Article(id=1194684383832547757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250293, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744128000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1750348800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-20, onlineDate=1762764553267, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764553267, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764553267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764553267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5022, endPage=5036, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684384025485745, articleId=1194684383832547757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Properties of Desulfovibrio sp. S5 in reducing sulfate and Cr(VI), columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) with unique reductive capabilities enable simultaneous sulfate reduction and heavy metal removal, demonstrating potential in heavy metal pollution remediation. Objective To isolate efficient SRB strains from marine sediments and investigate their reductive characteristics and application prospects in Cr(VI) contamination remediation. Methods We enriched and screened out an efficient SRB strain and systematically analyzed its sulfate reduction efficiency, Cr(VI) removal efficiency, and metabolic responses under environmental stressors (such as pH, sulfate concentration, and heavy metal concentration). This strain was then used to synthesize biological iron sulfide composite, the physicochemical characteristics of which were then investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, the feasibility of applying the biological iron sulfide composite in the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated environments was explored. Results Strain S5 was identified as Desulfovibrio sp. with GenBank accession number OR140726. Its protein concentration and sulfate reduction followed an S-shaped curve. This strain exhibited a certain degree of acid tolerance, with the OD600 and sulfate reduction rate reaching 0.16±0.01 and (83.71±1.49)% at pH 5.0, respectively. The strain exhibited sulfate reduction capability in the presence of 0.5-1.3 g/L sulfate, achieving a maximum reduction rate of (92.27±1.20)%. In the presence of 10-30 mg/L Cr(VI), strain S5 demonstrated efficient Cr(VI) removal. However, when the Cr(VI) concentration was higher than 30 mg/L, the Cr(VI) removal rate of this strain decreased significantly. The biological iron sulfide composite prepared based on strain S5 was porous, amorphous, and rich in functional groups such as C=O, N-H, and Fe-S, and its Cr(VI) removal rates were above 85% and did not differ significantly when exposed to Cr(VI) at high concentrations. Conclusion Desulfovibrio sp. S5 is a strain with high efficiency of sulfate reduction and Cr(VI) removal, and the biological iron sulfide composite prepared with it can overcome the limitation of higher Cr(VI) concentration and maintain high Cr(VI) removal rate, which has obvious advantages in the remediation of Cr(VI) pollution. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the application of SRB in the bioremediation of Cr(VI)-polluted environments.

, correspAuthors=Hongyan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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硫酸盐还原菌因其独特的还原能力可在还原硫酸盐的同时去除重金属,在重金属污染修复领域具有应用潜力。 目的 从海洋沉积物中分离出高效的硫酸盐还原菌株,探究其还原特性及其在Cr(VI)污染修复中的应用前景。 方法 通过富集筛选获得一株高效硫酸盐还原菌,分析该菌株的硫酸盐还原效率、Cr(VI)去除效率,以及在环境胁迫(如pH、硫酸盐浓度、重金属浓度)条件下的菌株代谢响应特性。利用该菌株制备生物硫铁复合材料,并采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析生物硫铁复合材料的表征特性,探索该生物硫铁复合材料在Cr(VI)污染修复中的可行性。 结果 经鉴定菌株S5为脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio sp.),GenBank登录号为OR140726。菌株S5的蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原过程符合S型曲线;该菌株具有一定的耐酸性,在pH为5.0的培养条件下,其OD600值和硫酸盐还原率分别可达0.16±0.01和(83.71±1.49)%。该菌株在硫酸盐浓度为0.5-1.3 g/L范围内均能表现出硫酸盐还原能力,最高还原率可达(92.27±1.20)%;在Cr(VI)浓度为10-30 mg/L条件下,菌株S5具有高效的Cr(VI)去除能力。然而,当Cr(VI)浓度高于30 mg/L时Cr(VI)去除率显著下降。基于菌株S5制备的生物硫铁复合材料具有富含C=O、N-H、Fe-S等官能团及多孔隙、非晶态等表征特性,在较高Cr(VI)浓度范围内Cr(VI)去除率无显著差异,均在85%以上。 结论 菌株Desulfovibrio sp. S5是一株具有高效硫酸盐还原能力和Cr(VI)去除能力的菌株,以其制备的生物硫铁复合材料能够克服较高Cr(VI)浓度的限制,保持较高的Cr(VI)去除率,在Cr(VI)污染修复方面具有明显优势。研究结果为硫酸盐还原菌应用于Cr(VI)污染环境的生物修复提供了基础和科学依据。

