Article(id=1194684382872052128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250285, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1749225600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-07, onlineDate=1762764553039, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764553039, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764553039, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764553039, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4961, endPage=4977, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684383052407201, articleId=1194684382872052128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Assessment of antibiotic resistance and transmission characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes in bovine-derived Proteus mirabilis from Zhejiang, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective As a zoonotic pathogen, Proteus mirabilis poses a serious challenge to public health due to its multi-antibiotic resistance and the synergistic effect of virulence genes. To characterize the antibiotic resistance transmission of bacteria in the food chain in Zhejiang Province, this study systematically monitored the antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genes of isolates from cattle slaughterhouses and farmers’ markets, and analyzed the distribution differences of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence genes (VGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Methods A total of 384 samples (feces, carcasses, environment, etc.) were collected from cattle slaughterhouses and farmers’ markets, and the strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Twenty ARGs and 10 VGs were detected by the K-B disc diffusion method and PCR, and the ARGs and VGs carried by P. mirabilis were analyzed. The ARG clusters were analyzed by sequencing of integron gene cassettes, and the co-occurrence network of ARGs, VGs, and MGEs was constructed. Subsequently, conjugative transfer experiments were carried out to explore the horizontal transmission potential of ARGs. Results A total of 101 strains of P. mirabilis were isolated, with the total isolation rate of 26.30%. The isolation rate of strains from slaughterhouses (33.85%) was significantly higher than that from farmers’ markets (18.75%). The resistance rates to ceftriaxone sodium, amoxicillin, and erythromycin were all over 90.00%. Among the ARGs, blaTEM (89.09%), sul1 (77.71%), and tetA (63.29%) had the highest detection rates, and the distribution of ARGs in slaughterhouses was more complex. The VGs fliL (92.08%) and zapA (80.20%) were highly expressed in the isolates, which suggested potential pathogenicity. The detection rate of integrons in slaughterhouses was significantly higher than that in farmers’ markets, and PCR amplification results showed that there were a variety of ARGs, including aminoglycoside and trimethoprim resistance genes. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that ARGs, VGs, and MGEs had significantly positive correlations, and type I integron (intI1) was the hub gene. Conjugative transfer experiments confirmed that blaTEM could be transmitted across species via horizontal transmission. Conclusion Compared with farmers’ markets, slaughterhouses are key nodes in the spread of antibiotic resistance due to the antibiotic exposure pressure, high organism density, and rich mobile components. The findings emphasize the importance of strengthening antibiotic management and monitoring the transmission chain of ARGs, providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of antibiotic resistance under the framework of “One Health”.

, correspAuthors=Daofeng QU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 奇异变形杆菌作为一种人畜共患病原菌,其多重耐药性与毒力基因的协同作用对公共卫生安全构成了严峻挑战。为评估浙江省食品链中细菌耐药性的传播特征,本研究通过系统监测牛屠宰场与农贸市场分离株的耐药表型及基因特征,解析其耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)、毒力基因(virulence genes, VGs)及可移动遗传元件(mobile genetic elements, MGEs)的分布差异。 方法 采集牛屠宰场和农贸市场的384份样本(包括粪便、胴体、环境等),利用16S rRNA基因测序鉴定菌株,结合K-B法药敏实验、PCR技术检测20种耐药基因及10种毒力基因,分析奇异变形杆菌的耐药与毒力基因携带情况。使用整合子基因盒测序解析耐药基因簇,并构建ARGs、VGs与MGEs的共现网络图。通过接合转移实验探究耐药基因的水平传播潜力。 结果 共分离出101株奇异变形杆菌(总分离率为26.30%),其中屠宰场的分离率(33.85%)显著高于农贸市场(18.75%)。耐药表型显示,头孢曲松钠、阿莫西林和红霉素的耐药率均超过90.00%。在耐药基因中,blaTEM(89.09%)、sul1 (77.71%)和tetA (63.29%)的检出率最高,且屠宰场的耐药基因分布更为复杂。毒力基因fliL (92.08%)和zapA (80.20%)高表达,提示其具有潜在致病性。整合子在屠宰场的检出率显著高于农贸市场,PCR扩增结果表明其存在多种耐药基因,其中包括氨基糖苷类和甲氧苄胺嘧啶类耐药基因。共现网络分析表明,ARGs、VGs与MGEs呈正相关,I型整合子(intI1)为核心枢纽基因。接合实验证实,blaTEM可通过水平转移实现跨菌种传播。 结论 与菜市场相比,屠宰场因抗生素暴露压力大、生物密度高以及可移动元件富集成为耐药性传播的关键节点。本研究强调了加强抗生素管理、监测耐药基因传播链的重要性,为“同一健康(One Health)”框架下的耐药性防控提供了科学依据。

