Article(id=1194684385006952885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250303, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744300800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753459200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-26, onlineDate=1762764553547, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764553547, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764553547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764553547, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5054, endPage=5073, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684385388634552, articleId=1194684385006952885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Functions charecterization of the group Ⅺ histidine kinase gene BcHK91 in Botrytis cinerea, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the functions of type XI histidine kinase genes in Botrytis cinerea, thereby establishing a foundation for further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involving histidine kinase-related genes in the growth, development, and pathogenic processes of plant pathogenic fungi. Methods Through knockout vector construction, ATMT transformation, and PCR/qPCR validation, we obtained the mutant ΔBcHK91. The colony growth, sclerotium formation, conidial production and morphology, conidial germination rate, appressorium and infection cushion formation rates, pathogenicity, cell wall/membrane integrity assays and transcriptome profiling were conducted to evaluate the effect of BcHK91 knockout on B. cinerea strain B05.10, thereby elucidating the biological function of this gene. Results Two BcHK91 knockout mutants were successfully obtained and designated as ΔBcHK91-A and ΔBcHK91-B. The phenotypic analysis revealed that the knockout of BcHK91 reduced the conidial length, conidial production, conidial germination rate, appressorium formation rate, infection cushion formation rate, and pathogenicity. Moreover, the mutant formed no sclerotium and showed increased sensitivityto Congo red and SDS compared with the wild-type strain B05.10 and the ectopic insertion strain ET. To reveal the transcription mechanisms of BcHK91, we compared the transcriptomes of B05.10 and ΔBcHK91 by RNA-seq. A total of 1 533 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were predicted in ΔBcHK91, including 1 017 genes with up-regulated expression and 516 genes with down-regulated expression. Gene ontology (GO) and clusters of orthologous groups (COG) annotation showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in cell process and metabolic process of biological processes, cellular anatomical entity and intracellular of cellular components, and catalytic activity, binding, and transporter activity of molecular functions. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade response and other physiological metabolic pathways related tothe phenotype and pathogenicity of ΔBcHK91. In silico analysis of the DEGs suggested that 17 DEGs were related to the growth and development, oxidative stress, cell wall biosynthesis, cell membrane integrity, sclerotial initials, and pathogenicity. The results of qPCR demonstrated that the expression levels of 13 genes matched the trends observed in RNA-seq data, confirming the high reliability of the transcriptome analysis. Conclusion In B. cinerea, BcHK91 plays critical roles in asexual development, environmental stress responses, and pathogenicity.

, correspAuthors=Jiaoyu WANG, Ling LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: WANG Jiaoyu,
LI Ling,
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#These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Keyu JIN, Mengjing WANG, Shiyi SHEN, Jingyu WU, Yueqian LI, Jian GUO, Jiaoyu WANG, Ling LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1194685034520093111, articleId=1194684385006952885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=灰霉病菌型组氨酸激酶基因 BcHK91 的功能分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探索灰霉病菌中Ⅺ型组氨酸激酶基因的功能,为进一步阐明组氨酸激酶(histidine kinases, HKs)相关基因在植物病原菌生长发育和致病过程中的分子机制奠定基础。 方法 利用敲除载体构建、根癌农杆菌介导的转化(Agrobactirium tumfacience-mediated transformant, ATMT)、PCR及qPCR验证技术获得BcHK91基因敲除突变体。通过对菌落生长、菌核形成、孢子产量及形态、孢子萌发率、附着胞与侵染垫形成率、致病力、细胞壁与细胞膜完整性以及转录组进行测定,探究敲除该基因后对灰霉病菌B05.10的影响,从而明确BcHK91的功能。 结果 成功获得2个BcHK91基因敲除突变体,分别命名为ΔBcHK91-A与ΔBcHK91-B。表型分析发现,与野生型菌株B05.10和异位插入菌株(ectopic transformants, ET)相比,BcHK91基因敲除突变体不产生菌核,孢子长度缩短,产孢能力、孢子萌发率、附着胞形成率、侵染垫形成率及致病力均下降,对刚果红和SDS的敏感性升高。利用RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)技术对野生型菌株和突变体ΔBcHK91的转录组进行比较分析,结果表明共有1 533个差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),其中1 017个基因上调,516个基因下调。基因本体(gene ontology, GO)和直系同源簇(cluster of orthologous group, COG)注释分析表明,DEGs主要富集在生物过程(biological processes)中的细胞过程(cell process)与代谢过程(metabolic process);细胞组成(cellular components)主要分布在细胞结构体(cellular anatomical entity)和细胞内(intracellular);分子功能(molecular functions)主要富集在催化活性(catalytic activity)、蛋白质结合(binding)和转运活性(transporter activity)。Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG)通路分析表明,DEGs主要富集在碳水化合物运输、淀粉和蔗糖代谢通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)级联反应的代谢通路上,参与调控突变体表型与致病性。差异表达基因的in silico分析揭示,17个基因可能参与调控B05.10的生长发育、氧化应激、细胞壁合成、细胞膜完整性、菌核形成和致病性。qPCR验证结果表明,13个基因的qPCR表达水平与转录组测序获得的数据趋势一致,表明该转录组数据可信度较高。 结论 灰霉病菌中BcHK91主要在菌体无性繁殖、应对不同环境胁迫及致病过程中发挥重要作用。