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硫酸盐还原菌脱硫弧菌S5还原硫酸盐和重金属Cr(VI)的性质分析
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吴雨菲 , 孙军柯 , 庞安冉 , 汪艳蓉 , 刘淼 , 刘洪艳 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(11): 5022-5036
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(11): 5022-5036
硫酸盐还原菌脱硫弧菌S5还原硫酸盐和重金属Cr(VI)的性质分析
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吴雨菲, 孙军柯, 庞安冉, 汪艳蓉, 刘淼, 刘洪艳*
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  • 天津科技大学 海洋与环境学院,天津
Properties of Desulfovibrio sp. S5 in reducing sulfate and Cr(VI)
Yufei WU, Junke SUN, Anran PANG, Yanrong WANG, Miao LIU, Hongyan LIU*
Affiliations
  • College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250293
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硫酸盐还原菌因其独特的还原能力可在还原硫酸盐的同时去除重金属,在重金属污染修复领域具有应用潜力。 目的 从海洋沉积物中分离出高效的硫酸盐还原菌株,探究其还原特性及其在Cr(VI)污染修复中的应用前景。 方法 通过富集筛选获得一株高效硫酸盐还原菌,分析该菌株的硫酸盐还原效率、Cr(VI)去除效率,以及在环境胁迫(如pH、硫酸盐浓度、重金属浓度)条件下的菌株代谢响应特性。利用该菌株制备生物硫铁复合材料,并采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析生物硫铁复合材料的表征特性,探索该生物硫铁复合材料在Cr(VI)污染修复中的可行性。 结果 经鉴定菌株S5为脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio sp.),GenBank登录号为OR140726。菌株S5的蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原过程符合S型曲线;该菌株具有一定的耐酸性,在pH为5.0的培养条件下,其OD600值和硫酸盐还原率分别可达0.16±0.01和(83.71±1.49)%。该菌株在硫酸盐浓度为0.5-1.3 g/L范围内均能表现出硫酸盐还原能力,最高还原率可达(92.27±1.20)%;在Cr(VI)浓度为10-30 mg/L条件下,菌株S5具有高效的Cr(VI)去除能力。然而,当Cr(VI)浓度高于30 mg/L时Cr(VI)去除率显著下降。基于菌株S5制备的生物硫铁复合材料具有富含C=O、N-H、Fe-S等官能团及多孔隙、非晶态等表征特性,在较高Cr(VI)浓度范围内Cr(VI)去除率无显著差异,均在85%以上。 结论 菌株Desulfovibrio sp. S5是一株具有高效硫酸盐还原能力和Cr(VI)去除能力的菌株,以其制备的生物硫铁复合材料能够克服较高Cr(VI)浓度的限制,保持较高的Cr(VI)去除率,在Cr(VI)污染修复方面具有明显优势。研究结果为硫酸盐还原菌应用于Cr(VI)污染环境的生物修复提供了基础和科学依据。

硫酸盐还原菌  /  分离鉴定  /  生物硫铁复合材料  /  硫酸盐还原  /  Cr(VI)去除

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) with unique reductive capabilities enable simultaneous sulfate reduction and heavy metal removal, demonstrating potential in heavy metal pollution remediation. Objective To isolate efficient SRB strains from marine sediments and investigate their reductive characteristics and application prospects in Cr(VI) contamination remediation. Methods We enriched and screened out an efficient SRB strain and systematically analyzed its sulfate reduction efficiency, Cr(VI) removal efficiency, and metabolic responses under environmental stressors (such as pH, sulfate concentration, and heavy metal concentration). This strain was then used to synthesize biological iron sulfide composite, the physicochemical characteristics of which were then investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, the feasibility of applying the biological iron sulfide composite in the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated environments was explored. Results Strain S5 was identified as Desulfovibrio sp. with GenBank accession number OR140726. Its protein concentration and sulfate reduction followed an S-shaped curve. This strain exhibited a certain degree of acid tolerance, with the OD600 and sulfate reduction rate reaching 0.16±0.01 and (83.71±1.49)% at pH 5.0, respectively. The strain exhibited sulfate reduction capability in the presence of 0.5-1.3 g/L sulfate, achieving a maximum reduction rate of (92.27±1.20)%. In the presence of 10-30 mg/L Cr(VI), strain S5 demonstrated efficient Cr(VI) removal. However, when the Cr(VI) concentration was higher than 30 mg/L, the Cr(VI) removal rate of this strain decreased significantly. The biological iron sulfide composite prepared based on strain S5 was porous, amorphous, and rich in functional groups such as C=O, N-H, and Fe-S, and its Cr(VI) removal rates were above 85% and did not differ significantly when exposed to Cr(VI) at high concentrations. Conclusion Desulfovibrio sp. S5 is a strain with high efficiency of sulfate reduction and Cr(VI) removal, and the biological iron sulfide composite prepared with it can overcome the limitation of higher Cr(VI) concentration and maintain high Cr(VI) removal rate, which has obvious advantages in the remediation of Cr(VI) pollution. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the application of SRB in the bioremediation of Cr(VI)-polluted environments.

