Article(id=1204800729417495505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250375, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753977600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-01, onlineDate=1765176478007, onlineDateStr=2025-12-08, pubDate=1764777600000, pubDateStr=2025-12-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765176478007, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765176478007, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176478007, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1204800727341310425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='12', pageStart='5191', pageEnd='5649', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765176477513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765176611928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204801291189986068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1204800727341310425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5380, endPage=5391, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1204800729883063255, articleId=1204800729417495505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Expression of PPE61 enhances stress tolerance and regulates MAPK/NF-κB signaling of Mycobacterium smegmatis, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To compare the stress tolerance of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis strains Ms-PPE61 and Ms-Vec under different external stress conditions, investigate the activation/inhibition levels of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway following their infection of macrophages, and explore differences in inflammatory cytokine expression after infection of RAW264.7 cells. Methods Ms-Vec and Ms-PPE61 were constructed and cultured to the logarithmic growth phase before being subjected to acidic, SDS, and H2O2 conditions. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were measured at different time points. Proteins were extracted from cells collected 1-48 h post-infection (hpi), and the expression levels of signaling pathway marker molecules were determined by Western blotting. The interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β concentrations in the supernatants of RAW264.7 cells infected with Ms-Vec and Ms-PPE61 were measured by ELISA at 24 hpi and 48 hpi. GraphPad Prism 7.0 was used for analysis of variance of the data, and P<0.05 was considered significant. Results PCR revealed the presence of a target band in Ms-PPE61 but not in Ms-Vec. Coomassie brilliant blue staining confirmed consistent protein loading. Western blotting showed that Ms-PPE61 expressed a ~42 kDa Flag fusion protein, while Ms-Vec did not. Ultra-high-speed centrifugation was performed to separate the components of M. smegmatis. Western blotting revealed that the cytoplasmic marker protein GroES was expressed in the cytoplasmic fractions of both Ms-Vec and Ms-PPE61, while the Flag-tagged target protein was exclusively present in the cell wall of Ms-PPE61. After treatment under acidic conditions (pH 3.0) for 3 h, the survival rate of Ms-PPE61 was higher than that of Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1), while the survival rate showed no significant difference after treatment for 6 h and 9 h (P>0.05). After treatment with 0.2% SDS for 3, 6, and 9 h, the survival rate of Ms-PPE61 was higher than that of Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1). Similarly, after H2O2 treatment for 3 h and 6 h, the survival rate of Ms-PPE61 was higher than that of Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1). Western blotting showed that the Ms-PPE61 group had significantly lower p-p38 and p-ERK levels at 48 hpi and higher IκB-α levels at all time points than