Article(id=1194684381626343829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250310, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1748880000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-03, onlineDate=1762764552742, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764552742, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764552742, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764552742, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5092, endPage=5104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684381861224855, articleId=1194684381626343829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 for the biosynthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid and arginine: engineering and application in tumor treatment, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (ECN) is engineered by synthetic biology to construct a tumor-targeting strain capable of colonizing the tumor tissue, converting glucose and metabolic waste ammonia in the tumor microenvironment into the photosensitizer precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and the immunomodulatory amino acid arginine, while synergizing with immune checkpoint inhibitors for enhanced antitumor efficacy. Methods The genes hemAM, hemL, and argA were co-expressed in ECN, and thyA was knocked out via the λ-Red homologous recombination system to improve the tumor-targeting specificity. Shake-flask fermentation experiments, UV spectrophotometry, and HPLC were employed to quantify 5-ALA and arginine production. The antitumor effects of the engineered ECN were systematically evaluated by in vitro cellular assays and a murine colorectal cancer model. Results The engineered strain achieved 5-ALA and arginine yields of (173.00±11.46) mg/L and (1.70±0.09) g/L, which represented 8.2-fold and 20-fold increases, respectively, over that of wild-type ECN (P<0.000 1). The deletion of thyA enabled selective proliferation of the strain in tumor cells (HCT116 and CT26), with a two-fold increase in OD600 compared with that in normal Vero cells (P<0.000 1), confirming enhanced tumor targeting. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated sustained synthesis of 5-ALA and arginine in tumors. Compared with wild-type ECN, the engineered strain induced 2.7-fold and 1.9-fold increases in CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell infiltration (P<0.000 1), alongside 1.7-fold and 2.4-fold elevations in IL-6 and TNF-α secretion (P<0.000 1), respectively. The engineered strain combined with the anti-PD-L1 therapy achieved a tumor volume inhibition rate of 77.6% (P<0.000 1). Conclusion This study establishes a metabolically and immunologically dual-functional ECN platform that synergizes localized delivery of photodynamic therapy precursors, arginine-mediated immunometabolic reprogramming, and immune checkpoint blockade, providing a novel solution for the combined therapy against solid tumors. The engineered system offers a groundbreaking strategy for precise tumor microenvironment modulation, advancing the research on targeted cancer therapeutics.

, correspAuthors=Xiaoli YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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#These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Ran YIN, Changsen LIN, Xiaodi DING, Xiaojing LIU, Yixuan ZHAI, Xiaoli YU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1194684756966220566, articleId=1194684381626343829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=构建大肠杆菌Nissle 1917合成5-氨基乙酰丙酸和精氨酸及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 利用合成生物学技术构建益生菌大肠杆菌Nissle 1917 (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, ECN),使其能够特异性定殖于肿瘤组织,原位转化肿瘤微环境中的葡萄糖及代谢废物氨,同步合成光敏剂前体5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-aminolevulinic acid, 5-ALA)和免疫调节氨基酸精氨酸,并与免疫检查点抑制剂形成协同抗肿瘤效应。 方法 在ECN中共表达hemAMhemLargA基因,通过λ-Red同源重组系统敲除thyA基因以增强肿瘤靶向性;采用摇瓶发酵实验、紫外分光光度法、HPLC等方法检测工程菌ECN合成5-ALA和精氨酸的产量;进一步利用体外细胞实验和小鼠肿瘤模型系统评价工程菌ECN对结直肠癌细胞的作用。 结果 工程菌中5-ALA和精氨酸的产量分别达到(173.00±11.46) mg/L和(1.70±0.09) g/L,较野生型提高8.2倍和20倍(P<0.000 1)。thyA基因缺失使工程菌只能在肿瘤细胞HCT116和CT26中增殖,与正常组织细胞Vero相比,工程菌在肿瘤细胞中的OD600提高了1倍(P<0.000 1),进而提高工程菌ECN的肿瘤靶向性。体内外实验证实工程菌可在肿瘤组织中持续合成5-ALA和精氨酸,与野生型ECN相比工程菌分别诱导CD8+和CD4+ T细胞浸润密度增加2.7倍和1.9倍(P<0.000 1),IL-6、TNF-α分泌水平分别升高1.7倍和2.4倍(P<0.000 1),联合抗PD-L1治疗使肿瘤体积抑制率达77.6% (P<0.000 1)。 结论 本研究成功构建了具有代谢-免疫双重调控功能的ECN工程菌平台,通过原位供给光动力治疗前体药物、精氨酸介导的免疫代谢重编程以及协同免疫检查点阻断的三重作用为实体瘤的联合治疗提供了新的解决方案,也为肿瘤微环境精准调控策略的发展提供了研究思路。

