素耐药的关键决定因素,还可通过质粒等可移动遗传元件转移至其他革兰氏阳性致病菌,从而导致多重耐药菌株的暴发[39]
肠道菌群作为ARG的载体,其组成变化会从多个角度影响肠道耐药组的组成[40]。一方面,肠道菌群中某些关键菌门或菌属的丰度和多样性的变化会影响ARG在肠道宿主菌亲子代之间的垂直基因转移过程,从而影响肠道抗生素耐药组的组成和多样性[41]。另一方面,肠道菌群的变化会通过影响ARG在共生菌和致病菌之间的HGT过程,从而改变肠道耐药组的组成[42]。ARG细菌宿主鉴定结果显示,芽孢杆菌门和拟杆菌门是大鼠肠道ARG的主要细菌宿主门。值得注意的是,芽孢杆菌门和拟杆菌门在大鼠肠道占据高丰度,这表明肠道优势细菌门也是肠道ARG的主要细菌宿主。尽管假单胞菌门的丰度并不高,但宿主分析显示假单胞菌门也是肠道ARG的重要细菌宿主。假单胞菌门包含多种类型的肠道致病菌,如大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和霍乱弧菌等,且假单胞菌门的代谢产物(如琥珀酸盐等)可通过激活巨噬细胞等肠道免疫细胞从而加剧炎症[43-44]。CRS处理增加了大鼠粪便样本中携带ARG的假单胞菌门的比例,还增加了大鼠粪便样本中携带万古霉素耐药基因的肠球菌属(Enterococcus)的比例。耐万古霉素肠球菌(vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, VRE)是临床研究中广泛存在的条件致病菌,其肠道定殖与菌血症、尿路感染和心内膜炎等医院获得性感染密切相关[45-46]。研究显示,VRE菌血症患者的死亡率比万古霉素敏感肠球菌高1.8倍,住院时间延长5 d。VRE还可通过质粒或转座子等可移动遗传元件携带vanAvanB等耐药基因,将ARG传递给其他肠球菌或葡萄球菌,进一步加快抗生素耐药性的传播[47-48]。此外,CRS处理后增加了芽孢杆菌门的丰度,宿主鉴定结果表明芽孢杆菌门是氨基糖苷类和MLS类耐药基因的主要宿主,芽孢杆菌门丰度的增加可能是氨基糖苷类和MLS类耐药基因显著富集的重要原因。以上发现表明CRS通过促进肠道高风险ARG富集及增加肠道耐药性致病菌的比例从而增加肠道微生物耐药风险。
多项体外研究表明,氟西汀等抗抑郁药在体外纯培养体系中可通过促进活性氧(ROS)介导的基因组突变[13]、增强外排泵基因表达[15]及改变细胞膜的通透性[16]等多种机制赋予单一细菌菌株抗生素耐药性。然而,抗抑郁药对肠道耐药组的影响仍缺乏系统揭示。基于此,本研究聚焦于口服抗抑郁药米氮平,系统探究其对健康及抑郁大鼠肠道耐药组的影响。研究发现口服米氮平对健康与抑郁大鼠肠道ARG总丰度的影响呈现相反趋势:在健康大鼠肠道ARG总丰度增加,而在抑郁大鼠肠道ARG总丰度减少。值得注意的是,米氮平对健康和抑郁大鼠肠道莫匹罗星类ARG的影响存在一致性:无论在健康大鼠还是抑郁大鼠中,米氮平干预均增加了该类ARG的丰度。越来越多的证据表明,肠道微生物群落结构的动态变化与ARG丰度之间存在密切关联,如Pärnänen等[49]通过宏基因组学分析了16对母婴的粪便样本,发现肠道耐药组的组成与菌群组成密切相关,ARG丰度与大肠杆菌丰度呈正相关,与双歧杆菌属丰度呈负相关。Wu等[50]对35名肥胖儿童进行了为期30 d的肠道菌群靶向饮食干预,通过宏基因组测序技术分析了干预前后粪便样本中菌群和ARG的变化,发现肠道耐药组的丰富度和多样性均显著降低,携带多重耐药基因的克雷伯菌、肠杆菌和埃希菌等菌属丰度减少。Montassier等[51]通过宏基因组测序技术,结合肠道内镜直接采样与粪便样本对比,分析了11株益生菌对健康人群及抗生素治疗后个体肠道ARG的影响,发现益生菌通过促进Blautia菌属增殖加剧了vanG等ARG的扩张。以往研究虽未系统阐明抗抑郁药米氮平对肠道微生物组成的影响,但Rukavishnikov等[28]的研究表明米氮平可以体外抑制双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium bifidum)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)等肠道常见共生菌和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)等肠道常见条件致病菌的生长。因此推测米氮平的抑菌作用可能对健康和抑郁大鼠的肠道ARG细菌宿主组成造成不同影响,进而导致肠道微生物耐药组变化呈现初始菌群依赖性。
尽管抑郁大鼠口服米氮平后肠道ARG总丰度降低,但四环素类耐药基因tetP的相对丰度在粪便和盲肠中均显著增加,且粪便中多重耐药基因ompR的相对丰度也显著上升。tetP基因最早在动物源病原体产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)中被发现[52],该菌同时也是人类肠道条件致病菌,后续tetP基因在动物肠道和环境样本中频繁检出[53]ompR作为一种多重耐药基因,可增强沙门氏菌等致病菌的生存能力,还能随可移动元件进行转移,其在肠道中的富集将会增加临床治疗成本和耐药风险[54]。在同一健康(“One-health”)背景下,米氮平干预后ARG在肠道中显著富集可能经粪便污染传播至环境中加剧抗生素耐药污染。