sulfate-reducing bacteria  /  isolation and identification  /  biological iron sulfide composite  /  sulfate reduction  /  Cr(VI) removal
吴雨菲, 孙军柯, 庞安冉, 汪艳蓉, 刘淼, 刘洪艳. 硫酸盐还原菌脱硫弧菌S5还原硫酸盐和重金属Cr(VI)的性质分析. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 5022 -5036 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250293
Yufei WU, Junke SUN, Anran PANG, Yanrong WANG, Miao LIU, Hongyan LIU. Properties of Desulfovibrio sp. S5 in reducing sulfate and Cr(VI)[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 5022 -5036 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250293
硫酸盐是由硫酸根离子(SO42-)与金属离子结合形成的化合物,广泛存在于天然水体和工业废水中[1]。世界卫生组织(world health organization, WHO)规定硫酸盐的临界浓度为250 mg/L,最大允许浓度为400 mg/L[2]。然而,制革、电镀、冶金和采矿等行业的废水中硫酸盐浓度通常高于这个范围。García等[3]研究发现,工业酸性矿井水的硫酸盐浓度为400-500 mg/L。Talinli[4]研究的制革废水的硫酸盐浓度为1 200-2 000 mg/L。大多数硫酸盐浓度过高的废水通常伴随有重金属污染问题[5]。Gu等[6]研究发现铅酸电池的废电解液经熟石灰沉淀和碳酸化过程处理后,废水中仍然存在相对高浓度的硫酸盐(约3 000 mg/L)和重金属Pb、Cd。韩国日光矿区释放的废水中硫酸盐、Fe和Mn的含量分别为1 997、440和14.30 mg/L[7]。这些含硫酸盐和重金属废水的不当排放造成了严重的环境风险和健康风险[8]
硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB)是一类在厌氧条件下能够将硫酸盐还原为硫化物的微生物,广泛分布于盐湖、温泉、油田地下水、淡水沉积物等厌氧环境中。硫酸盐还原菌的代谢产物硫化物能与重金属离子结合形成金属硫化物沉淀,从而有效去除硫酸盐和重金属污染[9]。硫酸盐还原菌因具备环境友好、操作简便和成本低等优点,在去除硫酸盐和重金属方面受到研究者的广泛关注[10]。蔡云等[11]从酸性煤矸石堆场分离出的硫酸盐还原菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) S-19能够同时去除48.25%的硫酸盐离子和88.40%的重金属离子。陈新等[12]利用硫酸盐还原菌A1SXC21Q还原硫酸盐和重金属铀,硫酸盐和铀的去除率可达到95%左右。由此可见,硫酸盐还原菌在生长过程中可利用硫酸盐作为电子受体,并通过生成的硫化物固定重金属,从而实现硫酸盐的还原和重金属的转化,可应用于处理含硫酸盐和重金属污染的废水[13]
重金属Cr(VI)在水中主要以CrO42-形式存在,具有较强的氧化性,硫酸盐还原菌可以通过还原作用去除Cr(VI)[14]。在硫酸盐还原菌处理硫酸盐和重金属Cr(VI)污染的过程中硫酸盐和Cr(VI)的浓度是重要影响因素。孔赟等[15]发现硫酸盐还原菌SRB-X2在硫酸盐浓度为200 mg/L时硫酸盐还原率为95.60%,随着硫酸盐浓度升至1 000 mg/L时SRB-X2的硫酸盐还原率降低为67.50%。王浩东等[16]研究表明,当Cr(VI)浓度为10 mg/L时硫酸盐还原菌对Cr(VI)的去除率可达到100%,当Cr(VI)浓度为50 mg/L时去除率仅为40%。由此可见,硫酸盐还原菌的生长代谢受到硫酸盐浓度和Cr(VI)浓度的影响,特别是硫酸盐浓度和Cr(VI)浓度过高时会通过抑制关键酶活性干扰菌株代谢过程,导致去除效率下降。实际上,微生物在处理包括重金属在内的污染物时都会遇到类似的问题[17]。霍鹏等[18]发现,硫酸盐浓度过高会对产酸菌、产甲烷菌、厌氧氨氧化菌、硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化菌、硝化细菌等产生毒害和抑制作用。张晓青等[19]研究发现,Pb(II)浓度是影响耐铅菌株NY-3去除重金属Pb(II)的重要因素,当Pb(II)浓度低于100 mg/L时去除率大于90%,而当Pb(II)浓度为300 mg/L时去除率仅为22.30%。这种污染物浓度与微生物活性的负相关性限制了微生物的规模化应用。