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PLoS Pathogens, 2013, 9(10): E1003696., articleTitle=Activation of the Cph1-dependent MAP kinase signaling pathway induces white-opaque switching in Candida albicans, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194980677826364314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, awardId=2023C02018, language=EN, fundingSource=Zhejiang Province Leading Earth Goose Program(2023C02018), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980677910250395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, awardId=2023C02018, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省“尖兵” “领雁”研发攻关计划(2023C02018), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980677973164956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, awardId=202210341033, language=EN, fundingSource=National College Students Innovation Training Program(202210341033), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980678040273821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, awardId=202210341033, language=CN, fundingSource=国家大学生创新创业训练计划(202210341033), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194980671857869639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980671862063944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, companyId=1194980671857869639, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980671870452553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, companyId=1194980671857869639, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 浙江农林大学 现代农学院,全省作物病虫生物学与生态调控重点实验室,浙江 杭州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194980671929172810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980671941755723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, companyId=1194980671929172810, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980671954338636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, companyId=1194980671929172810, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 浙江农林大学 食品与健康学院,浙江 杭州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194980672046613325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980672050807630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, companyId=1194980672046613325, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980672059196239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, companyId=1194980672046613325, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 浙江省农业科学院植物保护与微生物研究所,浙江 杭州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194980675917955970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Bioinformatics analysis of BcHK91. A: Alignment of homologous protein sequences of BcHK91 and other related fungal species; B: Phylogenetic tree of homologous proteins of BcHK91 [The numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap support values (based on 1 000 replicate tests), and the scale bar indicates that the average number of substitutions per amino acid site is 0.20]; C: Domain architecture of BcHK91., figureFileSmall=tkve0/QNZNDuDCa42vKa4A==, figureFileBig=V2cbaGmDuISueJMRm6PmfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980675989259139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=CN, label=图1, caption=BcHK91的生物信息学分析。A:BcHK91和其他相关真菌物种的同源蛋白序列比对;B:BcHK91同源蛋白的系统发育树[括号中的序号为登录号,节点处数字表示自展支持率(基于1 000次重复检验),标尺表示每个氨基酸位点的平均替换数为0.20];C:BcHK91的结构域架构。, figureFileSmall=tkve0/QNZNDuDCa42vKa4A==, figureFileBig=V2cbaGmDuISueJMRm6PmfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676081533828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=BcHK91 gene knockout and verification. A: Diagram of HPH replacement in the coding region of BcHK91 (P1 and P2 represent HPH-F/HPH-R; P3 and P4 represent BcHK91-F/BcHK91-R; P5 and P6 represent BcHK91-UP/HPH-UP; P7 and P8 represent BcHK91-DN/HPH-DN); B: PCR verification; C: qRT-PCR verification. **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=Vd5xBA3Z/56Ib0o6k16RWA==, figureFileBig=rDiaVRH/25alede+fKXhPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676144448389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=CN, label=图2, caption=BcHK91 基因敲除及验证。A:BcHK91编码区被HPH替换图示(P1、P2为HPH-F/HPH-R;P3、P4为BcHK91-F/BcHK91-R;P5、P6为BcHK91-UP/HPH-UP;P7、P8为BcHK91-DN/HPH-DN);B:PCR验证;C:qRT-PCR验证。, figureFileSmall=Vd5xBA3Z/56Ib0o6k16RWA==, figureFileBig=rDiaVRH/25alede+fKXhPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676207362950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The impact of BcHK91 knockout on hyphal growth and sclerotia formation in Botrytis cinerea. A: Mycelial growth of wild-type B05.10, ΔBcHK91-A, ΔBcHK91-B, and ET (ectopic transformants) strains cultured on CM plates for 2-8 d and sclerotia formation at 20 d; B: Strain diameter measured at 2 d of incubation on CM plates; C: Number of sclerotia were measured after 20 d of incubation on CM plates. **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=wU4gzfVd1kfGSPAjQfvP6g==, figureFileBig=/c3jXPYpDbQb8VGn33BC/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676337386375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=CN, label=图3, caption=BcHK91 的敲除对灰霉病菌菌丝生长和菌核的影响。