Article(id=1194684382054158399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250304, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744387200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1752076800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-10, onlineDate=1762764552844, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764552844, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764552844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764552844, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5074, endPage=5091, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684382326788162, articleId=1194684382054158399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation, characterization, and degradation pathway prediction of a myosmine-degrading bacterial strain Shinella G-2, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Myosmine, also known as 3-(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl) pyridine, is a tobacco alkaloid found not only in tobacco but also in various foods, fruits, and vegetables. It serves as one of the precursors for the formation of the carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamine N′-nitrosonornicotine, posing a potential threat to human health. Objective To screen bacterial strains capable of degrading myosmine and preliminarily explore the pathways and mechanisms underlying myosmine degradation. Methods We used myosmine as the sole carbon source to enrich and isolate the myosmine-degrading bacterial strain from tobacco-growing soil. Taxonomic identification of this myosmine-degrading strain was achieved by a combination of morphological observation, physiological and biochemical testing, and molecular analysis. The myosmine degradation products by this strain were analyzed by HPLC and UHPLC-MS/MS. The degradation genes were predicted by BLAST comparison. Results A strain G-2 capable of degrading myosmine was successfully isolated. The strain was identified as a member of Shinella, designated Shinella sp. G-2. HPLC and UHPLC-MS/MS identified five degradation products. Genomic analysis showed that strain G-2 possessed a homologous gene cluster of a variant of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathway (VPP) gene cluster. Conclusion In this study, a strain Shinella sp. G-2 with the ability to degrade myosmine was isolated. Strain G-2 might use enzymes in the VPP pathway to degrade myosmine through a metabolic pathway similar to the VPP pathway.

, correspAuthors=Zhigang GUO, Bingjun DANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: GUO Zhigang,
DANG Bingjun,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui GAO, Mengmeng YU, Ruyun ZHANG, Wei JIA, Xi ZHANG, Bo FU, Zicheng XU, Zhigang GUO, Bingjun DANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1194684827506020376, articleId=1194684382054158399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=一株麦斯明降解菌申氏菌G-2的筛选、鉴定及降解途径预测, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

麦斯明,即3-(3,4-二氢-2H-吡咯-5-基)吡啶,是一种烟草生物碱。它不仅存在于烟草中,还广泛分布于各类食品、水果和蔬菜里。麦斯明是生成致癌性烟草特有亚硝胺N-亚硝基降烟碱(N′-nitrosonornicotine, NNN)的前体物之一,对人体健康构成潜在威胁。 目的 筛选具有降解麦斯明能力的菌株,并探究其降解麦斯明的途径及机制。 方法 以麦斯明为唯一碳源,从植烟土壤中富集和筛选麦斯明降解菌。采用形态学观察、生理生化鉴定与分子生物学鉴定相结合的方法对麦斯明降解菌株进行分类学鉴定。利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和超高效液相色谱-质谱联用(UHPLC-MS/MS)技术分析菌株降解麦斯明的中间代谢产物。通过BLAST工具预测烟碱降解基因。 结果 筛选获得一株具有降解麦斯明能力的菌株G-2,经分析该菌株隶属于申氏菌属(Shinella),将其命名为Shinella sp. G-2。HPLC和UHPLC-MS/MS分析麦斯明降解产物样品,鉴定出5种代谢产物。基因组分析显示,菌株G-2含有一个吡啶和吡咯烷交叉途径(a variant of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathway,VPP途径)基因簇的同源基因簇。 结论 本研究筛选分离出一株具有麦斯明降解能力的菌株Shinella sp. G-2。菌株G-2可能利用VPP途径中的酶类,通过类似于VPP途径的代谢途径降解麦斯明。

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Isolation and characterization of a bacterium degrading bisphenol A[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University of Technology, 2014, 42(2): 162-166 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194980472594870450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, awardId=BA000-ZB23007, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of China Tobacco Shaanxi Industrial Co., Ltd(BA000-ZB23007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980472716505267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, awardId=BA000-ZB23007, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西中烟工业有限责任公司科技项目(BA000-ZB23007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980472775225524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, awardId=30500568, language=EN, fundingSource=Young Talents Foundation of Henan Agricultural University(30500568), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980472842334389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, awardId=30500568, language=CN, fundingSource=河南农业大学青年英才项目(30500568), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194980467104526414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980467125497935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, companyId=1194980467104526414, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980467133886544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, companyId=1194980467104526414, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 河南农业大学 烟草学院,河南 郑州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194980467221966931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980467242938451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, companyId=1194980467221966931, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 China Tobacco Shaanxi Industrial