Article(id=1194684382427455900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250333, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745337600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1747411200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-17, onlineDate=1762764552932, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764552932, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764552932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764552932, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5152, endPage=5171, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684382704279967, articleId=1194684382427455900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Characteristics and molecular mechanisms of penicillin G degradation by Delftia sp. PG-8, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To screen out a strain with the ability to degrade penicillin G (PENG) and identify the key enzymes involved in PENG catabolism, providing strain and gene resources for the biological treatment of penicillin waste. Methods Bacterial strains capable of utilizing penicillin G potassium (PGK) as the sole carbon source were screened by enrichment culture. Key enzymes involved in the catabolism of PGK were identified by genome and transcriptome analyses, and their evolutionary origins were examined. The key enzymes were expressed and purified, and their kinetics were analyzed. The physiological roles of the key genes in bacterial growth on PGK were revealed by gene knockout and complementation. Results The obtained strain Delftia sp. PG-8 can degrade PGK and utilize it as the sole carbon source for growth. The strain showed the best performance in PENG degradation and growth at pH 7.0, 35 ℃, and 10.00 mmol/L PGK. PgkA catalyzed the rapid degradation of PGK, with Km=(99.19±19.45) μmol/L and kcat/Km=(1.96±0.55)×105 L/(mol·s). Compared with the functionally characterized β-lactamases, PgkA had a unique evolutionary origin. PgkB also had the ability to catalyze the transformation of PGK, while its substrate affinity was only 1/5 that of PgkA, in addition to the lower catalytic efficiency. The degradation and utilization of PGK for growth by strains PG-8-ΔpgkA and PG-8-ΔpgkB were significantly reduced, with PG-8-ΔpgkA showing a more pronounced decline. Although PG-8-ΔpgkAB, in which both pgkA and pgkB were knocked out, still degraded a certain amount of substrate, it was almost unable to use PGK as the sole carbon source for growth. Conclusion PG-8 is the first strain of Delftia capable of using PGK as the sole carbon source for growth. Both pgkA and pgkB play important physiological roles during PG-8 growth on PGK, with pgkA playing a dominant role.

, correspAuthors=Jun MIN, Xiaoke HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: MIN Jun,
HU Xiaoke,
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目的 筛选青霉素G (penicillin G, PENG)降解菌,并解析其分解代谢的关键酶,为青霉素菌渣的生物处理提供菌种和基因资源。 方法 以青霉素G钾(penicillin G potassium, PGK)为底物,通过富集培养筛选能够利用其为唯一碳源生长的菌株;结合基因组和转录组技术鉴定分解代谢的关键酶并分析其进化起源;表达并纯化关键酶,解析其酶促反应动力学参数;通过基因敲除和回补实验揭示关键基因在细菌利用PGK生长过程中的生理功能。 结果 获得的代尔夫特菌属(Delftia sp.) PG-8能够降解并利用PGK作为唯一碳源生长,且在pH 7.0、温度35 ℃、底物浓度为10.00 mmol/L时表现出最佳的底物降解效果和细菌生长状况。PgkA能够催化PGK快速降解[Km=(99.19±19.45) μmol/L,kcat/Km=(1.96±0.55)×105 L/(mol·s)],并且与已完成功能鉴定的β-内酰胺酶相比PgkA具有独特的进化起源。PgkB也能够催化PGK降解,但其对底物的亲和力仅为PgkA的1/5,且底物催化效率也较低。菌株PG-8-ΔpgkA和PG-8-ΔpgkB降解和利用PGK生长的能力均显著下降,且PG-8-ΔpgkA能力下降更为明显。虽然同时敲除pgkApgkB的PG-8-ΔpgkAB仍能降解一定量的底物,但无法利用PGK作为唯一碳源生长。 结论 PG-8是代尔夫特菌属中第一株能够利用PGK作为唯一碳源生长的菌株,pgkApgkB在PG-8利用PGK作为唯一碳源生长过程中均具有重要的生理功能,但pgkA起主导作用。