A:野生型B05.10、ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B和异位整合突变体(ectopic transformants, ET)菌株在完全培养基平板上培养2-8 d后的菌丝生长及20 d时的菌核形成情况;B:在完全培养基平板上培养2 d时的菌株直径;C:在完全培养基平板上培养20 d后的菌核数量。, figureFileSmall=wU4gzfVd1kfGSPAjQfvP6g==, figureFileBig=/c3jXPYpDbQb8VGn33BC/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676429661064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The impact of BcHK91 knockout on spore morphology and production in Botrytis cinerea. A: Microscopic observation of spore morphology; B: Length and width of spore; C: Spore production of strains cultured on CM plates for 9 d. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=4CcThQdDRV/aT4sifxsLvQ==, figureFileBig=R7rzarlV44hI9wMxP5YV7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676496769929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=CN, label=图4, caption=BcHK91 的敲除对灰霉病菌孢子形态和产孢量的影响。A:孢子形态的显微观察;B:孢子的长度和宽度;C:在完全培养基平板上培养9 d后菌株的产孢量。, figureFileSmall=4CcThQdDRV/aT4sifxsLvQ==, figureFileBig=R7rzarlV44hI9wMxP5YV7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676559684490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The effect of BcHK91 knockout on spore germination rate and appressorium formation rate in Botrytis cinerea. A: Spore germination rate of each strain at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 h; B: Appressoria formation rate of each strain at 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 h. **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=3Erw6cyEtmccM674tay9nQ==, figureFileBig=Oh/inffW9/smhIJNIR/7oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676614210443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=CN, label=图5, caption=BcHK91 的敲除对灰霉病菌孢子萌发率和附着胞形成率的影响。A:2、4、6、8、10、12、24、48 h时的孢子萌发率;B:8、10、12、24、48 h时的附着胞形成率。, figureFileSmall=3Erw6cyEtmccM674tay9nQ==, figureFileBig=Oh/inffW9/smhIJNIR/7oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676677125004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The effect of BcHK91 knockout on infection cushion formation in Botrytis cinerea. A: Formation of infection cushions at 24 h and 48 h on slides; B: Quantification of the numbers of infection cushions produced by the indicated strains on an inductive surface; C: Quantification of the sizes of infection cushions produced by the indicated strains on an inductive surface; D: Formation of infection cushions at 30 h on the onion epidermis; E: Relative number of infection cushions. **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=lvCBOhMcHTBTevPMtzOYQA==, figureFileBig=uu2eNu9dJ2mofSiVoefizQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676731650957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=CN, label=图6, caption=BcHK91 的敲除对灰霉病菌侵染垫形成的影响。A:载玻片上24 h和48 h侵染垫的形成情况;B:载玻片上产生侵染垫的相对数量;C:载玻片上产生侵染垫的相对面积;D:洋葱表皮上30 h侵染垫的形成情况;E:洋葱表皮上产生侵染垫的相对数量。, figureFileSmall=lvCBOhMcHTBTevPMtzOYQA==, figureFileBig=uu2eNu9dJ2mofSiVoefizQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676794565518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The effect of BcHK91 knockout on pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea. A: Size of lesions formed by the indicated strains on soybean leaves; B: Quantification of the lesion sizes caused by the indicated strains on soybean leaves at 3 d post-inoculation; C: Size of lesions formed by the indicated strains on tomato leaves; D: Quantification of the lesion sizes caused by the indicated strains on tomato leaves at 3 d post-inoculation; E: Size of lesions formed by the indicated strains on strawberries; F: Quantification of the lesion sizes caused by the indicated strains on strawberries at 3 d post-inoculation; G: Size of lesions formed by the indicated strains on tomatoes; H: Quantification of the lesion sizes caused by the indicated strains on tomatoes at 3 d post-inoculation. **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=h7qGe7zGSIneEX96Plz5KQ==, figureFileBig=PkUhj51QRc4xV95ICmyMDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676857480079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=CN, label=图7, caption=BcHK91 的敲除对灰霉病菌致病性的影响。A、C、E、G:大豆叶片、番茄叶片、草莓果实与番茄果实的致病结果;B、D、F、H:接种3 d后在大豆叶片、番茄叶片、草莓果实与番茄果实上形成病斑的相对大小。, figureFileSmall=h7qGe7zGSIneEX96Plz5KQ==, figureFileBig=PkUhj51QRc4xV95ICmyMDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676916200336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effect of BcHK91 knockout on susceptibility to cell wall- and membrane-targeting stress agents in Botrytis cinerea. A: The tolerance of the indicated strains to Congo red and SDS was observed after 3 d of cultivation on CM plate; B: Inhibition of strain growth on plates supplemented with the cell wall stress factor Congo red; C: Inhibition of strain growth on plates supplemented with the cell membrane stress factor SDS. **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=KZsQe9+s8zsQJBKOthmBBQ==, figureFileBig=8FCKvIaIdCoKVSfhyaGoTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980676995892113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=CN, label=图8, caption=BcHK91 的敲除对灰霉病菌细胞壁和细胞膜胁迫因子敏感性的影响。A:在CM平板上培养3 d后观察各菌株对刚果红和SDS的耐受性;B:各菌株在添加了细胞壁胁迫因子刚果红平板上的生长抑制率;C:各菌株在添加了细胞膜胁迫因子SDS平板上的生长抑制率。