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OncoImmunology, 2021, 10(1): 1956173., articleTitle=Association of PIK3CA mutation and PTEN loss with expression of CD274 (PD-L1) in colorectal carcinoma, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194980369486299743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, awardId=ZR2021QC079, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021QC079), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980369540825696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, awardId=ZR2021QC079, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QC079), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194980364256002590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980364264391199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, companyId=1194980364256002590, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980364268585504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, companyId=1194980364256002590, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 山东第二医科大学 公共卫生学院,山东 潍坊)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194980364327305761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980364335694370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, companyId=1194980364327305761, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980364339888675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, companyId=1194980364327305761, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 山东中医药大学附属医院,山东 济南)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194980364398608933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980364406997542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, companyId=1194980364398608933, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980364411191847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, companyId=1194980364398608933, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 山东第二医科大学 基础医学院,山东 潍坊)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194980368211231313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=5-ALA and arginine production from glucose and ammonia in ECN and targeted delivery of 5-ALA and arginine into tumor cells. 5-ALA: 5-aminolevulinic acid; GSA: Glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase; GlntRNA: Glutamyl-tRNA; PpIX: Protoporphyrin IX., figureFileSmall=KKB2DGaqSAnKK6enJlRbDw==, figureFileBig=cZuruWHCOZX9e473Lsl79w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980368282534482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=CN, label=图1, caption=ECN以葡萄糖和氨为前体合成5-ALA和精氨酸并靶向递送至肿瘤细胞, figureFileSmall=KKB2DGaqSAnKK6enJlRbDw==, figureFileBig=cZuruWHCOZX9e473Lsl79w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980368362226259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Fermentation experiment results of ECN and EALA. A: The growth of ECN and EALA; B: The glucose consumption of ECN and EALA; C: The 5-ALA accumulation of ECN and EALA; D: The arginine accumulation of ECN and EALA; E: Color variation of ECN and EALA fermentation medium. Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. ****: P<0.000 1 (n=3 per group; Each group tested in triplicate; All data were shown as mean±SEM)., figureFileSmall=7GLexn+kuv5kisHGiOowWw==, figureFileBig=M1XgoJotAo/xWw+x9L3Jww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980368458695252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=CN, label=图2, caption=ECNEALA的发酵实验结果, figureFileSmall=7GLexn+kuv5kisHGiOowWw==, figureFileBig=M1XgoJotAo/xWw+x9L3Jww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980368521609813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Engineered EALA ∆thyA producing 5-ALA and arginine during fermentation experiment and co-culture with Vero, CT26, and HCT116 cells. A: 5-ALA accumulation by fermentation experiment; B: Arginine accumulation by fermentation experiment; C: The growth of EALA ∆thyA co-cultured with Vero, CT26, and HCT116 cells at 24, 48, and 72 h; D: 5-ALA production of EALA ∆thyA co-cultured with Vero, CT26, and HCT116 cells at 24, 48, and 72 h; E: Arginine production of EALA ∆thyA co-cultured with Vero, CT26, and HCT116 cells at 24, 48, and 72 h. Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. ****: P<0.000 1 (n=3 per group; Each group tested in triplicate; All data were shown as mean±SEM)., figureFileSmall=iZG3eL5al9Z23WdJM4Crlw==, figureFileBig=4bGiXD04peRhW1asohv0aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980368597107286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=CN, label=图3, caption=工程菌EALA ∆thyA在发酵实验以及与VeroCT26HCT116共培养过程中合成5-ALA和精氨酸的情况, figureFileSmall=iZG3eL5al9Z23WdJM4Crlw==, figureFileBig=4bGiXD04peRhW1asohv0aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980368685187671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=EALA ∆thyA for enabling efficient tumor accumulation and causing the immunomodulatory effect. A: Five million CFU of EALA ∆thyA or ECN were injected into CT26 tumors. The tumors were collected and homogenized after 24, 72, or 120 h and bacterial abundance was measured by CFU assay; B: 5-ALA level was measured after 24, 72, or 120 h; C: Arginine level was measured after 24, 72, or 120 h; D: Detection of CD3+ T cells in tumor tissue using immunohistochemical techniques after 72 h; E: CD4+ and CD8+ cells were analyzed by flow cytometry after 24 h; F: FOXP3+ cells were analyzed by flow cytometry after 24 h; G: IL-6 in tumors was measured by ELISA kit; H: TNF-α in tumors was measured by ELISA kit. Statistical analysis was calculated via two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. ****: P<0.000 1 (n=3 per group; Each group tested in triplicate; All data were shown as mean±SEM)., figureFileSmall=GRfRKttQmnB9OGOUrIpqVg==, figureFileBig=cVhbkNTpjkiwl4EVIPiYng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980368819405400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=CN, label=图4, caption=EALA ∆thyA在肿瘤组织中有效积累并产生免疫调节作用, figureFileSmall=GRfRKttQmnB9OGOUrIpqVg==, figureFileBig=cVhbkNTpjkiwl4EVIPiYng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980368974594649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=EALA ∆thyA synergizing with PD-L1 blockade to promote CT26 tumor growth inhibition. A: The size of tumor tissue in mice at different times (n=4-5 per group. **: P<0.01; ****: P<0.000 1. Two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test); B: Size of tumor tissue in mice on the 30th day; C: Body weight of mice at different times (n=4-5 per group. n.s.: Not significant (P>0.05). Two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test). All data were shown as mean±SEM., figureFileSmall=Ei4jHBrC0ddVN9xjWvGZmA==, figureFileBig=fT/ZE/JRBPBx1AFQS6fPpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980369058480730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=CN, label=图5, caption=EALA ∆thyA协同抗PD-L1抗体抑制CT26肿瘤组织的生长, figureFileSmall=Ei4jHBrC0ddVN9xjWvGZmA==, figureFileBig=fT/ZE/JRBPBx1AFQS6fPpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980369138172507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strains and plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株和质粒