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Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 2024, 39: 6-11., articleTitle=KSA-1, a naturally occurring Ambler class A extended spectrum β-lactamase from the enterobacterial species Kosakonia sacchari, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194980577678963510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, awardId=32070102, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070102), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980577821569848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, awardId=32070102, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32070102), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980577905455929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, awardId=tspd20210317, language=EN, fundingSource=Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province(tspd20210317), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980577997730619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, awardId=tspd20210317, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省泰山学者计划(tspd20210317), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194980570531869370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980570544452283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, companyId=1194980570531869370, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Industry, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980570557035196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, companyId=1194980570531869370, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,海岸带生物学与生物资源利用重点实验室,山东 烟台)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194980570636726973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980570649309886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, companyId=1194980570636726973, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980570666087103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, companyId=1194980570636726973, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院大学,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194980574508069641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Screening and identification of strain PG-8. A: Scanning electron microscope image of strain PG-8; B: Phylogenetic tree of strain PG-8 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence [The serial numbers in parentheses are the genomic serial numbers of the bacteria; The numbers on the branch points are support values representing the credibility of the branch (the higher the value, the higher the credibility), and the scale indicates the genetic distance]; C: Growth of strain PG-8 using penicillin G as the sole carbon source., figureFileSmall=uhg0/cqC1J+KNwXnwtxBow==, figureFileBig=GZn8RQwvC42hWasLMIRWoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980574591955723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株PG-8的筛选和鉴定。A:菌株PG-8的扫描电镜;B:菌株PG-8基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树[括号中的序号为细菌的基因组序列号,分支点上的数字为支持值,代表该分支的可信程度(值越高,可信程度越高),标尺表示遗传距离];C:菌株PG-8利用PGK为唯一碳源生长。, figureFileSmall=uhg0/cqC1J+KNwXnwtxBow==, figureFileBig=GZn8RQwvC42hWasLMIRWoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980574701007629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of different pH on substrate degradation and bacterial growth. A: Effect of different pH on the degradation of penicillin G by strain PG-8; B: Effect of different pH on the growth of strain PG-8., figureFileSmall=fwefghRXpkc7ji+ANCMBoA==, figureFileBig=5D0Ap64XJj2La2qYwex57w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980574805865231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同pH对底物降解和细菌生长的影响。A:不同pH对菌株PG-8降解PGK的影响;B:不同pH对菌株PG-8生长的影响。, figureFileSmall=fwefghRXpkc7ji+ANCMBoA==, figureFileBig=5D0Ap64XJj2La2qYwex57w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980574877168401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of different temperatures on substrate degradation and bacterial growth. A: Effect of different temperatures on the degradation of penicillin G by strain PG-8; B: Effect of different temperatures on the growth of strain PG-8., figureFileSmall=gSr8Od2IVs106OaeuGX9mw==, figureFileBig=Y544fexZ5c5OFWuYFclOWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980574935888659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同温度对底物降解和细菌生长的影响。A:不同温度对菌株PG-8降解PGK的影响;B:不同温度对菌株PG-8生长的影响。, figureFileSmall=gSr8Od2IVs106OaeuGX9mw==, figureFileBig=Y544fexZ5c5OFWuYFclOWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575015580437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of different initial concentrations of penicillin G on substrate degradation and bacterial growth. A: Effect of different substrate concentrations on the degradation of penicillin G by strain PG-8; B: Effect of different substrate concentrations on the growth of strain PG-8., figureFileSmall=lS/gw1Z4Aulymr22mLlP3w==, figureFileBig=KiWfiF3I7GL4sPldDfWxDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575078494999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同PGK初始浓度对底物降解和细菌生长的影响。A:不同底物浓度对菌株PG-8降解PGK的影响;B:不同底物浓度对菌株PG-8生长的影响。, figureFileSmall=lS/gw1Z4Aulymr22mLlP3w==, figureFileBig=KiWfiF3I7GL4sPldDfWxDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575162381081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Biotransformation of PGK by strain PG-8 and the identification of intermediate metabolites. A: Degradation of PGK by induced and non-induced strains; B: HPLC detection of intermediate metabolites; C-F: Mass spectrometry analysis of intermediate metabolites., figureFileSmall=cLs8sQ4Rre42rNldMqEb0g==, figureFileBig=ka4ZNzMM/5doDWRloFLJpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575246267163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PG-8生物转化PGK及中间代谢产物的鉴定。A:底物诱导和非诱导菌株对PGK的降解;B:HPLC检测中间代谢产物;C-F:中间代谢产物的质谱图。, figureFileSmall=cLs8sQ4Rre42rNldMqEb0g==, figureFileBig=ka4ZNzMM/5doDWRloFLJpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575334347548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Neighbor-joining tree showing the phylogenetic relationships of PgkA and PgkB their homologous proteins. A: Phylogenetic relationship of PgkA with other functionally validated β-lactamases; B: Phylogenetic relationship of PgkB with the amino acid N-acetyltransferases from other bacterial genera; C: Organization of the pgk gene cluster., figureFileSmall=2tc/g2j15XaNDFt8i3X71Q==, figureFileBig=A7+M8s/QMND/f9ZZbKtlnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575393067806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PgkAPgkB的系统发育分析及菌株PG-8中的 pgk 基因簇。A:PgkA与其他已验证功能的β-内酰胺酶的系统发育关系;B:PgkB与其他属细菌中氨基酸N-乙酰转移酶的系统发育关系;C:pgk基因簇。, figureFileSmall=2tc/g2j15XaNDFt8i3X71Q==, figureFileBig=A7+M8s/QMND/f9ZZbKtlnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575472759584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Purification and enzyme kinetics analysis of PgkA (A) and PgkB (B)., figureFileSmall=+Vmf/AWFOLGn0Sd9zcm9CQ==, figureFileBig=1CDKlOqkDjkkop8a+SYmxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575560839970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=CN, label=图7, caption=PgkA (A)PgkB (B)的纯化及其酶促反应动力学分析, figureFileSmall=+Vmf/AWFOLGn0Sd9zcm9CQ==, figureFileBig=1CDKlOqkDjkkop8a+SYmxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575632143140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Degradation by strain PG-8 and its mutants (A) and growth using PGK as the sole carbon source (B)., figureFileSmall=rLBFrhg0n1SwE39Dn9CMrg==, figureFileBig=NjnQKzDLAzmdGQ7YfG1S5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575711834918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=CN, label=图8, caption=菌株PG-8及其突变株降解(A)并利用PGK为唯一碳源(B)的生长情况, figureFileSmall=rLBFrhg0n1SwE39Dn9CMrg==, figureFileBig=NjnQKzDLAzmdGQ7YfG1S5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575783138088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=The metabolic pathway of PENG in the catabolism of the strain., figureFileSmall=RY20Uof6uucu98nnNUYMwQ==, figureFileBig=6+Slunam8lF04ZZXlg8jsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575841858345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=CN, label=图9, caption=菌株分解代谢PENG的代谢途径, figureFileSmall=RY20Uof6uucu98nnNUYMwQ==, figureFileBig=6+Slunam8lF04ZZXlg8jsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980575921550123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)*Purpose
27-FAGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAGTo amplify 16S rRNA gene
1492-RTACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT
pgkA-FCGCGGCAGCATGACGGGCGGCGCGGC

To amplify pgkA gene

for expression

pgkA-RCAAAACAGCCTCAGCCTTGCACTGCTGCC
pgkB-FATCACAGCAGCGGCCTGGTGATGTCACCGATGGTGGCGAAGG

To amplify pgkB gene

for expression

pgkB-RTCTCATCCGCCAAAACAGCCTTACAACTTCTTGACCAGGAC
KO-pgkAu -FTATGACCATGATTACGAATTCGGGCGTCCGTGGCTATTG

To amplify upstream fragment

of pgkA for gene knockout

KO-pgkAu -RCGTGCCGATCACAGAAAATCGCGTCTTTGCAT
KO-pgkAd -FTATGTCTATTGCTGCGCCACCATGTCGC

To amplify downstream fragment

of pgkA for gene knockout

KO-pgkAd -RTGCCTGCAGGTCGACTCTAGAGTCGCCCTTCGGCTTCTC
KO-pgkBu -FTATGACCATGATTACGAATTCCAAAAAAACAGGGGGCTGC

To amplify upstream fragment

of pgkB for gene knockout

KO-pgkBu -RAACCTCTTACGTGCCGATCACCCCCTGAGGCGCTGTGC
KO-pgkBd -FTGTCTATTACCACGCAAGGCGCCCCC

To amplify downstream fragment

of pgkB for gene knockout

KO-pgkBd -RTGCCTGCAGGTCGACTCTAGACCGGCGCAGCGCCTCCTG
KO-CmpgkA-FGATTTTCTGTGATCGGCACGTAAGAGGTTC

To amplify chloramphenicol resistance

gene of pgkA for gene knockout

KO-CmpgkA-RGTGGCGCAGCAATAGACATAAGCGGCTATTTAACGA
KO-CmpgkB-FTGATCGGCACGTAAGAGGTTC

To amplify chloramphenicol resistance

gene of pgkB for gene knockout

KO-CmpgkB-RGCCTTGCGTGGTAATAGACATAAGCGGCTATTTAACGA
PRK-pgkA-FAAAACGACGGCCAGTGAATTCATGACGGGCGGCGCGGCC

To amplify pgkA for

gene complementation

PRK-pgkA-RGACCATGATTACGCCAAGCTTTCAGCCTTGCACTGCTGCC
PRK-pgkB-FAAAACGACGGCCAGTGAATTCGTGCAGCAGGGCCGATTT

To amplify pgkB for

gene complementation

PRK-pgkB-RTGCCTGCAGGTCGACTCTAGATTACAACTTCTTGACCAGGACCTG
), ArticleFig(id=1194980576999486253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)*Purpose
27-FAGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAGTo amplify 16S rRNA gene
1492-RTACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT
pgkA-FCGCGGCAGCATGACGGGCGGCGCGGC