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PLoS Genetics, 2010, 6(10): e1001165., articleTitle=Conjugative DNA transfer induces the bacterial SOS response and promotes antibiotic resistance development through integron activation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194980485270061922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, awardId=2024SNJF043, language=EN, fundingSource=“Three Rural Areas and Nine Parties” Scientific and Technological Cooperation Plan of Zhejiang Province(2024SNJF043), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980485370725219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, awardId=2024SNJF043, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划(2024SNJF043), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194980478538203927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980478546592536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, companyId=1194980478538203927, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980478554981145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, companyId=1194980478538203927, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江工商大学 食品与生物工程学院,浙江 杭州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194980481960756040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Number of isolates of Proteus mirabilis in different sample types., figureFileSmall=ktx+YK3Ps2JUW1k7i9wTZg==, figureFileBig=fZOdV/leP1lEnFuatugqTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980483000943433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同样品类型中奇异变形杆菌的分离数, figureFileSmall=ktx+YK3Ps2JUW1k7i9wTZg==, figureFileBig=fZOdV/leP1lEnFuatugqTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980483093218122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Antibiotic resistance rate of Proteus mirabilis.PB: Polymyxin B; TE: Tetracycline; DOX: Doxycycline; MEM: Meropenem; IPM: Imipenem; CF: Ceftriaxone sodium; AT: Aztreonam; CTR: Cefothiophene; AMX: Amoxicillin; AK: Amikacin; KAN: Kanamycin; S: Streptomycin; GM: Gentamicin; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; ENR: Enrofloxacin; NOR: Norfloxacin; SXT: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; SIZ: Sulfaisoxazole; C: Chloramphenicol; E: Erythromycin., figureFileSmall=x/YBYiyZNJWP1fUt+hg6ZQ==, figureFileBig=5snLbU7yF9bKIvtytdYhRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980483172909899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=图2, caption=奇异变形杆菌抗生素耐药率。PB:多黏菌素B;TE:四环素;DOX:多西环素;MEM:美罗培南;IPM:亚胺培南;CF:头孢曲松钠;AT:氨曲南;CTR:头孢噻吩;AMX:阿莫西林;AK:丁胺卡那;KAN:卡那霉素;S:链霉素;GM:庆大霉素;CIP:环丙沙星;ENR:恩诺沙星;NOR:诺氟沙星;SXT:复方新诺明;SIZ:磺胺异噁唑;C:氯霉素;E:红霉素。, figureFileSmall=x/YBYiyZNJWP1fUt+hg6ZQ==, figureFileBig=5snLbU7yF9bKIvtytdYhRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980483223241548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Comparison of multiantibiotic resistance of Proteus mirabilis in slaughterhouses (A) and farmers’ markets (B)., figureFileSmall=25XHBpf7GGwnyR7CFv+t+Q==, figureFileBig=me6GLuALS8IhJWs1Yi+FPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980483273573197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=图3, caption=屠宰场(A)与农贸市场(B)奇异变形杆菌多重耐药性比较, figureFileSmall=25XHBpf7GGwnyR7CFv+t+Q==, figureFileBig=me6GLuALS8IhJWs1Yi+FPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980483328099150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Comparison of antibiotic resistance gene detection rates., figureFileSmall=2NOdfuI5KQjp94zEu6pacg==, figureFileBig=bLlYhGXLRQSJEFYHdtowHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980483391013711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=图4, caption=耐药基因检出率的比较, figureFileSmall=2NOdfuI5KQjp94zEu6pacg==, figureFileBig=bLlYhGXLRQSJEFYHdtowHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980483483288400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Distribution of virulence-associated genes of Proteus mirabilis., figureFileSmall=REUS49doKiQt3S3SW0sftw==, figureFileBig=sb7R9+6t9udCgAWGFq7seA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980483588146001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=图5, caption=奇异变形杆菌菌株的毒力基因分布情况, figureFileSmall=REUS49doKiQt3S3SW0sftw==, figureFileBig=sb7R9+6t9udCgAWGFq7seA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980483718169426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Distribution of integrators., figureFileSmall=mUAzsv58bzhOq6Xhm6aN3g==, figureFileBig=n9YTi0K0CjJrSXkNysxw+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980483953050451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=图6, caption=整合子分布情况, figureFileSmall=mUAzsv58bzhOq6Xhm6aN3g==, figureFileBig=n9YTi0K0CjJrSXkNysxw+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980484162765652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Gene co-occurrence networks of ARGs, VGs, and MGEs., figureFileSmall=M7CX1ZrqyybDOMSTTYUDQQ==, figureFileBig=JFYcRi9qRg17TWgqd8bcJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980484250846037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=图7, caption=ARGsVGsMGEs的基因共现网络, figureFileSmall=M7CX1ZrqyybDOMSTTYUDQQ==, figureFileBig=JFYcRi9qRg17TWgqd8bcJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980484313760598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Details of primers for antibiotic resistance genes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryGene namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)Amplicon size (bp)Annealing temperature (℃)
Polymyxinsmcr-1F: CGGTCAGTCCGTTTGTTC30956
R: CTTGGTCGGTCTGTAGGG
mcr-2F: TGTTGCTTGTGCCGATTGGA56760
R: CAGCAACCAACAATACCATCT
mcr-3F: AGTTTGGTTTCGCCATTTCATTAC62157
R: ATATCACTGCGTGGACAGTCAGG
mcr-4F: TTACAGCCAGAATCATTATCA48850
R: ATTGGGATAGTCGCCTTTTT
β-lactamsblaTEMF: CATTTCCGTGTCGCCCTTATTC80053
R: CGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGAC
blaNDMF: GGTTTGGCGATCTGGTTTTC62156
R: CGGAATGGCTCATCACGATC
blaIMPF: CCAGATAACCTAGTAGTTTGGCT33256
R: TTTCGTTTAACCCTTTAACCGCCT
blaOXA-1F: GGCACCAGATTCAACTTTCAAG56455
R: GACCCCAAGTTTCCTGTAAGTG
Aminoglycosidesaac(6′)-Ib-crF: ACTGTGATGGGATACGCGTC36955
R: CTCCGTCAGCGTTTCAGCTA
aphA6F: TTGATTTGCTGGTTACG26554
R: ATGACGGGCTGATACTG
QuinolonesqnrAF: ATTTCTCACGCCAGGATTTG51656
R: GATCGGCAAAGGTTAGGTCA
qnrBF: GTTGGCGAAAAAATTGACAGAA52656
R: ACTCCGAATTGGTCAGATCG
qnrSF: ACGACATTCGTCAACTGGAA41753
R: TTAATTGGCACCCTGTAGGC
Sulfonamidessul1F: TGGTGACGGTGTTCGGCATTC79056
R: GCGAAGGTTTCCGAGAAGGTG
sul2F: CGGCATCGTCGTCAACATAACCT72156
R: TGTGCGGATGAAGTCAGCTC
TetracyclinestetAF: GCTACATCCTGCTTGCCT21052
R: CATAGATCGCCGTGAAGA
tetBF: TTGGTTAGGGGCAAGTTTTG60052
R: GTAATGGGCCAATAACACCG
tetCF: GAGAGCCTTCTTCAACCCAG418418
R: GTCGTCATGATCTACCTGCC
Amide alcoholscmlAF: AGGAAGCATCGGAACGTTGAT57656
R: CAGACCGAGCACGACTGTTG
floRF: ATTGTCTTCACGGTGTCCGTTA56353
R: CCGCGATGTCGTCGAACT
IntegraseintI1F: TTACAGTTTACGAACCGAACAGGC29958.4
R: AACCGAGGATGCGAACCACT
intI2F: TTACGCTGCTGTATGGTG15649.8
R: TTATTGCTGGGATTAGGC
intI3F: GCCTGGTTCTGGGTGTTC25955.9
R: GTGCTGCTACTAGATGT
), ArticleFig(id=1194980484401840983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

耐药基因、整合酶基因的引物情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryGene namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)Amplicon size (bp)Annealing temperature (℃)
Polymyxinsmcr-1F: CGGTCAGTCCGTTTGTTC30956
R: CTTGGTCGGTCTGTAGGG
mcr-2F: TGTTGCTTGTGCCGATTGGA56760
R: CAGCAACCAACAATACCATCT
mcr-3F: AGTTTGGTTTCGCCATTTCATTAC62157
R: ATATCACTGCGTGGACAGTCAGG
mcr-4F: TTACAGCCAGAATCATTATCA48850
R: ATTGGGATAGTCGCCTTTTT
β-lactamsblaTEMF: CATTTCCGTGTCGCCCTTATTC80053
R: CGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGAC
blaNDMF: GGTTTGGCGATCTGGTTTTC62156
R: CGGAATGGCTCATCACGATC
blaIMPF: CCAGATAACCTAGTAGTTTGGCT33256
R: TTTCGTTTAACCCTTTAACCGCCT
blaOXA-1F: GGCACCAGATTCAACTTTCAAG56455
R: GACCCCAAGTTTCCTGTAAGTG
Aminoglycosidesaac(6′)-Ib-crF: ACTGTGATGGGATACGCGTC36955
R: CTCCGTCAGCGTTTCAGCTA
aphA6F: TTGATTTGCTGGTTACG26554
R: ATGACGGGCTGATACTG
QuinolonesqnrAF: ATTTCTCACGCCAGGATTTG51656
R: GATCGGCAAAGGTTAGGTCA
qnrBF: GTTGGCGAAAAAATTGACAGAA52656
R: ACTCCGAATTGGTCAGATCG
qnrSF: ACGACATTCGTCAACTGGAA41753
R: TTAATTGGCACCCTGTAGGC
Sulfonamidessul1F: TGGTGACGGTGTTCGGCATTC79056
R: GCGAAGGTTTCCGAGAAGGTG
sul2F: CGGCATCGTCGTCAACATAACCT72156
R: TGTGCGGATGAAGTCAGCTC
TetracyclinestetAF: GCTACATCCTGCTTGCCT21052
R: CATAGATCGCCGTGAAGA
tetBF: TTGGTTAGGGGCAAGTTTTG60052
R: GTAATGGGCCAATAACACCG
tetCF: GAGAGCCTTCTTCAACCCAG418418
R: GTCGTCATGATCTACCTGCC
Amide alcoholscmlAF: AGGAAGCATCGGAACGTTGAT57656
R: CAGACCGAGCACGACTGTTG
floRF: ATTGTCTTCACGGTGTCCGTTA56353
R: CCGCGATGTCGTCGAACT
IntegraseintI1F: TTACAGTTTACGAACCGAACAGGC29958.4
R: AACCGAGGATGCGAACCACT
intI2F: TTACGCTGCTGTATGGTG15649.8
R: TTATTGCTGGGATTAGGC
intI3F: GCCTGGTTCTGGGTGTTC25955.9
R: GTGCTGCTACTAGATGT
), ArticleFig(id=1194980484515087192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Proteus mirabilis isolation rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RegionNumber of samplesNumber of separations (rate)
Slaughterhouse19265 (33.85%)
Farmers’ markets19236 (18.75%)
Total384101 (26.30%)
), ArticleFig(id=1194980484578001753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