Co. , Ltd. , Xi’an, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980467251327060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, companyId=1194980467221966931, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 陕西中烟工业有限责任公司,陕西 西安)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194980471500157094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Molecular biological identification of strain G-2. A: Phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA sequences of strain G-2 and other related strains (The NCBI accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of each strain is given in parentheses after the strain name; The value at the branch is the bootstrap value; scale bar represents 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site); B: ANI analysis of strain G-2 (The NCBI accession number for the genome sequence of each strain is given in parentheses after the strain name)., figureFileSmall=xXJEXQmAioL5TKGYtd7B+A==, figureFileBig=oDeaEJMREul9i/vL33YoBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980471563071655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株G-2的分子生物学鉴定。A:菌株G-2的16S rRNA基因序列系统发育树(菌株后面括号内为其16S rRNA基因序列的GenBank登录号;分支处的数值是bootstrap值;标尺表示每位点0.02个核苷酸替换);B:菌株G-2的ANI值分析(菌株后面括号内为其基因组序列的GenBank登录号)。, figureFileSmall=xXJEXQmAioL5TKGYtd7B+A==, figureFileBig=oDeaEJMREul9i/vL33YoBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980471663734952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Identification of myosmine degradation metabolites by strain G-2. A: HPLC analysis of the myosmine degradation products by strain G-2 (A1: HPLC chromatogram of the myosmine degradation sample; A2: HPLC chromatogram of the 25-fold diluted sample; A3: HPLC chromatogram of authentic standard 3-succinoyl-pyridine; A4: HPLC chromatogram of authentic standard myosmine); B: Enlarged view of the HPLC chromatogram of Figure A (25-55 min); C-H: The primary and secondary mass spectra of the myosmine degradation products by strain G-2, where C represents myosmine, D represents pseudooxy-nornicotine, E represents 6-hydroxy-myosmine, F represents 3-succinoyl-pyridine, G represents 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine, H represents 2,5-dihydroxypyridine., figureFileSmall=Wg8pYlWG63teLwfIjcD5fA==, figureFileBig=QMVDmPcXZBL26GZKZwiZ5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980471718260905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株G-2降解麦斯明的代谢产物鉴定。A:菌株G-2麦斯明降解产物样品的HPLC分析(A1:降解产物样品的HPLC色谱图;A2:稀释25倍后的降解产物样品HPLC色谱图;A3:3-琥珀酰吡啶标准品的HPLC色谱图;A4:麦斯明标准品的HPLC色谱图);B:图A的局部放大HPLC色谱图(25-55 min);C-H:菌株G-2降解麦斯明代谢产物的一级质谱图和二级质谱图,其中C为麦斯明,D为假氧化去甲烟碱,E为6-羟基-麦斯明,F为3-琥珀酰吡啶,G为6-羟基-3-琥珀酰吡啶,H为2,5-二羟基吡啶。, figureFileSmall=Wg8pYlWG63teLwfIjcD5fA==, figureFileBig=QMVDmPcXZBL26GZKZwiZ5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980471768592554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Genetic organization and comparative and comparative analysis degradation gene clusters in strain G-2, Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33, and Shinella sp. HZN7. euo: Electron transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase; etfA: Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha/FixB family protein. etfB: Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta/FixA family protein; mfs: Major facilitator superfamily transporter; hsh: 6-hydroxy-3-succinoyl-pyridine hydroxylase; pno: 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine oxidase; che: Chemotaxis proteins; abc: Adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporters; tetR: TetR family transcriptional regulator; ami: Maleamate amidase; hpo: 2,5-dihydroxypyridine dioxygenase; nfo: N-formylmaleamate deformylase; iso: Maleate isomerase; ald: 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylsemialdehyde-pyridine dehydrogenase; hno: 6-hydroxynicotine oxidase; paz: Pseudoazurin; ndhAB: Nicotine dehydrogenase., figureFileSmall=Yw71RgM139gfVjSpz+QeiA==, figureFileBig=c0fp91yHe+qad1fePN772A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980471831507115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株G-2的烟碱降解基因簇及其与 Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33Shinella sp. HZN7中烟碱降解基因簇的比较分析。euo:电子转移黄素蛋白:泛醌氧化还原酶;etfA:电子转移黄素蛋白亚基α/FixB家族蛋白;etfB:电子转移黄素蛋白亚基β/FixA家族蛋白;mfs:主要协同转运蛋白超家族;hsh:6-羟基-3-琥珀酰吡啶羟化;pno:6-羟基假氧化烟碱氧化酶;che:趋化性蛋白;abc:ABC转运蛋白;tetR:TetR家族转录调节因子;ami:马来酰胺酸水解酶;hpo:2,5-二羟基吡啶双加氧酶;nfoN-甲酰马来酰胺酸脱甲酰基酶;iso:马来酸顺反异构酶;ald:醛脱氢酶;hno:6-羟基烟碱氧化酶;paz:假天青蛋白;ndhAB:烟碱脱氢酶。, figureFileSmall=Yw71RgM139gfVjSpz+QeiA==, figureFileBig=c0fp91yHe+qad1fePN772A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980471898615980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The proposed myosmine degradation pathway by strain G-2., figureFileSmall=I0RwTcOTH1C/UT+8hxgXqg==, figureFileBig=+OL2a0uWzHtnQdG3Bo/ayQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980471974113453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌株G-2降解麦斯明的代谢途径推断, figureFileSmall=I0RwTcOTH1C/UT+8hxgXqg==, figureFileBig=+OL2a0uWzHtnQdG3Bo/ayQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980472037028014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

API 20NE and API ZYM test results between strain G-2 and six Shinella strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characteristic1234567
API 20NE
硝酸盐还原Potassium nitrate+++-+-+
脲酶Urea-+-+-++
七叶苷水解Esculin+
β-半乳糖苷酶β-galactosidase+
葡萄糖酸钾Potassium gluconate----+-+
己二酸Adipic acid----+--
柠檬酸三钠Trisodium citrate----+--
苯乙酸Phenylacetic acid+----++
API ZYM
碱性磷酸盐酶Alkaline phosphatase+-+++++