To amplify pgkA gene

for expression

pgkA-RCAAAACAGCCTCAGCCTTGCACTGCTGCC
pgkB-FATCACAGCAGCGGCCTGGTGATGTCACCGATGGTGGCGAAGG

To amplify pgkB gene

for expression

pgkB-RTCTCATCCGCCAAAACAGCCTTACAACTTCTTGACCAGGAC
KO-pgkAu -FTATGACCATGATTACGAATTCGGGCGTCCGTGGCTATTG

To amplify upstream fragment

of pgkA for gene knockout

KO-pgkAu -RCGTGCCGATCACAGAAAATCGCGTCTTTGCAT
KO-pgkAd -FTATGTCTATTGCTGCGCCACCATGTCGC

To amplify downstream fragment

of pgkA for gene knockout

KO-pgkAd -RTGCCTGCAGGTCGACTCTAGAGTCGCCCTTCGGCTTCTC
KO-pgkBu -FTATGACCATGATTACGAATTCCAAAAAAACAGGGGGCTGC

To amplify upstream fragment

of pgkB for gene knockout

KO-pgkBu -RAACCTCTTACGTGCCGATCACCCCCTGAGGCGCTGTGC
KO-pgkBd -FTGTCTATTACCACGCAAGGCGCCCCC

To amplify downstream fragment

of pgkB for gene knockout

KO-pgkBd -RTGCCTGCAGGTCGACTCTAGACCGGCGCAGCGCCTCCTG
KO-CmpgkA-FGATTTTCTGTGATCGGCACGTAAGAGGTTC

To amplify chloramphenicol resistance

gene of pgkA for gene knockout

KO-CmpgkA-RGTGGCGCAGCAATAGACATAAGCGGCTATTTAACGA
KO-CmpgkB-FTGATCGGCACGTAAGAGGTTC

To amplify chloramphenicol resistance

gene of pgkB for gene knockout

KO-CmpgkB-RGCCTTGCGTGGTAATAGACATAAGCGGCTATTTAACGA
PRK-pgkA-FAAAACGACGGCCAGTGAATTCATGACGGGCGGCGCGGCC

To amplify pgkA for

gene complementation

PRK-pgkA-RGACCATGATTACGCCAAGCTTTCAGCCTTGCACTGCTGCC
PRK-pgkB-FAAAACGACGGCCAGTGAATTCGTGCAGCAGGGCCGATTT

To amplify pgkB for

gene complementation

PRK-pgkB-RTGCCTGCAGGTCGACTCTAGATTACAACTTCTTGACCAGGACCTG
), ArticleFig(id=1194980577167258414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain or plasmidRelevant genotype or characteristic(s)Source
Delftia sp.
PG-8PGK utilizer, wild typeThis study
PG-8-ΔpgkAPG-8 mutant with pgkA gene deletedThis study
PG-8-ΔpgkA [pRK-pgkA]pgkA gene was complemented by pRK415-pgkA in PG-8-ΔpgkAThis study
PG-8-ΔpgkBPG-8 mutant with pgkB gene deletedThis study
PG-8-ΔpgkB [pRK-pgkB]pgkB gene was complemented by pRK415-pgkB in PG-8-ΔpgkBThis study
PG-8-ΔpgkABPG-8 mutant with pgkAB gene deletedThis study
E. coli
DH5αsupE44 lacU169 (φ80lacZΔM15) recA1 endA1 hsdR17 thi-1 gyrA96 relA1Novagen
WM3064Donor strain for conjugation, 2,6-diaminopimelic acid auxotroph: thrB1004 pro thirpsLhsdS lacZΔM15 RP4-1360 Δ(araBAD)567 ΔdapA1341::[ermpir(wt)]Lab stock
TOP10Receptive state, protein expressionLab stock
Plasmids
pBAD18Expression vector, KanRNovagen
pEX18TcGene knockout vector, oriT+, sacB+, TcRLab stock
pRK415Broad host range vector, TcRLab stock
pBAD-pgkAEcoR I/Xba I fragment containing pgkA cloned into pBAD18This study
pBAD-pgkBEcoR I/Xba I fragment containing pgkB cloned into pBAD18This study
pEX18Tc-pgkApgkA gene knockout vector containing two DNA fragments homologous to the upstream and downstream regions of the pgkAThis study
pEX18Tc-pgkBpgkB gene knockout vector containing two DNA fragments homologous to the upstream and downstream regions of the pgkBThis study
pEX18Tc-pgkABpgkAB gene knockout vector containing two DNA fragments homologous to the upstream and downstream regions of the pgkABThis study
pRK415-pgkApgkA gene complementation vector by cloning pgkA into the Xba I/EcoR I restriction site of pRK415This study
pRK415-pgkBpgkB gene complementation vector by cloning pgkB into the Xba I/EcoR I restriction site of pRK415This study
), ArticleFig(id=1194980577234367280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究所用菌株和质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain or plasmidRelevant genotype or characteristic(s)Source
Delftia sp.
PG-8PGK utilizer, wild typeThis study
PG-8-ΔpgkAPG-8 mutant with pgkA gene deletedThis study
PG-8-ΔpgkA [pRK-pgkA]pgkA gene was complemented by pRK415-pgkA in PG-8-ΔpgkAThis study
PG-8-ΔpgkBPG-8 mutant with pgkB gene deletedThis study
PG-8-ΔpgkB [pRK-pgkB]pgkB gene was complemented by pRK415-pgkB in PG-8-ΔpgkBThis study
PG-8-ΔpgkABPG-8 mutant with pgkAB gene deletedThis study
E. coli
DH5αsupE44 lacU169 (φ80lacZΔM15) recA1 endA1 hsdR17 thi-1 gyrA96 relA1Novagen
WM3064Donor strain for conjugation, 2,6-diaminopimelic acid auxotroph: thrB1004 pro thirpsLhsdS lacZΔM15 RP4-1360 Δ(araBAD)567 ΔdapA1341::[ermpir(wt)]Lab stock
TOP10Receptive state, protein expressionLab stock
Plasmids
pBAD18Expression vector, KanRNovagen
pEX18TcGene knockout vector, oriT+, sacB+, TcRLab stock
pRK415Broad host range vector, TcRLab stock
pBAD-pgkAEcoR I/Xba I fragment containing pgkA cloned into pBAD18This study
pBAD-pgkBEcoR I/Xba I fragment containing pgkB cloned into pBAD18This study
pEX18Tc-pgkApgkA gene knockout vector containing two DNA fragments homologous to the upstream and downstream regions of the pgkAThis study
pEX18Tc-pgkBpgkB gene knockout vector containing two DNA fragments homologous to the upstream and downstream regions of the pgkBThis study
pEX18Tc-pgkABpgkAB gene knockout vector containing two DNA fragments homologous to the upstream and downstream regions of the pgkABThis study
pRK415-pgkApgkA gene complementation vector by cloning pgkA into the Xba I/EcoR I restriction site of pRK415This study
pRK415-pgkBpgkB gene complementation vector by cloning pgkB into the Xba I/EcoR I restriction site of pRK415This study
), ArticleFig(id=1194980577335030577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Degradation of PENG by different strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainSubstrate concentration (mg/L)Degradation time (h)Degradation rate (%)
Delftia sp. PG-8*7 450.00 (14 900.00)18 (48)100.00 (95.20)
Paracoccus sp. KDSPL-02*[28]800.00-1 200.0024100.00
Sphingobacterium sp. SQW1*[30]632.921297.04
Chelatococcus sp. PC-2*[31]400.00698.00
Enterobacter hormaechei WM1*[32]10.009100.00
Klebsiella pneumoniae Z1*[33]300.002499.90
RhodotorμLa mucilaginous Anti-Pen20[34]20 000.002485.00
Burkholderia cenocepacia JZ6[35]300.002499.98
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 3060[36]1.00-100.00
Serratia sp. R[37]10.0033684.03
Pseudomonas putida[38]3.0096036.00
Bacillus stearothermophilu[39]1 500.007270.00-80.00
), ArticleFig(id=1194980577490219827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382427455900, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同细菌对青霉素G的降解情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainSubstrate concentration (mg/L)Degradation time (h)Degradation rate (%)
Delftia sp. PG-8*7 450.00 (14 900.00)18 (48)100.00 (95.20)
Paracoccus sp. KDSPL-02*[28]800.00-1 200.0024100.00
Sphingobacterium sp. SQW1*[30]632.921297.04
Chelatococcus sp. PC-2*[31]400.00698.00
Enterobacter hormaechei WM1*[32]10.009100.00
Klebsiella pneumoniae Z1*[33]300.002499.90
RhodotorμLa mucilaginous Anti-Pen20[34]20 000.002485.00
Burkholderia cenocepacia JZ6[35]300.002499.98
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 3060[36]1.00-100.00
Serratia sp. R[37]10.0033684.03
Pseudomonas putida[38]3.0096036.00
Bacillus stearothermophilu[39]1 500.007270.00-80.00
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代尔夫特菌PG-8降解青霉素G的特性及分子机制
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闵军 1, * , 孙梦慧 1, 2 , 方素云 1 , 徐凌雪 1 , 张雅慧 1, 2 , 胡晓珂 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(11): 5152-5171
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(11): 5152-5171
代尔夫特菌PG-8降解青霉素G的特性及分子机制
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闵军1, * , 孙梦慧1, 2, 方素云1, 徐凌雪1, 张雅慧1, 2, 胡晓珂1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,海岸带生物学与生物资源利用重点实验室,山东 烟台
  • 2 中国科学院大学,北京
Characteristics and molecular mechanisms of penicillin G degradation by Delftia sp. PG-8
Jun MIN1, * , Menghui SUN1, 2, Suyun FANG1, Lingxue XU1, Yahui ZHANG1, 2, Xiaoke HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Industry, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
  • 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250333
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目的 筛选青霉素G (penicillin G, PENG)降解菌,并解析其分解代谢的关键酶,为青霉素菌渣的生物处理提供菌种和基因资源。 方法 以青霉素G钾(penicillin G potassium, PGK)为底物,通过富集培养筛选能够利用其为唯一碳源生长的菌株;结合基因组和转录组技术鉴定分解代谢的关键酶并分析其进化起源;表达并纯化关键酶,解析其酶促反应动力学参数;通过基因敲除和回补实验揭示关键基因在细菌利用PGK生长过程中的生理功能。 结果 获得的代尔夫特菌属(Delftia sp.) PG-8能够降解并利用PGK作为唯一碳源生长,且在pH 7.0、温度35 ℃、底物浓度为10.00 mmol/L时表现出最佳的底物降解效果和细菌生长状况。PgkA能够催化PGK快速降解[Km=(99.19±19.45) μmol/L,kcat/Km=(1.96±0.55)×105 L/(mol·s)],并且与已完成功能鉴定的β-内酰胺酶相比PgkA具有独特的进化起源。PgkB也能够催化PGK降解,但其对底物的亲和力仅为PgkA的1/5,且底物催化效率也较低。菌株PG-8-ΔpgkA和PG-8-ΔpgkB降解和利用PGK生长的能力均显著下降,且PG-8-ΔpgkA能力下降更为明显。虽然同时敲除pgkApgkB的PG-8-ΔpgkAB仍能降解一定量的底物,但无法利用PGK作为唯一碳源生长。 结论 PG-8是代尔夫特菌属中第一株能够利用PGK作为唯一碳源生长的菌株,pgkApgkB在PG-8利用PGK作为唯一碳源生长过程中均具有重要的生理功能,但pgkA起主导作用。