the Ms-Vec group. ELISA results indicated no differences in TNF-α secretion between the Ms-PPE61 and Ms-Vec groups at 24 hpi and 48 hpi (P>0.05), while the Ms-PPE61 group had lower IL-6 levels at 24 hpi and 48 hpi (P<0.000 1) and lower IL-1β level at 48 hpi (P<0.01) than the Ms-Vec group. Conclusion PPE61 can enhance the tolerance of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis to acidic, SDS and H2O2 stress, inhibit the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways by down-regulating the expression of p-p38 and p-ERK and up-regulating the expression of IκB-α, and reduce the secretion of IL-6 (significantly at both 24 h and 48 h) and IL-1β (significantly at 48 h) in macrophages, but has no significant effect on the secretion of TNF-α.

, correspAuthors=Guoliang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 比较重组耻垢分枝杆菌Ms-PPE61与Ms-Vec在不同体外应激条件下的抗压能力,研究二者感染巨噬细胞后MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的激活/抑制水平,并探究感染RAW264.7细胞后炎症细胞因子表达差异。 方法 构建Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61菌株,培养至对数生长期后分别置于酸性、SDS、H2O2条件下处理,检测不同时间点的菌落形成单位(colony-forming unit, CFU);收集感染后1-48 h的细胞,提取蛋白,用Western blotting检测信号通路标志分子表达水平;用Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61菌株分别感染RAW264.7细胞24 h和48 h,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测上清中IL-6、TNF-α及IL-1β的浓度;数据用GraphPad Prism 7.0分析,进行ANOVA方差分析,P<0.05为显著。 结果 PCR结果显示,Ms-PPE61有目的条带,Ms-Vec无目的条带;考马斯亮蓝染色显示蛋白上样水平一致,Western blotting显示Ms-PPE61表达约42 kDa的Flag融合蛋白,Ms-Vec无融合蛋白。采用超高速离心分离耻垢分枝杆菌组分,Western blotting结果显示细胞质标记蛋白GroES在Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61细胞质中均有表达,含Flag标签的目的蛋白仅存在于Ms-PPE61细胞壁。在酸性条件(pH 3.0)下处理3 h时Ms-PPE61的存活率显著高于Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1),6 h和9 h时无显著差异(P>0.05);在0.2% SDS条件下处理3、6和9 h时Ms-PPE61的存活率均显著高于Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1);H2O2处理后3 h和6 h,Ms-PPE61的存活率也显著高于Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1)。Western blotting检测显示,Ms-PPE61组p-p38和p-ERK在感染48 h时显著降低,IκB-α在各时间点均高于Ms-Vec组。ELISA检测显示,Ms-PPE61组TNF-α的分泌水平在24 h和48 h时无显著差异(P>0.05),IL-6在24 h和48 h时显著低于Ms-Vec组(P<0.000 1),IL-1β在48 h时显著低于Ms-Vec组(P<0.01)。 结论 PPE61可增强重组耻垢分枝杆菌对酸性、SDS及H2O2胁迫的耐受能力,能通过下调p-p38和p-ERK的表达、上调IκB-α的表达来抑制MAPK和NF-κB信号通路,还可减少巨噬细胞中 IL-6的分泌(24 h和48 h均显著)及IL-1β的分泌(48 h显著),但对TNF-α的分泌无显著影响。

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Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2010, 340(1): 223-229., articleTitle=Expression of PE_PGRS 62 protein in Mycobacterium smegmatis decrease mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 in macrophages, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217784596813497334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729417495505, awardId=82102403, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(82102403), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217784596909965312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729417495505, awardId=82102403, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82102403), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217784597014822921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729417495505, awardId=KCXFZ20211020163545004, language=EN, fundingSource=Shenzhen Scientific and Technological Program(KCXFZ20211020163545004), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Expression of the PPE61 protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis. A: PCR verification of the PPE61 gene in recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis Ms-Vec and Ms-PPE61; B: Western blotting to verify the expression of the PPE61 protein in recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis Ms-Vec and Ms-PPE61; C: Coomassie brilliant blue staining to show equal sample loading of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis Ms-Vec and Ms-PPE61. M: Protein marker., figureFileSmall=8xLcUM4hkiecZwViOEHO4w==, figureFileBig=530pJf6F7kgGnUXDJUSGtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784595437765521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729417495505, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Mtb PPE61蛋白在重组耻垢分枝杆菌中的表达。