类脂酯酶(C8) Esterase lipase (C8)+-+----
类脂酶(C14) Lipase (C14)---+---
胱氨酸芳胺酶Cystine arylamidase+---+++
胰凝乳蛋白酶Chymotrypsin+------
β-葡萄糖苷酶β-glucosidase++++++-
N-乙酰-葡萄糖胺酶N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase+-++-++
), ArticleFig(id=1194980472242548911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

菌株G-26Shinella 属菌株的API 20NEAPI ZYM测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characteristic1234567
API 20NE
硝酸盐还原Potassium nitrate+++-+-+
脲酶Urea-+-+-++
七叶苷水解Esculin+
β-半乳糖苷酶β-galactosidase+
葡萄糖酸钾Potassium gluconate----+-+
己二酸Adipic acid----+--
柠檬酸三钠Trisodium citrate----+--
苯乙酸Phenylacetic acid+----++
API ZYM
碱性磷酸盐酶Alkaline phosphatase+-+++++
类脂酯酶(C8) Esterase lipase (C8)+-+----
类脂酶(C14) Lipase (C14)---+---
胱氨酸芳胺酶Cystine arylamidase+---+++
胰凝乳蛋白酶Chymotrypsin+------
β-葡萄糖苷酶β-glucosidase++++++-
N-乙酰-葡萄糖胺酶N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase+-++-++
), ArticleFig(id=1194980472313852080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The dDDH values between strain G-2 and eight strains of the Shinella genus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain nameAccession numberdDDH value (%)
Shinella sp. HZN7GCF_001652565.131.5
Shinellagranuli DSM 18401T (=Ch06T)GCF_004341885.131.4
Shinella kummerowiae CCBAU 25048TGCF_009827055.129.3
Shinella lacus T1A350T (=CPCC 100929T)GCF_010994755.129.6
Shinella fusca DSM 21319T (=DC-196T)GCF_014203155.131.3
Shinella zoogloeoides ATCC 19623TGCF_020883495.133.8
Shinella curvata C3TGCF_022899935.129.5
Shinella yambaruensis DSM 18801T (=MS4T)GCF_025656855.131.5
), ArticleFig(id=1194980472456458417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684382054158399, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Shinella sp. G-28株申氏菌属(Shinella)菌株的dDDH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain nameAccession numberdDDH value (%)
Shinella sp. HZN7GCF_001652565.131.5
Shinellagranuli DSM 18401T (=Ch06T)GCF_004341885.131.4
Shinella kummerowiae CCBAU 25048TGCF_009827055.129.3
Shinella lacus T1A350T (=CPCC 100929T)GCF_010994755.129.6
Shinella fusca DSM 21319T (=DC-196T)GCF_014203155.131.3
Shinella zoogloeoides ATCC 19623TGCF_020883495.133.8
Shinella curvata C3TGCF_022899935.129.5
Shinella yambaruensis DSM 18801T (=MS4T)GCF_025656855.131.5
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一株麦斯明降解菌申氏菌G-2的筛选、鉴定及降解途径预测
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高辉 1 , 喻梦梦 1 , 张入匀 1 , 贾玮 1 , 张希 2 , 付博 1 , 许自成 1 , 郭志刚 2, * , 党炳俊 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(11): 5074-5091
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(11): 5074-5091
一株麦斯明降解菌申氏菌G-2的筛选、鉴定及降解途径预测
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高辉1, 喻梦梦1, 张入匀1, 贾玮1, 张希2, 付博1, 许自成1, 郭志刚2, * , 党炳俊1, *
作者信息
  • 1 河南农业大学 烟草学院,河南 郑州
  • 2 陕西中烟工业有限责任公司,陕西 西安
Isolation, characterization, and degradation pathway prediction of a myosmine-degrading bacterial strain Shinella G-2
Hui GAO1, Mengmeng YU1, Ruyun ZHANG1, Wei JIA1, Xi ZHANG2, Bo FU1, Zicheng XU1, Zhigang GUO2, * , Bingjun DANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
  • 2 China Tobacco Shaanxi Industrial Co. , Ltd. , Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250304
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麦斯明,即3-(3,4-二氢-2H-吡咯-5-基)吡啶,是一种烟草生物碱。它不仅存在于烟草中,还广泛分布于各类食品、水果和蔬菜里。麦斯明是生成致癌性烟草特有亚硝胺N-亚硝基降烟碱(N′-nitrosonornicotine, NNN)的前体物之一,对人体健康构成潜在威胁。 目的 筛选具有降解麦斯明能力的菌株,并探究其降解麦斯明的途径及机制。 方法 以麦斯明为唯一碳源,从植烟土壤中富集和筛选麦斯明降解菌。采用形态学观察、生理生化鉴定与分子生物学鉴定相结合的方法对麦斯明降解菌株进行分类学鉴定。利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和超高效液相色谱-质谱联用(UHPLC-MS/MS)技术分析菌株降解麦斯明的中间代谢产物。通过BLAST工具预测烟碱降解基因。 结果 筛选获得一株具有降解麦斯明能力的菌株G-2,经分析该菌株隶属于申氏菌属(Shinella),将其命名为Shinella sp. G-2。HPLC和UHPLC-MS/MS分析麦斯明降解产物样品,鉴定出5种代谢产物。基因组分析显示,菌株G-2含有一个吡啶和吡咯烷交叉途径(a variant of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathway,VPP途径)基因簇的同源基因簇。 结论 本研究筛选分离出一株具有麦斯明降解能力的菌株Shinella sp. G-2。菌株G-2可能利用VPP途径中的酶类,通过类似于VPP途径的代谢途径降解麦斯明。

Shinella sp. G-2  /  麦斯明  /  降解产物  /  降解途径

Myosmine, also known as 3-(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl) pyridine, is a tobacco alkaloid found not only in tobacco but also in various foods, fruits, and vegetables. It serves as one of the precursors for the formation of the carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamine N′-nitrosonornicotine, posing a potential threat to human health. Objective To screen bacterial strains capable of degrading myosmine and preliminarily explore the pathways and mechanisms underlying myosmine degradation. Methods We used myosmine as the sole carbon source to enrich and isolate the myosmine-degrading bacterial strain from tobacco-growing soil. Taxonomic identification of this myosmine-degrading strain was achieved by a combination of morphological observation, physiological and biochemical testing, and molecular analysis. The myosmine degradation products by this strain were analyzed by HPLC and UHPLC-MS/MS. The degradation genes were predicted by BLAST comparison. Results A strain G-2 capable of degrading myosmine was successfully isolated. The strain was identified as a member of Shinella, designated Shinella sp. G-2. HPLC and UHPLC-MS/MS identified five degradation products. Genomic analysis showed that strain G-2 possessed a homologous gene cluster of a variant of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathway (VPP) gene cluster. Conclusion In this study, a strain Shinella sp. G-2 with the ability to degrade myosmine was isolated. Strain G-2 might use enzymes in the VPP pathway to degrade myosmine through a metabolic pathway similar to the VPP pathway.