青霉素G降解  /  代尔夫特菌  /  筛选鉴定  /  酶学分析  /  降解机理

Objective To screen out a strain with the ability to degrade penicillin G (PENG) and identify the key enzymes involved in PENG catabolism, providing strain and gene resources for the biological treatment of penicillin waste. Methods Bacterial strains capable of utilizing penicillin G potassium (PGK) as the sole carbon source were screened by enrichment culture. Key enzymes involved in the catabolism of PGK were identified by genome and transcriptome analyses, and their evolutionary origins were examined. The key enzymes were expressed and purified, and their kinetics were analyzed. The physiological roles of the key genes in bacterial growth on PGK were revealed by gene knockout and complementation. Results The obtained strain Delftia sp. PG-8 can degrade PGK and utilize it as the sole carbon source for growth. The strain showed the best performance in PENG degradation and growth at pH 7.0, 35 ℃, and 10.00 mmol/L PGK. PgkA catalyzed the rapid degradation of PGK, with Km=(99.19±19.45) μmol/L and kcat/Km=(1.96±0.55)×105 L/(mol·s). Compared with the functionally characterized β-lactamases, PgkA had a unique evolutionary origin. PgkB also had the ability to catalyze the transformation of PGK, while its substrate affinity was only 1/5 that of PgkA, in addition to the lower catalytic efficiency. The degradation and utilization of PGK for growth by strains PG-8-ΔpgkA and PG-8-ΔpgkB were significantly reduced, with PG-8-ΔpgkA showing a more pronounced decline. Although PG-8-ΔpgkAB, in which both pgkA and pgkB were knocked out, still degraded a certain amount of substrate, it was almost unable to use PGK as the sole carbon source for growth. Conclusion PG-8 is the first strain of Delftia capable of using PGK as the sole carbon source for growth. Both pgkA and pgkB play important physiological roles during PG-8 growth on PGK, with pgkA playing a dominant role.

