Article(id=1194684383719301548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250267, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1748534400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-30, onlineDate=1762764553240, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764553240, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764553240, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764553240, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4938, endPage=4950, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684383882879407, articleId=1194684383719301548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Breeding and application effect evaluation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis derived from felines with long life spans, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To breed Bifidobacterium adolescentis strains that can adapt to the gastrointestinal environment of felines and have strong intestinal colonization capabilities. Methods B. adolescentis was isolated from the feces of felines with long and regular life spans. The original strain QC-Y (with the life span extension rate reaching 33.85%) was selected through biomass assessments and mouse life span experiments and it was identified as B. adolescentis. After radiation-induced mutation, QC-Y-09 was screened out by the biomass assessment, gastrointestinal tolerance domestication, and evaluation. Results QC-Y-09 showed the biomass 55.667 times and the tolerance score 5.66 times that of QC-Y. Moreover, the tolerance of the strain to the feline gastrointestinal environment showed good genetic stability. The survival rates of the 10th generation of QC-Y-09 in the artificial gastric juice, intestinal juice, anaerobic, and micro-aerobic environments were 18.80%, 41.60%, 93.26%, and 48.39%, respectively, which were 62.67%, 108.53%, 97.92%, and 94.40% of those of the original generation. The intestinal colonization test showed that the colonization ability of QC-Y-09 in felines was significantly stronger than that of QC-Y and human-derived B. adolescentis. Seven days after the feeding of the microbial inoculum was stopped, the viable count of B. adolescentis in the feline feces of the QC-Y-09 group still reached 4.37 lg CFU/g, which was 1.74 lg CFU/g and 3.02 lg CFU/g, respectively, higher than those of the QC-Y group and the human-derived B. adolescentis group. In addition, QC-Y-09 had a good relieving effect on the feline food change stress, reducing the feline food change stress rate by 85.71%. The results of SNP analysis showed that QC-Y-09 was significantly different from QC-Y at the gene level, and the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the ribosome structure and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway. Conclusion Feline-derived B. adolescentis QC-Y-09 bred in this study can effectively adapt to the gastrointestinal environment and colonize the intestines of felines. This study provides both theoretical and practical bases for the application of B. adolescentis in functional food for felines.

, correspAuthors=Haile MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 选育能够适应猫胃肠环境且具有良好肠道定殖能力的猫源青春双歧杆菌菌株。 方法 从长寿猫和普通猫的粪便中分离出青春双歧杆菌,通过生长量测试和小鼠寿命试验选育得到原始菌株QC-Y (寿命延长率达33.85%),经鉴定该菌为青春双歧杆菌。QC-Y经辐射诱变后,通过生长量测试、胃肠耐受性驯化和评价选育得到QC-Y-09。 结果 QC-Y-09的生长量、耐受性评分分别是QC-Y的55.667倍和5.66倍,其对猫胃肠环境的耐受能力具有良好的遗传稳定性。第10代QC-Y-09菌株在人工胃液、肠液、无氧和微氧环境中的存活率分别为18.80%、41.60%、93.26%和48.39%,分别达到0代的62.67%、108.53%、97.92%和94.40%。猫肠道定殖试验表明,QC-Y-09在猫体内的定殖能力显著优于QC-Y和人源青春双歧杆菌。停止饲喂菌剂7 d后,QC-Y-09组猫粪便中青春双歧杆菌活菌仍有4.37 lg CFU/g,分别比QC-Y组和人源组高1.74 lg CFU/g和3.02 lg CFU/g。此外,QC-Y-09对猫换粮应激具有较好的缓解作用,能降低猫换粮应激率85.71%。SNP分析结果表明QC-Y-09在基因层面与QC-Y有显著差异,主要富集在核糖体结构和氨基酰基-tRNA生物合成的通路上。 结论 本研究选育的猫源青春双歧杆菌QC-Y-09菌株能够有效适应猫胃肠环境并在猫肠道中良好定殖,这为青春双歧杆菌在猫用功能性食品中的应用提供了重要的理论和实践基础。