为了突破污染物浓度对微生物活性的限制瓶颈,研究者利用微生物制备生物复合材料去除污染物[20]。在处理Cr(VI)污染时生物复合材料提供了一种可行的替代方案[21]。Watts等[22]基于Fe(III)还原细菌硫还原地杆菌(Geobacter sulfurreducens)合成的生物纳米磁铁矿(biogenic nano-magnetite, BNM)能够显著去除Cr(VI)。研究发现亚铁氧化酸硫杆状菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)和黄铁矿结合时可以显著增强对Cr(VI)的去除作用[23]。谢翼飞等[24]发现基于硫酸盐还原菌制备的生物硫铁复合材料可以处理含Cr(VI)废水。生物硫铁复合材料由FeS等硫铁活性组分、硫酸盐还原菌及其代谢产物组成[25]。其中,FeS作为核心成分具有较强的还原能力,可将Cr(VI)还原为Cr(III),形成低溶解度的Cr(III)硫化物沉淀,从而实现Cr(VI)的有效去除[26]。该材料兼具生物活性与材料稳定性优势,但其制备过程与菌种种属有关,去除Cr(VI)过程依赖于硫铁组分的化学还原与生物还原的协同耦合机制。相比之下,目前关于生物硫铁复合材料去除Cr(VI)的机制研究还有限,为了进一步提高Cr(VI)去除效率需要进一步分析材料性质及Cr(VI)去除机制[27]
本研究从海洋沉积物中分离鉴定得到一株硫酸盐还原菌S5,对其生长条件进行优化并测定该菌株的硫酸盐还原能力。在分析Cr(VI)浓度对菌株Cr(VI)去除效率影响的基础上,通过制备生物硫铁复合材料探索其去除Cr(VI)的应用范围,以期为拓宽微生物法同步去除硫酸盐和Cr(VI)的应用场景提供科学依据。
本研究以渤海天津海域潮间带沉积物(水深约10 m)为研究材料,采集样品后立即带回实验室,置于4 ℃冰箱保存以供后续实验使用。
液体培养基(g/L):乳酸钠3.5,MgSO4∙7H2O 0.3,NH4Cl 1.0,Na2SO4 0.3,CaCl2∙7H2O 0.1,酵母浸汁1.0。加入的FeSO4∙7H2O作为指示剂,固体培养基加入2%的琼脂粉。
准确称取10 g沉积物置于烧杯中,采用热休克(80 ℃ 10 min)方法选择性富集目标菌株[28]。随后将其接种于装有100 mL液体培养基的厌氧瓶中,盖好瓶塞,充氮气10 min,置于35 ℃、150 r/min培养72 h后,测定蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐浓度,分析其硫酸盐还原能力,重复传代培养3次。最后以蛋白质浓度高低及硫酸盐还原能力大小为指标,富集硫酸盐还原菌群。硫酸盐还原菌的纯化分离采用三层平板法:在超净工作台中向培养皿倒入一层固体培养基,待其完全凝固后用平板涂布分离法将菌液接种于固体培养基上;待菌液干燥后倒入第二层固体培养基,使其完全覆盖第一层平板;待第二层完全凝固后,最后倒入一层无菌石蜡,于35 ℃倒置培养72 h。之后挑选培养基中出现的黑色单菌落作为候选菌株,将菌落分别接种于装满培养基的厌氧螺口管中,置于厌氧培养罐(Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)内,于35 ℃培养72 h后,测定蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐浓度,重复上述接种和培养步骤,直至获得硫酸盐还原菌纯菌株。
将分离得到的纯菌株S5接种于液体培养基,35 ℃培养72 h后,利用革兰氏染色、光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜进一步观察菌株S5的细胞形态。
菌株的基因组DNA提取参照细菌样本基因组DNA提取试剂盒(北京兰杰柯科技有限公司)说明书进行。采用16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(20 µL):DNA模板1 μL,PCR buffer 5 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,dNTPs 1 µL,Taq酶(5 U/µL) 1 µL,ddH2O 10 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 4 min;94 ℃ 30 s,56 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 2 min,共30个循环;72 ℃ 10 min。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,送北京六合华大基因科技有限公司测序。测序结果在NCBI数据库中进行BLAST同源性比对分析,利用MEGA 12构建系统发育树。
为分析培养时间、pH值和硫酸盐浓度对菌株S5硫酸盐还原性质的影响,分别设置培养时间间隔为24、48、60、72、84 h,pH值为4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0,硫酸盐浓度为0.0、0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9、1.1、1.3、1.5 g/L。按1%接种量将菌株接种于厌氧螺口管(装满培养基),置于厌氧培养罐内,培养温度为35 ℃。分析培养时间的影响时分别于不同时间点取样,测定菌株的生长指标OD600、蛋白质浓度及硫酸盐还原率;分析pH值与硫酸盐浓度的影响时均培养至72 h,测定菌株生长指标OD600、蛋白质浓度及硫酸盐还原率,分析硫酸盐还原性质,每组实验重复3次。
为探究Cr(VI)浓度对菌株S5去除Cr(VI)性质的影响,预先将培养基Cr(VI)浓度分别调整至0、10、20、30、40、50、60、80 mg/L。培养至72 h后测定Cr(VI)去除率,分析菌株对Cr(VI)的去除能力,每组实验重复3 次。
生物硫铁复合材料的合成:取1 mL菌株S5的菌液,接种于含液体培养基的100 mL厌氧瓶中。为促进菌株代谢产生的S2-与外源添加的Fe2+充分反应,制备高效的生物硫铁复合材料,Fe2+与SO42-按物质的量比1:1加入FeCl2粉末,其中SO42-浓度为0.9 g/L[29]。35 ℃厌氧培养72 h后,将培养物10 000 r/min离心5 min,所得沉淀物真空干燥24 h,干燥后的黑色粉末即为生物硫铁复合材料粗提物。