penicillin G degradation  /  Delftia  /  screening and identification  /  enzymatic analysis  /  degradation mechanism
闵军, 孙梦慧, 方素云, 徐凌雪, 张雅慧, 胡晓珂. 代尔夫特菌PG-8降解青霉素G的特性及分子机制. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 5152 -5171 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250333
Jun MIN, Menghui SUN, Suyun FANG, Lingxue XU, Yahui ZHANG, Xiaoke HU. Characteristics and molecular mechanisms of penicillin G degradation by Delftia sp. PG-8[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 5152 -5171 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250333
青霉素的发现无疑是20世纪公共卫生领域最伟大的成就之一。随后,人类进入了抗生素发展和利用的黄金时期,各类抗生素在医疗、农业、畜牧业和生物科学研究领域均作出了巨大贡献[1]。在给人类社会带来空前药物繁荣的同时抗生素在环境中的持续积累也引发了耐药细菌的产生和耐药基因的传播,给生态环境和人类健康造成了严重危害[2-4]。调查显示,全球34个国家的287条主要河流均受到不同程度的抗生素污染,其中覆盖我国58个河流流域的污染情况较为严重[5]。虽然抗生素耐药性是一种由来已久且在环境中普遍存在的现象[6],但环境中抗生素的持续积累会加速耐药细菌的进化和耐药基因的传播,进而导致全球出现严重的抗生素抗性危机[7-8]
在种类繁多的抗生素中β-内酰胺类抗生素的生产和应用最为广泛,占全球抗生素市场份额的65%左右[9]。中国作为全球最大的抗生素生产国[10],青霉素年产量约占全球总产量的75%,其中2020年青霉素G (penicillin G, PENG)的全球消耗量占比高达32.02%[11]。研究显示青霉素G在全球沉积物中的最高浓度达974 μg/kg[12],已成为严重的环境污染物,该抗生素也被认为是导致全球性抗生素耐药性的重要因素之一。据估计,每生产1 t抗生素会产生约8-10 t抗生素湿菌渣[13-14]。以青霉菌发酵为例,我国青霉素年产量约为1.5万t,其生产过程中会产生15万t青霉素菌渣[15]。抗生素菌渣含有残留抗生素及众多有毒代谢产物,例如青霉素菌渣中青霉素含量高达0.90-1.10 g/kg[16],因此青霉素菌渣的处理对抗生素生产企业而言是一个巨大的负担。此外,菌渣中的残留青霉素进入土壤和水体后不仅会通过食物链危害人体和其他动植物健康[17-19],还会影响微生物群落,进而诱导耐药菌出现[20-22]
对于抗生素菌渣的处置常规的吸附、膜分离、热化学处理技术费用极其高昂[23-26],因此经济有效的无害化处置策略亟待探索。微生物具有极强的环境适应能力,面对种类繁多的抗生素污染,细菌能通过进化出相应的分解代谢系统获得生存能力。自2008年Dantas等报道了降解PENG的纯培养微生物(未鉴定种属)后[27],该抗生素降解菌被陆续分离鉴定,包括副球菌属(Paracoccus)、沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)、鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、螯合球菌属(Chelatococcus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)等,而且一些降解菌分解代谢PENG的代谢途径也有少许报道。Paracoccus sp. KDSPL-02降解PENG时首先通过β-内酰胺环水解生成青霉噻唑酸,然后水解生成苯乙酸和类似于6-氨基青霉烷酸的中间产物,随后进入下游未知代谢途径实现PENG降解,但该途径相关的基因和酶尚未鉴定[28]。Crofts等[29]研究4株土壤微生物通过共享策略降解PENG时,推测这些微生物也是通过该途径完成PENG降解,并鉴定了水解青霉噻唑酸酰胺键生成苯乙酸的酰胺酶。最近,Zhang等[30]在研究Sphingobacterium sp. SQW1时利用细胞和粗酶液生物转化PENG检测到多个疑似的中间产物,推测该菌株降解PENG可能存在3条代谢途径。SQW1菌株和粗酶液降解PENG均以β-内酰胺酶起始降解,然后通过2条不同的下游代谢途径实现PENG的完全矿化;通过中间代谢产物推测该菌株降解PENG还可能存在第3条途径,即由酰基转移酶起始PENG降解生成苯乙酸和6-氨基青霉烷酸[30]。然而,该菌株中复杂的代谢途径网络均是基于代谢产物的推测,缺乏直接的基因和酶学研究。
目前报道的青霉素降解菌中能够以PENG为唯一碳源生长的纯培养菌株较少。多数研究仅止步于降解功能的鉴定,缺乏对PENG降解关键酶和基因的研究。本研究从青霉素菌渣中筛选到代尔夫特菌属中第一株能够降解PENG并利用其为唯一碳源生长的细菌PG-8 (保藏号:CCTCC M 2024394);进一步研究了PG-8降解PENG的特性,并对参与PENG代谢的关键基因进行了克隆、表达纯化和酶学分析,同时验证了关键基因的生理功能。本研究从分子、生化和遗传学层面系统阐释了细菌降解PENG的分子机制,在抗生素菌渣微生物处理方面具有重要的应用前景。
LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.00,酵母提取物5.00,NaCl 5.00,121 ℃灭菌20 min。无机盐培养基(minimal medium, MM) (g/L):K2HPO4 0.76,KH2PO4 0.19,(NH4)2SO4 1.00,MgSO4 1.00,微量元素体积分数为1.00%,按需调节不同的pH,121 ℃灭菌20 min。固体培养基是在液体培养基中加入琼脂粉,其质量体积比为1.50%。
本研究所用引物见表1,菌株和质粒见表2Delftia sp. PG-8及其突变株在LB或添加不同浓度青霉素G钾(penicillin G potassium, PGK)的MM中培养。大肠杆菌在LB培养基中于37 ℃培养。抗生素添加终浓度:卡那霉素为50.00 μg/mL,氨苄青霉素为100.00 μg/mL,氯霉素为34.00 μg/mL,四环素为20.00 μg/mL。
取1.00 g青霉素菌渣放入装有100.00 mL MM的锥形瓶中,加入5.00 mmol/L PGK后,于150 r/min摇床中培养5 d。取1 mL培养液转接到新的培养基中,重复此操作3次。取培养液按10倍梯度稀释,并均匀涂布在以PGK (5.00 mmol/L)为唯一碳源的MM平板上,30 ℃培养3 d,挑取单菌落进一步划线纯化。获得的纯培养细菌分别进行革兰氏染色、扫描电镜观察和16S rRNA基因序列分析。
菌株PG-8在LB培养基中培养至OD600约为0.6,25 ℃、5 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,并用MM洗涤3次后悬浮,然后转接至含有5.00 mmol/L PGK的MM中,使初始OD600约为0.1。接着在30 ℃、150 r/min条件下培养7 d,定时取样并测定OD600和底物浓度。为优化菌株PG-8降解PGK的最佳条件,分别分析不同pH (5.0-9.0)、温度(20-40 ℃)、初始底物浓度(1.00-40.00 mmol/L)对菌株PG-8降解底物的影响。每组设置3组平行实验,并以只含有PGK的样品作为对照。
菌株PG-8在含有2.00 mmol/L葡萄糖的MM中培养至OD600为0.3,加入1.00 mmol/L PGK诱导3 h,以未加入底物的样品为对照,设置3组平行实验。离心收集菌体(8 000×g, 5 min),用20.00 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH 7.5)清洗2次后悬浮,使OD600为2.0。加入2.00 mmol/L底物后定时取样(0.50 mL),并加入等体积的甲醇剧烈振荡5 min裂解细胞。然后高速离心(15 000×g, 30 min),取上清进行HPLC分析。通过LC-MS进行中间代谢产物的鉴定。