Shinella sp. G-2  /  myosmine  /  degradation products  /  degradation pathway
高辉, 喻梦梦, 张入匀, 贾玮, 张希, 付博, 许自成, 郭志刚, 党炳俊. 一株麦斯明降解菌申氏菌G-2的筛选、鉴定及降解途径预测. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 5074 -5091 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250304
Hui GAO, Mengmeng YU, Ruyun ZHANG, Wei JIA, Xi ZHANG, Bo FU, Zicheng XU, Zhigang GUO, Bingjun DANG. Isolation, characterization, and degradation pathway prediction of a myosmine-degrading bacterial strain Shinella G-2[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 5074 -5091 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250304
烟草是我国一类重要的经济作物,其体内蕴含丰富的生物碱成分。截至目前,已在烟草中鉴定出近50种不同的烟草生物碱[1]。烟草生物碱会与硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐反应形成一系列烟草特有亚硝胺(tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines, TSNAs),该反应过程主要发生在鲜叶采收后的晾晒、调制、陈化等环节[2-3]。目前已识别出8种烟草特有亚硝胺,其中N-亚硝基降烟碱(N′-nitrosonornicotine, NNN)、4-(N-亚硝基甲基氮)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮[4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, NNK]、N-亚硝基假木贼碱(N′-nitrosoanabasine, NAB)、N-亚硝基新烟草碱(N′-nitrosoanatabine, NAT)这4种研究较多[4-5]。NNN和NNK已被世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构明确归类为Ⅰ类致癌物[6],研究发现它们会增加患肺癌、喉癌、口腔癌等多种癌症的风险[7-10]。生成NNK的前体物质是烟碱,烟碱也可作为前体物生成NNN[11-12]。烟碱去甲基化生成的降烟碱同样是形成NNN的前体物质。在普通栽培烟草中烟碱占生物碱总含量的93%以上,而降烟碱含量相对较少,一般不超过总生物碱含量的3.5%[13]。然而,在栽培烟草中存在一种特殊的基因突变植株——“转化株”,在转化株中烟碱在烟碱去甲基化酶的催化作用下转化为降烟碱,这一转化过程显著降低了烟碱含量,增加了降烟碱、NNN、麦斯明的含量[14]。由烟碱转化导致降烟碱含量增加对烟叶安全性有重要影响。除了烟碱和降烟碱外,麦斯明也是生成NNN的前体物之一[15]。此外,麦斯明本身具有遗传毒性。研究表明它对多种人体细胞具有遗传毒性效应,如人类淋巴细胞、上呼吸道上皮细胞、人食管腺癌细胞系等[16-17]。麦斯明虽然在烟草中的含量通常较低,但它不仅存在于烟草中,还广泛分布于各种食品、水果和蔬菜中,同样对人体健康构成潜在威胁[18]
鉴于烟碱以及与之相关的烟草特有亚硝胺的危害,烟碱的微生物代谢一直是研究热点。早在20世纪50年代,科学家们就已开始研究烟碱的微生物降解代谢。Wada[19]成功从土壤样本中筛选出能够以烟草生物碱为唯一碳源和氮源进行生长的细菌,这些细菌可分为2种类型:类型A的菌株具有降解烟碱的能力;类型B的菌株不仅具有降解烟碱的能力,还具有降解降烟碱和假木贼碱的能力。经过持续研究,目前已分离鉴定出种类繁多的具有降解烟碱能力的微生物,这些微生物多属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)[20]、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)[21]、农杆菌属(Agrobacterium)[22]、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)[23]、类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)[24]、苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)[25]等。烟碱降解微生物不仅种类繁多,其代谢烟碱的途径也多种多样。目前,已阐明的代谢途径主要有4条,分别是吡啶途径(pyridine pathway)[26]、吡咯烷途径(pyrrolidine pathway)[27-28]、吡啶和吡咯烷交叉途径(pyridine and pyrrolidine pathway, VPP途径)[29-30]和脱甲基途径(demethylation pathway)[31]。在已分离鉴定的烟碱降解菌株中部分菌株已得到应用,包括用于烟草废水处理、用于烟叶品质提升以及用于药物中间体制备等。例如,从烟草废弃物污染的土壤中分离出的烟碱降解菌株假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.) HF-1,在投加到活性污泥后能够成功定殖,并有效去除烟草废水中的烟碱[32];从植烟土壤中分离出的烟碱降解菌株假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.) Nic22,将其制成粗酶液喷洒于烟叶表面能够调节烟叶原料的烟碱含量,改善烟叶品质[33];从植烟土壤中分离出的烟碱降解菌株恶臭假单胞菌(P. putida) S16经过基因工程改造,构建了编码3-琥珀酰吡啶单加氧酶(3-succinoylpyridine monooxygenase)基因的插入失活突变株恶臭假单胞菌(P. putida) S16dspm,该突变株作为生物催化剂可用于制备降压药前体物3-琥珀酰吡啶[34]