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Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between groups, P<0.05., figureFileSmall=JPuw1+QR5j8ZKEpIutu06w==, figureFileBig=bMULbhqEbiP+U0g2psnYTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980532921545168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=CN, label=图2, caption=小鼠存活时间, figureFileSmall=JPuw1+QR5j8ZKEpIutu06w==, figureFileBig=bMULbhqEbiP+U0g2psnYTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980532997042642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Phylogenetic tree of QC-Y. The serial number in parentheses is the strain serial number; 0.05 on the evolutionary scale indicates an average of 0.05 nucleotide substitutions per locus., figureFileSmall=G2QaVwciiXIl8V6qygbvNw==, figureFileBig=V169olCg3ueU3Rkyn9rsrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980533114483155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=CN, label=图3, caption=QC-Y系统发育树。括号中的序号为菌种序列号;0.05表示平均每个位点发生了0.05次核苷酸替换。, figureFileSmall=G2QaVwciiXIl8V6qygbvNw==, figureFileBig=V169olCg3ueU3Rkyn9rsrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980533181592020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The number distribution of mutagenic Bifidobacterium adolescentis strains., figureFileSmall=lWDIQx2uxVZoHnx5sOg+mw==, figureFileBig=A4jhgQPuQ966ewUsWuwgfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980533429055959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=CN, label=图4, caption=诱变青春双歧杆菌不同生长量的菌株数量分布, figureFileSmall=lWDIQx2uxVZoHnx5sOg+mw==, figureFileBig=A4jhgQPuQ966ewUsWuwgfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980533525524952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Evaluation of gastrointestinal tolerance in felines. The same number indicates the same indicator, and different lowercase letters of the same indicator indicate significant differences between groups, P<0.05., figureFileSmall=Y4SB/4/tenxDr7/fz4hF2g==, figureFileBig=QHSiiaOf7WUId0i7N3ar/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980533613605338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=CN, label=图5, caption=猫胃肠环境耐受性评价。同一个数字表示同一个指标,同一指标的不同小写字母表示组间存在显著差异,P<0.05。, figureFileSmall=Y4SB/4/tenxDr7/fz4hF2g==, figureFileBig=QHSiiaOf7WUId0i7N3ar/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980533701685724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Results of passage stability test. The same number indicates the same indicator, and different lowercase letters of the same indicator indicate significant differences between groups, P<0.05., figureFileSmall=fUks7/w3bY4dM5mfMHnCiQ==, figureFileBig=J6EZ8B1tvN/96PcZeejZvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980533768794590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=CN, label=图6, caption=传代稳定性测试结果。同一个数字表示同一个指标,同一指标的不同小写字母表示组间存在显著差异,P<0.05。, figureFileSmall=fUks7/w3bY4dM5mfMHnCiQ==, figureFileBig=J6EZ8B1tvN/96PcZeejZvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980533861069280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Colonization test results of Bifidobacterium adolescentis., figureFileSmall=80ezIRAOyIhyPS/o8M7mNw==, figureFileBig=MERDnNiq62sDbPgxTLMxSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980533932372449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=CN, label=图7, caption=青春双歧杆菌定殖测试结果, figureFileSmall=80ezIRAOyIhyPS/o8M7mNw==, figureFileBig=MERDnNiq62sDbPgxTLMxSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980534003675618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=A SNP and enrichment pathway analysis of QC-Y-09. A: SNP analysis and SNP mutation spectrum accumulation of QC-Y-09; B: KEGG pathway of the gene where the SNP is located., figureFileSmall=3IiqYSzwzOLLtH0itE2AEA==, figureFileBig=2GwYzIjzDPf8tcAI+1qWOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980534100144612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=CN, label=图8, caption=QC-Y-09SNP及富集通路分析。A:QC-Y-09的SNP分析及SNP突变频谱累积;B:SNP所在基因的KEGG通路。, figureFileSmall=3IiqYSzwzOLLtH0itE2AEA==, figureFileBig=2GwYzIjzDPf8tcAI+1qWOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980534163059174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Microbial composition of fecal isolates from regular and long-lived feline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

分类

Classification

普通猫

Ordinary feline (%)

长寿猫

Longevity feline (%)

肠球菌属Enterococcus28.52±1.7818.10±2.12*
埃希氏菌属Escherichia18.92±1.4611.67±1.65*
芽孢杆菌属Bacillus16.03±2.0525.71±2.64*
梭状芽孢杆菌属Clostridium12.61±1.3812.50±1.52
双歧杆菌属Bifidobacterium12.35±2.2121.79±2.14*
乳杆菌属Lactobacillus genus7.23±1.068.10±1.17
奈瑟氏菌属Neisseria2.37±0.580.24±0.07*
片球菌属pediococcus0.66±0.120.95±0.19*
盐单胞菌属Halomonas0.39±0.060.00±0.00*
分枝杆菌属Mycobacterium0.26±0.090.00±0.00*
巨单胞菌属Megamonas genus0.26±0.110.12±0.03*
拟杆菌属Bacteroides0.26±0.080.48±0.14*
巴氏杆菌属Bacillus genus0.13±0.040.36±0.12*
), ArticleFig(id=1194980534246945256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

普通猫与长寿猫粪便分离微生物组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

分类

Classification

普通猫

Ordinary feline (%)

长寿猫

Longevity feline (%)

肠球菌属Enterococcus28.52±1.7818.10±2.12*
埃希氏菌属Escherichia18.92±1.4611.67±1.65*
芽孢杆菌属Bacillus16.03±2.0525.71±2.64*
梭状芽孢杆菌属Clostridium12.61±1.3812.50±1.52
双歧杆菌属Bifidobacterium12.35±2.2121.79±2.14*
乳杆菌属Lactobacillus genus7.23±1.068.10±1.17
奈瑟氏菌属Neisseria2.37±0.580.24±0.07*
片球菌属pediococcus0.66±0.120.95±0.19*
盐单胞菌属Halomonas0.39±0.060.00±0.00*
分枝杆菌属Mycobacterium0.26±0.090.00±0.00*
巨单胞菌属Megamonas genus0.26±0.110.12±0.03*
拟杆菌属Bacteroides0.26±0.080.48±0.14*
巴氏杆菌属Bacillus genus0.13±0.040.36±0.12*
), ArticleFig(id=1194980534330831338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Species and number of Bifidobacterium adolescentis in feces of long-lived and normal feline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