A:PCR检测重组耻垢分枝杆菌Ms-Vec与Ms-PPE61中的PPE61基因;B:Western blotting验证重组耻垢分枝杆菌Ms-Vec与Ms-PPE61中PPE61蛋白的表达;C:考马斯亮蓝染色显示重组耻垢分枝杆菌Ms-Vec与Ms-PPE61上样量一致。, figureFileSmall=8xLcUM4hkiecZwViOEHO4w==, figureFileBig=530pJf6F7kgGnUXDJUSGtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784595588760470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729417495505, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Localization of the PPE61 protein in recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis., figureFileSmall=MLzJvDlxW/miYne+uau4kg==, figureFileBig=Lu9WYpAQxgmXj8IVIOxe9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784595760726944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729417495505, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PPE61蛋白在重组耻垢分枝杆菌中的定位, figureFileSmall=MLzJvDlxW/miYne+uau4kg==, figureFileBig=Lu9WYpAQxgmXj8IVIOxe9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784595899138986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729417495505, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Tolerance capacity of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis under diverse conditions. A: Growth of Ms-Vec and Ms-PPE61 under acidic (pH 3.0) conditions; B: Growth of Ms-Vec and Ms-PPE61 under surfactant SDS; C: Growth of Ms-Vec and Ms-PPE61 under strong oxidant H2O2 conditions. ****P<0.000 1 vs. Ms-Vec at each time point, n=3., figureFileSmall=tHN+1vjYCtveBjz/aY8u/w==, figureFileBig=+KdSU9J+fwpaAiDC2lqLFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784596033356725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729417495505, language=CN, label=图3, caption=重组耻垢分枝杆菌对不同条件的耐受能力。A:Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61在酸性(pH 3.0)条件下的生长情况;B:Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61在表面活性剂SDS条件下的生长情况;C:Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61在强氧化剂H2O2条件下的生长情况。, figureFileSmall=tHN+1vjYCtveBjz/aY8u/w==, figureFileBig=+KdSU9J+fwpaAiDC2lqLFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784596180157385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729417495505, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=PPE61 inhibits the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. A: Detection of proteins related to the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways by Western blotting; B: Quantitative analysis of Figure A. Western blotting analysis revealed that compared with the RAW264.7 cells infected with Ms-Vec strain, the phosphorylation levels of p-p38 and p-ERK were significantly reduced, while the expression level of IκB-α was markedly increased in cells infected with the Ms-PPE61 strain at 48 hours post-infection. n=3, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ****P<0.000 1 compared with the Ms-Vec group., figureFileSmall=9roQ8QE9RkDkA11a8PTGnA==, figureFileBig=oK7pIVcTDpe92rxTMC0h6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784596310180822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729417495505, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PPE61抑制MAPKNF-κB信号通路。A:Western blotting检测MAPK和NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白;B:图A的定量分析。Western blotting显示,与Ms-Vec组相比,感染后48 h Ms-PPE61菌株感染的细胞中p-p38和p-ERK磷酸化水平显著降低,而IκB-α表达水平显著升高。