提取菌株PG-8基因组DNA,并在北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司完成基因组测序。菌株PG-8在含有2.00 mmol/L葡萄糖的MM中培养至OD600为0.3,加入1.00 mmol/L的PGK或葡萄糖(对照)诱导3 h后收集菌体,经液氮速冻后进行转录组测序。
采用表1中的引物分别扩增pgkApgkB基因,使用In-Fusion® HD Cloning Kit [宝生物工程(大连)有限公司]将目的片段与经过EcoR I和Xba I双酶切的pBAD18载体进行连接,并转化表达菌株E. coli TOP10。将表达菌株接种至含卡那霉素的LB培养基中,37 ℃、180 r/min培养至OD600为0.6,加入终浓度0.10%的l-阿拉伯糖16 ℃、120 r/min诱导8 h,之后4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心10 min收集菌体,用预冷的50.00 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH 7.5)清洗2次后重悬,在冰水浴中超声破碎(破碎5 s,停7 s) 20 min。细胞裂解液在4 ℃、20 000×g离心45 min后,上清液加入含有Ni2+-NTA树脂的层析柱,并用50.00 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH 7.5)清洗色谱柱,除去未结合的蛋白和杂质。依次用含有不同浓度咪唑(40.00、80.00、120.00、250.00 mmol/L)的磷酸缓冲液进行洗脱。样品经SDS-PAGE分析后,选择目的蛋白较为单一的样品透析过夜。透析后的蛋白用Ultra-15超滤管(截留分子量10 kDa,Merck Millipore公司)浓缩后用于酶活性分析。
5.00 mL PgkA酶活性反应体系包括50.00 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH 7.5)、14.60 µg PgkA (不添加PgkA为对照),加入0.10 mmol/L底物,在30 ℃启动反应。PgkA酶促反应动力学体系:在5 mL磷酸缓冲溶液(pH 7.5)中加入5.90 μg PgkA,随后加入不同浓度的底物(15.00-285.00 μmol/L)启动反应,30 s取样1次,并立即加入等体积甲醇终止反应,25 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min后通过HPLC进行检测。
5.00 mL PgkB酶活性反应体系包括50.00 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH 7.5)、40.40 µg PgkB (不添加PgkB为对照),加入0.50 mmol/L底物,在30 ℃启动反应。PgkB酶促反应动力学体系:在5.00 mL磷酸缓冲溶液(pH 7.5)中加入40.40 μg PgkB,随后加入底物(0.10-1.00 mmol/L)启动反应,每2 min取1次样,随后立即加入等体积的甲醇终止反应,25 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min后进行HPLC分析。
HPLC分析采用的色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 column色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)。流动相组成:流动相A为体积分数为0.10%的磷酸水溶液,流动相B为甲醇。梯度洗脱程序:0-20 min,33% B线性增加至90% B,并保持20 min;然后在 0.1 min内重新回到33% B,持续保持4.9 min后结束。流速为1.00 mL/min,柱温保持在30 ℃,进样量为10.00 μL,检测波长为215 nm。
LC-MS分析采用Waters BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm)进行分析,柱温维持在30 ℃。流动相由体积分数为0.10%的磷酸水溶液(A相)和甲醇(B相)组成,流速1.00 mL/min。采用梯度洗脱程序:0-20 min内A相从67%线性降至10%,20-25 min恢复至67% A相。进样体积为10.00 μL。样品经UPLC流出后,在正离子模式下通过电喷雾电离(ESI)进入质谱仪。ESI-MS条件设置:毛细管电压3.00 kV,源温度150 ℃,脱溶剂气温度400 ℃,氮气(纯度99.90%)作为脱溶剂气,流速800 L/h。
基因敲除实验采用In-Fusion® HD Cloning Kit将目的基因的上游和下游约1 kb的片段以及氯霉素抗性基因连接到EcoR I和Hind III酶切的pEX18Tc上,转化E. coli DH5α,得到敲除质粒(表2)。将敲除载体转化至2,6-二氨基庚二酸(2,6-DAP)营养缺陷型的E. coli WM3064中。含有敲除质粒的WM3064在含有0.30 mmol/L 2,6-DAP的LB培养基中培养至OD600为0.6,然后与PG-8菌株接合,在含2,6-DAP的LB培养基平板上培养过夜。用LB清洗混合菌体2次,稀释涂布至含34.00 μg/mL氯霉素和质量体积比为10%的蔗糖的LB培养基平板上,挑取具有抗性的菌落,并利用PCR和测序鉴定突变株。
基因互补采用广宿主质粒pRK415实现。将pgkApgkB基因分别连接到EcoR I和Xba I酶切的pRK415上构建互补质粒(表2),电转化至PG-8突变株中,利用测序方法鉴定阳性克隆。
菌株PG-8保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,编号为CCTCC M 2024394。菌株PG-8的16S rRNA基因、pgkApgkB序列已在NCBI的GenBank数据库中存储,序列号分别为PP077309、PV522064和PV522065。
通过富集培养,从青霉素菌渣中筛选出一株能降解PGK的菌株。革兰氏染色显示该菌株为革兰氏阴性细菌,扫描电子显微镜观察其形态为杆状(图1A)。基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树分析表明,该细菌属于代尔夫特菌(Delftia) (图1B),将其命名为PG-8,并保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心(编号为CCTCC M 2024394)。将菌株PG-8接种于以PGK为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,底物被快速降解;生物量(OD600)在接种后的12 h内下降明显,推测这是由于底物及其代谢产物对细菌具有毒性效应。然而,随着底物的进一步降解和培养时间的延长,细菌生物量明显增加,这充分说明PG-8能利用PGK作为唯一碳源进行生长(图1C)。本研究发现,PG-8是代尔夫特菌属细菌中第一株能够降解PGK并利用其为唯一碳源生长的细菌。
考虑到PG-8是代尔夫特菌属中第一株能够降解PGK并利用其为唯一碳源生长的细菌,且该属细菌降解PGK的现有数据较少。因此,本研究进一步分析了不同pH、温度、底物浓度对菌株PG-8降解PGK的影响,并优化了底物降解和细菌生长的最适条件,为后续生物修复提供数据支撑。
当无机盐培养基的pH在5.0-9.0范围时菌株PG-8均能快速降解PGK,但pH在7.0、8.0、9.0时的降解速率明显高于pH 5.0和6.0时的降解速率(图2A)。当pH为8.0时菌株PG-8降解PGK的速率最快,12 h内能完全降解初始浓度为5.00 mmol/L的PGK。当pH为5.0时底物自发降解比较明显,说明PGK在酸性环境中不稳定,会发生自发水解。与底物降解不同,菌株PG-8在pH 5.0和6.0条件下的生长情况优于pH 7.0、8.0、9.0条件下的生长情况(图2B),该现象与Zhang等[30]的研究结果相似,推测可能是酸性条件下PGK的自发降解会减弱抗生素对细菌的毒性,从而有利于细菌生长。因此,综合考虑细菌生长情况和底物自降解干扰,后续在pH 7.0进行底物降解和细菌生长研究。