双歧杆菌菌株种类

Types of Bifidobacterium strains

NCBI覆盖度

NCBI coverage

(%)

NCBI序列相似性

NCBI sequence similarity

(%)

长寿猫菌株数量

Number of strains of long-lived feline

普通猫菌株数量

Number of common feline strains

青春期双歧杆菌C6-5 (菌种1)

Bifidobacterium adolescentis C6-5 (strain 1)

100100.00304

青春期双歧杆菌ATCC 15703 (菌种2)

Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703 (strain 2)

100100.00186

青春期双歧杆菌DMF2 (菌种3)

Bifidobacterium adolescentis DMF2 (strain 3)

100≥99.6505

其他双歧杆菌

Other Bifidobacterium species

100≥97.7513589
), ArticleFig(id=1194980534452466156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

长寿猫与普通猫粪便中青春双歧杆菌菌种和数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

双歧杆菌菌株种类

Types of Bifidobacterium strains

NCBI覆盖度

NCBI coverage

(%)

NCBI序列相似性

NCBI sequence similarity

(%)

长寿猫菌株数量

Number of strains of long-lived feline

普通猫菌株数量

Number of common feline strains

青春期双歧杆菌C6-5 (菌种1)

Bifidobacterium adolescentis C6-5 (strain 1)

100100.00304

青春期双歧杆菌ATCC 15703 (菌种2)

Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703 (strain 2)

100100.00186

青春期双歧杆菌DMF2 (菌种3)

Bifidobacterium adolescentis DMF2 (strain 3)

100≥99.6505

其他双歧杆菌

Other Bifidobacterium species

100≥97.7513589
), ArticleFig(id=1194980534523769326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Feline food change stress rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

分组

Groups

换粮应激率

Grain exchange stress rate (%)

对照组Control group56
试验组Test group8*
), ArticleFig(id=1194980534599266799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684383719301548, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

猫换粮应激率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

分组

Groups

换粮应激率

Grain exchange stress rate (%)

对照组Control group56
试验组Test group8*
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长寿猫源青春双歧杆菌选育及其应用效果评价
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李云亮 1, 2, 3 , 王禹程 3 , 卢宇 1 , 张萌 1 , 严子华 1, 4 , 段玉清 3 , 马海乐 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(11): 4938-4950
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(11): 4938-4950
长寿猫源青春双歧杆菌选育及其应用效果评价
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李云亮1, 2, 3, 王禹程3, 卢宇1, 张萌1, 严子华1, 4, 段玉清3, 马海乐3, *
作者信息
  • 1 卫仕宠物营养科学研究院(江苏)有限公司,江苏 镇江
  • 2 上海宠幸宠物用品有限公司,上海
  • 3 江苏大学 食品与生物工程学院,江苏 镇江
  • 4 卫仕宠物营养研究院(芜湖)有限公司,安徽 芜湖
Breeding and application effect evaluation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis derived from felines with long life spans
Yunliang LI1, 2, 3, Yucheng WANG3, Yu LU1, Meng ZHANG1, Zihua YAN1, 4, Yuqing DUAN3, Haile MA3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Nourse Science Center for Pet Nutrition (Jiangsu) Co. , Ltd. , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
  • 2 Shanghai Chowsing Pet Products Co. , Ltd. , Shanghai, China
  • 3 School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
  • 4 Nourse Centre for Pet Nutrition (Wuhu) Co. , Ltd. , Wuhu, Anhui, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250267
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目的 选育能够适应猫胃肠环境且具有良好肠道定殖能力的猫源青春双歧杆菌菌株。 方法 从长寿猫和普通猫的粪便中分离出青春双歧杆菌,通过生长量测试和小鼠寿命试验选育得到原始菌株QC-Y (寿命延长率达33.85%),经鉴定该菌为青春双歧杆菌。QC-Y经辐射诱变后,通过生长量测试、胃肠耐受性驯化和评价选育得到QC-Y-09。 结果 QC-Y-09的生长量、耐受性评分分别是QC-Y的55.667倍和5.66倍,其对猫胃肠环境的耐受能力具有良好的遗传稳定性。第10代QC-Y-09菌株在人工胃液、肠液、无氧和微氧环境中的存活率分别为18.80%、41.60%、93.26%和48.39%,分别达到0代的62.67%、108.53%、97.92%和94.40%。猫肠道定殖试验表明,QC-Y-09在猫体内的定殖能力显著优于QC-Y和人源青春双歧杆菌。停止饲喂菌剂7 d后,QC-Y-09组猫粪便中青春双歧杆菌活菌仍有4.37 lg CFU/g,分别比QC-Y组和人源组高1.74 lg CFU/g和3.02 lg CFU/g。此外,QC-Y-09对猫换粮应激具有较好的缓解作用,能降低猫换粮应激率85.71%。SNP分析结果表明QC-Y-09在基因层面与QC-Y有显著差异,主要富集在核糖体结构和氨基酰基-tRNA生物合成的通路上。 结论 本研究选育的猫源青春双歧杆菌QC-Y-09菌株能够有效适应猫胃肠环境并在猫肠道中良好定殖,这为青春双歧杆菌在猫用功能性食品中的应用提供了重要的理论和实践基础。