, figureFileSmall=KZsQe9+s8zsQJBKOthmBBQ==, figureFileBig=8FCKvIaIdCoKVSfhyaGoTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980677063000978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Analysis of Botrytis cinerea gene differential expression after BcHK91 gene knockout. A: Transcriptome analysis of BcHK91 knockout mutant; B: gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis; C: KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) enrichment analysis., figureFileSmall=sz71cmMwrckOozNVfrowdQ==, figureFileBig=tLzFb9dSAGDCBLMI2sjefw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980677151081363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=CN, label=图9, caption=BcHK91 基因敲除后灰霉病菌基因差异表达分析。A:BcHK91敲除突变体的转录组分析;B:基因本体(gene ontology, GO)富集分析;C:KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)富集分析。, figureFileSmall=sz71cmMwrckOozNVfrowdQ==, figureFileBig=tLzFb9dSAGDCBLMI2sjefw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980677218190228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=qPCR analysis of expression levels of 13 genes in ΔBcHK91 and verification of RNA-seq data., figureFileSmall=+R7NcLUdHW4nPkGYTu5AMw==, figureFileBig=51uCWew+lUHgzNQbwiRWSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980677327242133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=CN, label=图10, caption=13个基因的qPCR分析与转录组数据的对比, figureFileSmall=+R7NcLUdHW4nPkGYTu5AMw==, figureFileBig=51uCWew+lUHgzNQbwiRWSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980677385962390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
UP-FGCCAAGCTTGCATGCCTGCAGATTTGTGAGTAATTTCAGTGCTCC
UP-RCCAGGATCCTCTAGAGTCGACTATCTCCACACAATGGAGTTTGTT
DN-FCCGGGTACCGAGCTCGAATTCTTTCAACGATATCAAGGATTACAA
DN-RATTATTATGGAGAAACTCGAGACTTTTAACGAGAGACGAATGAAG
HPH-FTTCGCCCTTCCTCCCTTTATTTCA
HPH-RGCTTCTGCGGGCGATTTGTGTACG
BcHK91-FACTCAGTGCGGATCGGGACATTCT
BcHK91-RGAAGGGTGTACCATTGTTCCGCGA
BcHK91-UPAGCTACCAGAGGAAAGTTGTACTC
BcHK91-DNTGAATGGTGTTGAGTGTAGGCAAC
HPH-UPACTGCTACAAGTGGGGCTGATCTG
HPH-DNCTGGACCGATGGCTGTGTAGAAGT
QBcHK91-FATGAGGCCTGGACAAGAATCACAGGTGG
QBcHK91-RAAGGGTGTACCATTGTTCCGCGACAAATT
UCE-FACCGGAGGTGTCTTCTTCCTCGCC
UCE-RATGCTTCCGTTGGAGTTGATGTTTGGGT
BCIN_07g06780-FCCGGTGACAACGCTACCTGCAATG
BCIN_07g06780-RAGTCATGTTGTGGCCATCGATTGCG
BCIN_15g02270-FGCGTGGTTCTTGGGAGAGTTCGTC
BCIN_15g02270-RGCATCCACGTCAAACCACTGCAAG
BCIN_02g07770-FTCCGATGCCGTTGTAGGATTTGCC
BCIN_02g07770-RGTTGGTGACAAACCACCACCTGTG
BCIN_05g00730-FCGTCTTCGATCTCACCCACGTCTGG
BCIN_05g00730-RGGAGGGTTCGAGTCCTGGTACCAAG
BCIN_05g04650-FTCACGCTCCGGATAATAGTGAGCT
BCIN_05g04650-RTTCCAAGGACAGTCATTGGCAACG
BCIN_07g01120-FAAGGTTCAATCATCGGGCCAGCAT
BCIN_07g01120-RATAGCAGTCGAGAGCTTTGCGAGT
BCIN_07g07130-FCCATCCACTAGCCAAATATCCCGGT
BCIN_07g07130-RGTCCATGCTTCGGGTGTGATGAAT
BCIN_13g02170-FGTGCACAGTCAGATGTTGAGACCT
BCIN_13g02170-RCTTCCCTGCATTGGGCCCATTAAC
BCIN_14g05360-FGGATCGGCTTTCTTTGGCTGTTGG
BCIN_14g05360-RACTTTGCGAAAGCTCCTCCGATAG
BCIN_15g02380-FAAGTTCTCCACTGTCGCTGCTACCG
BCIN_15g02380-RGGAAGTGTAACCAGTGCCGACGAG
BCIN_02g08760-FACCGAGCCACACAAACGTAAAGCC
BCIN_02g08760-RCGACCGTTAACCGTTGGAACACCA
BCIN_07g01270-FTTACCGCAGCTCCTAGCGATAACT
BCIN_07g01270-RCGGTGGCGCTGTTTGTACTTAGAT
BCIN_01g11450-FGCTTCAGCCTCTCGTTCTGTCACT
BCIN_01g11450-RTCCGGGCTGATATATGCGATGGCG
), ArticleFig(id=1194980677469848471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究使用的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
UP-FGCCAAGCTTGCATGCCTGCAGATTTGTGAGTAATTTCAGTGCTCC
UP-RCCAGGATCCTCTAGAGTCGACTATCTCCACACAATGGAGTTTGTT
DN-FCCGGGTACCGAGCTCGAATTCTTTCAACGATATCAAGGATTACAA
DN-RATTATTATGGAGAAACTCGAGACTTTTAACGAGAGACGAATGAAG
HPH-FTTCGCCCTTCCTCCCTTTATTTCA
HPH-RGCTTCTGCGGGCGATTTGTGTACG
BcHK91-FACTCAGTGCGGATCGGGACATTCT
BcHK91-RGAAGGGTGTACCATTGTTCCGCGA
BcHK91-UPAGCTACCAGAGGAAAGTTGTACTC
BcHK91-DNTGAATGGTGTTGAGTGTAGGCAAC
HPH-UPACTGCTACAAGTGGGGCTGATCTG
HPH-DNCTGGACCGATGGCTGTGTAGAAGT
QBcHK91-FATGAGGCCTGGACAAGAATCACAGGTGG
QBcHK91-RAAGGGTGTACCATTGTTCCGCGACAAATT
UCE-FACCGGAGGTGTCTTCTTCCTCGCC
UCE-RATGCTTCCGTTGGAGTTGATGTTTGGGT
BCIN_07g06780-FCCGGTGACAACGCTACCTGCAATG
BCIN_07g06780-RAGTCATGTTGTGGCCATCGATTGCG
BCIN_15g02270-FGCGTGGTTCTTGGGAGAGTTCGTC
BCIN_15g02270-RGCATCCACGTCAAACCACTGCAAG
BCIN_02g07770-FTCCGATGCCGTTGTAGGATTTGCC
BCIN_02g07770-RGTTGGTGACAAACCACCACCTGTG
BCIN_05g00730-FCGTCTTCGATCTCACCCACGTCTGG
BCIN_05g00730-RGGAGGGTTCGAGTCCTGGTACCAAG
BCIN_05g04650-FTCACGCTCCGGATAATAGTGAGCT
BCIN_05g04650-RTTCCAAGGACAGTCATTGGCAACG
BCIN_07g01120-FAAGGTTCAATCATCGGGCCAGCAT
BCIN_07g01120-RATAGCAGTCGAGAGCTTTGCGAGT
BCIN_07g07130-FCCATCCACTAGCCAAATATCCCGGT
BCIN_07g07130-RGTCCATGCTTCGGGTGTGATGAAT
BCIN_13g02170-FGTGCACAGTCAGATGTTGAGACCT
BCIN_13g02170-RCTTCCCTGCATTGGGCCCATTAAC
BCIN_14g05360-FGGATCGGCTTTCTTTGGCTGTTGG
BCIN_14g05360-RACTTTGCGAAAGCTCCTCCGATAG
BCIN_15g02380-FAAGTTCTCCACTGTCGCTGCTACCG
BCIN_15g02380-RGGAAGTGTAACCAGTGCCGACGAG
BCIN_02g08760-FACCGAGCCACACAAACGTAAAGCC
BCIN_02g08760-RCGACCGTTAACCGTTGGAACACCA
BCIN_07g01270-FTTACCGCAGCTCCTAGCGATAACT
BCIN_07g01270-RCGGTGGCGCTGTTTGTACTTAGAT
BCIN_01g11450-FGCTTCAGCCTCTCGTTCTGTCACT
BCIN_01g11450-RTCCGGGCTGATATATGCGATGGCG
), ArticleFig(id=1194980677566317464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Genes related to the response of BcHK91 knockout to physiological phenotypic changes and pathogenicity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Accession numberGene nameMain function

Expression fold change

