Article(id=1194684384474271815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250281, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1747584000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-19, onlineDate=1762764553420, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764553420, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764553420, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764553420, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4951, endPage=4960, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684385367658570, articleId=1194684384474271815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Baicalin protects mice from infection with porcine extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia colivia alleviating the inflammatory response, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To study the protective effect of baicalin on mice infected by porcine extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) PCN033 strain and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods The mouse infection model and Western blotting were employed to determine the clinical features, survival rate, bacterial loads in different tissue samples, pathological changes, and expression levels of P65, IκBα, NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 of mice in the infection group and the baicalin treatment group. Results After baicalin treatment, the mental state of mice in the baicalin treatment group was obviously better than that in the infection group. The survival rate of mice in the baicalin treatment group was higher than that in the infection group, and the colonization ability of PCN033 in the blood, brain, and lung of mice in the baicalin treatment group was lower than that in the infection group. Further studies showed that baicalin inhibited the PCN033 infection-induced activation of phosphorylation of P65 and IκBα and down-regulated the expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 in mice. Conclusion Baicalin alleviated the inflammatory response caused by porcine ExPEC infection by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and blocking the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby reducing the clinical symptoms and tissue damage in mice. It is suggested that baicalin may be a potential drug to prevent and treat porcine ExPEC infection by regulating the inflammatory response.

, correspAuthors=Bingbing ZONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 探讨黄芩苷对感染猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌(extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, ExPEC) PCN033株小鼠的保护作用及其机制。 方法 采用小鼠感染模型和免疫印迹等实验检测感染组和药物治疗组小鼠的临床特征、存活率、组织载菌量、病理变化,以及小鼠体内P65、IκBα、NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1等蛋白的表达水平。 结果 黄芩苷处理后,药物治疗组小鼠的精神状态明显优于感染组小鼠;药物治疗组小鼠的存活率高于感染组小鼠,且PCN033株在药物治疗组小鼠血液、脑和肺中的定殖能力弱于在感染组小鼠中的定殖能力。进一步研究发现黄芩苷抑制了PCN033株感染导致的小鼠体内P65、IκBα等蛋白磷酸化水平的激活,降低了NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1等蛋白的表达。 结论 黄芩苷通过抑制NF-κB信号通路和阻断NLRP3炎性小体的激活减轻猪源ExPEC感染导致的小鼠炎性反应,进而通过减弱猪源ExPEC感染小鼠的临床症状和组织损伤等发挥保护作用,提示黄芩苷可能是一种通过调节炎症反应防治猪源ExPEC感染的潜在药物。

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Control: The blank control group; PCN033: The infection group; PCN033+50 mg/kg BA: The drug treatment group, the same below., figureFileSmall=sNBjAUeTpuSDBk8WoPf1Tw==, figureFileBig=phQ4KrTRAmY++8bRSE7tJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980444602086204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684384474271815, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各组小鼠感染猪源ExPEC PCN033株后的体重变化。Control:空白对照组;PCN033:感染组;PCN033+50 mg/kg BA:药物处理组,下同。