, figureFileSmall=9roQ8QE9RkDkA11a8PTGnA==, figureFileBig=oK7pIVcTDpe92rxTMC0h6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784596465370080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729417495505, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Impact of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis on the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β by host cells. A: Level of TNF-αdetected by ELISA in supernatant of RAW264.7 cells infected with recombinant bacteria Ms-Vec or Ms-PPE61 for 24 h and 48 h, respectively; B: Level of IL-6 detected by ELISA in supernatant of RAW264.7 cells infected with recombinant bacteria Ms-Vec or Ms-PPE61 for 24 h and 48 h, respectively; C: Level of IL-1β detected by ELISA in supernatant of RAW264.7 cells infected with recombinant bacteria Ms-Vec or Ms-PPE61 for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. **P<0.01 and ****P<0.000 1 vs. Ms-Vec, n=3., figureFileSmall=GSf8SQwALlFNx8tqAZKxHw==, figureFileBig=1EmSvHLN1TwLatq4A1St7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217784596570227683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1204800729417495505, language=CN, label=图5, caption=重组耻垢分枝杆菌对宿主分泌TNF-αIL-6IL-1β的影响。A:重组菌Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61感染RAW264.7细胞24 h和48 h时TNF-α分泌水平;B:重组菌Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61感染RAW264.7细胞24 h和48 h时IL-6分泌水平;C:重组菌Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61感染RAW264.7细胞24 h和48 h时IL-1β分泌水平。, figureFileSmall=GSf8SQwALlFNx8tqAZKxHw==, 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PPE61重组耻垢分枝杆菌对胁迫压力的响应及MAPK/NF-κB信号的调节
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宋丽 1, 2 , 梁志航 3 , 毕静 2 , 郭庆龙 2 , 张国良 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(12): 5380-5391
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(12): 5380-5391
PPE61重组耻垢分枝杆菌对胁迫压力的响应及MAPK/NF-κB信号的调节
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宋丽1, 2, 梁志航3, 毕静2, 郭庆龙2, 张国良1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南医科大学附属医院感染性疾病科,四川 泸州
  • 2.深圳市第三人民医院,国家感染性疾病临床医学研究中心,广东 深圳
  • 3.广东药科大学附属第一医院检验科,广东 广州
Expression of PPE61 enhances stress tolerance and regulates MAPK/NF-κB signaling of Mycobacterium smegmatis
Li SONG1, 2, Zhihang LIANG3, Jing BI2, Qinglong GUO2, Guoliang ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
  • 2.National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
  • 3.Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2025-12-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250375
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目的 比较重组耻垢分枝杆菌Ms-PPE61与Ms-Vec在不同体外应激条件下的抗压能力,研究二者感染巨噬细胞后MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的激活/抑制水平,并探究感染RAW264.7细胞后炎症细胞因子表达差异。 方法 构建Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61菌株,培养至对数生长期后分别置于酸性、SDS、H2O2条件下处理,检测不同时间点的菌落形成单位(colony-forming unit, CFU);收集感染后1-48 h的细胞,提取蛋白,用Western blotting检测信号通路标志分子表达水平;用Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61菌株分别感染RAW264.7细胞24 h和48 h,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测上清中IL-6、TNF-α及IL-1β的浓度;数据用GraphPad Prism 7.0分析,进行ANOVA方差分析,P<0.05为显著。 结果 PCR结果显示,Ms-PPE61有目的条带,Ms-Vec无目的条带;考马斯亮蓝染色显示蛋白上样水平一致,Western blotting显示Ms-PPE61表达约42 kDa的Flag融合蛋白,Ms-Vec无融合蛋白。采用超高速离心分离耻垢分枝杆菌组分,Western blotting结果显示细胞质标记蛋白GroES在Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61细胞质中均有表达,含Flag标签的目的蛋白仅存在于Ms-PPE61细胞壁。在酸性条件(pH 3.0)下处理3 h时Ms-PPE61的存活率显著高于Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1),6 h和9 h时无显著差异(P>0.05);在0.2% SDS条件下处理3、6和9 h时Ms-PPE61的存活率均显著高于Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1);H2O2处理后3 h和6 h,Ms-PPE61的存活率也显著高于Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1)。Western blotting检测显示,Ms-PPE61组p-p38和p-ERK在感染48 h时显著降低,IκB-α在各时间点均高于Ms-Vec组。ELISA检测显示,Ms-PPE61组TNF-α的分泌水平在24 h和48 h时无显著差异(P>0.05),IL-6在24 h和48 h时显著低于Ms-Vec组(P<0.000 1),IL-1β在48 h时显著低于Ms-Vec组(P<0.01)。 结论 PPE61可增强重组耻垢分枝杆菌对酸性、SDS及H2O2胁迫的耐受能力,能通过下调p-p38和p-ERK的表达、上调IκB-α的表达来抑制MAPK和NF-κB信号通路,还可减少巨噬细胞中 IL-6的分泌(24 h和48 h均显著)及IL-1β的分泌(48 h显著),但对TNF-α的分泌无显著影响。