(log2 fold change)

RegulationReference
BCIN_15g05270Bcpie2Cell membrane integrity4.49Up-regulated[22]
BCIN_01g01450BcatrOCell membrane integrity, oxidative stress response4.37Up-regulated[23]
BCIN_16g00450Bcswf1Cell membrane integrity2.38Up-regulated[24]
BCIN_07g06780Bclcc9melanin biosynthesis-2.09Down-regulated[25]
BCIN_15g03440BcCHS7Hyphal growth, sexual reproduction, pathogenicity-1.16Down-regulated[26]
BCIN_03g08050Bcpks13Melanin synthesis, vegetative growth and virulence-3.23Down-regulated[27]
BCIN_04g04800Bcbrn1Melanin biosynthesis and virulence-2.73Down-regulated[28]
BCIN_07g01120Bcerg5Melanin synthesis and defense response, cell membrane integrity1.29Up-regulated[29]
BCIN_02g08760Bcsmr1Melanin synthesis, sclerotial development1.81Up-regulated[30]
BCIN_03g08110Bcscd1Melanin synthesis, sclerotial development, cell wall integrity-1.48Down-regulated[31]
BCIN_06g00510Bhp3Sclerotial development-3.61Down-regulated[32]
BCIN_05g00730Bccat4Oxidative stress response1.89Up-regulated[33]
BCIN_06g01180BccatAOxidative stress response1.30Up-regulated[34]
BCIN_09g04550Bcswe1MAPK cascade signaling1.41Up-regulated[35]
BCIN_02g03050Bcsln1Hyphal growth, conidiation, sexual reproduction, osmotic stress response, pathogenicity-1.38Down-regulated[13]
BCIN_03g01490Bclga1Pathogenicity, virulence-2.96Down-regulated[36]
BCIN_15g02380Bcacp1cell wall-degrading enzymes, pathogenicity2.74Up-regulated[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1194980677666980761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684385006952885, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应 BcHK91 敲除后生理表型变化及致病性的相关基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Accession numberGene nameMain function

Expression fold change

(log2 fold change)

RegulationReference
BCIN_15g05270Bcpie2Cell membrane integrity4.49Up-regulated[22]
BCIN_01g01450BcatrOCell membrane integrity, oxidative stress response4.37Up-regulated[23]
BCIN_16g00450Bcswf1Cell membrane integrity2.38Up-regulated[24]
BCIN_07g06780Bclcc9melanin biosynthesis-2.09Down-regulated[25]
BCIN_15g03440BcCHS7Hyphal growth, sexual reproduction, pathogenicity-1.16Down-regulated[26]
BCIN_03g08050Bcpks13Melanin synthesis, vegetative growth and virulence-3.23Down-regulated[27]
BCIN_04g04800Bcbrn1Melanin biosynthesis and virulence-2.73Down-regulated[28]
BCIN_07g01120Bcerg5Melanin synthesis and defense response, cell membrane integrity1.29Up-regulated[29]
BCIN_02g08760Bcsmr1Melanin synthesis, sclerotial development1.81Up-regulated[30]
BCIN_03g08110Bcscd1Melanin synthesis, sclerotial development, cell wall integrity-1.48Down-regulated[31]
BCIN_06g00510Bhp3Sclerotial development-3.61Down-regulated[32]
BCIN_05g00730Bccat4Oxidative stress response1.89Up-regulated[33]
BCIN_06g01180BccatAOxidative stress response1.30Up-regulated[34]
BCIN_09g04550Bcswe1MAPK cascade signaling1.41Up-regulated[35]
BCIN_02g03050Bcsln1Hyphal growth, conidiation, sexual reproduction, osmotic stress response, pathogenicity-1.38Down-regulated[13]
BCIN_03g01490Bclga1Pathogenicity, virulence-2.96Down-regulated[36]
BCIN_15g02380Bcacp1cell wall-degrading enzymes, pathogenicity2.74Up-regulated[37]
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灰霉病菌型组氨酸激酶基因 BcHK91 的功能分析
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金珂宇 1, # , 王梦晶 1, # , 沈诗燚 1 , 武婧雨 1 , 李岳谦 1 , 郭俭 2 , 王教瑜 3, * , 李玲 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(11): 5054-5073
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(11): 5054-5073
灰霉病菌型组氨酸激酶基因 BcHK91 的功能分析
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金珂宇1, #, 王梦晶1, #, 沈诗燚1, 武婧雨1, 李岳谦1, 郭俭2, 王教瑜3, * , 李玲1, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江农林大学 现代农学院,全省作物病虫生物学与生态调控重点实验室,浙江 杭州
  • 2 浙江农林大学 食品与健康学院,浙江 杭州
  • 3 浙江省农业科学院植物保护与微生物研究所,浙江 杭州
Functions charecterization of the group Ⅺ histidine kinase gene BcHK91 in Botrytis cinerea
Keyu JIN1, Mengjing WANG1, Shiyi SHEN1, Jingyu WU1, Yueqian LI1, Jian GUO2, Jiaoyu WANG3, * , Ling LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
  • 2 College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
  • 3 Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250303
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目的 探索灰霉病菌中Ⅺ型组氨酸激酶基因的功能,为进一步阐明组氨酸激酶(histidine kinases, HKs)相关基因在植物病原菌生长发育和致病过程中的分子机制奠定基础。 方法 利用敲除载体构建、根癌农杆菌介导的转化(Agrobactirium tumfacience-mediated transformant, ATMT)、PCR及qPCR验证技术获得BcHK91基因敲除突变体。通过对菌落生长、菌核形成、孢子产量及形态、孢子萌发率、附着胞与侵染垫形成率、致病力、细胞壁与细胞膜完整性以及转录组进行测定,探究敲除该基因后对灰霉病菌B05.10的影响,从而明确BcHK91的功能。 结果 成功获得2个BcHK91基因敲除突变体,分别命名为ΔBcHK91-A与ΔBcHK91-B。表型分析发现,与野生型菌株B05.10和异位插入菌株(ectopic transformants, ET)相比,BcHK91基因敲除突变体不产生菌核,孢子长度缩短,产孢能力、孢子萌发率、附着胞形成率、侵染垫形成率及致病力均下降,对刚果红和SDS的敏感性升高。利用RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)技术对野生型菌株和突变体ΔBcHK91的转录组进行比较分析,结果表明共有1 533个差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),其中1 017个基因上调,516个基因下调。基因本体(gene ontology, GO)和直系同源簇(cluster of orthologous group, COG)注释分析表明,DEGs主要富集在生物过程(biological processes)中的细胞过程(cell process)与代谢过程(metabolic process);细胞组成(cellular components)主要分布在细胞结构体(cellular anatomical entity)和细胞内(intracellular);分子功能(molecular functions)主要富集在催化活性(catalytic activity)、蛋白质结合(binding)和转运活性(transporter activity)。Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG)通路分析表明,DEGs主要富集在碳水化合物运输、淀粉和蔗糖代谢通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)级联反应的代谢通路上,参与调控突变体表型与致病性。差异表达基因的in silico分析揭示,17个基因可能参与调控B05.10的生长发育、氧化应激、细胞壁合成、细胞膜完整性、菌核形成和致病性。qPCR验证结果表明,13个基因的qPCR表达水平与转录组测序获得的数据趋势一致,表明该转录组数据可信度较高。 结论 灰霉病菌中BcHK91主要在菌体无性繁殖、应对不同环境胁迫及致病过程中发挥重要作用。