Strain and plasmid

相关特性

Relevant properties

来源或参考

Source or reference

Strains

Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (ECN)

ECN ∆argR::FRT

ECN ∆argR ∆thyA::FRT

EALA

EALA ∆thyA

Plasmids

pTKRED

pKD4

pCP20

pENAL

pEALA

Wild-type

ECN with the deletion of argR

ECN with the deletion of argR and thyA

ECN ∆argR::FRT harboring pEALA

ECN ∆argR ∆thyA::FRT harboring pEALA

pSC101 repliconts PL-gam-bet-exo, recA cI857, Smr

oriRγ, FRT::kan::FRT template plasmid, Kanr, Ampr

pSC101 repliconts Flp (λRp) cI857, Cmr, Ampr

pCL1920 containing hemAM (S. arizona) and hemL (E. coli Nissle 1917)

pCL1920 containing hemAM (S. arizona), hemL (E. coli Nissle 1917) and argAH15Y (E. coli DH5α)

Lab stock

This work

This work

This work

This work

Lab stock

Lab stock

Lab stock

Lab stock

This work

), ArticleFig(id=1194980369238835804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究使用的菌株和质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株和质粒

Strain and plasmid

相关特性

Relevant properties

来源或参考

Source or reference

Strains

Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (ECN)

ECN ∆argR::FRT

ECN ∆argR ∆thyA::FRT

EALA

EALA ∆thyA

Plasmids

pTKRED

pKD4

pCP20

pENAL

pEALA

Wild-type

ECN with the deletion of argR

ECN with the deletion of argR and thyA

ECN ∆argR::FRT harboring pEALA

ECN ∆argR ∆thyA::FRT harboring pEALA

pSC101 repliconts PL-gam-bet-exo, recA cI857, Smr

oriRγ, FRT::kan::FRT template plasmid, Kanr, Ampr

pSC101 repliconts Flp (λRp) cI857, Cmr, Ampr

pCL1920 containing hemAM (S. arizona) and hemL (E. coli Nissle 1917)

pCL1920 containing hemAM (S. arizona), hemL (E. coli Nissle 1917) and argAH15Y (E. coli DH5α)

Lab stock

This work

This work

This work

This work

Lab stock

Lab stock

Lab stock

Lab stock

This work

), ArticleFig(id=1194980369310138973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物名称

Primers name

引物序列

Primer sequences (5ʹ→3ʹ)

argR-F

argR-R

thyA-F

thyA-R

Hema-F

Heml-R

GGACTGCGACTTTCATCCTAAACTC

GAGAAAGTCACCCGATATGGTGGT

GAACTGATGCAAAAAGTGCTCG

GTGGATCGTATCCTTCAATC

ATGACCAAGAAGCTTTTAGCGCTC

TCACAACTTCGCAAACACC

), ArticleFig(id=1194980369360470622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381626343829, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究使用的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物名称

Primers name

引物序列

Primer sequences (5ʹ→3ʹ)