, figureFileSmall=sNBjAUeTpuSDBk8WoPf1Tw==, figureFileBig=phQ4KrTRAmY++8bRSE7tJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980444740498240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684384474271815, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Survival curves of mice in each group after porcine ExPEC PCN033 infection., figureFileSmall=u1dVDUwAxBj/LTw8acG6Uw==, figureFileBig=JPeWRdiNtfoNKPv2Z24cIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980444836967235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684384474271815, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各组小鼠感染猪源ExPEC PCN033株后的生存曲线, figureFileSmall=u1dVDUwAxBj/LTw8acG6Uw==, figureFileBig=JPeWRdiNtfoNKPv2Z24cIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980445008933700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684384474271815, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect of baicalin on the colonization in the blood and organs after porcine ExPEC PCN033 infected mice. A: The bacterial load in the blood; B: The bacterial load in the lung tissue; C: The bacterial load in the brain tissue. **: Indicates the difference between the drug treatment group and the infection group (P<0.01)., figureFileSmall=O8FrK3jcL8Gp01Lu3jS0yA==, figureFileBig=envWjwX6cUV3FBk/K/pmfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980445088625478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684384474271815, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黄芩苷对猪源ExPEC PCN033株感染小鼠组织载菌量的影响。A:血液中的组织载菌量;B:肺脏的组织载菌量;C:脑的组织载菌量。**表示黄芩苷药物治疗组与PCN033感染模型组相比,2组之间差异极显著(P<0.01)。, figureFileSmall=O8FrK3jcL8Gp01Lu3jS0yA==, figureFileBig=envWjwX6cUV3FBk/K/pmfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980445193483080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684384474271815, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of baicalin on pathological changes of mice infected with porcine ExPEC PCN033. Magnification: 200×; Scale: 100 μm. In the lung tissue, the arrows indicate bleeding and inflammatory cell infiltration; in the brain tissue, the arrows indicate inflammatory cell infiltration., figureFileSmall=Fz2eYN8LkBQAI/i28NdhhA==, figureFileBig=MT3K4XAuTXOHF44beWIzNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980445277369162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684384474271815, language=CN, label=图4, caption=黄芩苷对猪源ExPEC PCN033株感染小鼠后病理变化的影响。放大倍数:200×;标尺:100 μm。肺泡组织中箭头示出血和炎性细胞浸润;脑组织中箭头示炎性细胞浸润。, figureFileSmall=Fz2eYN8LkBQAI/i28NdhhA==, figureFileBig=MT3K4XAuTXOHF44beWIzNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980445407392588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684384474271815, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of baicalin on the expression of P65, p-P65, IκBα and p-IκBα in porcine ExPEC PCN033-induced mice. Control is the blank control group, PCN033 is the infection group, and PCN033+50 mg/kg BA is the drug treatment group, the same below. #: Indicates that compared with the blank control group, P<0.05 in the infection group, and the difference between the two groups was significant. ##: Indicates that compared with the blank control group, P<0.01 in the infection group, and the difference between the two groups was extremely significant; *: Indicates that compared with the infection group, P<0.05 in the drug treatment group, and the difference between the two groups was significant; **: Indicates that compared with the infection group, P<0.01 in the drug treatment group, and the difference between the two groups is extremely significant., figureFileSmall=ffRpW3xXFhoQTHE6dQWqMA==, figureFileBig=Nee7dwKL4BvWv68z8T1nqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980445516444494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684384474271815, language=CN, label=图5, caption=黄芩苷对猪源ExPEC PCN033株诱导小鼠P65p-P65IκBαp-IκBα蛋白表达的影响。Control为空白对照组,PCN033为感染组,PCN033+50 mg/kg BA为药物治疗组,下同;#表示感染组与空白对照组相比,P<0.05,2组之间差异显著;##表示感染组与空白对照组相比,P<0.01,2组之间差异极显著;*表示药物治疗组与感染组相比,P<0.05,2组之间差异显著;**表示药物治疗组与感染组相比,P<0.01,2组之间差异极显著。