青春双歧杆菌  /  猫  /  寿命  /  胃肠耐受  /  应激率

Objective To breed Bifidobacterium adolescentis strains that can adapt to the gastrointestinal environment of felines and have strong intestinal colonization capabilities. Methods B. adolescentis was isolated from the feces of felines with long and regular life spans. The original strain QC-Y (with the life span extension rate reaching 33.85%) was selected through biomass assessments and mouse life span experiments and it was identified as B. adolescentis. After radiation-induced mutation, QC-Y-09 was screened out by the biomass assessment, gastrointestinal tolerance domestication, and evaluation. Results QC-Y-09 showed the biomass 55.667 times and the tolerance score 5.66 times that of QC-Y. Moreover, the tolerance of the strain to the feline gastrointestinal environment showed good genetic stability. The survival rates of the 10th generation of QC-Y-09 in the artificial gastric juice, intestinal juice, anaerobic, and micro-aerobic environments were 18.80%, 41.60%, 93.26%, and 48.39%, respectively, which were 62.67%, 108.53%, 97.92%, and 94.40% of those of the original generation. The intestinal colonization test showed that the colonization ability of QC-Y-09 in felines was significantly stronger than that of QC-Y and human-derived B. adolescentis. Seven days after the feeding of the microbial inoculum was stopped, the viable count of B. adolescentis in the feline feces of the QC-Y-09 group still reached 4.37 lg CFU/g, which was 1.74 lg CFU/g and 3.02 lg CFU/g, respectively, higher than those of the QC-Y group and the human-derived B. adolescentis group. In addition, QC-Y-09 had a good relieving effect on the feline food change stress, reducing the feline food change stress rate by 85.71%. The results of SNP analysis showed that QC-Y-09 was significantly different from QC-Y at the gene level, and the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the ribosome structure and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway. Conclusion Feline-derived B. adolescentis QC-Y-09 bred in this study can effectively adapt to the gastrointestinal environment and colonize the intestines of felines. This study provides both theoretical and practical bases for the application of B. adolescentis in functional food for felines.