尽管文献已报道了许多烟碱降解菌株并对其代谢途径进行了深入研究,但针对降烟碱和麦斯明的降解菌株及其代谢途径的研究仍然相对匮乏。目前,已分离鉴定出的具有降解降烟碱能力的菌株仅有申氏菌(Shinella sp.) HZN7[35]、节杆菌(Arthrobacter sp.) NOR5[36]和分枝菌酸小杆菌(Mycolicibacterium sp.) SMGY-1XX[37]。相较于降烟碱,已分离鉴定出的麦斯明降解菌株更少,目前已知的仅有分枝菌酸小杆菌(Mycolicibacterium sp.) SMGY-1XX和鞘氨醇盒菌(Sphingopyxis sp.) J-6[38]。菌株分枝菌酸小杆菌(Mycolicibacterium sp.) SMGY-1XX通过吡啶途径降解麦斯明,而菌株鞘氨醇盒菌(Sphingopyxis sp.) J-6则利用VPP途径进行降解。此外,鞘氨醇盒菌(Sphingopyxis sp.) J-6还拥有一条此前未在微生物中报道过的烟草生物碱代谢途径。在该途径中,麦斯明被转化为3-琥珀酰吡啶(3-succinoyl-pyridine),并最终被代谢为3-吡啶乙酸(3-pyridylacetic acid)。然而,目前已知的麦斯明降解菌株数量仍然有限,对其降解途径与分子机制的理解仍不充分。因此,新的麦斯明降解菌株及其降解途径仍有待进一步探索与发现。
本研究从植烟土壤中筛选分离出一株具有降解麦斯明能力的菌株,对其进行基因组测序,鉴定了其在麦斯明代谢过程中产生的中间产物,并推测了其降解麦斯明的代谢途径。通过本研究,一方面为烟草生物碱的微生物降解提供了新的菌种资源,另一方面深化了对烟草生物碱的微生物代谢途径及机制的理解。
供试土壤样品为实验室-20 ℃保存的烟草根际土壤[39]
LB液体培养基、矿物盐培养基(mineral salts medium, MSM)和R2A琼脂培养基的配制参考文献[38,40]。LB液体培养基和矿物盐培养基在121 ℃灭菌30 min后使用,R2A琼脂培养基在121 ℃灭菌20 min后使用。
麦斯明,上海毕得医药科技有限公司;麦斯明标准品:用去离子水配制浓度为500 mg/mL的母液,并用0.22 μm水系滤膜过滤除菌。3-琥珀酰吡啶,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;3-琥珀酰吡啶标准品:用去离子水配制浓度为1.25 mg/mL母液,并用0.22 μm水系滤膜过滤除菌。色谱级甲醇,天津市四友精细化学品有限公司;胰蛋白胨,北京奥博星生物技术有限责任公司;酵母粉,Oxoid公司;NaCl,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;API ZYM、API 20NE试剂盒,生物梅里埃公司。
冷冻干燥机,宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;低温冷冻离心机,Eppendorf公司;紫外可见分光光度计,上海美谱达仪器有限公司;高压蒸汽灭菌锅,浙江新丰医疗器械有限公司;高效液相色谱仪,沃特世科技有限公司;液质联用仪,ThermoFisher Scientific公司。
称取约5 g土壤样品,放入装有100 mL含500 mg/L麦斯明的MSM培养基的锥形瓶中,30 ℃、160 r/min培养7 d后,取5 mL富集菌液,加入新的装有100 mL含500 mg/L麦斯明的MSM培养基中。重复上述步骤4次,将得到的富集菌液用稀释涂布平板法涂布在平板上,并置于30 ℃的恒温恒湿箱中培养。待平板上长出单菌落后,挑取单菌落进行划线纯化。
将纯化后得到的单菌落分别接入装有100 mL含500 mg/L麦斯明的MSM培养基的锥形瓶中,30 ℃、160 r/min培养。若培养基的颜色或浑浊度发生明显变化,则对相应锥形瓶的菌液进行HPLC分析,以判断其是否具有降解麦斯明的能力。
将筛选出的麦斯明降解菌株接种到LB液体培养基中培养至浑浊。取菌液在4 ℃、4 000 r/min离心10 min,弃上清留菌体沉淀后再加入新MSM溶液进行重悬洗涤,重复2次。将洗涤完的菌悬液调至OD600=0.6,以菌悬液的体积分数为1%的比例接入含500 mg/L麦斯明的MSM培养基中,摇匀后将锥形瓶置于30 ℃、160 r/min条件下培养15 d。取培养液在4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液过0.22 μm水系滤膜并进行冷冻干燥,收集冻干粉末,加色谱级甲醇溶解,过0.45 μm尼龙滤膜后得到麦斯明降解产物样品,对其进行HPLC分析和UHPLC-MS/MS分析[38]
HPLC色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0 μm,Waters公司),流动相是20 mmol/L KH2PO4 (pH 2.6)和甲醇(97:3,体积比)的混合物,柱温为30 ℃,流速为1.0 mL/min,进样量为10.0 μL,检测波长为268 nm。
UHPLC色谱柱 (3.0 mm×100 mm,3.0 μm,Waters公司)。流动相A为0.1%甲酸水溶液,流动相B为甲醇,采用梯度洗脱方法,梯度洗脱条件为:0-2 min,95% A;2-6 min,95%-85% A;6-10 min,85%-50% A;10-15 min,50% A;15-16 min,50%-95% A;16-20 min,95% A。柱温为30 ℃,流速为0.4 mL/min,进样量为10.0 μL。
采用HESI作为离子源,正离子模式,扫描模式为full ms/dd-ms2 top10。一级扫描的分辨率为70 000,扫描范围为50-600 m/z;二级扫描的分辨率为17 500,起始离子为50 m/z。鞘气速率设置为40 arb,辅助气速率为10 arb,喷雾电压为正离子4.0 kV。毛细管温度为320 ℃,喷针温度为250 ℃,S-lens设置为50%。碎裂方式为高能碰撞解离(higher energy collision dissociation, HCD),碎裂能量分别设置为15、30和45。