, figureFileSmall=ffRpW3xXFhoQTHE6dQWqMA==, figureFileBig=Nee7dwKL4BvWv68z8T1nqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980445612913488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684384474271815, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effect of baicalin on the expression of NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1 in porcine ExPEC PCN033-induced mice. ###: Indicates that compared with the blank control group, P<0.001 in the infection group, and the difference between the two groups is extremely significant; ***: Indicates that compared with the infection group, P<0.001 in the drug treatment group, and the difference between the two groups is extremely significant., figureFileSmall=uz4gMzKPXV/YqkeyKRVCHw==, 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黄芩苷通过抗炎机制降低猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌感染损伤
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刘微 1 , 任明星 1 , 王培懿 1 , 肖涌 1 , 吴爱华 1 , 张焱焱 1, 2, 3 , 付书林 1, 2, 3 , 邱银生 1, 2, 3 , 宗冰冰 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(11): 4951-4960
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(11): 4951-4960
黄芩苷通过抗炎机制降低猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌感染损伤
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刘微1, 任明星1, 王培懿1, 肖涌1, 吴爱华1, 张焱焱1, 2, 3, 付书林1, 2, 3, 邱银生1, 2, 3, 宗冰冰1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 武汉轻工大学 动物科学与营养工程学院,湖北 武汉
  • 2 农业农村部畜禽细菌病防治制剂创制重点实验室,湖北 武汉
  • 3 畜禽病原微生物学湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉
Baicalin protects mice from infection with porcine extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia colivia alleviating the inflammatory response
Wei LIU1, Mingxing REN1, Peiyi WANG1, Yong XIAO1, Aihua WU1, Yanyan ZHANG1, 2, 3, Shulin FU1, 2, 3, Yinsheng QIU1, 2, 3, Bingbing ZONG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 3 Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250281
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目的 探讨黄芩苷对感染猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌(extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, ExPEC) PCN033株小鼠的保护作用及其机制。 方法 采用小鼠感染模型和免疫印迹等实验检测感染组和药物治疗组小鼠的临床特征、存活率、组织载菌量、病理变化,以及小鼠体内P65、IκBα、NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1等蛋白的表达水平。 结果 黄芩苷处理后,药物治疗组小鼠的精神状态明显优于感染组小鼠;药物治疗组小鼠的存活率高于感染组小鼠,且PCN033株在药物治疗组小鼠血液、脑和肺中的定殖能力弱于在感染组小鼠中的定殖能力。进一步研究发现黄芩苷抑制了PCN033株感染导致的小鼠体内P65、IκBα等蛋白磷酸化水平的激活,降低了NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1等蛋白的表达。 结论 黄芩苷通过抑制NF-κB信号通路和阻断NLRP3炎性小体的激活减轻猪源ExPEC感染导致的小鼠炎性反应,进而通过减弱猪源ExPEC感染小鼠的临床症状和组织损伤等发挥保护作用,提示黄芩苷可能是一种通过调节炎症反应防治猪源ExPEC感染的潜在药物。

猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌  /  黄芩苷  /  存活率  /  组织载菌量  /  炎症反应

Objective To study the protective effect of baicalin on mice infected by porcine extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) PCN033 strain and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods The mouse infection model and Western blotting were employed to determine the clinical features, survival rate, bacterial loads in different tissue samples, pathological changes, and expression levels of P65, IκBα, NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 of mice in the infection group and the baicalin treatment group. Results After baicalin treatment, the mental state of mice in the baicalin treatment group was obviously better than that in the infection group. The survival rate of mice in the baicalin treatment group was higher than that in the infection group, and the colonization ability of PCN033 in the blood, brain, and lung of mice in the baicalin treatment group was lower than that in the infection group. Further studies showed that baicalin inhibited the PCN033 infection-induced activation of phosphorylation of P65 and IκBα and down-regulated the expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 in mice. Conclusion Baicalin alleviated the inflammatory response caused by porcine ExPEC infection by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and blocking the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby reducing the clinical symptoms and tissue damage in mice. It is suggested that baicalin may be a potential drug to prevent and treat porcine ExPEC infection by regulating the inflammatory response.