在pH 7.0条件下设置不同温度(20、25、30、35、40 ℃),研究菌株PG-8在以PGK为唯一碳源生长过程中的底物降解和细菌生长情况。结果显示,当培养温度在20-35 ℃时随着温度升高菌株PG-8降解PGK的速率逐渐加快;当温度进一步提升至40 ℃时降解速率减缓(图3A)。在温度为35 ℃时菌株PG-8在18 h内能完全降解5.00 mmol/L的PGK。在细菌生长方面,菌株在30 ℃和35 ℃时生长状态较好,且在35 ℃时生长速率最快(图3B)。因此,菌株PG-8在以PGK为唯一碳源生长的最适温度为35 ℃。
在培养温度35 ℃、培养基pH 7.0条件下,设置不同底物浓度(1.00、5.00、10.00、20.00、40.00 mmol/L),研究菌株PG-8在以PGK为唯一碳源生长过程中的底物降解和细菌生长情况。结果显示,在上述条件下菌株PG-8在24 h内能完全降解20.00 mmol/L的PGK;当底物浓度增加到40.00 mmol/L时48 h内能降解95.20%的底物,随后底物浓度不再发生变化(图4A)。细菌生长结果显示,细菌OD600在12 h内先下降随后逐渐上升,而且在36 h后细菌开始快速生长(图4B)。这些结果表明,初始底物浓度对PGK的降解和菌株PG-8的生长有显著影响,且底物降解和细菌生长并非同步,推测菌株PG-8是利用PGK的代谢产物进一步作为碳源生长。
为研究菌株PG-8中参与PGK降解的酶是否为诱导型,本研究进行了生物转化试验分析。结果显示,经过PGK诱导的PG-8 (OD600=2.0)能快速降解底物(图5A),随着底物浓度的降低生物转化速率逐渐减缓,最后2.00 mmol/L的PGK能在30 min内被完全降解。在此期间,未经诱导的PG-8细胞未检测到PGK的明显降解,表明菌株PG-8中负责起始PGK降解的酶是受底物诱导的。
结合HPLC和LC-MS解析菌株PG-8分解代谢PGK的中间代谢产物,并进行产物结构鉴定。PGK被降解过程中共检测到4个主要的中间代谢产物(图5B)。根据LC-MS产物鉴定结果,本研究推测青霉素G首先在β-内酰胺酶作用下生成青霉噻唑酸(产物1) (图5C),随后脱羧生成(5,5-二甲基-2-{[(2-苯乙酰)氨基]甲基}-1,3-噻唑烯-4-羧酸) (产物2,去羧基青霉素噻唑酸) (图5D),产物2再通过顺序脱甲基生成产物3 (图5E)和产物4 (图5F),随后进一步降解进入三羧酸循环,为菌株PG-8生长提供碳源。
生物转化实验证实起始PGK分解代谢的酶是受底物诱导的,因此本研究结合基因组和转录组分析来探究可能负责PGK降解的基因。转录结果显示,与未诱导细胞相比,PGK诱导的PG-8中编码一个class A家族β-内酰胺酶的基因(基因组编号为PG.8_GM002194,NCBI序列号:PV522064,命名为pgkA)上调达196.60倍。在已完成功能鉴定的细菌β-内酰胺酶中,PgkA与皮疽诺卡氏菌(Nocardia farcinica) IFM10152的降解青霉素G的FAR-1一致性最高,为47.39%。系统进化分析显示,这些功能鉴定的β-内酰胺酶共分为3个大的分支,且PgkA独立组成一个分支,暗示菌株PG-8中起始青霉素G分解代谢的酶可能具有其独特的进化起源(图6A)。紧挨pgkA的基因(基因组编号为PG.8_GM002195,NCBI序列号:PV522065,命名为pgkB)转录上调112.10倍。序列分析显示,该基因编码一个氨基酸N-乙酰转移酶。PgkB与NCBI Swiss-Prot数据库中假茄科罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum) GMI1000的N-乙酰谷氨酸合成酶序列相似性最高,为59.00%。系统进化分析显示,PgkB与该酶的进化关系最近,并且这2个酶与其他细菌属的N-乙酰谷氨酸合成酶位于完全不同的进化分支(图6B),暗示它们与其他属细菌中的酶具有不同的进化起源。
基因组上紧挨pgkAB的PG.8_GM002196和PG.8_GM002198分别编码一个TolC家族的外膜孔蛋白(命名为PgkM)和一个MFS家族转运蛋白(命名为PgkT) (图6C)。据报道,革兰氏阴性细菌独特的细胞膜结构是亲水性抗生素的物理性屏障,外膜孔蛋白可以通过非特异性渗透作用使这类抗生素穿透细胞外膜,而细菌跨内膜外泵和摄取抗生素则需要转运蛋白来实现[29]。因此,本研究推测PgkM可能是负责将青霉素G从细胞外渗透进入周质空间的外膜孔蛋白,PgkT则负责进一步跨内膜转运抗生素进入细胞质,随后由代谢酶系完成其降解。革兰氏阴性细菌跨外膜渗透抗生素已被广泛报道,但是利用抗生素为唯一碳源生长的细菌跨内膜转运底物的转运蛋白尚未鉴定,转运机制也尚不明确。因此,PgkT确切的转运功能和机制还需进一步验证。pgkA上游的PG.8_GM002193编码一个LysR家族的转录调控因子PgkR,推测其可能参与了青霉素代谢相关基因的转录调控,其功能也有待进一步证实。此外,该菌株基因组中还包含一段完整的苯乙酸代谢基因簇(PG.8_GM006000-PG.8_GM006007)。根据青霉素G的分子结构和文献报道,推测这段基因簇可能也参与了PGK的下游代谢。基因组进一步分析显示,pgkAB上下游无疑似的可转移元件,推测这2个基因在细菌间发生基因转移的可能性不大,这也暗示pgkAB不会因为基因转移使环境中的其他细菌获得耐药性。因此推测,在利用PG-8进行青霉素G污染环境修复过程时其潜在的扩散风险较小。
pgkApgkB基因插入到pBAD18质粒上构建表达载体,转化大肠杆菌TOP10,并用0.1%的l-阿拉伯糖诱导进行蛋白的异源表达。SDS-PAGE分析显示,PgkA和PgkB的分子量分别约为30.80 kDa和52.10 kDa (图7),与基于它们的氨基酸序列推导的分子质量一致。通过HPLC和LC-MS分析PgkA和PgkB的活性并鉴定其催化反应产物。结果显示,PgkA能催化PGK快速降解生成青霉噻唑酸,而且酶的比活为33.90 U/mg。酶促反应动力学结果显示,PgkA催化PGK降解的Km=(99.19±19.45) μmol/L,kcat=(19.40±1.44) s-1kcat/Km=(1.96±0.55)×105 L/(mol·s),米氏常数动力学曲线如图7A所示。对于PgkB,原本推测它可能催化PgkA的产物青霉噻唑酸的进一步降解。本研究发现,PgkB并不能催化商业化的青霉噻唑酸的降解,却能催化PGK的有效降解生成青霉噻唑酸,催化反应时酶的比活为6.06 U/mg。酶促反应动力学结果显示,PgkB催化PGK降解的Km=(533.76±90.57) μmol/L,kcat= (6.44±0.51) s-1kcat/Km=(1.21±0.31)×104 L/(mol·s),米氏常数动力学曲线如图7B所示。酶学反应结果显示,虽然PgkA和PgkB都能催化PGK降解生成青霉噻唑酸,但是PgkA对PGK的亲和力是PgkB的5.4倍,催化效率是PgkB的10倍左右,说明PgkA在PG-8降解PGK过程中起主要作用。
为进一步验证pgkApgkB的生理功能,分别构建了pgkApgkB的缺失突变菌株PG-8-ΔpgkA和PG-8-ΔpgkB,以及同时敲除pgkAB的突变株PG-8-ΔpgkAB。与野生型PG-8相比,PG-8-ΔpgkA和PG-8-ΔpgkAB降解青霉素G的能力显著下降,且无法将青霉素G完全降解,回补菌株的底物降解能力基本恢复至野生型水平。虽然PG-8-ΔpgkB仍能有效降解青霉素G,但降解速率明显慢于野生株(图8A)。在细菌生长方面,分别敲除pgkApgkB的PG-8仍能利用青霉素G为唯一碳源生长,但生长状况明显弱于野生型,且PG-8-ΔpgkA的生长速率比PG-8-ΔpgkB更慢,同时敲除pgkApgkB的双敲除菌株PG-8-ΔpgkAB基本无法利用青霉素G生长(图8B)。因此,结合酶学分析和基因敲除实验证实pgkApgkB共同起始青霉素G的代谢,但pgkA起主导作用。