Bifidobacterium adolescentis  /  feline  /  life span  /  gastrointestinal tolerance  /  stress rate
李云亮, 王禹程, 卢宇, 张萌, 严子华, 段玉清, 马海乐. 长寿猫源青春双歧杆菌选育及其应用效果评价. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4938 -4950 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250267
Yunliang LI, Yucheng WANG, Yu LU, Meng ZHANG, Zihua YAN, Yuqing DUAN, Haile MA. Breeding and application effect evaluation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis derived from felines with long life spans[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4938 -4950 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250267
猫的胃肠消化道相对脆弱,对食物和环境刺激的承受能力较差,易出现腹泻、呕吐、食欲不振等情况,若长期得不到维护易发展成消化不良、胃肠炎、肠应激综合征等消化系统疾病[1-3]。猫的胃肠健康直接影响其生活质量和衰老速度。双歧杆菌类微生物能通过调节肠道菌群平衡增强猫胃肠消化和免疫能力,改善其胃肠健康状态[4-5]。特别是青春双歧杆菌,据报道撒丁岛百岁老人的比例是其他地区的10倍,这些百岁老人肠道菌群中青春双歧杆菌的菌群丰度明显高于普通老年人,他们的长寿可能与青春双歧杆菌具有延缓机体衰老的作用有关[6-8]
青春双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium adolescentis)是一种严格厌氧的革兰氏阳性益生菌,属于双歧杆菌属。该益生菌已添加于人用保健品、益生菌剂产品中,并取得了良好的应用效果[9-10]。目前,其应用已拓展至猫用保健品、猫用益生菌剂等产品。然而,市面上使用的青春双歧杆菌多为非猫源的(主要是人源、牛源等)。猫胃肠环境与人、牛及其他哺乳动物相比存在诸多差异,猫肠道温度为38.0-39.5 ℃,胃液pH值为1.0-2.0,肠胆盐浓度为0.1%-0.4%[11-12]。非猫源的青春双歧杆菌对猫胃肠环境适应性差,阻碍了其在猫肠道的定殖和生长,难以充分发挥其有益功能。因此亟待选育能适应猫胃肠环境的猫专用青春双歧杆菌,但目前这方面的研究鲜有报道。
本研究从长寿猫的黄金粪便中分离青春双歧杆菌,通过延长小鼠寿命测试挑选延长小鼠寿命时间最长的菌株作为原始菌株。该菌株经诱变和猫胃肠环境耐受性驯化后,再从其子代中选育对猫胃肠环境耐受性最好的菌株,即得到猫专用青春双歧杆菌。通过传代稳定性测试评价该菌株传代后对猫肠道环境耐受能力的保持情况,通过猫肠道定殖测试评价该菌株在猫肠道的定殖能力,以期为青春双歧杆菌在猫用产品中的应用奠定良好基础。
青春双歧杆菌人源菌株购自中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心,菌种保藏号为CICC 6175。
PBS缓冲液、LB培养基、双歧杆菌琼脂培养基,青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司;胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、猪胆粉,西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司;DNA marker,宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司;细菌基因组提取试剂盒,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司。
ZQZY-78CN恒温摇床,上海知楚仪器有限公司;SPX-350B恒温培养箱,上海力辰仪器科技有限公司;DG250厌氧工作站,唐惠特利科技公司;Multiskan FC酶标仪,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)公司。
招募不同品种的普通宠物猫(6-9岁)和长寿宠物猫(16-20岁)各3只,采集它们排泄的黄金粪便,混合后用PBS缓冲液重悬,梯度稀释后每梯度各取100 μL涂布于LB琼脂培养基平板[13],39 ℃厌氧培养48 h。选取菌落分布均匀且生长良好的平板,挑取单菌落(普通猫组挑取得到842株,长寿猫组挑取得到840株)并进行分子鉴定。其中,黄金粪便的判断标准:长度与香蕉形粪便基本一致,粪便无切口,硬度适中、富有弹性且柔软。
使用细菌基因组提取试剂盒提取得到的基因组为模板,使用16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)进行PCR扩增与测序鉴定。PCR反应体系(50 μL):TaKaRa Taq (5 U/µL) 0.25 µL,10×PCR buffer (Mg2+ plus) 5 µL,dNTP mixture (2.5 mmol/L) 4 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 37.75 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性20 s,50 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,35个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。PCR产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证后,由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序,测序结果在NCBI数据库中进行比对,并进行普通猫与长寿猫粪便分离培养微生物组成分析。