porcine extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli  /  baicalin  /  survival rate  /  bacterial load in tissue  /  inflammatory response
刘微, 任明星, 王培懿, 肖涌, 吴爱华, 张焱焱, 付书林, 邱银生, 宗冰冰. 黄芩苷通过抗炎机制降低猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌感染损伤. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4951 -4960 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250281
Wei LIU, Mingxing REN, Peiyi WANG, Yong XIAO, Aihua WU, Yanyan ZHANG, Shulin FU, Yinsheng QIU, Bingbing ZONG. Baicalin protects mice from infection with porcine extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia colivia alleviating the inflammatory response[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4951 -4960 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250281
肠外致病性大肠杆菌(extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, ExPEC)是近年来发现的一种人畜共患病原菌。ExPEC含有特殊的毒力因子,能够使其在宿主的血液、组织中存活并增殖[1],主要引发人和动物免疫系统的损伤[2]。ExPEC可在肠道以外的组织器官定殖并导致疾病,如脑膜炎、新生儿败血症,以及多种动物的尿路感染或全身性疾病[3]。从肠道外感染组织中分离出的大肠杆菌菌株根据宿主及感染部位的不同可分为尿道致病性大肠杆菌(uropathogenic Escherichia coli, UPEC)、新生儿脑膜炎大肠杆菌(newborn meningitis Escherichia coli, NMEC)、败血症相关大肠杆菌(septicemic Escherichia coli, SEPEC)、禽致病性大肠杆菌(avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, APEC)、乳腺致病性大肠杆菌(mammary pathogenic Escherichia coli, MPEC)等类型[4-5]。目前,有关肠外致病性大肠杆菌的研究主要集中于人源和禽源肠外致病性大肠杆菌,而对猪源ExPEC的研究相对较少。近年来,我国19个省养猪业中感染猪源ExPEC的猪群发病率从2004年的3.1%上升至2007年的14.6%[4]。在我国,猪源ExPEC在猪群中的感染呈上升趋势,且具有分离率逐年升高、耐药谱广、人畜共患潜力大等特点,这很可能是由于抗生素的广泛使用或免疫抑制疾病大规模流行所导致[6]
猪源ExPEC对传统抗生素(如β-内酰胺类、氟喹诺酮类)的耐药率高达60%-90%,现有防控手段效果欠佳[7]。在“减抗/禁抗”政策背景下,中兽药通过直接抑菌、调控炎症通路(如TLR/NF-κB)以及增强宿主免疫等机制发挥替抗和抑炎作用[8]。黄芩苷(baicalin, BA)是从黄芩中提取的有效成分之一,属于黄酮类化合物,是黄芩发挥药理活性的基础,具有抗病毒、抗菌、抗过敏、清除自由基、免疫调节等多种药理作用[9]。以黄芩苷为主要成分的药物剂型在临床应用多年,主要有黄芩片、黄芩苷片及黄芩苷注射剂等,黄芩苷类注射剂具有较好的安全性和临床实用性[10]。黄芩苷对多种细菌具有较强的抗炎作用,但其抗猪源ExPEC的作用尚不明确[11]