argR-F

argR-R

thyA-F

thyA-R

Hema-F

Heml-R

GGACTGCGACTTTCATCCTAAACTC

GAGAAAGTCACCCGATATGGTGGT

GAACTGATGCAAAAAGTGCTCG

GTGGATCGTATCCTTCAATC

ATGACCAAGAAGCTTTTAGCGCTC

TCACAACTTCGCAAACACC

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构建大肠杆菌Nissle 1917合成5-氨基乙酰丙酸和精氨酸及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用
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尹然 1, # , 林常森 2, # , 丁小娣 3 , 柳晓婧 1 , 翟逸轩 1 , 于晓丽 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(11): 5092-5104
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(11): 5092-5104
构建大肠杆菌Nissle 1917合成5-氨基乙酰丙酸和精氨酸及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用
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尹然1, #, 林常森2, #, 丁小娣3, 柳晓婧1, 翟逸轩1, 于晓丽1, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东第二医科大学 公共卫生学院,山东 潍坊
  • 2 山东中医药大学附属医院,山东 济南
  • 3 山东第二医科大学 基础医学院,山东 潍坊
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 for the biosynthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid and arginine: engineering and application in tumor treatment
Ran YIN1, Changsen LIN2, Xiaodi DING3, Xiaojing LIU1, Yixuan ZHAI1, Xiaoli YU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
  • 2 Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
  • 3 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250310
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目的 利用合成生物学技术构建益生菌大肠杆菌Nissle 1917 (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, ECN),使其能够特异性定殖于肿瘤组织,原位转化肿瘤微环境中的葡萄糖及代谢废物氨,同步合成光敏剂前体5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-aminolevulinic acid, 5-ALA)和免疫调节氨基酸精氨酸,并与免疫检查点抑制剂形成协同抗肿瘤效应。 方法 在ECN中共表达hemAMhemLargA基因,通过λ-Red同源重组系统敲除thyA基因以增强肿瘤靶向性;采用摇瓶发酵实验、紫外分光光度法、HPLC等方法检测工程菌ECN合成5-ALA和精氨酸的产量;进一步利用体外细胞实验和小鼠肿瘤模型系统评价工程菌ECN对结直肠癌细胞的作用。 结果 工程菌中5-ALA和精氨酸的产量分别达到(173.00±11.46) mg/L和(1.70±0.09) g/L,较野生型提高8.2倍和20倍(P<0.000 1)。thyA基因缺失使工程菌只能在肿瘤细胞HCT116和CT26中增殖,与正常组织细胞Vero相比,工程菌在肿瘤细胞中的OD600提高了1倍(P<0.000 1),进而提高工程菌ECN的肿瘤靶向性。体内外实验证实工程菌可在肿瘤组织中持续合成5-ALA和精氨酸,与野生型ECN相比工程菌分别诱导CD8+和CD4+ T细胞浸润密度增加2.7倍和1.9倍(P<0.000 1),IL-6、TNF-α分泌水平分别升高1.7倍和2.4倍(P<0.000 1),联合抗PD-L1治疗使肿瘤体积抑制率达77.6% (P<0.000 1)。 结论 本研究成功构建了具有代谢-免疫双重调控功能的ECN工程菌平台,通过原位供给光动力治疗前体药物、精氨酸介导的免疫代谢重编程以及协同免疫检查点阻断的三重作用为实体瘤的联合治疗提供了新的解决方案,也为肿瘤微环境精准调控策略的发展提供了研究思路。

大肠杆菌Nissle 1917  /  5-氨基乙酰丙酸  /  精氨酸  /  光动力治疗  /  免疫治疗

Objective The probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (ECN) is engineered by synthetic biology to construct a tumor-targeting strain capable of colonizing the tumor tissue, converting glucose and metabolic waste ammonia in the tumor microenvironment into the photosensitizer precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and the immunomodulatory amino acid arginine, while synergizing with immune checkpoint inhibitors for enhanced antitumor efficacy. Methods The genes hemAM, hemL, and argA were co-expressed in ECN, and thyA was knocked out via the λ-Red homologous recombination system to improve the tumor-targeting specificity. Shake-flask fermentation experiments, UV spectrophotometry, and HPLC were employed to quantify 5-ALA and arginine production. The antitumor effects of the engineered ECN were systematically evaluated by in vitro cellular assays and a murine colorectal cancer model. Results The engineered strain achieved 5-ALA and arginine yields of (173.00±11.46) mg/L and (1.70±0.09) g/L, which represented 8.2-fold and 20-fold increases, respectively, over that of wild-type ECN (P<0.000 1). The deletion of thyA enabled selective proliferation of the strain in tumor cells (HCT116 and CT26), with a two-fold increase in OD600 compared with that in normal Vero cells (P<0.000 1), confirming enhanced tumor targeting. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated sustained synthesis of 5-ALA and arginine in tumors. Compared with wild-type ECN, the engineered strain induced 2.7-fold and 1.9-fold increases in CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell infiltration (P<0.000 1), alongside 1.7-fold and 2.4-fold elevations in IL-6 and TNF-α secretion (P<0.000 1), respectively. The engineered strain combined with the anti-PD-L1 therapy achieved a tumor volume inhibition rate of 77.6% (P<0.000 1). Conclusion This study establishes a metabolically and immunologically dual-functional ECN platform that synergizes localized delivery of photodynamic therapy precursors, arginine-mediated immunometabolic reprogramming, and immune checkpoint blockade, providing a novel solution for the combined therapy against solid tumors. The engineered system offers a groundbreaking strategy for precise tumor microenvironment modulation, advancing the research on targeted cancer therapeutics.