挑取青春双歧杆菌单菌落接种于LB培养基,在厌氧环境下培养15 h后,稀释合理倍数,测定培养前后的菌浓度(波长600 nm),计算菌株的生长量,如公式(1)所示。
V=OD15-OD0
式中:V为生长量;OD15OD0为培养15 h和0 h时菌液的OD600值。
三十只SAMP8品系快速衰老模型小鼠(雄性,8周龄)购自北京大学医学部,许可证号:SCXK (京) 2021-0013。试验方案通过杭州应驰生物科技有限公司伦理委员会审查,编号为:INCH-IACUC-2022-06-264。30只小鼠适应环境后,按体重均匀分为3组(试验组1、试验组2和对照组),每组10只。将筛选得到的生长最快的青春双歧杆菌菌种1和菌种2菌株添加到鼠粮中(浓度为1×108 CFU/g),分别饲喂试验组1和试验组2的小鼠,对照组小鼠饲喂普通鼠粮,每组每天饲喂鼠粮40 g,饮水自由。统计每组小鼠的平均存活时间,选取延长小鼠寿命时间最长的菌株,命名为QC-Y,作为原始菌株进行后续试验。
采用钴60射线对原始菌株QC-Y进行辐射诱变,参数为:辐射剂量150 Gy,处理时间10 min。
诱变结束后,将菌种经稀释后涂布于LB琼脂培养基平板,厌氧培养48 h后挑取直径较大的菌落进行胃肠环境耐受驯化,参考耿海波等[14]的方法并略作修改。将诱变后的菌株用耐肠消化筛选培养基连续培养7 d (每天传代2次)进行人工肠消化筛选,其中在第1天和第4天单独增加人工胃消化筛选。人工胃液的配制参考李弘等[15]的方法进行,并调整pH至1.5。人工肠液和耐肠消化培养基的配制方法参考薛俊敏[16]的方法进行,调整pH至7.2,胆盐浓度为0.4%。驯化后的菌液经梯度稀释后分离培养,第一轮筛选挑选单菌落直径较大的菌株共24株,再进行第二轮生长量筛选,得到生长最快的3株菌进行猫胃肠环境耐受性评价。
取驯化、选育得到的生长最快的3株菌的菌液1 mL,加入9 mL人工胃液或人工肠液中,在39 ℃、90 r/min条件下厌氧培养2 h;另取菌液置于0.8%氧分压的微氧环境中处理2 h。通过对人工胃液、人工肠液和0.8%微氧环境处理前和处理2 h后的青春双歧杆菌活菌数量进行平板计数,存活率计算如公式(2)所示。
P=n2n0×100%
式中:P为存活率;n2为处理2 h的活菌数;n0为处理0 h的活菌数。
耐受性评分按公式(3)计算,对菌株的猫胃肠环境耐受性进行评价。
S=1/3×P1×100+1/3×P2×100+1/3×P3×100
式中:S为耐受性评分;P1为人工胃液存活率;P2为人工肠液存活率;P3为耐氧存活率。耐受性评分总分小于等于100。
取耐受性评分最高的一株青春双歧杆菌菌株进行传代稳定性评价和猫肠道定殖测试。
对耐受性评分最高的菌株每3 d传代1次,取第3代、第7代和第10代的菌液1 mL于9 mL人工胃液或人工肠液中,在39 ℃、90 r/min条件下厌氧培养2 h,利用平板计数法分别测定0 h、2 h的活菌数并计算存活率,以评价该菌株耐人工胃液、肠液性能以及在无氧和微氧环境中的传代稳定性。菌株的传代稳定性评价标准:存活率≥10%,认为该菌株传代稳定;否则认为传代不稳定。
对人源、原始和诱变选育的青春双歧杆菌菌株进行猫肠道定殖测试。选取普通宠物猫24只,体重3-5 kg,年龄1-2岁,健康状态良好,品种包括布偶、英短、美短、加菲、中华田园猫和缅因,每种4只。将24只猫均匀分为4组,分别为空白组、人源组、原始菌株组(QC-Y)和诱变选育菌株组(QC-Y-09),每组6只(每个品种1只)。试验共计40 d,分为适应期(0-7 d)、定殖期(7-21 d)、观察期(21-40 d)。将菌液浓缩后装入胶囊中制成菌制剂胶囊(1011 CFU/粒),在适应期和定殖期时每天给猫饲喂菌制剂胶囊,每天1次,每次1粒。其中,人源组、QC-Y组和QC-Y-09组的猫饲喂的胶囊中分别含有人源青春双歧杆菌、QC-Y原始菌株以及诱变选育的QC-Y-09菌株,空白组的猫饲喂不含菌剂的空胶囊。进入观察期后停止饲喂菌制剂胶囊。实验期间每7 d采集猫的粪便,通过双歧杆菌琼脂培养基平板在厌氧条件下培养,对其进行青春双歧杆菌平板计数并计算定殖活菌数。
给猫每天提供60 g市售猫粮1,喂食30日后挑选无换粮应激表现的猫(无呕吐、腹泻、软便、精神萎靡、食欲不振或消化不良等表现)进行分组。试验分2组,分别为对照组和试验组,每组50只猫,品种包括东短、英短、美短、布偶、中华田园猫、缅因和加菲等,每组公母各半。对照组的猫换食市售猫粮2,试验组的猫换食添加有青春双歧杆菌QC-Y-09的市售猫粮2 (添加量为 1×108 CFU/kg),每只猫每天喂食猫粮60 g。在猫换粮7 d后记录各组猫存在换粮应激的情况,换粮应激率按公式(4)计算。存在呕吐、腹泻、软便、精神萎靡、食欲不振或消化不良等表现时认为该猫存在换粮应激情况。
P (%)=n×100/N
式中:P为换粮应激率;n为换粮7 d后仍存在应激表现猫数量;N为该组猫总数。
QC-Y-09的SNP统计分析工作由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司分析完成。