ExPEC已被报道可激活NF-κB和NLRP3等多种炎性信号通路[12-13]。本研究通过建立猪源PCN033株小鼠感染模型比较了小鼠存的活率、临床特征、组织载菌量及组织病理变化等指标,结合Western blotting及免疫荧光技术探究了黄芩苷对猪源ExPEC PCN033株诱导的NF-κB及NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1炎症小体信号通路的调控机制,以期为黄芩苷用于治疗猪源ExPEC感染提供科学依据。
黄芩苷(≥98%),四川协力制药股份有限公司;磷酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS),大连美仑生物技术有限公司;肝素钠、4%多聚甲醛,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;氯化钠,上海国药集团试剂有限公司上海试验公司;胰蛋白胨、酵母浸粉,赛默飞世尔科技公司。
LB液体培养基(g/L):氯化钠10.0,胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母浸粉5.0。
猪源ExPEC PCN033菌株,D群,血清型O11,由华中农业大学谭臣教授惠赠,本实验室保存。
PCN033菌株已被证实为强毒株,可在含有相应浓度抗生素的LB肉汤或LB琼脂板上生长。
动物实验经武汉轻工大学动物伦理委员会批准,编号为WPU202206005。选取69只4周龄雌性昆明小鼠,购自湖北省疾病预防控制中心。购买的实验小鼠在动物房中饲养3 d,以防止小鼠应激,期间按时更换垫料,保证充足饲料和饮水。
三种试验均分为3组,即空白对照组(不感染不给药)、感染组(感染不给药)和药物治疗组(感染给药)。
保护率试验:将30只小鼠随机分成3组,每组10只。观察并记录感染后小鼠的临床状态、体重变化及存活情况。
组织载菌量和组织病理学观察试验:将15只小鼠随机分成3组,每组5只。感染6 h后麻醉小鼠取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、血液,充分研磨并稀释后涂布于平板上,次日记录菌量;同时取灌流后的各组织,浸泡于4%多聚甲醛中固定,用于后续病理切片制作及观察。
蛋白检测试验:将24只小鼠随机分成3组,每组8只,感染72 h后解剖采集组织样品。
攻毒采用腹腔注射方式。保护率试验、组织载菌量和组织病理试验的攻毒剂量为1×107 CFU/只,蛋白检测试验的攻毒剂量为5×106 CFU/只,分别接种感染组和药物治疗组小鼠,同时给空白对照组接种相同剂量的PBS溶液。药物治疗组小鼠颈背部皮下多点注射50 mg/kg黄芩苷,空白对照组和感染组注射相同剂量的PBS。首次给药在攻毒后进行,每天给药2次,直至剖检当天。
攻毒后开始观察并记录各组小鼠的临床状态及存活情况,每24 h称量小鼠体重并记录。
攻毒6 h后麻醉小鼠,打开胸腔,心脏采血150-200 μL放入含有肝素钠的EP管中。再对心脏进行灌流,充分去除血管中的血液,取小鼠的肺、脑组织放入含有1 mL PBS溶液和灭菌钢珠的EP管中。将取出的器官组织称重,充分研磨后稀释,取合适稀释度均匀涂布于LB平板上,37 ℃培养12 h,次日计算菌株在血液(CFU/mL)和脏器中的含菌量(CFU/g)并记录。
将1.5节中小鼠解剖后的器官完整分离出,拍照并观察感染组和药物治疗组与空白对照组之间的器官差异。分离出脏器后,取部分组织浸泡于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定,用乙醇梯度洗脱,之后用石蜡包埋切片(5 μm),采用苏木精-伊红染色,最后在高倍光学显微镜下观察。
感染72 h后解剖小鼠,采集组织样品,提取全蛋白以便后续试验。采用蛋白质免疫印迹(Western blotting)试验测定小鼠感染猪源ExPEC PCN033株72 h后组织中NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白(P65、p-P65、IκBα、p-IκBα)和NLRP3炎性小体相关蛋白(NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1)的表达量。
用SPSS Statistics 23软件进行单因素one-way ANOVA检验。用P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01和P<0.001表示差异极显著。