灰霉病菌  /  Ⅺ型组氨酸激酶  /  BcHK91  /  功能研究  /  转录组

Objective To explore the functions of type XI histidine kinase genes in Botrytis cinerea, thereby establishing a foundation for further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involving histidine kinase-related genes in the growth, development, and pathogenic processes of plant pathogenic fungi. Methods Through knockout vector construction, ATMT transformation, and PCR/qPCR validation, we obtained the mutant ΔBcHK91. The colony growth, sclerotium formation, conidial production and morphology, conidial germination rate, appressorium and infection cushion formation rates, pathogenicity, cell wall/membrane integrity assays and transcriptome profiling were conducted to evaluate the effect of BcHK91 knockout on B. cinerea strain B05.10, thereby elucidating the biological function of this gene. Results Two BcHK91 knockout mutants were successfully obtained and designated as ΔBcHK91-A and ΔBcHK91-B. The phenotypic analysis revealed that the knockout of BcHK91 reduced the conidial length, conidial production, conidial germination rate, appressorium formation rate, infection cushion formation rate, and pathogenicity. Moreover, the mutant formed no sclerotium and showed increased sensitivityto Congo red and SDS compared with the wild-type strain B05.10 and the ectopic insertion strain ET. To reveal the transcription mechanisms of BcHK91, we compared the transcriptomes of B05.10 and ΔBcHK91 by RNA-seq. A total of 1 533 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were predicted in ΔBcHK91, including 1 017 genes with up-regulated expression and 516 genes with down-regulated expression. Gene ontology (GO) and clusters of orthologous groups (COG) annotation showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in cell process and metabolic process of biological processes, cellular anatomical entity and intracellular of cellular components, and catalytic activity, binding, and transporter activity of molecular functions. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade response and other physiological metabolic pathways related tothe phenotype and pathogenicity of ΔBcHK91. In silico analysis of the DEGs suggested that 17 DEGs were related to the growth and development, oxidative stress, cell wall biosynthesis, cell membrane integrity, sclerotial initials, and pathogenicity. The results of qPCR demonstrated that the expression levels of 13 genes matched the trends observed in RNA-seq data, confirming the high reliability of the transcriptome analysis. Conclusion In B. cinerea, BcHK91 plays critical roles in asexual development, environmental stress responses, and pathogenicity.

Botrytis cinerea  /  group XI histidine kinase  /  BcHK91  /  functional research  /  transcriptome
金珂宇, 王梦晶, 沈诗燚, 武婧雨, 李岳谦, 郭俭, 王教瑜, 李玲. 灰霉病菌型组氨酸激酶基因 BcHK91 的功能分析. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 5054 -5073 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250303
Keyu JIN, Mengjing WANG, Shiyi SHEN, Jingyu WU, Yueqian LI, Jian GUO, Jiaoyu WANG, Ling LI. Functions charecterization of the group Ⅺ histidine kinase gene BcHK91 in Botrytis cinerea[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 5054 -5073 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250303
灰霉病是全球范围内蔬菜、水果及鲜花上的重要病害,在水果采摘及运输过程中均可发生,一般导致减产20%-40%,严重时减产可达90%以上,对经济造成严重影响。据报道,死体营养型灰霉病菌是全球第二大危害严重的真菌[1]。灰霉病的病原物为灰霉病菌,其有性态为富氏葡萄孢盘菌[Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel.],属子囊菌门葡萄孢属;无性态为灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr.),属半知菌类葡萄孢属[2]。双组分信号系统(two-component signaling system)是一种广泛存在于细菌和真菌中的信号传导机制,用于感知和响应外界环境变化[3]。在真核生物中,双组分信号系统演化为多步骤磷酸化传递途径,该途径包括3类信号传递分子:组氨酸激酶(histidine kinases, HKs)、组氨酸的磷酸转移中间体(histidine phosphotransfer protein, HPt)和响应调节蛋白(response regulator protein, RR)[4]。此系统中的HKs为杂合型HKs (hybrid histidine kinase),除具备信号输入域与激酶催化域外,其C末端还含有基于天冬氨酸残基(aspartic acid residue, Asp)的接收域(receiver domain);而HPt作为磷酸传递的专用中介蛋白,通过保守组氨酸位点接收HKs转移的磷酸基团,进而将其传递至RR以激活下游信号响应。在外界环境刺激下HK被激活,其激酶域内组氨酸残基(histidine residue, His)发生自磷酸化,该磷酸基团随后转移至HK自身C端接受域的Asp残基,进而经HPt蛋白的His残基传递至RR接受域内的Asp残基,最终激活RR的效应结构域并启动信号输出[5-7]
HK是双组分信号系统的上游因子,激活后能使病原菌对各种环境信号作出响应。不同物种中HKs的作用存在差异:在细菌中HK能使其感知并响应外界环境刺激,如化学物质浓度、光照、温度、渗透压等[8];在真菌中HK具有更为广泛的功能,在许多植物病原真菌中参与调控菌丝形态、生长发育、致病性、渗透胁迫、氧胁迫、杀菌剂抗性等反应过程[9]。此外,不同真菌中HKs基因的数量和功能也有所不同。例如,酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中只含有一个Sln1,粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)中有3个,串珠赤霉菌(Gibberella moniliformis)中有16个,异旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolus heterostrophus)中有21个,稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)中有11个,灰霉病菌(B. cinerea)中有20个[6]。真菌中的这些基因根据结构域不同划分为11类,研究较多的HKs类型为Ⅲ型和VI型[6]。酿酒酵母中唯一的HKs基因Sln1属于VI型,缺失后会引起高渗透压甘油(high-osmolarity glycerol, HOG)信号途径持续激活,导致体内甘油积累过多而死亡;稻瘟菌中MoSln1敲除突变体对细胞壁胁迫试剂卡式白的敏感性下降,但对氧化胁迫、金属胁迫和渗透压的敏感性上升,且致病力丧失;赤霉病菌中Ⅵ型HKs基因FgSln1缺失并不会导致病原菌死亡,但会使菌丝分枝减少,致病性下降;而在灰霉病菌中BcSln1敲除后导致菌株生长速率变慢、产孢量减少、孢子形态发生变化且不产生菌核,但不参与调控致病性、渗透胁迫和对杀菌剂的敏感性[10-13]。粗糙脉胞霉(Neurospora crassa)中III型HKs基因NcNIK-1/OS-1参与调控菌丝生长、细胞渗透压和杀菌剂(异菌脲和咯菌腈)的抗性;甘蓝链格孢菌(Alternaria brassicicola)中AbNIK1基因缺失突变体致病力丧失,渗透胁迫敏感性上升,对二甲酰亚胺及苯基吡咯类杀菌剂抗性增强,但菌株生长不受影响;灰霉病菌BOS1基因编码III型HKs,BOS1敲除后会影响菌株分生孢子的产生及致病力,还会增强菌株对渗透胁迫的敏感性及对杀菌剂咯菌腈、异菌脲和五氯硝基苯的抗性,但不会导致氧化应激敏感性增加[14-17]N. crassa存在1个Ⅺ型HKs基因DCC-1,参与调控分生孢子产生、子囊壳发育和胡萝卜素形成;稻瘟病菌同样也存在1个Ⅺ型HKs基因MoHik3,该基因缺失对稻瘟病菌的生长发育和致病性无显著影响,也不参与渗透胁迫[18-19]。然而,灰霉病菌中Ⅺ型HKs基因的功能尚未被发掘。因此,本研究随机选取其中一个Ⅺ型HKs基因进行功能分析,在获得BcHK91基因单敲除突变体的基础上对该基因进行表型分析等研究,从而明确BcHK91基因在应对胁迫反应、病菌生长发育和致病过程中的功能,以期揭示灰霉病菌BcHK91基因的生物学功能。