结核分枝杆菌  /  PPE61  /  胁迫压力  /  MAPK信号通路  /  NF-κB信号通路

Objective To compare the stress tolerance of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis strains Ms-PPE61 and Ms-Vec under different external stress conditions, investigate the activation/inhibition levels of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway following their infection of macrophages, and explore differences in inflammatory cytokine expression after infection of RAW264.7 cells. Methods Ms-Vec and Ms-PPE61 were constructed and cultured to the logarithmic growth phase before being subjected to acidic, SDS, and H2O2 conditions. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were measured at different time points. Proteins were extracted from cells collected 1-48 h post-infection (hpi), and the expression levels of signaling pathway marker molecules were determined by Western blotting. The interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β concentrations in the supernatants of RAW264.7 cells infected with Ms-Vec and Ms-PPE61 were measured by ELISA at 24 hpi and 48 hpi. GraphPad Prism 7.0 was used for analysis of variance of the data, and P<0.05 was considered significant. Results PCR revealed the presence of a target band in Ms-PPE61 but not in Ms-Vec. Coomassie brilliant blue staining confirmed consistent protein loading. Western blotting showed that Ms-PPE61 expressed a ~42 kDa Flag fusion protein, while Ms-Vec did not. Ultra-high-speed centrifugation was performed to separate the components of M. smegmatis. Western blotting revealed that the cytoplasmic marker protein GroES was expressed in the cytoplasmic fractions of both Ms-Vec and Ms-PPE61, while the Flag-tagged target protein was exclusively present in the cell wall of Ms-PPE61. After treatment under acidic conditions (pH 3.0) for 3 h, the survival rate of Ms-PPE61 was higher than that of Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1), while the survival rate showed no significant difference after treatment for 6 h and 9 h (P>0.05). After treatment with 0.2% SDS for 3, 6, and 9 h, the survival rate of Ms-PPE61 was higher than that of Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1). Similarly, after H2O2 treatment for 3 h and 6 h, the survival rate of Ms-PPE61 was higher than that of Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1). Western blotting showed that the Ms-PPE61 group had significantly lower p-p38 and p-ERK levels at 48 hpi and higher IκB-α levels at all time points than the Ms-Vec group. ELISA results indicated no differences in TNF-α secretion between the Ms-PPE61 and Ms-Vec groups at 24 hpi and 48 hpi (P>0.05), while the Ms-PPE61 group had lower IL-6 levels at 24 hpi and 48 hpi (P<0.000 1) and lower IL-1β level at 48 hpi (P<0.01) than the Ms-Vec group. Conclusion PPE61 can enhance the tolerance of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis to acidic, SDS and H2O2 stress, inhibit the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways by down-regulating the expression of p-p38 and p-ERK and up-regulating the expression of IκB-α, and reduce the secretion of IL-6 (significantly at both 24 h and 48 h) and IL-1β (significantly at 48 h) in macrophages, but has no significant effect on the secretion of TNF-α.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis  /  PPE61  /  stress  /  MAPK signaling pathway  /  NF-κB signaling pathway
宋丽, 梁志航, 毕静, 郭庆龙, 张国良. PPE61重组耻垢分枝杆菌对胁迫压力的响应及MAPK/NF-κB信号的调节. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5380 -5391 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250375