奇异变形杆菌分离情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RegionNumber of samplesNumber of separations (rate)
Slaughterhouse19265 (33.85%)
Farmers’ markets19236 (18.75%)
Total384101 (26.30%)
), ArticleFig(id=1194980484657693530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Detection rate of antibiotic resistance genes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Types of antibioticsResistance genesDetection rate (%)
Polymyxinsmcr-122.31 (23/101)
mcr-26.72 (7/101)
mcr-34.98 (5/101)
mcr-41.13 (1/101)
β-lactamsblaTEM89.09 (90/101)
blaNDM29.45 (30/101)
blaIMP6.53 (7/101)
blaOXA-158.22 (59/101)
Aminoglycosidesaac(6′)-Ib-cr43.16 (44/101)
aphA66.68 (7/101)
QuinolonesqnrA14.27 (14/101)
qnrB35.05 (35/101)
qnrS19.59 (20/101)
Sulfonamidessul177.71 (78/101)
sul251.06 (52/101)
TetracyclinestetA63.29 (64/101)
tetB37.51 (38/101)
tetC21.64 (22/101)
Amide alcoholscmlA31.40 (32/101)
floR47.65 (48/101)
), ArticleFig(id=1194980484720608091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

抗生素耐药基因检出率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Types of antibioticsResistance genesDetection rate (%)
Polymyxinsmcr-122.31 (23/101)
mcr-26.72 (7/101)
mcr-34.98 (5/101)
mcr-41.13 (1/101)
β-lactamsblaTEM89.09 (90/101)
blaNDM29.45 (30/101)
blaIMP6.53 (7/101)
blaOXA-158.22 (59/101)
Aminoglycosidesaac(6′)-Ib-cr43.16 (44/101)
aphA66.68 (7/101)
QuinolonesqnrA14.27 (14/101)
qnrB35.05 (35/101)
qnrS19.59 (20/101)
Sulfonamidessul177.71 (78/101)
sul251.06 (52/101)
TetracyclinestetA63.29 (64/101)
tetB37.51 (38/101)
tetC21.64 (22/101)
Amide alcoholscmlA31.40 (32/101)
floR47.65 (48/101)
), ArticleFig(id=1194980484783522652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Detection rate of virulence genes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Virulence genesNumber of plants detectedDetection rate (%)
fliL9392.08
zapA8180.20
hpmA6564.36
hpmB5453.47
ucaA6059.41
mrpA5352.48
ureC4948.51
atfA5958.42
ireA7473.27
rsbA7069.31
), ArticleFig(id=1194980484838048605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

毒力基因检出率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Virulence genesNumber of plants detectedDetection rate (%)
fliL9392.08
zapA8180.20
hpmA6564.36
hpmB5453.47
ucaA6059.41
mrpA5352.48
ureC4948.51
atfA5958.42
ireA7473.27
rsbA7069.31
), ArticleFig(id=1194980484896768862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Conjugation of blaTEM positive strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample numberSample sourceStrainConjugative transfer rate
LP35LP35 from slaughterhouse fecesP. mirabilis(3.45±0.20)×10-3
LP42LP42 from slaughterhouse fecesP. mirabilis(4.59±0.30)×10-3
XS16XS 16 from farmers’ markets environmentP. mirabilis(5.98±1.00)×10-5
XS28XS 28 from farmers’ markets environmentP. mirabilis(5.24±1.00)×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1194980484959683423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

blaTEM 阳性菌株接合转移情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample numberSample sourceStrainConjugative transfer rate
LP35LP35 from slaughterhouse fecesP. mirabilis(3.45±0.20)×10-3
LP42LP42 from slaughterhouse fecesP. mirabilis(4.59±0.30)×10-3
XS16XS 16 from farmers’ markets environmentP. mirabilis(5.98±1.00)×10-5
XS28XS 28 from farmers’ markets environmentP. mirabilis(5.24±1.00)×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1194980485022597984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Antimicrobial susceptibility before and after conjugation MIC (mg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Bacterial strain

阿莫西林

Amoxicillin

头孢他啶

Ceftazidime

氨苄西林

Ampicillin

四环素

Tetracycline

磺胺异噁唑

Sulfamethoxazol

庆大霉素

Gentamicin

卡那霉素

Kanamycin

阿奇霉素

Azithromycin

LP35≥256/R≥64/R≥256/R≥128/R≥320/R≥16/R≥128/R64/R
LP35-EC600≥256/R≥64/R≥256/R≥128/R≤20/S≥16/R≥128/R64/R
LP42≥256/R≥64/R≥256/R≥128/R≤20/S≥16/R≥128/R8/S
LP42-EC600≥256/R≥64/R≥256/R≥128/R≤20/S≥16/R≥128/R4/S
XS16≥256/R≥64/R≥256/R≥128/R≤20/S≥16/R≥128/R8/S
XS16-EC600≥256/R≥64/R≥256/R≥128/R≤20/S≥16/R≥128/R4/S
XS28≥256/R≥32/R≥256/R≥128/R≥320/R≥16/R≥128/R64/R
XS28-EC600≥256/R≥32/R≥256/R4/S≥320/R≥16/R≥128/R64/R
EC600≤4/S≤4/S8/S4/S≤4/S≤1/S8/S4/S
), ArticleFig(id=1194980485119066977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382872052128, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

接合转移前后的药物敏感性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Bacterial strain