利用扫描电子显微镜观察生物硫铁复合材料表面;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD,Shimadzu公司)对生物硫铁复合材料的晶体结构进行表征;采用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析仪(FTIR,Bruker Optics公司)对生物硫铁复合材料的官能团进行表征。硫化亚铁的预处理条件、表征方法均与生物硫铁复合材料一致。
为探究Cr(VI)浓度对生物硫铁复合材料去除Cr(VI)的影响,依据生物硫铁复合材料投加量对Cr(VI)去除率的结果选择700 mg/L作为实验投加量。将生物硫铁复合材料按700 mg/L加入到浓度分别为20、40、60、80、100、200 mg/L的Cr(VI)溶液中,25 ℃、120 r/min振荡60 min后测定Cr(VI)去除率,分析生物硫铁复合材料对不同浓度Cr(VI)的去除能力,每组实验重复3次。
硫酸盐还原率采用公式(1)计算,Cr(VI)去除率采用公式(2)计算。
R1=(C1-C2)/C1×100%
R2=(C3-C4)/C3×100%
式中:R1为硫酸盐还原率(%),C1为初始硫酸盐浓度(g/L),C2为结束时硫酸盐浓度(g/L);R2为Cr(VI)去除率(%),C3为初始Cr(VI)浓度(mg/L),C4为结束时Cr(VI)浓度(mg/L)。
试验数据均采用SPSS 27.0进行单因素方差分析,P<0.001表示结果具有极显著差异,P<0.05表示结果具有显著差异,并使用Origin 2024软件绘制图表。OD600利用分光光度法测定。蛋白质浓度、硫酸盐浓度、Cr(VI)浓度分别采用考马斯亮蓝染色法[30]、硫酸钡比浊法[31]、二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法[32]测定。
以海洋沉积物富集的硫酸盐还原混合菌群为材料,以蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率为筛选指标,采用三层平板法分离筛选厌氧硫酸盐还原菌。根据五轮筛选结果,选择蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率均最高的菌株S5-5-5-3-3作为后续实验菌株,简称为菌株S5。为确定菌株S5的形态学特征对其进行了革兰氏染色和光学形态观察。革兰氏染色结果呈阴性,在光学显微镜下菌株S5形态一致。采用扫描电子显微镜观察其形态,如图1所示。菌株S5细胞呈短杆状弧型,菌体长度为1.00-2.50 μm,宽度约为0.50 μm。
将测序所得的16S rRNA基因序列提交至NCBI数据库进行BLAST比对,并使用MEGA 12软件以邻接法构建系统发育树,随后在GenBank进行注册,登录号为OR140726。如图2所示,菌株S5与普通脱硫弧菌属成员Desulfovibrio sp. A2 (AY770382.1)的16S rRNA基因序列相似性最高,达99.93%。结合形态学特征与分子鉴定结果,可确定菌株S5属于脱硫弧菌属成员,将其命名为Desulfovibrio sp. S5。
不同培养时间下硫酸盐还原菌S5的生长、蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率如图3所示。从图3可以看出,培养24 h时菌株生长缓慢,蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率均处于较低水平;培养24-48 h之间菌株S5的生长指标OD600极显著上升(P<0.001),48 h时达到峰值,为0.26±0.04,48 h后OD600下降,菌株S5开始进入衰亡期;培养24-72 h之间菌株的蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率极显著上升(P<0.001),在72 h时达到峰值,分别为(124.98±7.04) mg/L和(97.70±0.01)%,72 h后蛋白质浓度下降,硫酸盐还原率无显著差异。
整个过程中,硫酸盐还原率与菌株的蛋白质浓度呈现相同趋势,这表明两者存在明显偶联作用。菌株S5的蛋白质浓度与硫酸盐还原率的相关性拟合曲线如图4所示。对菌株S5的蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率分别进行S型函数拟合、线性拟合和指数拟合分析,通过对比拟合系数R2,发现S型拟合>指数拟合>线性拟合。由此可见,菌株S5的蛋白质浓度对硫酸盐还原率的影响符合S型曲线方程。在生长初期蛋白质浓度较低,硫酸盐还原率也处于较低水平;在指数生长期蛋白质浓度随生长指标OD600的增加而增加,菌株S5的还原能力也随之增强;当蛋白质浓度达到一定阈值时菌株进入生长衰亡期,硫酸盐还原率增长平缓。这可能是因为参与硫酸盐还原途径的相关酶在一定浓度下达到饱和,酶活性不再随蛋白质浓度增加而显著提高[33]。S型曲线的方程为y=98.61+32.40-98.611+exp (x-73.3910.41)。其中,曲线的上限、下限、转折点分别为Lmax=98.61、Lmin=32.40、x0=73.39,曲线的斜率k=10.41,代表曲线的陡峭程度。k值越大,曲线越陡峭,意味着菌株的硫酸盐还原能力对蛋白质浓度的变化越敏锐,即菌株利用硫酸盐作为电子受体进行生长和硫酸盐还原的效率越高[34]