青霉素G (PENG)是一种典型的β-内酰胺类抗生素,其在医疗、畜牧、养殖业等领域的大量使用对环境和人类健康造成了严重危害。自从Dantas等报道了降解PENG的纯培养微生物(未鉴定种属)后[27],各种降解菌陆续被分离鉴定。目前能降解PENG的细菌有11株(表3),但仅有少数几株细菌能够利用PENG为唯一碳源生长。例如,Paracoccus sp. KDSPL-02[28]Sphingobacterium sp. SQW1[30]、霍氏肠杆菌(E. hormaechei)WM1[32]和肺炎克雷伯氏菌(K. pneumoniae) Z1[33]在利用PENG生长过程中能分别在24、12、9、24 h完全降解800.00-1 200.00、632.92、10.00、300.00 mg/L的底物。Chelatococcus sp. PC-2能在以青霉素G钠作为唯一碳源的培养基中生长,且在补充碳氮源的条件下对400.00 mg/L青霉素钠的降解率达98.00%[31]。此外,目前多数报道的菌株需要补充额外碳氮源才能有效降解PENG。例如,新洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cenocepacia)JZ6几乎不降解300.00 mg/L的PENG,但补充碳氮源后24 h降解率可达99.98%[35]。胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae)3060在添加碳氮源的情况下能够将1.00 mg/L浓度的PENG彻底降解[36]。还有几株细菌在添加额外碳源条件下能降解PENG,但无法将底物完全降解(表3)。本研究从青霉素菌渣中筛选得到的Delftia sp.PG-8能高效降解青霉素G钾,并以其为唯一碳源进行生长,且在pH 5.0-9.0、25-40 ℃条件下能完全降解青霉素G钾,说明该菌株具有极强的环境适应性。此外,PG-8在高浓度底物条件下仍保持较高代谢活性。当初始青霉素G钾浓度为20.00 mmol/L (7 450.00 mg/L)时,该菌株能完全降解底物并实现细菌生长;即使在底物浓度40.00 mmol/L (14 900.00 mg/L)条件下仍具有95.20%的降解效率。此外,有些代尔夫特菌属的细菌被报道对β-内酰胺类抗生素不具备抗药性[40],本研究发现,PG-8是代尔夫特菌属中第一株能够利用PENG为唯一碳源生长的菌株。
目前关于PENG的分解代谢报道了多条不同的代谢途径。细菌β-内酰胺酶是绝大多数抗性细菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素产生耐药性的主要机制,因此青霉素噻唑酸被认为是PENG降解的主要代谢物之一[41]。菌株Paracoccus sp. KDSPL-02降解PENG时首先通过β-内酰胺环水解生成青霉噻唑酸,然后进一步水解生成苯乙酸和类似于6-氨基青霉烷酸的中间产物,随后进入下游未知代谢途径(图9中途径2)[28]。Crofts等[29]研究4株土壤微生物通过共享策略降解PENG时,推测Paracoccus sp. ABC07也是通过该途径完成PENG降解。推测Sphingobacterium sp. SQW1降解PENG时可能存在3条代谢途径:菌株SQW1先通过β-内酰胺酶起始PENG的降解生成青霉噻唑酸,然后通过2条不同的下游代谢途径实现PENG的完全矿化(起始反应分别类似于途径3和4)[30]。该菌株降解PENG还可能存在第3条途径(图9中途径5),即由酰基转移酶起始PENG降解生成苯乙酸和6-氨基青霉烷酸,这2个产物分别进行下游代谢完成PENG的矿化[30]。然而,菌株SQW1降解PENG的复杂代谢途径网络都只是基于可能的中间代谢产物的鉴定,缺乏必要的基因和酶学证据。K. pneumoniae Z1[33]代谢过程前两步中间产物与PG-8相同,但第3步中间产物有所不同(图9中途径6),而且该菌株分解代谢青霉素G的基因和酶未见报道。本研究通过中间代谢产物鉴定和酶学分析推测了PG-8分解代谢PENG的代谢途径(图9中途径1)。PENG首先在PgkA和PgkB作用下裂解β-内酰胺环生成青霉素噻唑酸,青霉素噻唑酸随后脱羧转化为去羧基青霉素噻唑酸(产物2);产物2再经过连续地去甲基化生成产物3和产物4。中间产物鉴定过程中还鉴定到了苯乙酸(phenylacetic acid, PAA)的结构类似物1-苯基-2-丙酮,而且在PG-8的基因组中确实有完整的PAA代谢基因簇,也有研究显示细菌在降解PENG过程中会形成PAA[29,42]。因此,推测PG-8降解PENG可能也是通过下游PAA途径完成底物的矿化。
β-内酰胺酶是一种广谱的水解酶,能催化各种不同的β-内酰胺抗生素的水解。目前报道的β-内酰胺酶分为A-D 4类。A类、C类和D类属于丝氨酸β-内酰胺酶,它们的活性位点均有丝氨酸,需要利用丝氨酸进行β-内酰胺类药物的水解[43]。B类属于金属-β-内酰胺酶,一般需要利用二价锌离子进行药物的水解[43]。本研究鉴定的PgkA经过系统发育分析属于A类β-内酰胺酶,与已完成功能鉴定的β-内酰胺酶的一致性最高为47.39%。这些A类β-内酰胺酶的系统发育树分为3个主要的分支,而PgkA独立组成一个分支,这说明菌株PG-8中的PgkA可能具有其独特的进化起源。通过比较酶促动力学参数,PgkA对PGK的亲和力与巴西诺卡氏菌(Nocardia brasiliensis)[44]、小麦苍白杆菌(Ochrobactrum tritici)[45]和蔗糖小浴氏菌(Kosakonia sacchari)[46]中的β-内酰胺酶类似。PgkB虽然也能催化PGK生成青霉噻唑酸,但其底物亲和力只有PgkA的1/5,催化效率相较PgkA也很低。此外,PgkB与PgkA属于完全不同的蛋白家族,系统发育分析显示PgkB属于氨基酸N-乙酰转移酶家族,目前尚未见该家族中的酶催化PGK降解的报道。这些都说明PgkB催化青霉素G降解的机制可能与PgkA完全不同。
分别敲除pgkApgkB后的PG-8突变株无论是底物降解还是细菌生长速率都比野生株明显减弱,说明它们在体内都参与了青霉素G的分解代谢。PG-8-ΔpgkA不能将PGK完全降解,说明pgkA在PGK降解过程中起着主导作用,这也与酶学分析结果相互验证。将pgkAB同时敲除后的突变株PG-8-ΔpgkAB仍能降解PGK,且与PG-8-ΔpgkA的底物降解速率差不多,但PG-8-ΔpgkAB却丧失了利用PGK为唯一碳源生长的能力。因此,本研究推测在菌株PG-8中可能还存在其他的酶能起始PENG的降解,由于酶活力不够而达不到足够的解毒作用,或者其催化的产物不能被进一步降解,所以才导致PG-8-ΔpgkAB虽然能够降解底物,但不能利用其为唯一碳源生长。
本研究从青霉素菌渣中获得代尔夫特菌属中第一株能高效降解PENG并利用其为唯一碳源生长的菌株,命名为PG-8 (CCTCC M 2024394)。该菌株在pH为7.0、温度为35 ℃、底物浓度为10.00 mmol/L时表现出最佳的PGK降解和细菌生长效果。结合组学分析、中间代谢产物、酶学和遗传学鉴定推测了菌株PG-8分解代谢底物的代谢途径。PgkA能催化PGK快速降解生成青霉噻唑酸,而且系统发育分析暗示该酶与已完成功能鉴定的其他β-内酰胺酶具有不同的进化起源。虽然PgkB也能催化PGK降解,但其底物亲和力和催化效率显著低于PgkA。基因敲除和回补说明pgkApgkB都参与了菌株起始PENG的降解,但pgkA起主要作用。本研究不仅从分子、生化和遗传学层面系统阐述了细菌降解青霉素G的分子机制,也对实现青霉素菌渣废弃物的修复利用具有重要意义。
闵军:提出概念,数据收集与监管,数据分析,撰写文章,完成呈现;孙梦慧:数据分析,验证;方素云:执行调研;徐凌雪:软件程序;张雅慧:软件程序;胡晓珂:监督管理,获取基金,编辑、撰写、审阅。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32070102)
  • 山东省泰山学者计划(tspd20210317)
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2025年第65卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250333
  • 接收时间:2025-04-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-23
  • 录用日期:2025-05-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070102)
国家自然科学基金(32070102)
Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province(tspd20210317)
山东省泰山学者计划(tspd20210317)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,海岸带生物学与生物资源利用重点实验室,山东 烟台
    2 中国科学院大学,北京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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