阿莫西林

Amoxicillin

头孢他啶

Ceftazidime

氨苄西林

Ampicillin

四环素

Tetracycline

磺胺异噁唑

Sulfamethoxazol

庆大霉素

Gentamicin

卡那霉素

Kanamycin

阿奇霉素

Azithromycin

LP35≥256/R≥64/R≥256/R≥128/R≥320/R≥16/R≥128/R64/R
LP35-EC600≥256/R≥64/R≥256/R≥128/R≤20/S≥16/R≥128/R64/R
LP42≥256/R≥64/R≥256/R≥128/R≤20/S≥16/R≥128/R8/S
LP42-EC600≥256/R≥64/R≥256/R≥128/R≤20/S≥16/R≥128/R4/S
XS16≥256/R≥64/R≥256/R≥128/R≤20/S≥16/R≥128/R8/S
XS16-EC600≥256/R≥64/R≥256/R≥128/R≤20/S≥16/R≥128/R4/S
XS28≥256/R≥32/R≥256/R≥128/R≥320/R≥16/R≥128/R64/R
XS28-EC600≥256/R≥32/R≥256/R4/S≥320/R≥16/R≥128/R64/R
EC600≤4/S≤4/S8/S4/S≤4/S≤1/S8/S4/S
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浙江地区牛源奇异变形杆菌耐药性评估与耐药基因传播特征
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储珊珊 , 陈燕 , 徐卓群 , 周洁 , 李科昱 , 韩剑众 , 曲道峰 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(11): 4961-4977
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(11): 4961-4977
浙江地区牛源奇异变形杆菌耐药性评估与耐药基因传播特征
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储珊珊, 陈燕, 徐卓群, 周洁, 李科昱, 韩剑众, 曲道峰*
作者信息
  • 浙江工商大学 食品与生物工程学院,浙江 杭州
Assessment of antibiotic resistance and transmission characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes in bovine-derived Proteus mirabilis from Zhejiang
Shanshan CHU, Yan CHEN, Zhuoqun XU, Jie ZHOU, Keyu LI, Jianzhong HAN, Daofeng QU*
Affiliations
  • School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250285
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目的 奇异变形杆菌作为一种人畜共患病原菌,其多重耐药性与毒力基因的协同作用对公共卫生安全构成了严峻挑战。为评估浙江省食品链中细菌耐药性的传播特征,本研究通过系统监测牛屠宰场与农贸市场分离株的耐药表型及基因特征,解析其耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)、毒力基因(virulence genes, VGs)及可移动遗传元件(mobile genetic elements, MGEs)的分布差异。 方法 采集牛屠宰场和农贸市场的384份样本(包括粪便、胴体、环境等),利用16S rRNA基因测序鉴定菌株,结合K-B法药敏实验、PCR技术检测20种耐药基因及10种毒力基因,分析奇异变形杆菌的耐药与毒力基因携带情况。使用整合子基因盒测序解析耐药基因簇,并构建ARGs、VGs与MGEs的共现网络图。通过接合转移实验探究耐药基因的水平传播潜力。 结果 共分离出101株奇异变形杆菌(总分离率为26.30%),其中屠宰场的分离率(33.85%)显著高于农贸市场(18.75%)。耐药表型显示,头孢曲松钠、阿莫西林和红霉素的耐药率均超过90.00%。在耐药基因中,blaTEM(89.09%)、sul1 (77.71%)和tetA (63.29%)的检出率最高,且屠宰场的耐药基因分布更为复杂。毒力基因fliL (92.08%)和zapA (80.20%)高表达,提示其具有潜在致病性。整合子在屠宰场的检出率显著高于农贸市场,PCR扩增结果表明其存在多种耐药基因,其中包括氨基糖苷类和甲氧苄胺嘧啶类耐药基因。共现网络分析表明,ARGs、VGs与MGEs呈正相关,I型整合子(intI1)为核心枢纽基因。接合实验证实,blaTEM可通过水平转移实现跨菌种传播。 结论 与菜市场相比,屠宰场因抗生素暴露压力大、生物密度高以及可移动元件富集成为耐药性传播的关键节点。本研究强调了加强抗生素管理、监测耐药基因传播链的重要性,为“同一健康(One Health)”框架下的耐药性防控提供了科学依据。

耐药性  /  耐药基因  /  毒力基因  /  blaTEM  /  水平传播

Objective As a zoonotic pathogen, Proteus mirabilis poses a serious challenge to public health due to its multi-antibiotic resistance and the synergistic effect of virulence genes. To characterize the antibiotic resistance transmission of bacteria in the food chain in Zhejiang Province, this study systematically monitored the antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genes of isolates from cattle slaughterhouses and farmers’ markets, and analyzed the distribution differences of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence genes (VGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Methods A total of 384 samples (feces, carcasses, environment, etc.) were collected from cattle slaughterhouses and farmers’ markets, and the strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Twenty ARGs and 10 VGs were detected by the K-B disc diffusion method and PCR, and the ARGs and VGs carried by P. mirabilis were analyzed. The ARG clusters were analyzed by sequencing of integron gene cassettes, and the co-occurrence network of ARGs, VGs, and MGEs was constructed. Subsequently, conjugative transfer experiments were carried out to explore the horizontal transmission potential of ARGs. Results A total of 101 strains of P. mirabilis were isolated, with the total isolation rate of 26.30%. The isolation rate of strains from slaughterhouses (33.85%) was significantly higher than that from farmers’ markets (18.75%). The resistance rates to ceftriaxone sodium, amoxicillin, and erythromycin were all over 90.00%. Among the ARGs, blaTEM (89.09%), sul1 (77.71%), and tetA (63.29%) had the highest detection rates, and the distribution of ARGs in slaughterhouses was more complex. The VGs fliL (92.08%) and zapA (80.20%) were highly expressed in the isolates, which suggested potential pathogenicity. The detection rate of integrons in slaughterhouses was significantly higher than that in farmers’ markets, and PCR amplification results showed that there were a variety of ARGs, including aminoglycoside and trimethoprim resistance genes. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that ARGs, VGs, and MGEs had significantly positive correlations, and type I integron (intI1) was the hub gene. Conjugative transfer experiments confirmed that blaTEM could be transmitted across species via horizontal transmission. Conclusion Compared with farmers’ markets, slaughterhouses are key nodes in the spread of antibiotic resistance due to the antibiotic exposure pressure, high organism density, and rich mobile components. The findings emphasize the importance of strengthening antibiotic management and monitoring the transmission chain of ARGs, providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of antibiotic resistance under the framework of “One Health”.