供试菌株为灰霉病菌野生型标准菌株B05.10,于完全培养基(complete medium, CM)[20]上在22 ℃条件下进行培养。菌株短期保存于4 ℃试管斜面,长期保存于-80 ℃。
在NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)网站上获取BcHK91的氨基酸序列,通过NCBI BLASTp寻找同源蛋白。利用GeneDoc软件对Bchk91及同源蛋白的氨基酸序列进行比对,再导入MEGA 11软件构件系统发育树。通过Pfam (http://pfam-legacy.xfam.org/)网站预测蛋白结构域,并在DOG软件上进行绘制。
将灰霉病菌接种于液体完全培养基,静置于22 ℃培养箱中黑暗培养3 d后收集菌丝。利用真菌基因组DNA快速提取试剂盒[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]提取灰霉病菌菌丝基因组DNA。基于同源重组原理,通过长片段PCR扩增技术构建BcHK91基因敲除载体:以提取的DNA为模板,分别用上游同源臂引物(UP-F/UP-R)和下游同源臂引物(DN-F/DN-R)扩增BcHK91基因的上游片段(UP)与下游片段(DN)。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Phanta Max Buffer 25 µL,dNTP Mix (10 mmol/L each) 1 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各2 µL,Phanta Max Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司) 1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 18 µL。PCR反应条件:95°C预变性 3 min;95 °C变性15 s,60 °C退火15 s,72 °C延伸2 min,共35个循环;72 °C终延伸5 min。将两片段依次插入携带潮霉素抗性基因(hygromycin resistance gene, hph)的敲除载体中。利用根癌农杆菌介导的转化(Agrobactirium tumfacience-mediated transformant, ATMT)将敲除载体导入到野生型灰霉病菌B05.10中,获得可能的转化子在含潮霉素B (终浓度为200 μg/mL)[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]的完全培养基平板上进行单孢分离纯化。经PCR验证(反应体系及条件同前),筛选获得敲除突变体和异位整合突变体(ectopic transformants, ET),随机选取其中2个突变体ΔBcHK91-A和ΔBcHK91-B进行RT-qPCR验证及后续实验。利用真菌总RNA快速抽提试剂盒[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]提取样品总RNA,以1 μg RNA为模板,采用HiScript® Ⅲ All-in-one RT SuperMix Perfect for qPCR试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)合成cDNA;通过qPCR对敲除结果进行验证,以内参基因UCE (ubiquitin conjugating enzyme)为参照,采用2-ΔΔCt值法计算靶基因的相对表达水平。试验设置3次生物学重复。本研究用到的引物见表1,所有引物均由杭州有康生物科技有限公司合成。
将B05.10、ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B和ET菌株分别接种于完全培养基上,在22 ℃培养箱中黑暗培养2 d后,用打孔器分别在各菌株边缘打取直径为5 mm的菌丝块,接种于新的完全培养基平板上,放置于22 ℃培养箱中分别培养2、3、5、7、9 d后拍照并统计菌丝生长情况,同时计算各突变体菌株与野生型菌株2 d的相对生长速率。将培养3 d的各菌株置于4 ℃冰箱培养22 d后,拍照记录菌核面积与个数,使用ImageJ软件计算单一菌核面积与菌核个数。每处理设置3次生物学重复,每个生物学重复进行4次技术重复检测。
将培养9 d 的B05.10、ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B和ET菌株使用涂布棒将平板上的孢子洗下后用三层擦镜纸过滤孢子液,使用血球计数板统计不同菌株的产孢量,实验设3次重复。将孢子液浓度调成1×105个/mL,取20 µL放于显微镜下统计不同菌株孢子的长和宽。试验设置3次生物学重复,每重复含3个技术单元(100孢子/单元)。
取20 μL采用2 mmol/L果糖配制的含 1×105个/mL浓度的各菌株孢子液,滴加在疏水膜上,将其置于22 ℃和>95% RH环境中保湿培养。分别于培养后2、4、6、8、10、12、24、48 h在显微镜下观察并统计各菌株的孢子萌发率;并于8、10、12、24、48 h时同步观察并统计各菌株附着胞形成率。试验设置3次生物学重复,每重复含3个技术单元(100孢子/单元)。
将完全培养基上培养9 d的各菌株孢子配制成20 μL 5×104个/mL的孢子悬液后,分别接种到玻片和洋葱表皮上,置于22 ℃的高湿度培养箱中孵育。在24 h和48 h观察玻片上侵染垫的形成情况并拍照记录,统计侵染垫的形成率。在洋葱表皮上培养30 h后,用乳酸石炭酸棉蓝染色液对侵染垫进行染色观察,并在显微镜下拍照。试验设置3次生物学重复,每重复含3个技术单元(100孢子/单元)。
采用菌丝块接种法[21]进行致病性测定。将接种后的大豆、番茄叶片及草莓、小番茄果实置于22 ℃培养箱中保湿培养3 d后,拍照并利用ImageJ计算病斑面积。试验设置3次生物学重复,每重复含3个技术单元。
将22 ℃培养箱中培养3 d的B05.10、ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B和ET菌株沿着菌落外侧边缘用打孔器打取直径为5 mm的圆形菌饼,分别接种于含细胞壁胁迫因子0.3 mg/mL刚果红和细胞膜胁迫因子0.05 mg/mL SDS的完全培养基平板上。22 ℃培养3 d后量取菌落直径,以完全培养基平板作为对照组,计算各菌株菌丝生长抑制率。试验设置3次生物学重复,每重复含4个技术单元。
分别将野生型菌株B05.10和突变体菌株ΔBcHK91-A在液体完全培养基中培养4 d,收集新鲜菌丝体,置于液氮中保存,送北京百迈克生物科技有限公司进行RNA-seq测序分析。
野生型菌株B05.10和突变体菌株ΔBcHK91-A样本中表达水平存在显著差异的基因称之为差异表达基因(different ially expressed genes, DEGs)。通过差异表达分析获得的基因集合叫作差异表达基因集,根据两(组)样品之间表达水平的相对高低差异,表达基因可划分为上调基因(up-regulated gene)和下调基因(down-regulated gene)。利用FPKM方法计算基因表达量。利用edgeR软件分析野生型和突变体ΔBcHK91的差异表达情况。以log2 fold change=2,FDR<0.01作为差异表达基因的筛选条件。对获得的DEGs进行GO和KEGG功能富集分析,推测DEGs的主要生物学功能及参与的代谢通路。
为了验证RNA-seq测序结果的准确性,分别以野生型菌株B05.10和突变体菌株ΔBcHK91-A的RNA为模板,通过qPCR测定了13个DEGs的表达水平。用目的基因ID检索NCBI GenBank数据库获取目标基因的序列,然后依据其CDS区序列,使用Primer 5.0软件设计引物,并在GenBank数据库进行特异性检测。qPCR引物见表1
使用显微镜(Olympus公司)观察分生孢子形态、分生孢子梗簇、附着胞及侵染垫。ImageView软件用于成像。使用相机(尼康公司)拍摄菌株形态、菌核及致病性的图像。所有图像均使用Adobe Photoshop 2020进行处理。
通过同源序列比对,基于NCBI数据库鉴定出灰霉病菌基因Bc_12791 (登录号为BCIN_15g04540),将其命名为BcHK91。BcHK91的开放阅读框长2 359 bp,包含2个外显子和1个内含子,编码752个氨基酸。系统发育树和蛋白同源性比对结果表明BcHK91的同源蛋白也存在于其他真菌中,其与Monilinia firucticola (KAG4026253.1)的同源性最高,相似度为70.2% (图1A、1B)。通过Pfam软件对BcHK91的蛋白结构域进行预测发现,BcHK91蛋白包含period-ARNT-single-minded domain (PAS)、histidine kinase A (HisKA)和histidine kinase-like ATPase (HATPase_c)结构域(图1C)。结果表明,BcHK91也存在于其他真菌中,并且与其同源蛋白高度保守。
为探究BcHK91基因在灰霉病菌中的功能,利用同源重组的原理构建了敲除载体(图2A)。通过ATMT的方法将敲除片段转入野生型菌株中,并对得到的转化子进行DNA的提取、PCR与qRT-PCR验证(图2B、2C)。随机选取2个突变体ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B和异位插入ET菌株进行后续实验。
为探究BcHK91对灰霉病菌菌丝生长的影响,对B05.10、ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B和ET菌株生长2-8 d的情况进行了观察与分析(图3A)。结果发现在培养2 d时,ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B的菌落生长直径与B05.10和ET相比无显著差异(图3B)。此外,菌核作为灰霉病菌越冬存活的专化休眠结构,其发育能力直接影响病原菌的生态适应性。突变体表型分析发现,在培养20 d时B05.10和ET菌株产生菌核,而ΔBcHK91-A和ΔBcHK91-B菌株完全丧失产菌核能力(图3C)。结果表明,BcHK91基因不参与菌丝生长过程,但影响灰霉病菌的有性生殖过程,控制菌核的形成。
为研究BcHK91基因敲除对孢子形态的影响,在显微镜下统计了B05.10、ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B和ET菌株孢子的长度和宽度,发现ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B在长度上显著小于B05.10和ET菌株,而在宽度上则无明显差异(图4A、4B)。结果表明,BcHK91基因的缺失减少了孢子的长度。此外,突变体培养9 d的产孢量均显著小于B05.10和ET菌株(图4C)。结果表明,BcHK91基因参与调控灰霉病菌分生孢子的形成。