不同pH值下菌株S5的生长、蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率如图5所示。在设定的pH范围内菌株S5的生长指标OD600、蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。pH值对生长指标OD600的影响具有显著差异,当pH值为6.0时生长指标OD600达到峰值,为0.21±0.01。当pH值为4.0时菌株S5的蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率均处于较低水平。当pH值为5.0和6.0时蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率极显著增加(P<0.001),但pH值为5.0和6.0之间无显著差异,且pH值为6.0时蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率达到峰值,分别为(141.43±5.67) mg/L和(88.21±3.80)%。随着pH值继续增加,蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率开始下降,当pH值为9.0时蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率降至最低。
不同硫酸盐浓度下菌株S5的生长、蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率如图6所示。在设定的硫酸盐浓度范围内,菌株S5的生长指标OD600、蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且添加硫酸盐的实验组的OD600、蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率均高于不添加硫酸盐的对照组。相较于不添加硫酸盐的对照组,当硫酸盐浓度为0.1-1.1 g/L时菌株的生长指标OD600、蛋白质浓度和硫酸盐还原率均极显著上升(P<0.001),并在硫酸盐浓度为1.1 g/L时达到峰值,分别为(0.48±0.01)、(184.65±2.24) mg/L和(92.27±1.20)%,随后逐渐下降。
Cr(VI)浓度对菌株S5 Cr(VI)去除率的影响如图7所示。在设定的Cr(VI)浓度范围内,随着Cr(VI)浓度的增加Cr(VI)去除率呈现逐渐下降的趋势。当Cr(VI)浓度在10-30 mg/L范围时Cr(VI)去除率均无显著差异(用相同字母a表示),Cr(VI)去除率均达到95.00%以上。当Cr(VI)浓度为40 mg/L时Cr(VI)去除率显著下降(用字母b表示),为(69.09±0.14)%。当Cr(VI)浓度为80 mg/L时Cr(VI)去除率下降到最低(用字母d表示),为(42.59±0.34)%。
对Cr(VI)浓度和Cr(VI)去除率进行相关拟合分析,符合S型曲线方程,S型曲线的方程为y=42.59+99.71-42.591+exp(x-39.253.50)R2值为0.996。y代表Cr(VI)去除率,x代表Cr(VI)浓度,曲线的上限、下限、转折点、斜率分别为Lmax=99.71、Lmin=42.59、x0=39.25、k=3.50。Δy (菌株S5)=Lmax-Lmin=57.12代表Cr(VI)去除率在不同Cr(VI)浓度条件下的最大变化量。Δy越大说明Cr(VI)去除率随Cr(VI)浓度变化越显著,即菌株S5的Cr(VI)去除率易受到Cr(VI)浓度的影响。
基于硫酸盐还原菌制备的生物硫铁复合材料的扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)图像如图8所示。以化学合成的硫化亚铁作为对照组,当放大倍数为800倍时生物硫铁复合材料呈不规则形状分布。与硫化亚铁相比,生物硫铁复合材料的表面更粗糙,颗粒大小更小且更均匀。当放大倍数为6 500倍时生物硫铁复合材料呈鳞片状,有明显的孔隙。
基于Desulfovibrio sp. S5制备的生物硫铁复合材料的X射线衍射图谱(XRD)如图9所示。依据JCPDS数据库里硫化亚铁的标准衍射卡片(PDF#75-2165),可见生物硫铁复合材料在2θ=30.940°、35.020°、42.461°、47.558°出现了硫化亚铁的衍射峰,另外生物硫铁复合材料还存在Ba2Fe2F、KFe(SO4)2、Fe(OH)SO4等的衍射峰。这表明生物硫铁复合材料并非单一硫化亚铁的简单产物,而是一种含硫和铁的混合物[35]。正是硫和铁的存在使生物硫铁复合材料具有一定的去除能力[27]。此外,生物硫铁复合材料的衍射峰表现出多个弱强度峰和宽峰,这可能是因为其结晶度较差[36]。由此可见,生物硫铁复合材料的结晶度较差,主要以非晶态的硫铁混合物存在。
基于Desulfovibrio sp. S5制备的生物硫铁复合材料的傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)如图10所示。通过比较两组红外光谱发现图谱的整体峰形无显著变化,这表明硫化亚铁与生物硫铁复合材料表面的官能团种类无明显差异。硫化亚铁中出现C-H、C=O和N-H等官能团,这可能与其在预处理过程中接触菌液有关。在 3 400-3 200 cm-1处硫化亚铁和生物硫铁复合材料均表现出吸收峰,峰位置出现轻微的位移,这是由于O-H和N-H的伸缩振动;在 3 000-2 800 cm-1处2种物质峰形较为一致,生物硫铁复合材料的峰强增强,其C-H的不对称伸缩峰从2 956.82 cm-1红移至2 919.22 cm-1,这可能是因为生物硫铁复合材料样品含有更多的多糖;在1 730-1 640 cm-1处观察到的吸收峰归因于羰基C=O的伸缩振动;在1 640-1 540 cm-1处观察到的吸收峰是蛋白质酰胺II带的伸缩振动峰;在800-450 cm-1处出现的吸收峰常与Fe-S键的振动相关,Fe-S键是硫化亚铁的重要特征[37]。生物硫铁复合材料在1 651.73 cm-1、1 540.36 cm-1和528.88 cm-1处的吸收峰振动强度强于硫化亚铁,说明生物硫铁复合材料中C=O、N-H、Fe-S的官能团数量更多[38]