antibiotic resistance  /  antibiotic resistance genes  /  virulence genes  /  blaTEM  /  horizontal transmission
储珊珊, 陈燕, 徐卓群, 周洁, 李科昱, 韩剑众, 曲道峰. 浙江地区牛源奇异变形杆菌耐药性评估与耐药基因传播特征. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4961 -4977 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250285
Shanshan CHU, Yan CHEN, Zhuoqun XU, Jie ZHOU, Keyu LI, Jianzhong HAN, Daofeng QU. Assessment of antibiotic resistance and transmission characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes in bovine-derived Proteus mirabilis from Zhejiang[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4961 -4977 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250285
抗生素作为一类关键的抗菌物质,在临床被广泛应用于细菌感染的治疗与预防工作[1]。过去30年里,集约化畜牧业迅速发展壮大。我国自2020年实施“禁抗”政策后,抗生素作为饲料添加剂的现象已被全面禁止。目前,抗生素主要用于治疗动物疾病,并通过中兽医药、绿色添加剂等技术推动“减抗”目标的实现,但历史滥用问题仍需持续关注其对生态与健康的影响。中国是全球最大的畜牧业国家之一,2019年兽用抗菌药使用量高达3.5万t,其中约60%用于促生长目的,这导致了抗生素耐药性的快速扩散[2]。过度使用或滥用抗生素会导致耐药菌的产生和传播,抗生素的不当使用会在养殖动物的生长环境中产生持续的选择性压力,促使细菌发生变异,从而产生对抗生素的耐药性,并加快耐药性的扩散速度[3]。此外,还会导致多重耐药(multi-drug resistant, MDR)菌株的出现,例如MDR鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌等革兰氏阴性病原体[4-5]。除此之外,畜牧环境中携带耐药基因的宿主菌可通过粪便、尿液等排泄物污染环境,同时经空气、水、饲料等途径传播给其他动物和人类,对公共卫生构成重大威胁[6-7]。抗生素则通过土壤、用农场废水灌溉或从农业径流中进入与畜牧业相关的生态系统[8-9]
变形杆菌属(Proteus)细菌在自然界中广泛存在,主要包含以下4种:奇异变形杆菌(P. mirabilis)、普通变形杆菌(P. vulgaris)、彭氏变形杆菌(P. penneri)、豪氏变形杆菌(P. hauseri),其中奇异变形杆菌最为常见且最具临床意义,它是公认的导致人类和动物感染的主要病原体之一[10-11]。奇异变形杆菌是引起人类泌尿系统感染的重要原因,还与败血症、脑膜炎、创伤感染以及呼吸道感染有关,它还会引起犊牛急性胃肠道传染病,该病临床上以腹泻、出血性肠炎、化脓性炎症为主要特征,奇异变形杆菌感染不仅会导致犊牛死亡,还会因该病引发严重的腹泻和肠炎,导致牛只食欲不振、消化吸收不良[12]。奇异变形杆菌可通过多种毒力因子在宿主中引发感染,这些毒力因子使其能够在宿主体内定殖、入侵、逃避宿主免疫反应并造成组织损伤[13-14]。治疗该病需要投入大量的药物和人力,增加了养殖成本,降低了养殖效益。随着“同一健康(One Health)”理念的推广及普及,耐药菌在人与动物间的水平传播越来越受到人们的关注和重视[15]。近年来,人源和牛源奇异变形杆菌的临床分离率日趋增多,且临床分离菌株多呈现明显耐药。细菌通过水平基因转移的方式获得外源性耐药基因,从而不断进化产生耐药性,水平基因转移主要由整合子、质粒、转座子等可移动元件介导[16-18]。携带耐药基因的细菌通过接合转移等方式在细菌间水平传播,从而造成耐药性广泛扩散,这也是奇异变形杆菌耐药性传播的一个重要原因[19-21]
浙江省是我国经济发达且人口密集的地区,畜禽养殖与肉制品消费量较大。奇异变形杆菌可能在该省的畜禽养殖环境中具有一定的流行性和耐药性,对公共卫生构成潜在威胁。浙江的屠宰场和农贸市场是耐药菌传播的关键环节。屠宰场作为养殖到消费的中转站,耐药菌易通过动物肠道及环境污染集中存在[22];农贸市场则因人员接触频繁加剧了耐药菌的扩散[23]。此外,浙江部分地区承担着长三角地区大量牛肉供应任务,监测其耐药性传播链可为跨区域防控提供关键数据支持。
本研究选取浙江省牛屠宰场和农贸市场进行采样调查,通过16S rRNA基因测序技术鉴定分离菌株,采用K-B法药敏实验确定分离菌株的耐药表型,利用PCR技术检测耐药基因、毒力基因及整合子,最后通过接合转移实验了解blaTEM的传播特性,以便全面了解屠宰和销售环节中奇异变形杆菌的耐药表型、携带耐药基因及毒力基因的情况和差异,以期为保障牛肉生产安全和控制耐药性传播提供理论基础。
BHI、MH、LB、琼脂粉、麦康凯琼脂培养基,杭州微生物试剂有限公司;药敏纸片,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;溴化乙锭(EB),南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;PCR引物、2×Taq PCR Master Mix (Dye Plus)、50×TAE缓冲液,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司。
于2023年10月,采集浙江省杭州、湖州、嘉兴市共6家规模化牛屠宰场及5家农贸市场的生物样本共计384份,涵盖粪便、胴体/牛肉及环境3类样本。具体采集方法如下。
使用预灭菌采样袋,佩戴无菌手套在待宰圈内多点采集新鲜粪便10-20 g。每完成1个采样点后立即更换手套,以避免交叉污染。采集后在样本密封袋上标注信息并进行低温暂存。
采用无菌棉拭子(预浸BHI肉汤)对屠宰后胴体及市售牛肉表面进行标准化擦拭采样(采样面积10 cm×10 cm)。采样拭子随即置于含5 mL BHI肉汤的灭菌离心管中,在管体标注采样信息后于4 ℃保存。
屠宰车间(墙壁、地面、刀具、托盘)及农贸摊位(操作台面、地面、刀具),使用BHI预润湿的无菌棉拭子进行表面擦拭(采样面积同胴体样本),同时采用50 mL无菌离心管收集屠宰场排污口及农贸市场污水渠的新鲜污水样本5 mL。所有样本采集后立即用冰盒运输至实验室。
取150 µL经处理稀释的样品均匀涂布于麦康凯琼脂平板表面,于37 ℃下培养18-24 h。观察菌落特征,奇异变形杆菌的菌落通常为无色或淡黄色,表面光滑或稍隆起,边缘不规则,可能呈现波状或锯齿状,半透明且具有迁徙生长现象。选取单菌落,在麦康凯培养基上进行三区划线,继续于37 ℃下培养18-24 h,以达到单菌落纯化的目的。在无菌环境下使用接种环挑取纯化培养后的单个菌落,接种于生化微量鉴定管中,置于恒温培养箱中于37 ℃培养24 h后观察试验结果。
将分离菌株接种于LB液体培养基中,于37 ℃、150 r/min培养18-24 h,使菌液浓度至OD600=0.6,使用DNA提取试剂盒提取分离株的总DNA。用16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′- TAAGAGTTTGATTATGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-TACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)对分离细菌进行扩增。PCR扩增体系:2×Taq PCR Master Mix 10 μL,ddH2O 5 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,模板DNA 3 μL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性60 s,50 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸60 s,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。配制1.2%琼脂糖凝胶,取5 μL扩增产物与DL2000 DNA marker进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳(120 V,30 min),随后使用蛋白印迹检测系统观察电泳条带,将PCR扩增阳性产物委托生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序。测序完成后,将获得的数据上传至NCBI,用BLAST对所上传的序列进行比对分析。