Escherichia coli Nissle 1917  /  5-aminolevulinic acid  /  arginine  /  photodynamic therapy  /  immunotherapy
尹然, 林常森, 丁小娣, 柳晓婧, 翟逸轩, 于晓丽. 构建大肠杆菌Nissle 1917合成5-氨基乙酰丙酸和精氨酸及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 5092 -5104 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250310
Ran YIN, Changsen LIN, Xiaodi DING, Xiaojing LIU, Yixuan ZHAI, Xiaoli YU. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 for the biosynthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid and arginine: engineering and application in tumor treatment[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 5092 -5104 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250310
随着活体生物治疗研究的深入以及合成生物学技术的突破,工程菌在疾病治疗领域的应用价值日益凸显[1-3]。通过基因工程改造,细菌可实现生物活性分子(如抗原、酶类及维生素)的靶向合成与递送,其能够动态响应环境信号的特性为精准治疗提供了新策略[4-5]。其中,大肠杆菌Nissle 1917 (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, ECN)作为非致病性益生菌株,因其独特优势成为肿瘤治疗的重要载体,不仅具备长期应用于人体的安全性,而且ECN成熟的基因操作体系为合成生物学改造提供了技术基础[6];同时,它能在肿瘤微环境的低氧及免疫抑制区域实现有效定殖[7-8]。研究证实,经工程化改造后的ECN可表达同步裂解回路(eSLC),通过局部释放CD47纳米抗体拮抗剂(eSLC-CD47nb)激活系统性抗肿瘤免疫[9];进一步合成治疗性蛋白及前药转化酶可显著提升荷瘤动物的生存率[10],充分展现了其在肿瘤生物治疗中的潜力。
光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy, PDT)作为一种微创治疗手段,其治疗效应源于光敏剂5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-aminolevulinic acid, 5-ALA)在肿瘤细胞内的特异性富集。5-ALA经酶促代谢转化为原卟啉IX (protoporphyrin IX, PpIX),在特定波长(660 nm)光照激发下生成具有氧化能力的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) ,进而发挥细胞毒性作用[11-13]。然而,5-ALA固有的亲水特性及靶向缺陷严重制约了其临床应用。第三代光敏剂通过靶向载体偶联策略可显著改善药代动力学特性,而工程化ECN作为活体递送系统为5-ALA的精准投递提供了创新解决方案[14]。此外,PDT诱导的免疫原性细胞死亡可释放肿瘤相关抗原,与免疫检查点抑制剂联用可产生协同抗肿瘤效应。例如,NCP@pyrolipid光敏系统联合抗PD-L1抗体可同时介导原发灶与远端转移灶消退[15-16],这表明ECN介导的PDT-免疫联合疗法具有重要研究价值。
最新研究表明,肿瘤微环境中精氨酸匮乏会削弱PD-L1阻断疗法的免疫应答[17]。氨(NH3)作为肿瘤代谢副产物,经谷氨酸脱氢酶催化生成谷氨酸,再通过N-乙酰谷氨酸合成酶(ArgA)转化为精氨酸[18-19]。该代谢通路与ECN中5-ALA生物合成的前体物质均为谷氨酸[20-23]。基于此,本研究构建重组质粒pCL1920,共表达hemAMhemLargA基因,使ECN工程菌可分别利用葡萄糖和氨作为底物同步合成5-ALA与精氨酸,进一步将5-ALA与精氨酸靶向递送至肿瘤细胞。通过与抗PD-L1抗体的协同作用,可实现:(1) PDT诱导的局部肿瘤杀伤;(2) 精氨酸代谢重塑增强免疫应答;(3) 系统抗肿瘤免疫激活。这种基于合成生物学的工程菌联合治疗策略为实体瘤治疗提供了新的研究思路(图1)。
ECN培养和分子遗传操作采用LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母粉5.0,NaCl 10.0。摇瓶发酵实验采用改良的培养基(g/L):(NH4)2SO4 6.0,KH2PO4 3.0,Na2HPO4·12H2O 16.0,MgSO4·7H2O 1.0,MnSO4·7H2O 1.0,酵母粉2.0。以葡萄糖作为唯一碳源,同时添加25 mg/mL壮观霉素和3 mmol/L胸苷以促进5-ALA和精氨酸的合成。为诱导基因表达,在培养过程中添加0.1 mmol/L异丙基-β-d-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)。