空白对照组小鼠精神状态良好,活泼好动,采食量和饮水量正常,体重数据平稳且呈上升趋势。感染组和药物治疗组小鼠在感染猪源ExPEC PCN033株后的12 h内均存活,但精神状态萎靡,采食量和饮水量异常,被毛暗淡无光泽,活动减少,蜷缩无力。在后续感染周期内称量小鼠体重时发现,2组小鼠体重均大幅下降,且感染组和药物治疗组均出现小鼠死亡情况。感染后期,感染组和药物治疗组小鼠的精神状态有所恢复,开始恢复采食和饮水等活动,体重也开始回升。
空白对照组小鼠体重平稳上升。感染组和药物治疗组小鼠在感染第1天采食、饮水活动基本停止,精神萎靡,体重大幅下降。对比发现,感染组和药物治疗组的体重下降程度不一致,药物治疗组的体重下降程度较感染组有所缓解。感染2 d后,2组剩余存活的小鼠体重不再下降,且开始缓慢回升(图1)。
空白对照组小鼠未出现死亡情况。如图2所示,感染后24 h内,感染组和药物治疗组小鼠开始出现死亡;24 h后,感染组有小鼠死亡,药物治疗组未发现小鼠死亡;96 h后,药物治疗组有小鼠死亡,感染组未发现小鼠死亡。在后续试验周期内各组小鼠均未出现死亡。空白对照组小鼠存活率为100%,感染组小鼠存活率为40%,药物治疗组小鼠存活率为60%。
对从小鼠体内分离出的肺、脑以及血液进行的细菌载菌量测定结果如图3所示,药物治疗组小鼠血液及各组织载菌量与感染组相比显著减少。试验结果表明,黄芩苷可显著降低猪源ExPEC PCN033株在血液、肺、脑中的定殖能力。
组织病理切片在光学显微镜下的图像如图4所示。肺脏病理切片显示:空白对照组肺泡结构清晰,肺泡内无渗出物;感染组肺泡结构遭到破坏,肺泡腔内可见出血和炎性细胞浸润;药物治疗组肺泡壁较为完整,肺泡腔内未见明显的炎性细胞和红细胞。脑病理切片显示:空白对照组小鼠脑组织结构紧密,未见明显损伤;感染组小鼠脑组织间炎性细胞浸润增多;药物治疗组小鼠脑组织的病理损伤较感染模型组轻。由此可见,经黄芩苷治疗后的小鼠肺脏及脑组织病变情况明显减轻。
对猪源ExPEC PCN033株感染72 h后的小鼠组织进行Western blotting试验,结果见图5。经分析可知,猪源ExPEC PCN033株感染小鼠72 h后显著诱导p-P65蛋白的表达(P<0.05),极显著诱导p-IκBα蛋白的表达(P<0.01);黄芩苷药物处理后极显著下调p-P65蛋白的表达(P<0.01),显著下调p-IκBα蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。
对猪源ExPEC PCN033株感染72 h后的小鼠组织进行Western blotting试验,结果见图6。猪源ExPEC PCN033株感染小鼠72 h后,极显著诱导NLRP3蛋白的表达(P<0.001),极显著诱导ASC和Caspase-1蛋白的表达(P<0.01);黄芩苷药物治疗后极显著下调NLRP3蛋白的表达(P<0.001),极显著下调ASC和Caspase-1蛋白的表达(P<0.01)。
ExPEC近年来已成为我国猪场中的主要病原体,其分离株多为耐药菌株,对抗生素的耐药性不断提高。然而,我国目前治疗ExPEC感染的主要方法仍是抗生素治疗,且治疗结果并不理想[4]。普通抗生素可通过抑制细菌生长发挥治疗作用,但随着抗生素的使用菌株会产生耐药性,导致治疗效果降低,给我国养猪业造成了巨大经济损失[14]。为解决这一问题,研究人员开展了抗生素替代疗法研究,例如对猪β防御素2、抗菌肽PMAP-36联合四环素、黄芩苷等对猪源ExPEC感染的影响进行了研究[15-17]
黄芩苷是黄芩中的主要活性成分之一,对大部分病原菌具有抗菌作用[8]。前期研究发现,黄芩苷能够抑制脂多糖诱导的仔猪外周血单核细胞NF-κB及NLRP3炎性信号通路的激活,从而发挥抗炎作用[18];黄芩苷能够抑制副猪嗜血杆菌诱导的TLRs/NF-κB及NLRP3/Caspase-1信号通路的激活,发挥抗炎作用[19];黄芩苷能抑制ExPEC PCN033株黏附和入侵宿主细胞的过程,降低其对宿主细胞的损伤,且对猪源ExPEC PCN033株的生长无影响[6]。黄芩苷可在不影响细菌生长的同时对猪源ExPEC PCN033株引发的致病反应发挥作用,因此提示黄芩苷可能作为猪源ExPEC PCN033株的潜在替抗治疗药物。