采用2025版临床实验室标准协会(clinical and laboratory standards institute 2025, CLSI 2025)最新指南中的纸片扩散法对分离纯化的菌株进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,结果根据抑菌圈直径标准判断细菌的耐药性(R)、中介(I)或敏感(S)。结合牛养殖用药和研究需要,共选择20种抗生素(阿莫西林、头孢噻吩、头孢曲松钠、美罗培南、氨曲南、亚胺培南、丁胺卡那、卡那霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星、磺胺异噁唑、复方新诺明、多西环素、四环素、多黏菌素B、氯霉素、红霉素)。
采用PCR技术进行耐药基因的检测。配制耐药基因扩增体系:2×Taq PCR Master Mix 10 μL,ddH2O 5 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各 1 μL,模板DNA 3 μL。扩增步骤:94 ℃ 5 min;95 ℃ 30 s,引物退火温度保持40 s,72 ℃ 40 s,共30个循环;72 ℃ 5 min,4 ℃保温处理。20种耐药基因和3类整合酶基因引物序列及预期扩增产物长度见表1。为研究分离菌株的毒力基因携带情况,参考文献[24-26]中关于牛源致病性奇异变形杆菌毒力基因,采用PCR技术对毒力基因进行检测。
运用R软件分析耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)、毒力基因(virulence genes, VGs)及可移动遗传元件(mobile genetic elements, MGEs)的共现网络。该分析基于Spearman等级相关性(P<0.05表示统计显著性)的“psych”和“vegan”包完成,并使用Gephi软件进行可视化。
为探究目标菌株中耐药基因blaTEM的可转移性及其水平传播潜力,并评估接合转移频率,本研究选用筛选出的blaTEM阳性奇异变形杆菌作为供体菌株,以大肠杆菌EC600作为受体菌株开展接合转移实验。实验前,通过预实验确认供体菌在含利福平的BHI平板上不生长,而在含4 μg/mL头孢噻肟的平板上生长良好;受体菌EC600的情况则相反。正式实验中,将供体菌和受体菌在BHI平板上进行三区划线培养,挑选单菌落至BHI肉汤中培养过夜。混合菌液经4 ℃、3500 r/min离心5 min后,用BHI肉汤重悬。将菌液滴加至覆盖滤膜的BHI平板上,倒置培养。取出滤膜转移至生理盐水中,洗脱菌体并充分重悬。对菌液进行梯度稀释后分别涂布于双抗和单抗平板上,培养后计算接合转移频率。挑取双抗平板上的单菌落进行PCR扩增和保种。
为验证接合前后耐药基因的有效转移,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定供体菌、受体菌及接合子的药物敏感性,以标准菌株EC600作为对照。进行抗生素最小抑制浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)测定时,首先根据CLSI指南配制高浓度抗生素母液并过滤除菌,然后将其稀释成工作液。将菌株培养至OD600约0.6后,稀释至MH肉汤中。在96孔板中进行抗生素连续稀释,并加入菌液,于37 ℃培养过夜。最后,观察并记录细菌生长的最高抗生素浓度,该浓度即为MIC值。
使用Origin 2023软件对实验数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA)并绘制图表,当P<0.05时认为存在统计学差异。
从屠宰场和农贸市场采集的384份样品经选择培养和16S rRNA基因鉴定,分离得到101株奇异变形杆菌,总分离率为26.30%。分离结果见表2图1,从样品来源看,屠宰场样本中奇异变形杆菌的分离率为33.85%,农贸市场样品中奇异变形杆菌的分离率为18.75%。从样品类型看,牛体样品包括牛粪便、牛胴体拭子和牛肉,共分离出奇异变形杆菌58株;环境样品包括屠宰场各车间墙壁、地面、刀具、托盘拭子和污水,以及农贸市场摊位台面、地面、刀具、污水,总计分离出奇异变形杆菌43株。
根据CLSI指定的耐药折点标准对分离的101株奇异变形杆菌进行K-B药敏实验,记录其对20种药敏纸片的抗性情况,统计结果见图2。其中,头孢曲松钠、红霉素、阿莫西林的耐药率较高,均超过90.00%。值得注意的是,阿莫西林在屠宰场(97.17%)和农贸市场(100.00%)均呈现超高水平耐药(>95.00%)。其次,两地分离菌对四环素、亚胺培南、多西环素、头孢噻吩、环丙沙星、磺胺异噁唑也均表现出较高水平的耐药率,均超过50.00%。氨基糖苷类药物耐药率呈现环境特异性差异,丁胺卡那在屠宰场未检出耐药株,而农贸市场耐药率达4.76%,可能在运输和销售环节之间发生了交叉感染。氟喹诺酮类药物中,屠宰场对环丙沙星的耐药率(53.45%)显著高于农贸市场(44.29%),这种差异可能与规模化养殖中治疗性用药频次较高有关。目前,碳青霉烯类抗生素禁止在牛养殖业中使用,碳青霉烯类药物耐药率整体维持在40.00%-60.00%区间,其中两地分离株对亚胺培南仍有较高的检出率,亚胺培南在屠宰场的耐药率(56.38%)较农贸市场(53.19%)略高,提示需警惕这类最后防线药物的耐药基因传播风险。多黏菌素类抗生素中,屠宰场中奇异变形杆菌对多黏菌素B的耐药率为35.38%,显著高于农贸市场环境的22.68%,提示畜牧生产环节可能存在更频繁的黏菌素暴露。两地对丁胺卡那、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星较为敏感,耐药率相对较低,均在20.00%以下。
为了更清楚、直观地评价101株牛源奇异变形杆菌的耐药性,根据耐药菌对抗生素的耐药种类数量将其分为4个等级进行对比分析:2R-5R、6R-9R、10R-13R、14R-16R (“R”的数量表示细菌所耐抗生素的种类数),结果见图3。两地分离株耐药重数主要在6R-13R,均达到一半以上,2R-5R的耐药菌数相对较少。其中,农贸市场的耐药菌株的耐药程度集中在6R-9R,比例达到55.60%。屠宰场的耐药菌株的耐药程度主要集中在10R-13R,比例为50.80%。总体耐药情况上,屠宰场的耐药情况比销售端农贸市场的耐药情况更严重,这可能与大量使用抗生素和奇异变形杆菌中的可移动遗传元件情况相关。
对所分离出的101株奇异变形杆菌进行了涵盖7种类别的抗生素耐药基因检测,其中包含超广谱β-内酰胺类、多黏菌素类、四环素类、氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类等共20种耐药基因,检测结果见表3图4。其中,检出率最高的是β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药基因blaTEM,达到89.09%,提示该类抗生素的广泛使用可能加速了耐药基因的传播。其次值得注意的是,磺胺类耐药基因sul1 (77.71%)和四环素类tetA (63.29%)的高流行,与养殖业中历史性大量使用这两类抗生素的报道一致。多黏菌素类耐药基因中mcr-1 (22.31%)的检出率远高于同一类型的mcr-2mcr-3mcr-4,表明mcr-1仍是该环境下多黏菌素耐药的主要遗传标记。氨基糖苷类耐药基因aac(6′)-Ib-craphA6的检出率分别为43.16%和6.68%。喹诺酮类耐药基因中,qnrB的检出率明显高于qnrAqnrS,达到35.05%。酰胺醇类耐药基因cmlAfloR的检出率分别为31.40%和47.65%。