将筛选得到的具有降解麦斯明能力的菌株接种到LB液体培养基中,30 ℃、160 r/min培养,待培养基浑浊后,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心2 min,收集菌体沉淀,送至深圳华大基因科技有限公司,通过DNBSEQ平台进行全基因组测序。原始测序数据下机后对其进行过滤,获得可用的clean data,然后使用SPAdes v3.9.0组装软件对clean data进行组装。组装后获得的序列上传至NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/),获得GenBank登录号为JBBEYH000000000,使用prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline (PGAP)进行基因预测及基因功能注释。
采用API ZYM和API 20NE试剂盒对菌株G-2进行生理生化指标测定,具体操作根据试剂盒说明书进行。
从降解菌株的基因组注释文件中找到其16S rRNA基因序列,上传至EzBioCloud数据库(https://www.ezbiocloud.net),通过BLAST工具比对得到降解菌株的16S rRNA基因同源序列,在MEGA 11.0软件中采用邻接法构建系统发育树,bootstrap值设定为1 000。
平均核苷酸一致性值(average nucleotide identity, ANI值)采用OAT (orthologous ANI tool)软件进行计算[41]
DNA-DNA分子杂交值(digital DNA-DNA hybridization,dDDH值)使用在线工具genome-to-genome distance calculator (GGDC) (http://ggdc.dsmz.de/)计算获得。
通过BLAST工具将菌株G-2的编码蛋白序列与已报道的菌株噬尼古丁节杆菌(A. nicotinovorans) pAO1 (吡啶途径)、菌株恶臭假单胞菌(P. putida) S16 (吡咯烷途径)、菌株根癌农杆菌(A. tumefaciens) S33和菌株申氏菌(Shinella sp.) HZN7 (VPP途径)的烟碱降解相关酶类进行同源性比对,鉴定菌株G-2中可能参与烟碱降解的相关基因及其编码的同源蛋白。
通过富集、分离和划线纯化从富集菌液中分离出一株G-2菌株。该菌株在R2A琼脂平板上生长时形态呈灰白色,表面粗糙干燥、不透明且有褶皱。将菌株G-2接入含500 mg/L麦斯明的100 mL MSM培养基中培养后,培养液颜色由透明无色变为微黄色,初步判断菌株G-2具有降解麦斯明的能力。
对菌株G-2进行全基因组测序,经组装总共得到83个contigs。菌株G-2基因组总长度为6 073 194 bp,G+C含量为64%。预测到基因共5 839个,其中编码基因有5 717个,假基因有69个,RNA基因有53个。在53个RNA基因中5S rRNA基因、16S rRNA基因和23S rRNA基因各1个,tRNA基因46个,ncRNA基因4个。
采用API 20NE和API ZYM试剂盒对菌株G-2进行生理生化特性测定。API 20NE测试结果显示,菌株G-2具有硝酸盐还原能力,能水解七叶苷,具有β-半乳糖苷酶活性;不产生吲哚,不能发酵葡萄糖,无精氨酸二水解酶活性,不能分解尿素,也不能水解明胶。菌株G-2能利用d-葡萄糖、l-阿拉伯糖、d-甘露糖、d-甘露醇、N-乙酰葡萄糖胺、d-麦芽糖、苹果酸和苯乙酸;不能利用葡萄糖酸钾、羊蜡酸、己二酸和柠檬酸三钠。API ZYM测试结果显示,菌株G-2的碱性磷酸盐酶、酯酶(C4)、类脂酯酶(C8)、白氨酸芳胺酶、缬氨酸芳胺酶、胱氨酸芳胺酶、胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶、萘酚-AS-BI-磷酸水解酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和N-乙酰-葡萄糖胺酶呈阳性;类脂酶(C14)、α-半乳糖苷酶、β-糖醛酸苷酶、α-甘露糖苷酶和β-岩藻糖苷酶呈阴性。
菌株G-2的生理生化特征与已报道的6株申氏菌属(Shinella)模式菌株相似。在API 20NE测试中,菌株G-2与这6株申氏菌属(Shinella)模式菌株均能利用d-葡萄糖、l-阿拉伯糖、d-甘露糖、d-甘露醇、苹果酸、d-麦芽糖和N-乙酰葡萄糖胺;均不产生吲哚、不能发酵葡萄糖、无精氨酸二水解酶活性、不能利用羊蜡酸且不能水解明胶。在API ZYM测试中,菌株G-2与这些模式菌株的酯酶(C4)、白氨酸芳胺酶、缬氨酸芳胺酶、胰蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和萘酚-AS-BI-磷酸水解酶均呈阳性;而α-半乳糖苷酶、β-糖醛酸苷酶、α-甘露糖苷酶和β-岩藻糖苷酶均呈阴性。除了上述测试指标外,菌株G-2的其他生理生化指标与这6株申氏菌属(Shinella)模式菌株间有明显差异(表1)。
通过EzBioCloud数据库的BLAST工具对菌株G-2的16S rRNA基因序列进行比对分析。结果显示,与菌株G-2有最高16S rRNA基因序列相似度的模式菌株为动胶菌样申氏菌(S. zoogloeoides) ATCC 19623T,相似度为99.57%,之后的是鸡眼草申氏菌(S. kummerowiae) CCBAU 25048T、湖泊申氏菌(S. lacus) T1A350T、弯曲申氏菌(S. curvata) C3T、细粒申氏菌(S. granuli) Ch06T、褐色申氏菌(S. fusca) DC-196T和山原申氏菌(S. yambaruensis) MS4T,这些菌株的16S rRNA基因与菌株G-2的16S rRNA基因的相似度分别为99.34%、99.00%、98.44%、98.08%、97.94%和97.16%。使用MEGA 11.0软件选取菌株G-2与Shinella属已报道的13个种模式菌株,以及作为外参的瓜类鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas melonis) DAPP-PG 224T,采用邻接法构建系统发育树。如图1A所示,菌株G-2与动胶菌样申氏菌(S. zoogloeoides) ATCC 19623T聚为一支,表明两者具有较近的亲缘关系。
为进一步确定菌株G-2的分类地位,从NCBI数据库下载参与系统发育树构建的7株申氏菌属(Shinella)模式菌株基因组序列,同时下载申氏菌属(Shinella)中已报道的具有降解烟碱能力的菌株申氏菌(Shinella sp.) HZN7的基因组序列以进行ANI值分析。若2菌株之间的ANI值高于95%则被视为同种[43]。由图1B可知,菌株G-2与这8株菌的ANI值均低于95.00% (84.98%-87.58%)。