当机体受到毒素或细菌感染时会发生炎症反应,炎症反应是一种正常的自我保护的免疫防御机制,通常情况下对人体有利,但过度的炎症反应会对机体产生危害[20]。猪源ExPEC PCN033株可感染猪和小鼠,感染后会导致其机体内多种组织器官发生炎症病变,引发强烈的炎症反应[21]。在本研究中小鼠感染猪源ExPEC PCN033株后表现出明显体重减轻、精神萎靡、存活率下降等症状。组织载菌量结果显示猪源ExPEC PCN033株在小鼠体内各组织定殖,组织病理学观察发现脏器存在明显病理损伤。这表明小鼠感染猪源ExPEC PCN033株后可引发机体产生强烈的炎症反应,而经过黄芩苷治疗后,情况得以改善。
已知ExPEC能够通过激活NF-κB和NLRP3信号通路介导炎症反应[12]。因此,本研究通过构建小鼠感染模型、检测炎症相关通路探究黄芩苷减弱猪源ExPEC PCN033株感染宿主引起炎症反应的作用机制。NF-κB是核转录因子κB,几乎在所有动物细胞中都能发现NF-κB,在细胞的炎症反应、免疫应答等过程中起关键作用;在正常细胞中,NF-κB与NF-κB的抑制蛋白(IκB)组成复合物存在于细胞质中,当受到IκB激酶(IKK)的激活时IκB发生降解,NF-κB随之释放并活化,导致IκB磷酸化,使NF-κB释放出P65/P50两个亚单位,转移到细胞核与相应炎症基因结合,启动靶基因的转录,引起炎症反应[22]。在本研究中,小鼠感染猪源ExPEC PCN033株后p-P65及p-IκBα蛋白高度表达,表明PCN033株感染小鼠可引起小鼠的炎症反应,而这一情况在黄芩苷治疗后得到了一定程度的缓解。
炎性小体有5种类型,其中NLRP3炎性小体参与机体内免疫反应,NLRP3与ASC、Caspase家族一起在炎症反应中起重要作用,NLRP3炎性小体在正常细胞中表达较低,可被多种刺激物激活;NLRP3炎性小体被激活后,NLRP3与ASC、Caspase-1协同作用引发机体炎症反应和细胞焦亡[23]。在本研究中,小鼠感染猪源ExPEC PCN033株后ASC和Caspase-1蛋白高度表达,表明PCN033株感染小鼠后可激活机体NLRP3信号通路,从而引起炎症反应,且观察到黄芩苷治疗后炎性小体激活程度得到了一定的缓解。
综上所述,黄芩苷通过抑制NF-κB和NLRP3炎性信号通路的激活减轻猪源ExPEC感染导致的小鼠炎性反应,从而减弱猪源ExPEC感染小鼠的临床症状和组织损伤,对小鼠起保护作用。本研究为猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌的防治提供了新的思路,提示黄芩苷可能作为一种潜在药物通过调节炎症反应来治疗猪源ExPEC的致病作用。
刘微:实验操作、数据处理与分析、文稿写作及编辑;任明星:实验操作、数据记录、处理与分析;王培懿:数据分析、验证;肖涌:执行调研、实验操作;吴爱华:实验操作;张焱焱:提供资源、方法论;付书林:项目管理、审阅;邱银生:监督管理、方法论;宗冰冰:实验方案设计、监督指导、文稿审查及编辑。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32202814)
  • 湖北省重点研发计划(2023BBB069)
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2025年第65卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250281
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
  • 录用日期:2025-05-19
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202814)
国家自然科学基金(32202814)
Hubei Province Key Research and Development Plan(2023BBB069)
湖北省重点研发计划(2023BBB069)
作者信息
    1 武汉轻工大学 动物科学与营养工程学院,湖北 武汉
    2 农业农村部畜禽细菌病防治制剂创制重点实验室,湖北 武汉
    3 畜禽病原微生物学湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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