为进一步探究米氮平导致肠道微生物耐药组变化的原因,通过Spearman相关分析预测大鼠肠道ARG潜在细菌宿主时发现,tetP与乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的丰度显著正相关(R=0.63, P<0.01),ompR与经黏液真杆菌属(Blautia)的丰度呈显著正相关(R=0.60, P<0.01)。肠道菌群组成分析发现,口服米氮平显著增加了抑郁大鼠粪便样本乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和经黏液真杆菌属(Blautia)的丰度。这说明抑郁大鼠口服米氮平后肠道乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和经黏液真杆菌属(Blautia)丰度的显著增加可能是导致这些ARG在大鼠粪便中显著富集的重要原因。以往研究也有肠道ARG细菌宿主菌丰度变化影响肠道ARG丰度的类似报道。Hu等[35]通过宏基因组分析162例不同国家人群的肠道菌群和耐药组时发现中国人群tetXermB等耐药基因在不同人群肠道中的分布与假单胞菌门的丰度相关。Pärnänen等[49]发现婴儿肠道中γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)的高丰度与肠道ARG的高负荷正相关。Montassier等[51]发现益生菌干预后小鼠肠道中万古霉素耐药基因vanSD的富集与Blautia菌属的丰度呈正相关。
尽管本研究系统探究了临床常用抗抑郁药米氮平在健康与慢性约束应激抑郁状态2种初始菌群背景下对大鼠肠道微生物耐药组的影响,并从ARG细菌宿主角度解析了米氮平影响肠道微生物耐药组的潜在机制。然而,肠道微生物耐药性发展涉及复杂的基因传递与表达调控过程,本研究尚未从水平基因转移角度深入探究耐药组变化的分子机制,也缺乏对肠道耐药基因转录活性的动态解析。针对肠道ARG的宏转录组研究表明,尽管肠道是ARG的重要储存库,但仅有部分ARG具有转录活性[55]。后续研究一方面可通过接合实验、可移动遗传元件分析等技术明确米氮平是否通过促进或抑制HGT过程影响耐药基因的传播与富集;另一方面可运用宏转录组测序技术量化肠道ARG在RNA水平的表达丰度,筛选出受米氮平调控且具有转录活性的关键耐药基因,从而为全面评估抗抑郁药的临床耐药风险提供更完整的理论依据。
综上所述,CRS处理通过增加tetO等高风险ARG的丰度及提高携带ARG的致病菌(如耐万古霉素肠球菌属)比例从而增加肠道耐药风险。CRS处理增加了大鼠粪便和盲肠样本中芽孢杆菌门的丰度,芽孢杆菌门作为氨基糖苷类和MLS类耐药基因的主要细菌宿主,其丰度的增加是导致这2类耐药基因的相对丰度显著增加的重要原因。口服米氮平对肠道耐药组的影响具有初始菌群依赖性:健康大鼠表现为ARG总丰度升高,抑郁大鼠则总丰度降低。此外,口服米氮平通过促进LactobacillusBlautia的富集从而显著增加抑郁大鼠肠道tetPompR等ARG的丰度。本研究为深入理解非抗生素药物与肠道耐药性的关系提供了依据,对防控抗生素耐药性传播具有重要意义。
陈亚琳:数据分析及可视化,论文撰写与修改;闫鹤:项目管理,提供资源,实验设计,指导数据分析,论文写作与修改。
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  • 国家自然科学基金(32170064)
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2025年第65卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250414
  • 接收时间:2025-05-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-08
  • 出版时间:2025-12-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-27
  • 录用日期:2025-07-22
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170064)
国家自然科学基金(32170064)
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    华南理工大学 食品科学与工程学院,广东 广州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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