在ANI值分析的基础上,进一步对菌株G-2与8株申氏菌属(Shinella)菌株进行dDDH值计算。dDDH是细菌物种划分的重要依据:当2株菌之间的dDDH值低于70%时它们被视为不同种;反之,若dDDH值高于或等于70%则被认为是同种[44]。dDDH值结果如表2所示,菌株G-2与这8株菌株的dDDH值范围在29.3%-33.8%之间,均远低于70%的阈值。结合生理生化测试及分子生物学鉴定结果,判定菌株G-2为申氏菌属(Shinella)的潜在新种,将菌株G-2命名为Shinella sp. G-2。该菌株已保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心(China Center for Type Culture Collection, CCTCC),保藏号为CCTCC M 20251354。
通过对麦斯明降解产物样品进行HPLC分析观察到多个色谱峰(图2A)。其中,峰P1的保留时间为6.924 min,与麦斯明标准品的保留时间相一致,因此推测峰P1可能是麦斯明(图2A)。峰P2的保留时间为33.205 min,与3-琥珀酰吡啶标准品的保留时间相吻合,推测峰P2可能是3-琥珀酰吡啶(图2A、2B)。
进一步对麦斯明降解产物样品进行UHPLC-MS/MS分析,确证了麦斯明和3-琥珀酰吡啶的存在。UHPLC-MS/MS分析麦斯明降解产物样品鉴定出6种化合物,包括麦斯明、3-琥珀酰吡啶、假氧化去甲烟碱(pseudooxy-nornicotine)、6-羟基-麦斯明(6-hydroxy-myosmine)、6-羟基-3-琥珀酰吡啶(6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine)和2,5-二羟基吡啶(2,5-dihydroxypyridine)。化合物C在正离子模式下所得的质子化分子离子峰为m/z 147.090 8 [M+H]+,确定其分子式为C9H10N2。在其二级质谱图中观察到碎片离子峰m/z 106.028 9、m/z 104.049 6和m/z 78.034 2,鉴定化合物C为麦斯明(图2C)。化合物F在正离子模式下所得的质子化分子离子峰为m/z 180.064 5 [M+H]+,确定其分子式为C9H9NO3。在其二级质谱图中观察到碎片离子峰m/z 134.059 8、m/z 162.054 7、m/z 106.029 0、m/z 78.034 2和m/z 80.049 9,鉴定化合物F为3-琥珀酰吡啶(图2F)。化合物D在正离子模式下所得的质子化分子离子峰为m/z 165.101 4 [M+H]+,确定其分子式为C9H12N2O。在其二级质谱图中观察到碎片离子峰m/z 148.075 4、m/z 106.028 9、m/z 80.049 9和m/z 78.034 2,鉴定化合物D为假氧化去甲烟碱(图2D)。化合物E在正离子模式下所得的质子化分子离子峰为m/z 163.085 6 [M+H]+,确定其分子式为C9H10N2O。在其二级质谱图中观察到碎片离子峰m/z 136.075 4、m/z 118.065 1和m/z 91.054 4,鉴定化合物E为6-羟基-麦斯明(图2E)。化合物G在正离子模式下所得的质子化分子离子峰为m/z 196.059 6 [M+H]+,确定其分子式为C9H9NO4。在二级质谱中观察到碎片离子峰m/z 96.044 7、m/z 122.023 7、m/z 150.054 7和m/z 178.049 5,鉴定化合物G为6-羟基-3-琥珀酰吡啶(图2G)。化合物H在正离子模式下所得的质子化分子离子峰为m/z 112.039 0 [M+H]+,确定其分子式为C5H5NO2。在二级质谱中观察到碎片离子峰为m/z 84.044 7、m/z 94.029 0,鉴定化合物H为2,5-二羟基吡啶(图2H)。
麦斯明作为烟碱的结构类似物,在降解过程中可能与烟碱利用相同的酶类。本研究利用BLAST工具将菌株G-2的编码蛋白序列与吡啶途径、吡咯烷途径和VPP途径的代表菌株中已鉴定的烟碱降解相关酶类进行比对分析。结果显示,菌株G-2基因组中存在与VPP途径所有关键降解酶类相对应的同源基因,包括烟碱脱氢酶(nicotine dehydrogenase, NdhAB)、6-羟基烟碱氧化酶(6-hydroxynicotine oxidase, Hno)、6-羟基假氧化烟碱氧化酶(6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine oxidase, Pno)、醛脱氢酶(6-hydroxy-3-succinoylsemialdehyde-pyridine dehydrogenase, Ald)、6-羟基-3-琥珀酰吡啶羟化酶(6-hydroxy-3-succinoyl-pyridine hydroxylase, Hsh)、2,5-二羟基吡啶双加氧酶(2,5-dihydroxypyridine dioxygenase, Hpo)、N-甲酰马来酰胺酸脱甲酰基酶(N-formylmaleamate deformylase, Nfo)、马来酰胺酸水解酶(maleamate amidase, Ami)、马来酸顺反异构酶(maleate isomerase, Iso)。进一步分析显示,这些同源基因以基因簇形式存在,其基因排列顺序与根癌农杆菌(A. tumefaciens) S33和申氏菌(Shinella sp.) HZN7的VPP途径基因簇相似(图3)。
申氏菌属(Shinella)是假单胞菌门α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)根瘤菌科(Rhizobiaceae)中的一类革兰氏阴性菌。该属菌株具有降解多种污染物的能力,包括多环芳烃、酰胺类除草剂、霉菌毒素、双酚A及烟碱等。例如,申氏菌(Shinella sp.) FLN 14能够有效降解菲、二氢苊和荧蒽等多种多环芳烃类化合物,可用于多环芳烃污染环境的生物修复[45];菌株申氏菌(Shinella sp.) Y-4能够有效降解酰胺类除草剂乙草胺,对丙草胺和丁草胺等农药也有良好的降解效果[46]S. oryzae Z-25能够降解危害最严重的霉菌毒素玉米赤霉烯酮[47];申氏菌(Shinella sp.) HZB1能以双酚A为唯一碳源和能源生长,有效降解双酚A[48];申氏菌(Shinella sp.) HZN7则被报道具有降解烟碱的能力。本研究分离出的Shinella sp. G-2菌株具有降解麦斯明的能力,这是首次发现具有降解麦斯明能力的申氏菌属(Shinella)菌株。鉴于申氏菌属(Shinella)菌株既能降解烟碱,也能降解其结构类似物麦斯明,可以推测烟碱和麦斯明在申氏菌属(Shinella)中的降解机制可能存在相似性。