Li SONG, Zhihang LIANG, Jing BI, Qinglong GUO, Guoliang ZHANG. Expression of PPE61 enhances stress tolerance and regulates MAPK/NF-κB signaling of Mycobacterium smegmatis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (12) : 5380 -5391 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250375
结核病(tuberculosis, TB)是一种由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mtb)引发的传染性细菌性疾病,主要通过呼吸道传播引发肺结核,但也会感染除指甲和头发外的任何组织脏器[1]。2024年,根据世界卫生组织(world health organization, WHO)发布的《全球结核病报告(Global tuberculosis report 2024)》,2023年TB仍导致全球约125万人死亡,并出现1 080万新发病例[2]。此外,广泛耐药和多重耐药菌株的出现以及与人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)共感染情况的产生进一步加重了结核病的负担[3-4]。因此,深入探究Mtb的发病机制并以此为基础开发新的疫苗或治疗药物已刻不容缓。
1998年Mtb基因组测序完成后发现了PE和PPE两大富含甘氨酸的蛋白家族,其编码基因约占基因组的10%,特征为高G+C含量和广泛的重复同源序列;PE/PPE蛋白因氨基端含有Pro-Glu (PE)和Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE)序列而得名;PE家族有96个成员,依据羧基端串联重复序列的差异可分为PE-only和PE-PGRS亚家族;PPE家族包含69个成员,编码的蛋白具有保守的N末端结构域(180个氨基酸残基)和高度可变的C末端结构域[5]。PPE家族根据C末端基序的特点分可为4个亚家族:PPE-SVP (24个成员,300-500位氨基酸含有Gly-X-X-Ser-Val-Pro-X-X-Trp基序)[6]、PPE-MPTR (23个成员,C末端含有多个Asn-X-Gly-X-Gly-Asn-X-Gly重复基序,间隔5个碱基,由GCCGGTGTTG编码)[7]、PPE-PPW (10个成员,C末端有44个保守氨基酸,含有Pro-X-X-Pro-X-X-Trp和Gly-Phe-X-Gly-Thr序列基序)以及最后一个C末端各异、序列同源性低的亚家族(12个成员)[8]
尽管PE/PPE基因家族的功能尚未明确,但多项研究表明其与宿主-病原体相互作用相关,如细菌毒力、分枝杆菌生长及抗原变异等[9-10]。PE/PPE蛋白能够增强分枝杆菌在巨噬细胞内及应激条件下的存活能力。例如,PPE44 (Rv2770c)和PE13可提高耻垢分枝杆菌在巨噬细胞内及低pH、SDS、H2O2等胁迫条件下的存活率,且Ms-Rv2770c的毒性更强,能诱导巨噬细胞死亡并上调IL-6和IL-12 p40的表达[11-12]。Mtb PPE60通过TLR2依赖性方式激活树突状细胞成熟,诱导Th1和Th17免疫应答,显示出其在MTB疫苗开发中的潜力[13]。此外,2种PPE蛋白(PPE31/PPE68)和1种PE蛋白(PE35)对分枝杆菌在小鼠体内的生长至关重要[14-15]。因此,基于PE/PPE蛋白与宿主细胞的相互作用,它们可作为免疫逃逸的毒力因子或疫苗抗原靶点。
由于Mtb毒性较大、生长周期较长且具有传染性,研究需在安全防护能力较强的实验室开展。因此,本研究选用耻垢分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium smegmatis, Ms)进行实验,它是一种快速生长的非致病性物种,能够表达外源分枝杆菌蛋白[16-17],还可对其进行多种遗传操作[18],是研究结核菌毒力基因较为理想的模型生物。
本研究聚焦于Mtb Rv3532基因编码的PPE61蛋白,通过将能够表达该蛋白的重组质粒pMV261-PPE61与空质粒pMV261分别转化至耻垢分枝杆菌,构建出Ms-PPE61和Ms-Vec 2株重组菌株,进而开展相关实验探究。
Ms购自上海晶诺生物科技有限公司,RAW264.7细胞购自中国科学院细胞库。
从GenBank中查询结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株Rv3532基因的序列,然后进行引物设计。上游引物的5′端引入EcoR Ⅰ的酶切位点:5′-tgcagaatt cATGGATTACAAGGATGACGACGATAAGTTCATGGATTTCGCGATGCTTC-3′ (小写字母为EcoR Ⅰ的识别位点;大写字母代表碱基);下游引物的5′端引入Hind Ⅲ酶切位点:5′-cgataagcttTCACC CGCCCGAGAGTGGACG-3′ (小写字母为Hind Ⅲ的识别位点;大写字母代表碱基)。引物均由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。
7H9培养基:4.7 g/L 7H9培养基粉末,0.05%吐温-80,10% OADC (0.85%氯化钠,2%葡萄糖,5% 牛血清白蛋白,0.003%过氧化氢酶和0.06%油酸),混匀。
RAW264.7细胞培养基:在瓶装DMEM培养基(500 mL)中加入50 mL胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS),混匀。
7H9,BD公司;吐温-80、氯化钠、葡萄糖,索莱宝公司;Anti-Flag-antibody、Phospho-p38 MAPK、Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2)、IκBα (L35A5) Mouse mAb,Cell Signaling Technology公司;Anti-GroES,Abcam公司;Anti-TUBA4A (TUBA1) antibody、牛血清白蛋白、过氧化氢酶(牛肝),Sigma-Aldrich公司;油酸,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;人IL-1β ELISA试剂盒、人TNF-α ELISA试剂盒、人IL-6 ELISA试剂盒,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司。
将结核分枝杆菌接种于7H9培养基中培养至OD600=0.8-1.0,取10 mL菌液3 200×g离心10 min后弃上清,13 000 r/min离心5 min,80 ℃金属浴20 min,-80 ℃存放1 h后室温放置30 min融化,再放入-80 ℃,1 h后取出于室温放置30 min,然后于-80 ℃过夜;用250 µL SET溶液重悬,加入50 µL溶菌酶,37 ℃过夜;加入10 µL核糖核酸酶A,37 ℃孵育30 min;加入250 µL蛋白酶K溶液,55 ℃孵育2 h;加入等体积酚/氯仿/异丙醇,室温振荡5 min;16 000×g离心10 min,取上层水相;加入0.1倍体积的3 mol/L醋酸钠(pH 5.2),0.7倍体积的异丙醇,混匀,-20 ℃放置超过1 h;4 ℃,16 000×g离心30 min,弃上清;加入1 mL 70%乙醇洗涤2次后干燥,加入50-100 µL ddH2O重悬,测浓度,-20 ℃保存。
以结核分枝杆菌H37Rv基因组为模板,使用1.1节设计的引物扩增PPE61基因。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×PrimeSTAR GC buffer 25.0 µL,dNTP mixture 4.0 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1.25 µL,PrimeSTAR HS DNA polymerase (2 mmol/L) 0.5 µL,DNA模板0.5 µL,ddH2O 17.5 µL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃预变性5 min;98 ℃变性10 s,65 ℃退火5 s,72 ℃延伸90 s,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。使用通用型DNA纯化回收试剂盒进行胶回收。