为探索BcHK91基因敲除对灰霉病菌孢子萌发率与附着胞形成率的影响,测定了突变体的孢子萌发率以及附着胞形成率。在2、4、6 h时与B05.10和ET菌株相比,ΔBcHK91-A和ΔBcHK91-B菌株的孢子萌发率显著下降;在8 h之后,突变体菌株的萌发率相比B05.10和ET菌株则无明显差异(图5A)。此外,与B05.10和ET菌株相比,ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B的附着胞形成率显著下降(图5B)。结果表明,BcHK91基因参与调控分生孢子前期的萌发与附着胞的形成过程。
为明确BcHK91基因敲除对灰霉侵染垫形成的影响,分别在载玻片和洋葱表皮上开展了侵染垫形成测定。在载玻片上,无论是24 h还是48 h,突变体侵染垫形成的数量和面积均显著低于野生型和ET (图6A-6C)。同样地,在洋葱表皮上也观察到突变体侵染垫形成的数量显著少于野生型和ET菌株(图6D、6E)。结果表明,BcHK91基因参与调控侵染结构的形成。
为确定HKs基因BcHK91是否与灰霉病菌致病性相关,将B05.10、ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B和ET菌株的菌饼分别接种于健康的大豆叶片、番茄叶片、草莓果实和番茄果实上,3 d后拍照记录并统计病斑面积(图7A、7C、7E、7G)。ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B形成的病斑面积显著小于B05.10和ET菌株(图7B、7D、7F、7H)。结果表明,BcHK91基因缺失降低了灰霉病菌的致病力。
为确定BcHK91基因是否参与调控菌体对细胞壁和细胞膜胁迫因子的敏感性,将B05.10、ΔBcHK91-A、ΔBcHK91-B和ET菌株分别接种在添加了细胞壁胁迫因子刚果红和细胞膜胁迫因子SDS的完全培养基平板上,并统计生长3 d的菌丝直径。结果显示,相较于B05.10和ET菌株,ΔBcHK91-A和ΔBcHK91-B对刚果红和SDS的敏感性均显著上升(图8A-8C)。这表明BcHK91基因参与维持灰霉病菌细胞壁和细胞膜的完整性。
为探究BcHK91调控的基因表达谱,利用RNA-seq技术对B05.10和ΔBcHK91-A菌株进行转录组分析。对DEGs进行分析发现,与野生型相比ΔBcHK91-A突变体中有1 533个差异表达基因,其中1 017个基因上调,516个基因下调(log2 fold change=2,FDR<0.01) (图9A)。为进一步揭示这些基因的功能特性,进行了基因本体(GO)富集分析。GO分析将差异表达基因分为三大类:生物过程(biological process)、细胞组分(cellular component)和分子功能(molecular function)。分子功能主要集中在催化活性(catalytic activity)、蛋白质结合(binding)和转运活性(transporter activity);细胞组成主要分布在细胞结构体(cellular anatomical entity)和细胞内(intracellular);生物过程中,细胞过程(cell process)与代谢过程(metabolic process)功能类型的DEGs差异较大,这类生物过程的DEGs可能与灰霉病菌BcHK91敲除后致病能力下降有关(图9B)。
KEGG通路富集分析显示,DEGs分布于50个通路。其中,细胞过程 (cellular processes)中的减数分裂(meiosis)与过氧化物酶体(peroxisome)、环境应答过程(environmental information processing)中的ABC转运受体(ABC transporters)与MAPK信号通路(MAPK signaling pathway)、遗传过程(genetic information processing)中的内质网蛋白合成过程(protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum)以及代谢(metabolism)过程中的淀粉和蔗糖代谢(starch and sucrose metabolism)、戊糖和葡萄糖酸的相互转换(pentose and glucuronate interconversions)、甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢(glycine, serine and threonine metabolism)富集的DEGs最多(图9C)。其中,BcHK91敲除对代谢通路的影响最大,DEGs数量占总通路数量的70.9%,尤其是碳水化合物代谢(carbohydrate metabolism)与氨基酸代谢(amino acid metabolism),分别占代谢过程中DEGs数量的35.7%与25.0%。推测这些通路的关键差异基因参与调控灰霉病菌B05.10的生理特性和致病性。在上述富集程度较高的通路中发现已知5个重要基因,其中Bchex5参与碳水化合物代谢,与细胞膜和细胞壁的完整性有关;过氧化氢酶基因Bccat4与MAPK级联反应有关,参与调控外界胁迫;Bcerg5Bcnrps7Bclcc9参与次生代谢物质的合成、转运与代谢以及防御机制,调控黑色素的合成。
通过in silico分析差异表达基因的功能,如表2所示,差异表达基因中有17个已知功能基因,分别参与调控真菌的营养生长、黑色素的形成、菌核形成、氧化应激反应、细胞壁合成、细胞膜完整性和致病性等功能。这些基因在BcHK91敲除后均有不同程度的上调及下调表达,表明BcHK91敲除后的表型与致病性变化可能与这些基因有关。
随机选取上述9个基因以及4个假想蛋白的编码基因进行qPCR验证。如图10所示,这13个基因qPCR的表达水平与转录组测序获得的数据趋势一致,说明该转录组的可信度较高。
真菌通过普遍存在且进化保守的MAPK激酶信号通路感知和响应各种变化的信号。双组分磷酸化系统是普遍存在于MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK途径的上游因子[10]。本研究对灰霉病菌双组分系统中XI型HKs基因BcHK91进行了功能分析。通过对BcHK91基因敲除突变体的功能进行分析发现,该基因敲除后影响了菌核的形成、孢子产量、孢子萌发率以及侵染结构的形成。此外,BcHK91还参与细胞壁和细胞膜完整性及致病性等方面的调控。
BcHK91为XI型HKs,在结构上相比目前已研究的灰霉病菌Ⅲ型和Ⅵ型的HKs基因多一个PAS结构域[6]。PAS结构域是广泛的信号结构域家族的一部分,可能参与辅助因子结合和蛋白质间的相互作用[18]。在酿酒酵母中SLN1是唯一的HKs基因,该基因敲除会导致菌体死亡[6,19]。然而在灰霉病菌中BcHK91基因缺失不会导致灰霉病菌致死,推测可能是因为灰霉病菌中的20多个HKs基因在结构和功能上存在交叉冗余。
在灰霉病菌中敲除BcHK91后虽然不影响菌株的生长速率,但不能形成菌核。菌核是灰霉病菌在不利环境中生存和传播的重要结构,菌核的形成与真菌的生存策略密切相关,缺失该基因可能使真菌在环境压力下的生存能力下降[38]。本研究还发现,BcHK71敲除后菌株分生孢子产量明显下降,而已研究的粗糙脉胞霉中XI型HKs基因DCC-1敲除后孢子产量增加,说明XI型HKs对真菌产孢的影响存在差异[18]。此外,本研究发现突变体和野生型的孢子大小存在差异,表明BcHK91在灰霉病菌中可能起着维持孢子形态的作用。孢子是灰霉病菌传播和感染的主要方式,孢子产量的减少直接影响到其致病性。转录组实验表明,突变体ΔBcHK91Bcscd1BcBhp3Bcsln1的基因表达水平均下降,且这3个基因分别参与调控菌核的形成与分生孢子的形成[13,31-32]。这些结果说明BcHK91可能通过调控与灰霉病菌有性生殖有关的基因来影响B05.10的致病性。此外,Bclcc9Bcpks13Bcbrn1Bcerg5Bcsmr1BcscdBcsln1还调控真菌黑色素的产生,其表达量均有变化,有关BcHK91对黑色素的影响还需要进一步分析。
BcHK91基因缺失还导致孢子萌发率和附着胞形成率降低,影响了真菌对宿主植物的侵染能力。侵染垫是灰霉病菌孢子侵入宿主植物的重要结构,BcHK91基因的缺失导致侵染垫在不同介质上均发育延缓,进一步降低了其致病性。从致病性结果来看,BcHK91基因缺失突变体的致病力有所下降但未完全丧失。类似地,在小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)中Fhk1与白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)中Cph1基因的缺失均会降低病原菌的致病性[39-40]。上述结果表明这些HKs基因在致病机制中均发挥着重要作用。
许多HKs基因在信号转导中发挥重要作用,调控细胞对环境压力的应答[5]BcHK91的缺失使得突变体对细胞壁和细胞膜胁迫因子的敏感性上升,这与其他真菌中HKs基因的功能相似。例如,NIK1在粗糙脉胞霉中的缺失会影响其对环境压力的适应能力[14],表明HKs基因在真菌应对环境胁迫中发挥着重要作用。本研究还发现,突变体ΔBcHK91Bcpie2BcatrOBcswf1Bcscd1的表达量发生了改变,而这几个基因分别通过控制质膜胆碱转运蛋白、外排转运蛋白以及跨膜蛋白修饰与维持细胞壁的完整性来调控细胞膜与细胞壁[22-24,31],推测BcHK91可能通过Bcscd1Bcacp1Bcpie2BcatrOBcsd1来调节灰霉病菌细胞膜和细胞壁的合成。
综上所述,HKs基因BcHK91在灰霉病菌的生长、发育及致病性中发挥着重要作用。其缺失导致菌核和孢子产生减少、侵染垫形成率下降以及对细胞壁和细胞膜胁迫因子的敏感性增加。通过与其他真菌HKs基因的比较可以更深入地理解BcHK91的功能及其在真菌生物学中的重要性。这些研究为开发新的植物病害防治策略提供了理论基础,未来的研究可以进一步探讨BcHK91在信号转导和植物免疫中的具体机制。
金珂宇:数据收集及分析、验证,完成呈现,撰写文章;王梦晶:方法论,数据分析,验证,完成呈现,撰写文章;沈诗燚:数据收集及分析;武婧雨:验证,撰写;李岳谦:数据收集;郭俭:编辑、审阅;王教瑜:提供资源,审阅;李玲:提出概念,获取基金,项目管理,提供资源。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 浙江省“尖兵” “领雁”研发攻关计划(2023C02018)
  • 国家大学生创新创业训练计划(202210341033)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250303
  • 接收时间:2025-04-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-11
  • 录用日期:2025-07-26
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Zhejiang Province Leading Earth Goose Program(2023C02018)
浙江省“尖兵” “领雁”研发攻关计划(2023C02018)
National College Students Innovation Training Program(202210341033)
国家大学生创新创业训练计划(202210341033)
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    1 浙江农林大学 现代农学院,全省作物病虫生物学与生态调控重点实验室,浙江 杭州
    2 浙江农林大学 食品与健康学院,浙江 杭州
    3 浙江省农业科学院植物保护与微生物研究所,浙江 杭州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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