PrimeSTAR HS DNA聚合酶及其buffer缓冲液、DNA限制性内切酶,TaKaRa公司;用于配制培养基的试剂(胰蛋白胨、酵母粉、NaCl等)、胰酶、IV型胶原酶、DNA酶I,Solarbio公司;壮观霉素、IPTG、胸苷,上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;Gibson无缝组装试剂,NEB公司;抗PD-L1抗体,Bio X Cell公司;多克隆抗CD3抗体、抗兔二抗,北京中山金桥生物技术有限公司;抗CD25抗体、抗CD4抗体、抗FOXP3+抗体、抗CD8a抗体,Biolegend公司。
琼脂糖凝胶电泳回收试剂盒,Omega公司;质粒快速提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;ELISA试剂盒,南京建成生物工程研究所。
野生型ECN由本实验室保存,并作为出发菌株进行构建。首先,基因argAH15Y (GenBank登录号为AF008116)由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成[24]。根据Gibson组装方法将其连接到之前研究中构建的pENAL载体中[23],从而获得过表达载体pEALA。使用表达λ-Red重组系统的pTKRED和作为标记基因PCR模板的pKD4,通过PCR产物进行重组,敲除ECN基因组中argRthyA基因。使用引物argR-F、argR-R和thyA-F、thyA-R验证argRthyA基因的缺失。随后,将pEALA电转化到argR单突变株和argRthyA双突变株中,分别命名为EALA和EALA ∆thyA。在含有25 mg/mL壮观霉素和3 mmol/L胸苷的LB琼脂平板上筛选菌落,并使用验证引物Hema-F和Heml-R筛选阳性克隆。本研究中使用的所有菌株、质粒和引物分别如表1表2所示。
工程菌在进行发酵实验时,利用分光光度计(岛津公司)测定OD600值,上清液中的葡萄糖浓度使用SBA-40C生物传感器(山东省科学院生物研究所)进行分析,采用改良的Ehrlich试剂分析5-ALA浓度;上清液中的精氨酸通过高效液相色谱仪(high performance liquid chromatograph, HPLC) (安捷伦公司)检测,色谱柱是安捷伦EC-C18,所有样品和流动相在HPLC分析前均通过0.22 μm滤膜过滤。
非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞(Vero)、人结直肠癌细胞(HCT116)和小鼠结肠癌细胞(CT26)均购自中国科学院细胞库,并在含有10%胎牛血清、100 mg/mL青霉素和100 U/mL链霉素的DMEM培养基中培养。细胞在37 °C、5% CO2的湿润培养箱中维持生长。
将Vero、HCT116和CT26细胞(每孔约3 000个细胞)接种于96孔板中培养24 h,随后用ECN或EALA ∆thyA处理。首先,将培养36 h的ECN和EALA ∆thyA发酵液在4 000 r/min离心5 min,用PBS洗涤后重新悬浮于DMEM培养基中,使其浓度为1×107 CFU/mL。取10 μL重新悬浮的ECN和EALA ∆thyA加入细胞中,共同孵育培养72 h,同时收集24、48、72 h的共培养液用于检测OD600。然后,将所有样品离心收集上清液进行5-ALA和精氨酸定量分析。
动物实验设计及实验方法经山东第二医科大学医学实验动物中心伦理委员会批准,编号为2025SDL041。雌性BALB/c小鼠(4周龄)购自济南朋悦实验动物繁育有限公司,动物生产许可证号为SCXK (鲁) 2022-0006。小鼠在无特定病原体条件下饲养,使用前至少饲养3 d。将CT26肿瘤细胞(5×105 CFU/mL)皮下接种到BALB/c小鼠体内。当肿瘤平均体积达到约0.3 cm3时,将40只小鼠随机分为以下几组:ECN组、EALA ∆thyA组、抗PD-L1抗体组、EALA ∆thyA+抗PD-L1抗体组,每组10只。肿瘤体积计算如公式(1)所示。
肿瘤体积=(长×宽2)/2
将ECN和EALA ∆thyA培养36 h,然后重悬于无菌PBS中,使其浓度达到1×107 CFU/mL。随后,使用无菌注射器(1 mL)以50 μL PBS为溶剂,每周2次瘤内注射,总共进行8次治疗。每3 d给小鼠腹腔注射200 μg/100 μL PBS的抗PD-L1抗体。ECN和EALA ∆thyA单独注射,或与200 μg抗PD-L1抗体联合注射。在整个实验过程中,这些细菌剂量下的小鼠均表现出正常的表型,如活动能力和体重。感染ECN和EALA ∆thyA的小鼠其饮用水中添加0.5%葡萄糖和 25.0 mg/mL壮观霉素,每2-3 d更换1次,并且每2 d给小鼠腹腔注射新鲜配制的IPTG (1.0 mg/200 μL)。处理24 h后,使用激光器(长春新产业光电技术有限公司)以660 nm波长和150 mW/cm2的光照强度对每组小鼠进行5 min光照。之后,每2 d测量并记录肿瘤体积和体重,将相对肿瘤体积和体重与第1天测量的数据进行比较。
从BALB/c小鼠肿瘤模型中切除肿瘤,放入含有5 mL PBS的无菌管中,称重后通过轻柔的机械挤压进行匀浆。将肿瘤匀浆进行连续稀释,分别接种于含有25.0 mg/mL壮观霉素和3.0 mmol/L胸苷的LB琼脂培养基(用于EALA ∆thyA培养)或仅含25.0 mg/mL壮观霉素的LB琼脂培养基(用于对照ECN培养)。平板在37 °C下孵育过夜,随后对细菌菌落进行计数。
使用胰酶将切除的肿瘤样本消化30 min,随后4 °C、12 000 r/min离心5 min,去除不溶性物质,上清液用于5-ALA检测。