按样品来源比较耐药基因的检出率见图4。屠宰场与农贸市场环境中奇异变形杆菌的耐药基因分布存在显著差异,揭示出抗生素使用压力与环境暴露特征的潜在关联。屠宰场检出20种耐药基因,农贸市场检出19种耐药基因,其中mcr-4仅在屠宰场分离株中检出。由图3可知,β-内酰胺类耐药基因blaTEM在屠宰场的平均检出率(91.85%)显著高于农贸市场(84.10%),结合碳青霉烯酶基因blaNDM在屠宰场的流行,说明养殖环节可能因频繁使用广谱β-内酰胺类药物再由生产链进入屠宰环节加剧了耐药基因的选择性富集。多黏菌素耐药基因mcr-1在屠宰场的检出率(27.50%)较农贸市场(12.95%)高出2倍以上。值得注意的是,喹诺酮类耐药基因qnrS和氟苯尼考耐药基因floR的检出率农贸市场要高于屠宰场的检出率,除以上2种耐药基因以外,其他耐药基因均是屠宰场检出率较高。总体来看,耐药基因检出率从屠宰环节到销售端呈下降趋势。
对101株不同来源的奇异变形杆菌进行了系统的毒力基因(10种)检测。检测结果如表4所示,参与鞭毛组装的fliL基因在这些菌株中的检出率最高,达到92.08%,表明该基因在奇异变形杆菌的毒力表达中可能占据重要地位。fliL基因编码的蛋白通过维持鞭毛的结构完整性帮助细菌在宿主体内移动,寻找适宜的定殖位点。参与群集细胞分化的zapA基因的检出率为80.20%,该基因编码与细菌附着和定殖相关的蛋白。在铁转运系统方面,ireA基因的检出率为73.27%,这表明部分菌株可能具有较强的铁摄取和转运能力,有助于其在宿主体内的定殖和增殖。与生物被膜形成能力相关的ureCmrpAatfA基因的检出率分别为48.51%、52.48%和58.42%。hpmAhpmB基因的检出率为64.36%和53.47%,其编码的蛋白与细菌的溶血素活性密切相关,这些蛋白能够破坏宿主细胞的细胞膜,导致细胞内容物释放。
不同来源的奇异变形杆菌毒力基因检出结果存在差异。如图5所示,10种毒力基因在屠宰场和农贸市场均有检出,其中ucaA基因与zapA基因在两地的检出率相差较大,ucaA基因在农贸市场和屠宰场两地的检出率分别为61.53%和86.11%,zapA基因在两地的检出率分别为65.38%和88.88%。此外,编码参与调节细菌应激反应和毒力蛋白的rsbA基因在两地的检出率相同,为75.61%。除rsbAireAatfA基因之外,其他7种毒力基因的检出率均为屠宰场高于农贸市场。整体来看,奇异变形杆菌毒力基因携带情况在屠宰场更为严重。
对本课题中分离得到的101株耐药菌进行 I型整合子整合酶基因intI1、II型整合子整合酶基因intI2和III型整合子整合酶基因intI3 PCR扩增检测,结果见图6。屠宰场和农贸市场中I型整合子酶基因intI1的检出率分别为43.10%和27.34%;相对于I型整合子,Ⅱ型整合子整合酶基因intI2的检出率相对较低,屠宰场的检出率为20.19%,农贸市场的检出率为10.02%;Ⅲ型整合子整合酶基因intI3在两地均未检出。以上数据表明,屠宰场样本中整合子检出率显著高于农贸市场,屠宰场是耐药基因扩散热点,且在屠宰场和农贸市场中整合子类型主要是I型整合子。通过可变区域基因盒PCR扩增整合子分离株,并对扩增产物进行测序分析。结果发现在检出的整合子基因盒中包含的耐药基因大多针对氨基糖苷类抗生素和甲氧苄胺嘧啶类抗生素。屠宰场检出有12株整合酶阳性菌株携带基因盒,含4种I型整合子基因盒,分别是dfrA1-aadA1aadB-aadA1-cmlA6aadA1-aadA22-aadA23dfrA17-aadA5;农贸市场6株整合酶阳性菌株检出2种I型整合子基因盒,分别是aadA1-aadA22-aadA23dfrA17-aadA5。II型整合子基因盒序列共鉴定出3株,均是dfrA1-sat2-aadA1,该基因盒通常位于可接合性质粒上,可通过接合转移在不同细菌之间传播。其中dfrA1dfrA17编码的蛋白可使细菌对甲氧苄啶产生耐药性,aadBaadA1aadA22aadA23编码的腺苷酸转移酶可使细菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素产生耐药性,cmlA6则编码氯霉素乙酰转移酶,使细菌对氯霉素产生耐药性,sat2编码链丝菌素转乙酰酶,使细菌对链霉素产生耐药性。
耐药基因、毒力基因和整合子的基因共现网络分析见图7,紫色的节点表示耐药基因,橙色的节点表示毒力基因,绿色的节点表示整合子,节点的大小与其连接数成比例。结果表明ARGs、VGs与MGEs之间存在密切的正相关性(P<0.05)。BlaTEMtetAsul1mcr-1zapAmrpAintI1基因不仅位于中间且连线较多,说明这些基因与其他基因和可移动元件之间的相关性较强,需要重点关注。其中整合子intI1主要与tetAsul1mcr-1blaTEMblaOXA-1zapAmrpA等13个基因正相关,是相关联最多的基因,揭示了整合子在多重耐药性进化中的“枢纽”作用,尤其在集约化养殖与食品加工链中可能成为耐药基因扩散的“高速公路”。
在本研究中,经过筛选的4株奇异变形杆菌均达到了预实验的标准要求。菌株经过接合转移实验以及对接合子的验证均成功地获得了含有blaTEM的阳性接合子,接合转移结果见表5。具体来说,来自屠宰场的耐药菌的接合频率均为10-3,而农贸市场耐药菌的接合频率为10-4-10-5。结果显示,来自农贸市场的耐药菌接合转移能力低于来自屠宰场的耐药菌。
表6所示,受体菌在经过接合转移后,菌株对β-内酰胺类抗生素的敏感性发生了显著变化,从敏感状态转变为中介或耐药状态,这一现象证实了部分blaTEM耐药基因具有水平转移的能力,可以在不同种属间进行传播。进一步的药敏实验显示,接合子对β-内酰胺类抗生素具有更强的耐药性,提示blaTEM可能在宿主细胞中起作用。除此之外,对于其他抗生素的抗性水平也观察到了一定程度的变化,推测抗生素所对应的耐药基因也存在于移动元件上,并且通过接合转移实验发生了转移。此外,微量肉汤稀释法所得到的耐药情况与K-B药敏实验所得到的结果一致。
奇异变形杆菌是一种广泛存在于自然界的食源性条件致病菌,具有广泛的宿主嗜性。目前,抗生素的不合理使用对环境中的奇异变形杆菌造成了长期的选择性压力[27],导致动物源性耐药菌大量出现。奇异变形杆菌又可通过动物性食品生产链传播给工作人员和消费者,严重影响我国食品卫生安全[25]。本研究对浙江省牛屠宰场和农贸市场中奇异变形杆菌的抗生素耐药性、耐药基因和毒力基因进行评估,共采集384份样本,包括粪便、胴体、牛肉和环境样本。通过使用选择性培养基进行培养,结合初步的生化鉴定以及16S rRNA基因测序,成功分离出101株奇异变形杆菌,总分离率为26.30%。从不同样品来源的分离率来看,屠宰场采集的样本中奇异变形杆菌分离率(33.85%)高于农贸市场(18.75%)。
通过药敏实验和PCR检测耐药基因发现,农贸市场分离的奇异变形杆菌中多黏菌素类耐药基因mcr-1的检出率为12.95%,显著低于屠宰场(22.31%),且未检出mcr-4。尽管这一结果与Wang等[28-29]报道的活禽市场中mcr基因的高流行率存在差异,但可能源于样本类型与环境的差异。Wang等的研究聚焦于活禽市场,样本涉及禽类肠道、粪便及从业人员,而本研究以牛肉及牛屠宰环境为对象。不同动物宿主的抗生素使用模式可能导致耐药基因分布的差异。除此之外,分离的奇异变形杆菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素有较高的耐药率。其中屠宰场和农贸市场对阿莫西林均表现为超高水平耐药,与近年全球监测的畜禽源耐药趋势一致,可能与该类抗生素在养殖业中的预防性给药模式密切相关[30-31]。奇异变形杆菌对头孢曲松钠和阿莫西林等抗生素的高耐药率可能与超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum β-lactamases, ESBLs)的产生有关。数据显示屠宰场与农贸市场中β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药率(如头孢类CF耐药率分别达91.38%和100.00%)与blaTEM基因的高检出率显著相关,说明β-内酰胺酶介导的耐药机制在食品链中广泛存在,且耐药基因在屠宰场和农贸市场之间存在交叉污染,表明食品加工和销售环节是耐药基因传播的重要途径。