用限制性内切酶Hind Ⅲ和EcoR Ⅰ对pMV261质粒进行双酶切,双酶切体系(50 µL):Hind Ⅲ 2.0 µL,EcoR Ⅰ 2.0 µL,pMV261 (986 ng/µL) 1.02 µL,ddH2O 44.98 µL。按比例配制后于37 ℃孵育4 h。用T4连接酶将回收后的PPE61基因与酶切后的载体片段(pMV261)进行连接。将连接产物通过转化转入大肠杆菌感受态细胞中并涂布于LB平板。挑取单菌落进行菌液PCR,阳性菌株送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序验证。制备耻垢分枝杆菌感受态细胞,通过电转分别将pMV261和pMV261-PPE61质粒转入耻垢分枝杆菌感受态细胞,通过PCR验证,选取PPE61已成功转入的阳性菌株扩大培养,分别得到重组耻垢分枝杆菌Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61。
将重组菌Ms-PPE61和Ms-Vec分别接种于含Kana的7H9培养基中,37 ℃、100 r/min培养至OD600=0.3。再取少量达到对数生长期的菌液按比例加入到7H9培养基中继续培养,直到重组菌Ms-PPE61和Ms-Vec再次培养至OD600=0.3。
在指定时间收集细胞,用含有蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解缓冲液裂解细胞,使用BCA蛋白试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。随后,将样品在100 ℃孵育10 min,使用等量蛋白质进行SDS-PAGE电泳。电泳结束后,使用“三明治”法进行转膜,转膜恒定电流270 mA,120 min。转膜结束后用5%脱脂牛奶在室温下封闭1 h,加入一抗,4 ℃孵育过夜。用TBST洗涤膜,再加入相应的二抗进行孵育。最后,用增强型化学发光检测液检测蛋白条带。
分别培养50 mL重组耻垢分枝杆菌Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61,常温1 300 r/min离心2 min收集细菌菌体,用PBS洗涤2遍,置于-80 ℃保存。将菌体重悬于10 mL PBS中,100 W超声3 s停5 s共10 min后冰浴。菌液4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心10 min,去掉未被破碎的细胞及细胞碎片,上清即为全细胞裂解液。收集全细胞裂解液,4 ℃、27 000 r/min离心2 h,沉淀即为细胞壁组分,上清即为细胞膜及细胞质组分。收集上清,4 ℃、100 000 r/min离心2 h分离细胞膜和细胞质。将细胞壁用PBS洗涤1遍。将细胞质用10%三氯乙酸沉淀浓缩,再用80%丙酮洗涤。
参考文献[19]的方法测量重组耻垢分枝杆菌在不同压力条件下生存能力,并根据实验情况进行了改进。将重组菌Ms-PPE61与Ms-Vec分别培养至对数期,用7H9培养基调整OD600至0.3。取10 mL菌液4 000 r/min离心10 min后弃上清,用20 mL 7H9洗涤并再次离心。将菌体重悬于pH 3.0的7H9中,或直接向10 mL菌液中加入200 μL 10% SDS或0.5 mol/L H2O2,混匀后分装至离心管,置于37 ℃摇床培养后,分别于0、3、6、9 h取样,梯度稀释后涂布于含Kana的LB平板,37 ℃倒置培养3 d后计数菌落。
将RAW264.7细胞以5×105/孔的密度接种于12孔板(1 mL DMEM/孔),37 ℃、5% CO2培养12-14 h。将对数期的重组耻垢分枝杆菌Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61于4 000 r/min离心10 min,用PBS (含0.025% SDS)洗涤后重悬于5 mL DMEM (无FBS和双抗),测定OD600并调整至0.2,再作10倍稀释。以感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)=20:1 (细菌:巨噬细胞)感染RAW264.7细胞后继续培养。4 h时,用37 ℃ PBS洗涤细胞3次以去除胞外菌,随后加入含20 µg/mL庆大霉素的DMEM (无双抗)培养以杀灭残留胞外菌。
按照制造商说明书的描述,使用ELISA试剂盒检测培养上清中的IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6。利用酶标仪检测OD450值,计算相应细胞因子的水平。
实验数据均使用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行分析和绘图。实验数据表示为mean±SEM (n=3)。使用unpaired t-test或者one-way/two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test对数据进行统计分析。P<0.05视为存在显著差异。
Mtb PPE61基因长度约为1 200 bp,该基因编码的蛋白质大小约为42 kDa。本研究成功构建了2株重组耻垢分枝杆菌,分别为Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61。重组菌Ms-Vec携带pMV261质粒,作为阴性对照菌株;重组菌Ms-PPE61携带pMV261-PPE61重组质粒,能够表达带有Flag标签的PPE61目的蛋白。PCR结果显示,以成功表达PPE61的重组菌(阳性对照)的Mtb基因组为模板(+)时有明显条带出现。Ms-PPE61在相同位置也有条带,条带大小约为1 200 bp (图1A),通过测序证明其所含基因片段为PPE61。Ms-Vec和无DNA模板的阴性对照(-)均无条带。进一步通过Western blotting实验证实,Ms-PPE61能够表达一个大小约为42 kDa的带有Flag标签的目的蛋白,阴性对照菌株Ms-Vec未检测到PPE61蛋白的表达(图1B)。考马斯亮蓝染色结果显示,Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61的蛋白上样量一致(图1C)。上述结果表明,Mtb PPE61成功在耻垢分枝杆菌中表达。
使用冷冻高速离心机对处于对数生长期的Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61这2株重组菌的细胞组分进行分离,最终分离出细胞壁和细胞质组分,测定其浓度后加入5×loading buffer处理蛋白样品。取等量的胞壁蛋白和细胞质蛋白进行SDS-PAGE,运用特异性抗体Anti-Flag和GroES,通过Western blotting确定PPE61蛋白在耻垢分枝杆菌中的亚细胞定位。细胞质标记蛋白GroES在Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61的细胞质组分中均有表达,而标签蛋白Anti-Flag仅存在于重组菌Ms-PPE61的细胞壁组分(图2),这表明PPE61蛋白与分枝杆菌细胞壁相关。
为进一步了解PPE61对Ms存活的影响,测定了重组耻垢分枝杆菌Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61在酸性(pH 3.0)、表面活性剂SDS和强氧化剂H2O2条件下不同时间点的CFU,检测细菌的生长情况。在酸处理3 h后Ms-PPE61的存活率显著高于Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1),在处理第6 h和9 h后Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61的生长无显著差异(P>0.05) (图3A)。为检测Ms-PPE61对表面活性压力的耐受能力,将Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61暴露于含有0.2% SDS的培养基中处理不同时间后,观察2个重组菌的生长情况。SDS处理后Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61的细菌存活率在第3、6和9 h均快速下降,且Ms-PPE61的存活率显著高于Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1) (图3B)。在H2O2处理后的第3、6和9 h,Ms-PPE61的存活率同样也显著高于Ms-Vec (P<0.000 1) (图3C)。上述结果表明,PPE61增强了Ms耐受酸、表面活性剂SDS和强氧化剂H2O2的能力。