试验数据用mean±SD表示,以SPSS 17.0软件进行统计学分析,采用one-way ANOVA检验组间数据差异,P<0.05表示差异显著。
长寿宠物猫和普通宠物猫粪便微生物组成及占比情况如表1所示。在2组中占比最高的7种菌分别为肠球菌属、埃希氏菌属、芽孢杆菌属、梭状芽孢杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属和奈瑟氏菌属,它们在2组中的占比之和均超过总数的98.00%。其中,长寿猫粪便微生物中有害菌占比减少,埃希氏菌属和奈瑟氏菌属的占比比普通猫分别降低38.32%和89.87%;长寿猫粪便微生物中有益菌占比增加,芽孢杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳杆菌属的占比相比普通猫分别增加60.39%、76.44%和12.03%。其中,增长最多的是双歧杆菌属。表2结果表明,长寿猫粪便中分离到的青春双歧杆菌数量和在双歧杆菌属中的占比均显著高于普通猫,分别达到48株和26.23%,其中菌种1 (Bifidobacterium adolescentis C6-5)和菌种2 (Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703)的数量分别为30株和18株,均明显高于普通猫;而菌种3 (Bifidobacterium adolescentis DMF2)数量为0。推测菌种1、菌种2可能与猫的长寿有关,因此选择菌种1、菌种2进行后续实验。
青春双歧杆菌菌种1、菌种2分别以QC1和QC2进行编号命名。如图1所示,菌种1和菌种2菌液OD600值在0.0-0.1范围均为0株;菌种1和菌种2菌液OD600值在0.1-0.2范围分别有11株和1株;菌种1和菌种2菌液OD600值在0.2-0.3范围分别有10株和6株;菌种1和菌种2菌液OD600值在0.3-0.4范围分别有8株和7株;菌种1和菌种2菌液OD600值在0.4-0.5范围分别有1株和4株。在菌种1和菌种2中生长最快的菌株分别为QC1-8和QC2-4,菌液OD600值分别达到0.442和0.494。
使用QC1-8和QC2-4菌株分别进行延长小鼠寿命测试,结果如图2所示。试验组2的小鼠寿命时间最长,达到518 d,相比试验组1和对照组小鼠寿命分别长21.60%和33.85%。这说明QC2-4菌株具有延长小鼠寿命的作用,将其重新命名为QC-Y。
QC-Y的发育树如图3所示,结果表明QC-Y与青春双歧杆菌P2P3、JCM 15918、CLA AA H289、ATCC 15703、Iraq-Basrah 4和VB-ES42为同一支,该菌株属于青春双歧杆菌。
以QC-Y作为诱变的原始菌株,在辐射诱变后,从培养的子代中挑选直径较大的菌株共24株,分别编号为QC-Y-01-QC-Y-24。它们的生长量结果如图4所示,菌液OD600值在0.0-0.1范围的有2株;菌液OD600值在0.1-0.2范围的有4株;菌液OD600值在0.2-0.3范围的有1株;菌液OD600值在0.3-0.4范围的有5株;菌液OD600值在0.4-0.5范围的有4株;菌液OD600值在0.5-0.6范围的有6株;菌液OD600值在0.6-0.7范围的有1株;菌液OD600值在0.7-0.8范围的有1株;其中QC-Y-09、QC-Y-23和QC-Y-24生长量最快,菌液OD600值分别达到0.668、0.663和0.721,是原始菌株QC-Y (OD600值为0.012)的55.250倍、55.667倍和60.083倍,因此选择这3株菌进行猫胃肠环境耐受驯化。
三株生长量最快的诱变菌株经猫胃肠环境耐受驯化后分别进行猫胃肠环境耐受性评价,结果如图5所示。3株菌株的猫胃肠环境耐受性评分均高于原始菌株QC-Y,其中,QC-Y-09评分最高,达到39.90,分别是QC-Y、QC-Y-23和QC-Y-24的5.66倍、1.75倍和1.70倍。经分子鉴定,QC-Y-09菌株属于青春双歧杆菌。选育得到的QC-Y-09菌株保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC),保藏名称为青春双歧杆菌LifeAge20,保藏号为CCTCC NO: M20241746。
QC-Y和QC-Y-09的传代稳定性测试结果如图6所示。QC-Y-09在传代10代后,在胃液、肠液中的存活率分别达到18.80%和41.60%,分别为原始菌株QC-Y的56.97倍和14.15倍。在无氧、微氧环境的存活率分别为93.26%和48.39%,分别是原始菌株QC-Y的1.15倍和8.45倍。相较于原始菌株,诱变株QC-Y-09在猫胃肠环境耐受性上具有良好的传代稳定性。
人源、QC-Y和QC-Y-09这3株青春双歧杆菌在猫肠道定殖测试结果如图7所示。3株菌株均有一定定殖能力,其中定殖能力最强的是选育的诱变菌株QC-Y-09,在试验21 d时QC-Y-09组猫粪便中定殖活菌数达到峰值5.93 lg CFU/g,比QC-Y组高0.77 lg CFU/g,比人源组高3.65 lg CFU/g。在停止饲喂青春双歧杆菌后7 d,即试验28 d时,人源组和QC-Y组定殖活菌数快速下降,而QC-Y-09组的定殖活菌数仍能达到4.37 lg CFU/g,比QC-Y组高1.74 lg CFU/g,比人源组高3.02 lg CFU/g。
猫换粮应激率如表3所示,换粮7 d后试验组猫换粮应激率为8%,相比对照组显著降低85.71%,青春双歧杆菌QC-Y-09有助于降低猫换粮应激率。