本研究通过对已知的烟碱降解相关酶类进行系统比对分析,在菌株G-2中鉴定出一个VPP途径基因簇。基于这一发现,并结合对菌株G-2降解麦斯明过程中产生的代谢产物的鉴定结果,我们推测了菌株G-2的麦斯明降解途径。由于麦斯明和烟碱为结构类似物,推测菌株G-2可能利用VPP途径中的酶类通过类似于VPP途径的代谢途径来实现对麦斯明的降解。推测的降解途径如下:(1) 麦斯明的吡啶环发生羟基化反应生成6-羟基-麦斯明;(2) 6-羟基-麦斯明自发水解生成6-hydroxy-pseudooxy-nornicotine;(3) 6-hydroxy-pseudooxy-nornicotine被氧化为6-羟基-3-琥珀酰半醛吡啶(6-hydroxy-3-succinoylsemialdehyde-pyridine),后者进一步被转化为6-羟基-3-琥珀酰吡啶;(4) 6-羟基-3-琥珀酰吡啶进一步转化为2,5-二羟基吡啶,2,5-二羟基吡啶通过一系列反应转化为富马酸(fumaric acid);(5) 富马酸进入三羧酸循环,完成降解过程(图4)。然而,在本研究中,除了推测途径中出现的6-羟基-3-琥珀酰吡啶、6-羟基-麦斯明、假氧化去甲烟碱和2,5-二羟基吡啶4种化学物质外,还检测到3-琥珀酰吡啶的存在,而3-琥珀酰吡啶是烟碱代谢的吡咯烷途径中的中间产物,但是菌株G-2并不含吡咯烷途径基因簇。因此,菌株G-2中3-琥珀酰吡啶的生成机制仍需进一步深入研究。
目前,关于麦斯明微生物降解的研究相对较少。已知的麦斯明降解菌株包括分枝菌酸小杆菌(Mycolicibacterium sp.) SMGY-1XX和鞘氨醇盒菌(Sphingopyxis sp.) J-6。菌株SMGY-1XX通过吡啶途径降解麦斯明。菌株J-6对麦斯明的代谢较为复杂,涉及多种途径,包括经由VPP途径的降解。特别值得注意的是,菌株J-6存在一条此前未在微生物中报道过的烟草生物碱代谢途径,其独特之处在于麦斯明被转化为3-琥珀酰吡啶,并最终代谢为3-吡啶乙酸。在本研究中,菌株G-2的降解途径与菌株SMGY-1XX不同,而与菌株J-6的VPP途径相似。
菌株G-2、申氏菌(Shinella sp.) HZN7以及根癌农杆菌(A. tumefaciens) S33三者的VPP途径基因簇显示出高度的保守性。这三者的VPP途径基因簇的基因排列顺序一致,并且烟碱降解相关基因核酸序列相似度很高。它们之间的区别主要体现在转座酶编码基因上。在这3个菌株中,菌株G-2与申氏菌(Shinella sp.) HZN7的VPP途径基因簇基本相同,但在申氏菌(Shinella sp.) HZN7中,paz基因被转座酶编码基因所分割,而菌株G-2与根癌农杆菌(A. tumefaciens) S33的paz基因则保持完整。菌株G-2和申氏菌(Shinella sp.) HZN7的ANI值为86.32%,dDDH值为31.5%,均远低于各自的物种分类的阈值,因此2株菌明确为Shinella属的不同物种。申氏菌属(Shinella)和农杆菌属(Agrobacterium)同属根瘤菌科。这些信息表明,这3个菌的VPP途径基因簇可能具有共同的起源,该基因簇在根瘤菌科的申氏菌属(Shinella)和农杆菌属(Agrobacterium)之间,以及申氏菌属(Shinella)不同种之间发生了迁移。
本研究成功从植烟土壤中筛选出一株具有麦斯明降解能力的菌株G-2。通过形态学观察、生理生化鉴定、16S rRNA基因序列比对、基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育树分析、ANI分析和dDDH分析确定菌株G-2隶属于申氏菌属(Shinella),并将其命名为Shinella sp. G-2。基因组分析表明,Shinella sp. G-2基因组中存在与VPP途径所有关键降解酶类相对应的同源基因,含有一个VPP途径基因簇的同源基因簇。HPLC分析和UHPLC-MS/MS分析鉴定出菌株G-2降解麦斯明的5种代谢产物,分别是假氧化去甲烟碱、6-羟基-麦斯明、6-羟基-3-琥珀酰吡啶、2,5-二羟基吡啶和3-琥珀酰吡啶。根据基因组分析和代谢产物鉴定的结果,推测菌株G-2可能利用VPP途径中的酶类,通过类似于VPP途径的代谢途径对麦斯明进行降解。
高辉:实验设计、操作及论文撰写及修改;喻梦梦:协助实验操作、论文讨论;张入匀:协助实验操作;贾玮:提供资源;张希:项目管理;付博:项目管理、提供资源;许自成:提供资源;郭志刚:项目管理、论文审阅;党炳俊:提出概念、实验设计、实验指导、文章指导及修改润色、项目管理、提供资源。
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  • 陕西中烟工业有限责任公司科技项目(BA000-ZB23007)
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2025年第65卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250304
  • 接收时间:2025-04-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-12
  • 录用日期:2025-07-10
基金
Science and Technology Project of China Tobacco Shaanxi Industrial Co., Ltd(BA000-ZB23007)
陕西中烟工业有限责任公司科技项目(BA000-ZB23007)
Young Talents Foundation of Henan Agricultural University(30500568)
河南农业大学青年英才项目(30500568)
作者信息
    1 河南农业大学 烟草学院,河南 郑州
    2 陕西中烟工业有限责任公司,陕西 西安

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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