取约50 mg肿瘤组织加入400 μL 75%甲醇,涡旋振荡60 s。将样本在液氮中冷冻1 min,随后超声破碎10 min,重复3次。之后,在冰上超声处理30 min,并以17 000 r/min离心15 min。取上清液(1 μL)通过LC-MS/MS系统(AB公司)进行精氨酸检测,使用MultiQuant 3.0.3软件分析数据。
使用多克隆抗CD3抗体对小鼠肿瘤的石蜡包埋组织样本进行瘤内T细胞浸润分析。组织切片脱蜡后,使用pH 9.0的EDTA缓冲液在98 °C水浴中进行20 min的抗原修复。随后使用无血清蛋白封闭液进行抗原封闭10 min,一抗以1:50稀释度孵育1 h。切片使用生物素化的抗兔二抗孵育30 min,随后用PBS和Tween-20洗涤,最后进行DAB显色。
利用2 mg/mL IV型胶原酶和50 U/mL DNA酶I通过机械方法对肿瘤样本进行酶解处理制备单细胞悬液,随后分别用以下抗体进行染色:APC标记的抗小鼠CD25抗体、FITC标记的抗小鼠CD4抗体、PE标记的抗小鼠FOXP3+抗体以及PerCP标记的抗小鼠CD8a抗体。使用流式细胞仪(安捷伦公司)对样本进行检测,并用FlowJo软件对数据进行分析。
收集经PBS、ECN和EALA ∆thyA处理的小鼠肿瘤组织,将采集的肿瘤组织进行匀浆处理,然后将匀浆液4 °C、12 000 r/min离心10 min,去除所有不溶性物质。使用ELISA试剂盒测定肿瘤匀浆上清液中白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)的浓度。
使用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行双向方差分析,并结合Tukey检验或Dunnett多重比较检验,P值小于0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
肿瘤微环境中氨代谢产物的异常积累为靶向生物合成提供了优化方向。本研究采用代谢工程策略对ECN进行遗传改造,通过构建氨代谢转化通路实现5-ALA与精氨酸的协同合成。在前期研究中,ECN中共表达来自沙门氏菌的hemAM与内源性hemL能显著提高5-ALA的生物合成[21]。精氨酸合成的关键第一步是在N-乙酰谷氨酸合成酶(ArgA)的作用下将谷氨酸乙酰化。因此,本研究选择pCL1920质粒过表达hemAMhemLargAH15Y (编码N-乙酰谷氨酸合成酶的突变体H15Y),并敲除精氨酸阻遏蛋白基因ArgR,进一步提高精氨酸的产量[25],构建工程菌株EALA。
如图2A、2B所示,3个基因在工程菌EALA中共表达未对工程菌的生长特性及葡萄糖代谢产生显著影响。与ECN相比,EALA的5-ALA产量提高了8.2倍(P<0.000 1),在56 h内达到(173.00±11.46) mg/L;同时,精氨酸的积累量增加了20倍(P<0.000 1),在48 h内达到(1.70±0.09) g/L (图2C、2D)。此外,培养基的颜色变深(图2E),间接证实了卟啉类化合物及血红素在胞内富集。上述结果表明,通过代谢通路的优化成功合成了高产量的5-ALA和精氨酸,为下一步肿瘤治疗提供了基础。
为了进一步提高EALA的肿瘤靶向能力,本研究敲除了肿瘤细胞特异性表达的胸苷酸合成基因(thyA),构建工程菌EALA ∆thyA。发酵结果显示,thyA的敲除未影响5-ALA和精氨酸代谢途径,产物积累水平与原始菌株保持稳定(图3A、3B)。体外细胞共培养实验显示,EALA ∆thyA在正常细胞Vero中呈现生长抑制(OD600<0.1),而在CT26和HCT116肿瘤细胞中则表现出特异性增殖能力,72 h培养后OD600达到0.2 (图3C),表明肿瘤微环境中的外源性胸苷酸可有效补偿thyA缺失的代谢缺陷。与此同时,EALA ∆thyA的5-ALA和精氨酸在肿瘤细胞中也有一定的积累,72 h内分别达到35 mg/L和0.25 g/L (图3D、3E)。上述结果显示,EALA ∆thyA通过代谢依赖性调控实现了肿瘤特异性定殖,并在肿瘤细胞内高效合成5-ALA和精氨酸。
为进一步分析EALA ∆thyA的抗肿瘤效应,本研究采用BALB/c小鼠皮下接种CT26结肠癌细胞构建异种移植瘤模型。当肿瘤体积达到0.3 cm3时,通过瘤内注射途径给予ECN和EALA ∆thyA治疗。如图4A所示,EALA ∆thyA在CT26肿瘤中的定殖情况与ECN几乎一致,且具有持续性。与ECN处理组相比,EALA ∆thyA处理组肿瘤匀浆中5-ALA及精氨酸浓度显著升高(图4B、4C)。通过组织切片分析发现,EALA ∆thyA处理组肿瘤微环境中CD3+ T细胞浸润密度显著高于ECN组及空白对照组(图4D)。随后,利用流式细胞术进一步证实EALA ∆thyA可特异性增加肿瘤浸润性CD4+和CD8+ T淋巴细胞亚群比例(图4E)。与野生型ECN相比,工程菌分别诱导CD8+和CD4+ T细胞浸润密度增加2.7倍和1.9倍(P<0.000 1),同时降低免疫抑制性FOXP3+调节性T细胞浸润(图4F)。细胞因子检测结果显示,EALA ∆thyA处理组肿瘤组织中IL-6和TNF-α分泌水平显著上调(图4G、4H),分别升高1.7倍和2.4倍(P<0.000 1)。上述结果提示,EALA ∆thyA可通过调节肿瘤微环境中免疫代谢物水平及增强抗肿瘤免疫应答展现出潜在的肿瘤免疫治疗应用价值。