采用Western blotting分析2个菌株感染RAW264.7细胞0、1、2、4、8、24、48 h后p-p38、p-ERK、IκB-α和Tubulin蛋白的表达水平。与Ms-Vec组相比,Ms-PPE61组p-p38和p-ERK在感染的第1、2、4、8、24 h时表达水平无显著差异,48 h时表达水平较低,磷酸化水平减弱(P<0.000 1),p-JNK表达水平无明显差异(结果未展示)。Ms-PPE61组IκB-α的表达水平在感染的第1、2、4、8、24、48 h均高于Ms-Vec组,且在第48 h时差异显著(P<0.01) (图4)。这提示PPE61可能通过抑制MAPK和NF-κB信号通路从而调控细胞因子的分泌。
在细菌感染过程中促炎细胞因子对于免疫系统细胞的募集和激活至关重要。为评估PPE61的免疫调节能力,用重组菌Ms-Vec和Ms-PPE61分别感染RAW264.7巨噬细胞。感染24 h和48 h后收集感染后的细胞上清,采用ELISA检测TNF-α、IL-6以及IL-1β的分泌水平。TNF-α的分泌水平在24 h时Ms-PPE61组低于Ms-Vec组,48 h时两组比较无明显差异(P>0.05) (图5A)。在24 h时,Ms-PPE61感染的巨噬细胞分泌的IL-6低于Ms-Vec感染组(P<0.01),且在48 h降低更为明显(P<0.000 1) (图5B)。IL-1β的分泌水平测定显示,24 h时Ms-Vec组和Ms-PPE61组无明显差异,但48 h时Ms-PPE61组的水平明显低于Ms-Vec组(图5C) (P<0.01)。上述结果数据表明,PPE61在调节细胞因子表达方面起着关键作用。
截至2015年,在分枝杆菌培养滤液、膜及细胞壁中检测到超过35种PE/PPE蛋白[20],证实其与致病性相关。本研究成功构建了Ms-PPE61重组耻垢分枝杆菌,并鉴定PPE61为细胞壁相关蛋白。部分细胞壁PE/PPE蛋白可引发生长、形态或结构变化[21-23],但在实验过程中观察到Ms-PPE61与Ms-Vec的菌落大小、形态及生长速度无明显差异(结果未展示),这可能是因为PPE61未改变细胞壁主要结构或基本代谢。
巨噬细胞是主要的先天免疫细胞,通过识别、吞噬并最终杀死侵袭性Mtb来增强宿主抵抗分枝杆菌感染的免疫力[24-25]。最近的研究表明,巨噬细胞是分枝杆菌的主要庇护场所,因为它能建立多种机制来应对病原体的入侵并调节宿主的命运[26-27]。分枝杆菌和巨噬细胞之间的相互作用决定了感染的进程。Mtb可以逃避宿主巨噬细胞的攻击,并在恶劣环境中持续存在,包括在NO、缺铁和低pH条件下[28]。在本研究中,与Ms-Vec相比Ms-PPE61对酸、SDS和H2O2更不敏感。PPE61可在RAW264.7巨噬细胞中为重组耻垢分枝杆菌增强细胞内抗压能力。结果表明PPE61在调节宿主固有免疫反应和赋予Ms抵抗不利环境的抗性方面发挥重要作用。与本研究结果类似,PE13[12]和PE-PGRS62[29]也能提高重组体在H2O2、SDS、低pH等胁迫条件下的存活率。此外,有研究报道酸敏感型突变菌表现为细胞壁功能损伤,并且对抗生素更加敏感[30]
作为先天性免疫的一部分,MAPK和NF-κB信号在宿主抵抗多种病原体(包括Mtb)感染中发挥重要作用。Mtb为逃逸宿主的先天性免疫防御,也通过靶向关键信号节点来促进自身存活。例如,其自身分泌的酪氨酸磷酸酶PtpA与宿主泛素蛋白结合后激活自身磷酸酶活性,催化p-JNK和p-p38去磷酸化,抑制MAPK通路激活;同时,PtpA竞争性结合TAB3的泛素作用结构域,阻断由宿主接头蛋白TAB3介导的NF-κB通路激活,抑制宿主先天免疫,促进细菌存活[31]。Mtb分泌蛋白Mce3E通过与ERK1/2相互作用阻断ERK1/2与MEK1的互作以及p-ERK1/2的核转位,从而抑制ERK1/2信号通路激活,实现免疫逃逸[32]。上述结果表明,MAPK和NF-κB信号在Mtb感染过程中发挥重要作用。为探究PPE61诱导炎症的机制,本研究通过Western blotting检测NF-κB、MAPK通路相关蛋白标志物。结果显示,PPE61可降低Ms感染后RAW264.7细胞中p38和ERK的磷酸化水平,减弱巨噬细胞介导的炎症反应,同时降低NF-κB下游信号分子IκB-α的表达。此外,JNK磷酸化条带无显著差异。
免疫调节分子,如TNF-α[33]、IL-6[34]和IL-1β[35]是宿主免疫防御分枝杆菌感染的重要组成部分。Mtb效应因子可抑制促炎细胞因子的表达,促进Mtb在巨噬细胞中的存活[36]。多种分枝杆菌毒力效应因子,如PPE37[37]和TB9.8[38]等可与宿主巨噬细胞相互作用,改变细胞因子表达。本研究发现,PPE61对TNF-α表达调控不明显,但能降低感染早期和晚期RAW264.7细胞中促炎细胞因子IL-6的表达,后期对IL-1β分泌调控更明显,表明其可下调促炎细胞因子产生,使巨噬细胞持续存在。Mtb Rv0198c (zmp1)通过抑制小鼠巨噬细胞炎性小体激活抑制IL-1β产生[39]。Ms PE-PGRS62的表达降低了感染后巨噬细胞IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA的表达[40]。Mtb Mce3E抑制巨噬细胞内TNF-α和IL-6表达,促进分枝杆菌存活[32]
本研究揭示了分枝杆菌PPE61蛋白在调控宿主免疫反应及增强环境抗性中的关键作用。PPE61定位于分枝杆菌细胞壁,能显著提升重组耻垢分枝杆菌对酸、SDS和H2O2的抗性,同时通过降低p38和ERK磷酸化水平及NF-κB下游信号分子IκB-α的表达,进而抑制巨噬细胞IL-6和IL-1β的分泌,二者共同作用促进分枝杆菌免疫逃逸,为Mtb慢性感染提供潜在分子基础,为靶向PE/PPE蛋白的抗结核策略提供了新依据。
宋丽:酝酿和设计实验、实施研究、采集数据、起草文章;梁志航:采集数据、起草文章;毕静:酝酿和设计实验、分析/解释数据、对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅;郭庆龙:统计分析;张国良:获取研究经费、技术或材料支持、指导、支持性贡献。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82102403)
  • 深圳市科技计划(KCXFZ20211020163545004)
  • 深圳市科技计划(RCJC20221008092726022)
  • 深圳市“医疗卫生三名工程”项目(SZZYSM202311009)
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2025年第65卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250375
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-08
  • 出版时间:2025-12-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-08
  • 录用日期:2025-08-01
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82102403)
国家自然科学基金(82102403)
Shenzhen Scientific and Technological Program(KCXFZ20211020163545004)
深圳市科技计划(KCXFZ20211020163545004)
Shenzhen Scientific and Technological Program(RCJC20221008092726022)
深圳市科技计划(RCJC20221008092726022)
Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen(SZZYSM202311009)
深圳市“医疗卫生三名工程”项目(SZZYSM202311009)
作者信息
    1.西南医科大学附属医院感染性疾病科,四川 泸州
    2.深圳市第三人民医院,国家感染性疾病临床医学研究中心,广东 深圳
    3.广东药科大学附属第一医院检验科,广东 广州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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