这一发现与Jouini等[32]的研究一致。β-内酰胺类抗生素通过抑制细菌细胞壁合成发挥杀菌作用,但细菌可通过编码β-内酰胺酶(如TEM、CTX-M型)的基因水解药物β-内酰胺环[33]。畜牧业中第三代头孢菌素的过度使用是ESBLs流行的重要驱动因素。例如,Gundran等[34]研究调查了菲律宾肉鸡场中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠杆菌中blaCTX-MblaSHVblaTEM基因的流行率,结果显示blaCTX-MblaTEM基因是最常见的组合,且与头孢噻肟等抗生素的耐药性相关。Zhang等[35]通过分析中国社区获得性感染中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的高流行率,指出第三代头孢菌素的过度使用是导致ESBLs流行的重要因素。此外,农贸市场中耐药基因的持续存在可能与环境残留抗生素的选择压力有关。Guo等[36]研究发现废水中检测到高浓度的头孢类抗生素及blaTEM基因,证实了环境介质可作为耐药基因传播的“储存库”。Tello等[37]也确定环境中的抗生素浓度以及环境风险评估中使用的行动限值会使环境中对公共卫生重要的细菌产生选择压力。值得注意的是,blaTEM基因的变异体(如blaTEM-1B)近年来在食品动物中检出率显著上升,其增强的酶活性可能进一步加剧临床治疗挑战[38]。通过对屠宰场和农贸市场中耐药菌的耐药重数比较发现,屠宰场中分离的耐药菌的重数显著高于农贸市场,可能是因为屠宰场作为动物养殖与加工的终端环节,其上游养殖场普遍存在抗生素的预防性使用与滥用,尤其是广谱抗生素的高频暴露导致细菌长期处于高强度选择压力下。研究也证明抗生素的混合使用可显著促进多重耐药基因的共选择效应[39]。其次,屠宰场的高生物密度及复杂环境为耐药基因的水平转移提供了理想条件。可移动遗传元件(如IncHI2型质粒、I类整合子)在屠宰场分离株中广泛存在,能够携带多个耐药基因,并通过接合转移或噬菌体转导跨菌种传播。农贸市场由于环境分散且暴露时间较短,基因交换频率降低。通过对整合子的检测也证实了这一结论,屠宰场中整合子的检出率更高且类型更丰富。
抗生素耐药性和毒力并非独立存在,研究表明它们之间存在正相关或负相关[40]。刘芳萍等[41]对44株鸡源沙门氏菌分离株的9个毒力基因与10种耐药表型之间的关系进行探究,结果发现菌株的耐药性与毒力基因呈正相关。辛娇娇等[40]对91株牦牛源大肠杆菌的10个毒力基因和16种耐药表型之间的相关性进行分析,发现大肠杆菌毒力基因丰富,耐药基因呈多样化,且两者呈现正相关。因此,奇异变形杆菌携带的毒力基因对肉制品安全至关重要。奇异变形杆菌的毒力因子主要有菌毛、溶血素、脲酶、免疫逃避、铁摄取等[42]。本研究主要对fliLzapAhpmAhpmBucaAmrpAureCatfAireArsbA毒力因子进行PCR检测。通过毒力基因的筛查结果发现检出率较高的有fliLzapAireA基因。fliL基因参与鞭毛的组装和功能,影响细菌的运动性和生物膜形成。鞭毛介导的运动性使细菌能够逃避宿主的免疫清除,并促进其在宿主组织中的扩散,生物膜的形成可以保护细菌免受抗生素的杀伤,从而间接提高耐药性[43]zapAfliL基因共同参与奇异变形杆菌群集细胞的分化和群集行为[44]zapA是一种锌金属蛋白酶,能调节免疫系统因子IgA的表达[45]。通过降解宿主的免疫蛋白可帮助细菌逃避免疫系统,以减少宿主对细菌的免疫压力,使细菌在宿主体内长期存活,从而增加抗生素暴露的机会,促进耐药性的发展[46]ireA基因则编码铁载体受体,是感染过程中获取宿主Fe3+以维持细菌代谢的重要毒力因子[47]ireA介导的铁摄取能力可以增强细菌在宿主体内的存活能力,使其更容易形成慢性感染,增加抗生素暴露的机会。本研究中除rsbAireAaftA基因之外,其他7种毒力基因的检出率均为屠宰场高于农贸市场,且与耐药基因的检出呈正相关,该发现表明屠宰场可能是病原菌污染及毒力基因传播的关键环节。随后,本研究又将耐药基因、毒力基因和整合子进行共现网络分析,发现zapAhpmA等检出率高的毒力基因与blaTEMtet(A)、sul1等检出率高的耐药基因显著正相关,即高检出率的毒力基因与高检出率的耐药基因显著正相关。本研究还发现I型整合子intI1正相关的基因多达13个,是整合子intI2正相关的基因的2倍。无论是屠宰场还是农贸市场,奇异变形杆菌的I型整合子检出率远高于II型整合子,且检出I类整合子的阳性菌株具有多重耐药性。整合子基因盒内携带的耐药基因类型表明,应该严格控制氨基糖苷类和甲氧苄胺嘧啶类抗生素的使用。比较2个地方的基因盒检出种类也能发现屠宰场的耐药情况更为严重。
blaTEM耐药基因常位于质粒的可移动区域(如转座子、整合子),进一步促进其通过质粒进行传播,使得耐药性能够在不同细菌之间迅速扩散[48]。如在医院环境中,携带blaTEM基因的质粒可以在多种肠杆菌科细菌之间传递[49]。这些细菌在患者体内或医院环境中相互接触时,通过接合的方式将含有blaTEM基因的质粒转移到其他细菌中。新的细菌获得含有blaTEM基因的质粒后,它们便能够产生TEM型β-内酰胺酶,从而对多种β-内酰胺类抗生素产生耐药性。这种耐药性的传播不仅限于同种细菌之间,还可以跨越不同种类的细菌,导致耐药菌株的广泛扩散。因此,监测和控制blaTEM基因的传播对于遏制耐药菌的扩散具有重要意义。
本研究系统评估了浙江省屠宰场与农贸市场牛源奇异变形杆菌的耐药性及传播风险。结果显示,屠宰场分离株的耐药表型与耐药基因检出率显著高于农贸市场,其中β-内酰胺类抗生素(如阿莫西林、头孢曲松钠)耐药率超90.00%,且与blaTEM基因(89.09%)的高流行密切相关,提示养殖环节中广谱抗生素的滥用是耐药性扩散的核心驱动力。耐药基因与毒力基因(如fliLzapA)的共现网络分析揭示了两者的正相关性,表明多重耐药菌株可能通过毒力因子增强其环境适应性与致病潜力,进一步加剧公共卫生风险。此外,屠宰场中I型整合子(intI1)的高检出率(43.10%)及其携带的氨基糖苷类与甲氧苄啶耐药基因盒,凸显了可移动遗传元件在耐药基因水平转移中的“枢纽”作用,证实屠宰场是耐药基因传播的热点区域。本研究阐明了抗生素滥用、耐药基因富集与毒力因子协同作用的复杂机制,为“One Health”框架下耐药菌跨物种传播的分子机制提供了实证支持。实践层面,建议加强养殖业抗生素使用的规范化监管,优先限制广谱β-内酰胺类与多黏菌素类药物的预防性使用,并建立从养殖到销售的全程耐药性监测体系,以阻断耐药基因通过食品链向人群扩散。
储珊珊:提出概念,方法论,数据分析,撰写文章;陈燕:软件程序;徐卓群:方法论;周洁:数据收集与监管;李科昱:监督管理;韩剑众:提供资源,审阅;曲道峰:提供资源,审阅。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划(2024SNJF043)
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2025年第65卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250285
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
  • 录用日期:2025-06-07
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“Three Rural Areas and Nine Parties” Scientific and Technological Cooperation Plan of Zhejiang Province(2024SNJF043)
浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划(2024SNJF043)
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    浙江工商大学 食品与生物工程学院,浙江 杭州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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