Cr(VI)浓度对生物硫铁复合材料去除Cr(VI)的影响如图11所示。当Cr(VI)浓度在20-40 mg/L范围内时Cr(VI)去除率无显著差异(用相同字母a表示)。当Cr(VI)浓度在80-200 mg/L范围内时Cr(VI)去除率保持在85%左右,无显著差异(用相同字母c表示)。在Cr(VI)浓度为20 mg/L时菌株S5和生物硫铁复合材料均展现出超过90%的高效Cr(VI)去除能力;然而,当Cr(VI)浓度增加至80 mg/L时菌株S5的Cr(VI)去除率显著下降至40%左右,相比之下,生物硫铁复合材料仍能维持约85%的去除率,显示出更强的耐Cr(VI)能力。
对Cr(VI)浓度和Cr(VI)去除率进行相关拟合分析,符合S型曲线方程,S型曲线的方程为y=85.50+90.67-85.501+exp(x-57.255.42)R2值为0.998。曲线的上限、转折点、斜率分别为Lmax=90.67、x0=57.25、k=5.42。曲线的下限Lmin=85.50,说明在Cr(VI)浓度为20-200 mg/L范围内Cr(VI)去除率均保持在85.50%以上。Δy (生物硫铁复合材料)=Lmax-Lmin=5.17显著小于Δy (菌株S5)=57.12,即与菌株S5相比,生物硫铁复合材料的Cr(VI)去除率不易受到Cr(VI)浓度的影响。
菌株的硫酸盐还原速率受环境质子浓度的影响。硫酸盐还原是一个消耗质子的过程,在较高的质子浓度下菌株通过消耗培养液中的质子提高了硫酸盐还原速率。然而,质子浓度过高会抑制硫酸盐还原菌的生长和还原能力,这是因为质子能与细胞中的酶相互作用,影响菌体活动[39]。根据硫酸盐还原途径,SO42-首先消耗ATP被激活为APS,反应式见(3)。
SO42-+ATP+H2O→APS+2Pi
生成的APS在APS还原酶的作用下继续转化为SO32-和AMP,反应式见(4)。
APS+2e-→SO32-+AMP
SO32-中硫原子拥有自由电子对,得到6个电子被还原为S2-,反应式见(5)。
SO32-+6e-+6H+→S2-+3H2O
Janyasuthiwong等[40]研究表明,在pH 7.0时硫酸盐还原菌的还原率为74.40%,而在pH 5.0时仅为50.40%。周天然等[41]也发现,pH值过低会抑制硫酸盐还原菌的硫酸盐还原率,当pH为7.0时菌株的硫酸盐还原率为84.77%,而当pH为5.0时硫酸盐还原率仅为55.74%。本研究中菌株S5在pH 7.0时硫酸盐还原率为(80.27±7.07)%,当pH 5.0时硫酸盐还原率为(83.71±1.49)%,菌株在pH 5.0时表现出较高的硫酸盐还原能力,具有一定的耐酸性,适用于较低pH条件下的废水处理。
硫酸盐浓度同样会影响菌株的硫酸盐还原性质。当硫酸盐浓度过高时硫酸盐还原菌会产生大量硫化物,这些硫化物会对菌株自身造成毒害,进而导致硫酸盐还原率下降[12]。孙晓宇等[42]发现,硫酸盐浓度会影响硫酸盐还原效果,当硫酸盐浓度为0.8-1.6 g/L时硫酸盐还原率在60%以上;当硫酸盐浓度提升到1.6 g/L时硫酸盐还原率只有50%左右。在本研究中菌株也受硫酸盐浓度的影响,在硫酸盐浓度为0.5-1.3 g/L范围内菌株S5都能还原硫酸盐;当硫酸盐浓度提升到1.5 g/L时硫酸盐还原率只有(17.46±0.01)%。随着硫酸盐浓度的增加,菌株的硫酸盐还原率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,符合产物抑制模型的特征[43],这限制了其在处理硫酸盐污染中的规模化应用。
硫酸盐还原菌可通过分泌还原酶直接去除Cr(VI),也可通过生成硫化物间接去除Cr(VI)[44]。无论是直接去除Cr(VI)还是间接去除Cr(VI),硫酸盐还原菌去除Cr(VI)都会受到Cr(VI)浓度的制约。Han等[45]利用硫酸盐还原菌污泥去除Cr(VI)时发现,随着Cr(VI)浓度的增加硫酸盐还原菌污泥的Cr(VI)去除率显著降低。韩建均等[46]利用从污泥及Cr(VI)污染土壤中分离的硫酸盐还原菌脱硫脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio desulfuricans) S-7去除Cr(VI),当Cr(VI)浓度较低时能够去除Cr(VI),但当Cr(VI)浓度增加到100 mg/L时菌株的生长代谢完全受到抑制。这可能是由于重金属Cr(VI)不仅会引起菌体内酶变性影响菌株生长,还会导致菌体产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS),损害细胞并干扰代谢过程[47]。由此可见,Cr(VI)浓度是硫酸盐还原菌去除重金属Cr(VI)的关键因素,其限制了硫酸盐还原菌去除Cr(VI)的应用范围。