QC-Y-09的SNP变异分析结果如图8A所示。经全基因组测序[由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成]共检测到25 781个SNP位点,其中转换变异的比例为47.21%,包括C→T (G→A)和A→G (T→C);颠换变异的比例为52.79%,包括G→C (C→G)、G→T (C→A)及A→T (T→A)。对SNP所在基因进行的KEGG通路富集分析(图8B)共注释到30条通路,其中核糖体和氨基酰基-tRNA生物合成通路呈现显著富集(Q值<0.05)。核糖体作为蛋白质合成的核心组件,其功能与氨基酰基-tRNA生物合成系统共同调控细胞的蛋白质翻译效率[17]。在核糖体通路中,显著富集的基因包括rplB (编码L2)、rpsA (编码S7)、rplC (编码L3)、rplJ (编码L10)、rpsC (编码S3)和rplK (编码L11)等,这些基因产物参与核糖体亚基的组装及翻译过程的调控。相比之下,在氨基酰基-tRNA生物合成通路中富集基因为多种氨基酸-tRNA连接酶,如lysSvalSileSaspSmetGhisS等,均属于催化氨基酸与对应tRNA特异性结合的氨酰-tRNA合成酶家族,为蛋白质翻译提供活化氨基酸前体。
长寿宠物猫和普通宠物猫粪便的分离微生物组成中,占比最高的前5种微生物属为肠球菌属、埃希氏菌属、芽孢杆菌属、梭状芽孢杆菌属和双歧杆菌属。其中,长寿猫相比普通猫显著增加的仅有芽孢杆菌属和双歧杆菌属,且双歧杆菌属增长率更高,达到了76.44%。由此可见,双歧杆菌属是长寿猫与普通猫肠道中的一个重要差异菌属。
长寿猫粪便中共分离到双歧杆菌183株,其中占比最高的青春双歧杆菌(26.23%)的菌种1和菌种2分别有30株和18株,远高于普通猫粪便中分离到的4株和6株。这2组间的巨大差异提示,这2个菌种可能与猫寿命的延长有关。研究表明摄入青春双歧杆菌对机体有抗衰老作用,可显著增加血液中超氧化物歧化酶的含量与活性,减少自由基氧化反应对机体细胞的损伤[18]
由于不同生物的生活习性与肠道生态存在差异,动物个体对同源物种的肠道菌具有更好的适应性[19]。目前市面上使用的青春双歧杆菌主要是非猫源的,如人源、牛源的。猫的胃肠环境与人、牛及其他哺乳动物存在诸多不同,例如猫胃酸较酸,pH为1.0-2.0,而人和牛的胃酸pH为1.5-3.5;猫肠道胆盐浓度可达0.4%,人、牛等一般在0.1%-0.3%;牛作为食草动物、人作为杂食动物,肠道都远比食肉动物的猫长[20]。因此在人、牛肠道中食物通过速度相对较慢,青春双歧杆菌有充足的时间和空间进行定殖,而在猫体内青春双歧杆菌则需快速完成定殖,否则很快会被排出体外。研究表明宿主来源菌在应用于同类宿主时相较于异源菌种具有显著优势[21],本研究中猫肠道定殖试验结果证实了这一说法。在停止补饲菌剂后7 d,人源组猫粪便中青春双歧杆菌菌数快速降低,而QC-Y-09组猫粪便中菌数仍有4.37 lg CFU/g,比人源组高3.02 lg CFU/g。
研究表明益生菌具有缓解应激的作用,如能有效缓解小鼠的断奶应激[22],改善人类胃肠道的应激耐受性[23]。本研究中QC-Y-09能够显著降低猫换粮时的应激情况,可能是因为肠道益生菌菌群在调节情绪方面能发挥重要作用[24],舒缓情绪则有利于缓解应激反应。
经SNP分析,选育菌株QC-Y-09与原始菌株QC-Y在基因层面存在显著差异,差异基因功能主要富集在核糖体结构和氨基酰基-tRNA生物合成通路上。这些基因翻译后的蛋白主要参与核糖体亚基的组装及蛋白翻译过程的调控。这些遗传变异可能通过以下机制影响菌株表型[25]:(1) 改变关键酶(如氨酰-tRNA合成酶)的催化活性,调控氨基酸代谢平衡;(2) 影响核糖体组装效率,从而调节蛋白质合成速率;(3) 通过环境响应相关蛋白的翻译调控增强菌株的猫胃肠道环境适应能力。这可能是选育菌株QC-Y-09在生长量、猫胃肠环境耐受、定殖能力等方面优于原始菌株的分子原因。
本研究选育得到的青春双歧杆菌QC-Y-09菌株对猫胃肠环境具有良好耐受性,且具有良好传代稳定性。该菌株在猫肠道中的定殖时间显著长于人源菌株。此外,QC-Y-09对猫的换粮应激反应表现出较好的缓解作用。本研究为青春双歧杆菌在猫用食品中的应用奠定了良好基础。
李云亮:提出概念、方法论、提供资源、监督管理;王禹程:数据收集与监管、完成呈现、撰写文章;卢宇:数据收集与监管、数据分析;张萌:数据收集与监管、数据分析、撰写文章;严子华:监督管理;段玉清:方法论、监督管理;马海乐:方法论、提供资源、监督管理。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 卫仕宠物营养研究院(芜湖)有限公司企业资助项目(HX20211045)
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2025年第65卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250267
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
  • 录用日期:2025-05-30
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Enterprise-funded Project from Nourse Centre for Pet Nutrition (Wuhu) Co., Ltd(HX20211045)
卫仕宠物营养研究院(芜湖)有限公司企业资助项目(HX20211045)
作者信息
    1 卫仕宠物营养科学研究院(江苏)有限公司,江苏 镇江
    2 上海宠幸宠物用品有限公司,上海
    3 江苏大学 食品与生物工程学院,江苏 镇江
    4 卫仕宠物营养研究院(芜湖)有限公司,安徽 芜湖

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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