本研究进一步探讨EALA ∆thyA与抗PD-L1免疫检查点阻断疗法的协同抗肿瘤效应。通过构建CT26结肠癌荷瘤小鼠模型,实验组进行8次瘤内注射EALA ΔthyA菌液,并联合腹腔注射抗PD-L1抗体;对照组分别接受PBS、野生型ECN或单一抗PD-L1治疗。实验结果表明,相较于ECN对照组,PBS对照组的肿瘤组织显著增大(数据未显示),而接受EALA ∆thyA治疗的小鼠平均肿瘤体积降低了22.7% (P<0.01,图5A);当与抗PD-L1抗体联用时协同效应更为显著,肿瘤生长抑制率提升至77.6% (P<0.000 1,图5A和5B),表现出显著的协同效应。此外,除PBS对照组的小鼠体重显著下降(数据未显示)外,其他各治疗组的小鼠体重始终维持稳定(图5C),表明EALA ∆thyA治疗具有良好的生物安全性。上述结果表明,EALA ∆thyA协同抗PD-L1抗体可以进一步增强肿瘤抑制效果。
本研究成功构建了一种工程化益生菌,通过代谢工程改造实现了葡萄糖和氨(肿瘤代谢废物)向5-ALA及精氨酸的生物转化。该工程菌能够在肿瘤组织中正常增殖,其原位合成的5-ALA和精氨酸可有效提高肿瘤微环境中T淋巴细胞浸润密度以及IL-6、TNF-α等细胞因子水平,并与抗PD-L1抗体产生显著协同抗肿瘤效应。本研究将5-ALA介导的光动力疗法(PDT)与免疫治疗相结合,为肿瘤联合治疗提供了理论基础。
前期研究证实,ECN中5-ALA通过C5途径从谷氨酸(TCA循环的直接衍生物)进行生物合成[21]。大肠杆菌中精氨酸则由谷氨酸和乙酰辅酶A起始,通过八步酶促反应合成,由argA编码的N-乙酰谷氨酸合成酶是整个反应中的关键限速酶,且受到精氨酸浓度的反馈抑制[26]argR编码的ArgR蛋白对精氨酸合成基因的转录具有负调控作用[27]。因此,在ECN中共表达hemAMhemLargA,并敲除argR,可合成高水平的5-ALA和精氨酸。为进一步提高工程菌的生物安全性,通过构建thyA基因缺陷型菌株实现严格的营养依赖调控。thyA基因编码胸苷酸合成酶,该酶是合成脱氧胸苷单磷酸所必需的,而脱氧胸苷单磷酸进一步转化为DNA合成所必需的脱氧胸苷三磷酸[28]。敲除thyA会使工程菌在缺乏外源胸苷的生理环境中无法存活,而肿瘤组织特有的胸苷富集特性则确保了菌株的特异性定殖[8]
研究显示,5-ALA作为前体进入肿瘤细胞内,进一步通过血红素合成途径转化为PpIX[29]。PpIX在激光照射下被激活,迅速产生游离的活性氧,进而杀死肿瘤细胞[30]。ECN作为益生菌本身具有多种生物学活性,如抑制肿瘤生长、调节免疫反应等。本研究基于ECN构建的工程菌EALA ∆thyA能够将合成的5-ALA和精氨酸靶向递送至小鼠的肿瘤组织。通过光动力治疗不仅增加了肿瘤浸润效应T淋巴细胞的数量,降低了FOXP3+调节性T细胞的数量,而且提高了细胞因子IL-6和TNF-α的分泌水平,而细胞因子可促进抗肿瘤免疫反应。然而,单一光动力治疗本身不足以完全消除肿瘤[31]。有报道称,光动力治疗能产生ROS,诱导癌细胞凋亡、免疫原性细胞死亡以引发树突状细胞成熟,进而激活CD8+和CD4+ T细胞[32];同时产生肿瘤相关抗原,诱导强烈的适应性免疫反应,并显著增加CD8+ 和CD4+ T细胞的表达水平[33-34]。光动力治疗与免疫治疗的联用可能会增强抗肿瘤作用。研究表明,免疫检查点抑制剂在抑制肿瘤微环境中T细胞介导的抗肿瘤免疫反应中起着重要作用[35]。PD-1/PD-L1阻断疗法在多种恶性肿瘤(如结直肠癌CRC)的临床治疗中取得了显著成果[36]。当与其他治疗方法联合使用时抗肿瘤效果显著增强。在肿瘤内补充精氨酸可以提高免疫检查点抑制剂的抗肿瘤反应[22]。本研究进一步表明,肿瘤局部精氨酸的持续供给可重塑免疫抑制微环境,增强T细胞介导的抗肿瘤应答。
综上所述,本研究构建的细菌递送系统为肿瘤细菌疗法提供了创新策略,主要体现在:代谢调控模块实现5-ALA和精氨酸原位合成;胸苷营养缺陷型设计保障生物安全性;多机制协同增强抗肿瘤免疫应答。以上研究结果为开发下一代智能型肿瘤治疗生物制剂奠定了重要基础。然而,该研究还存在不足之处,后续研究需着重解决以下关键问题:(1) 工程菌静脉给药的安全性评估;(2) 抗肿瘤免疫应答的具体分子机制解析;(3) IPTG诱导系统的临床适用性优化可采用温度敏感型或氧气响应型启动子替代。
尹然:负责实验、数据收集、分析;林常森:实验验证、分析,撰写论文;丁小娣:负责实验,修改论文;柳晓婧:实验验证、分析;翟逸轩:数据收集、分析;于晓丽:提出概念,获取基金与提供资源,修改论文。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QC079)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250310
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-14
  • 录用日期:2025-06-03
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Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021QC079)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QC079)
作者信息
    1 山东第二医科大学 公共卫生学院,山东 潍坊
    2 山东中医药大学附属医院,山东 济南
    3 山东第二医科大学 基础医学院,山东 潍坊

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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