为突破Cr(VI)浓度对硫酸盐还原菌生长代谢的限制,研究者制备了生物硫铁复合材料以实现Cr(VI)的高效去除。Yu等[48]利用基于希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella) MR-1制备的生物硫铁复合材料去除Cr(VI),当Cr(VI)浓度增加到1 000 μmol/L时生物硫铁复合材料的Cr(VI)去除率保持在70%左右。Yang等[49]基于梭菌属(Clostridium) YY制备的生物硫铁复合材料在Cr(VI)浓度为1 923 μmol/L时Cr(VI)去除率最高可达78.27%。在本研究中,基于菌株Desulfovibrio sp. S5制备的生物硫铁复合材料,在Cr(VI)浓度为20-200 mg/L (约为40-4 000 μmol/L)范围内Cr(VI)去除率均在85%以上。不同生物硫铁复合材料的Cr(VI)去除效率不同,这可能与制备生物硫铁复合材料的菌株来源不同有关。与硫酸盐还原菌去除Cr(VI)相比,采用生物硫铁复合材料不仅能避免高浓度Cr(VI)对菌株的毒害,还能更高效地去除重金属Cr(VI),这可能和生物硫铁复合材料的结构相关。在本研究中,通过SEM观察生物硫铁复合材料具有多孔隙的特点,孔隙多说明能提供更多的反应位点,这有助于生物硫铁复合材料去除Cr(VI)[50]。通过XRD分析,生物硫铁复合材料具有非晶态的特点。非晶态的材料因原子排列无序,表面存在大量悬空键、空位及未饱和配位点,显著增加了反应活性位点密度[51]。通过FTIR分析,生物硫铁复合材料能高效去除Cr(VI),这可能与官能团Fe-S有关。Fe-S具有强还原性,可将Cr(VI)还原为Cr(III),生成低溶解度的Cr(III)硫化物沉淀。此外,生物硫铁复合材料里的C=O、N-H等官能团可能与FeS协同作用,从而增强对Cr(VI)的去除能力[52]。由此可见,生物硫铁复合材料凭借其多孔隙、非晶态结构以及丰富的官能团(如C=O、N-H、Fe-S等)等特点实现了对高浓度Cr(VI)的高效去除,展现了其在重金属污染治理中的应用潜力。
在污染治理领域,材料的制备成本是评估其实际应用价值的重要依据之一[53]。与硫酸盐还原菌、活性炭等常见修复材料相比,生物硫铁复合材料在功能性与经济性方面展现出更优的综合表现。硫酸盐还原菌培养成本较低(市场价约7-15元/L),但其对高浓度Cr(VI) (>100 mg/L)耐受性差,易导致活性下降或失活[46]。活性炭虽价格低廉(市场价约3 600-9 000元/t),但其作用机制以物理吸附为主,缺乏选择性,再生成本较高[54]。生物硫铁复合材料虽需控制厌氧条件并添加少量Fe2+,但其原料来源广泛、工艺简便。本研究所用培养基成本约为10元/L,FeCl2粉末成本约0.72元/L,整体成本约17.87元/g,具备良好的经济性和规模化应用潜力。通过优化原材料选择、改进生产工艺、实现规模化与自动化控制等方法可进一步降低生物硫铁复合材料的生产成本,提升其经济性与规模化应用潜力。
从海洋沉积物中分离出一株硫酸盐还原菌,为脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio),将其命名为Desulfovibrio sp. S5。菌株S5的生长和硫酸盐还原过程符合S型曲线,最高可达(97.70±0.01)%,说明菌株S5具有高效的硫酸盐还原能力。菌株S5能适应一定的酸性环境及硫酸盐浓度范围。当pH范围为5.0-7.0,硫酸盐浓度范围为0.5-1.3 g/L时菌株均能正常生长并表现出良好的硫酸盐还原能力。菌株S5能够去除重金属Cr(VI),但当Cr(VI)浓度超过30 mg/L时Cr(VI)去除率显著下降。基于此,利用菌株S5制备的生物硫铁复合材料因具备富含C=O、N-H、Fe-S等官能团及多孔隙、非晶态等表征特性,在Cr(VI)浓度为200 mg/L内均能够保持85%以上的高效Cr(VI)去除能力。这表明菌株Desulfovibrio sp. S5兼具高效的硫酸盐还原能力和重金属修复潜力,其制备的生物硫铁复合材料在高浓度重金属污染修复中展现出更大的应用潜力,为该类污染治理提供了可行方案。研究结果可拓宽硫酸盐还原菌种质资源,为硫酸盐还原菌在微生物环境治理方面的应用提供实验支持,并为将来生物硫铁复合材料的广泛应用作出了贡献。
吴雨菲:数据收集与监督、数据分析、执行调研、完成呈现、撰写文章、编辑、撰写;孙军柯:数据收集与监督、执行调研、提供资源、软件程序、验证;庞安冉:提供资源、软件程序、审阅;汪艳蓉:数据收集与监督、执行调研、方法论、验证;刘淼:提出概念、数据收集与监督、执行调研、方法论;刘洪艳:提出概念、获得基金、方法论、项目管理、提供资源、监督管理、审阅。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42306106)
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2025年第65卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250293
  • 接收时间:2025-04-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-09
  • 录用日期:2025-06-20
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(42306106)
国家自然科学基金(42306106)
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    天津科技大学 海洋与环境学院,天津

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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