Article(id=1194684381500510265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250263, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1748275200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-27, onlineDate=1762764552712, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764552712, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764552712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764552712, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4921, endPage=4937, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684381764751421, articleId=1194684381500510265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal dynamics of endophytic microbiota in pepper plants infected by Ralstonia solanacearum and proliferation characteristics of the pathogen, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To study the endophytic microbiota in different ecological niches of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings at various stages following Ralstonia solanacearum infection, aiming to explore the endophyte migration dynamics triggered by R. solanacearum infection. Methods The copy number of R. solanacearum was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Samples from roots, stems, and leaves of both infected and healthy pepper plants were collected at 1, 4, and 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). High-throughput amplicon sequencing was employed to analyze the endophytic bacterial and fungal communities. Dual-dimensional analyses integrating microbial copy number and community structures were conducted to elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of endophytic microbiota and pathogen proliferation characteristics under R. solanacearum invasion. Results The copy number of R. solanacearum continuously increased in roots and stems post-inoculation, peaking in leaves at 4 dpi and then significantly declining. The infection induced pronounced alterations in endophytic bacterial communities across all tissues, with temporal effects outweighing tissue-specific variations. Roots exhibited heightened sensitivity to pathogen invasion. At 7 dpi, the relative abundance of Bacillota in endophytic bacteria in the plants increased significantly. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, and endogenous fungi Fusarium and Aspergillus increased significantly compared with that in the control group. The beta diversity indices and structures of endophytic microbiota in all tissues underwent marked changes during infection. Pseudomonas emerged as a signature bacterial genus in roots, while Aspergillus dominated stems and leaves as a fungal indicator. The co-occurrence network analysis revealed greater complexity of the endophytic microbiota in infected plants, with an elevated proportion of negative correlation edges. Ascomycota served as pivotal network hubs, reflecting enhanced antagonistic interactions and inter-microbial associations under pathogen stress. Ten potential antagonistic microbial taxa were identified, including six bacterial taxa of Clostridia (Bacillota). Conclusion This study delineates the proliferation pattern of R. solanacearum in pepper seedlings and characterizes the structural and migration dynamics of endophytic microbiota following pathogen invasion.

, correspAuthors=Yu TAO, Xin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: TAO Yu,
LI Xin,
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目的 对青枯菌侵染后辣椒幼苗在不同时期、不同生态位的内生菌群落进行分析,结合青枯菌侵染进程探究青枯菌侵染引发辣椒内生菌动态迁移的规律。 方法 采用实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)技术量化青枯菌拷贝数,对罹病和健康辣椒植株的根、茎、叶3个生态位在接种青枯菌后1、4、7 dpi (days post-inoculation, dpi) 3个时间点进行取样,并运用高通量扩增子测序技术调查其中内生细菌和真菌群落情况。结合菌群基因拷贝数双维度分析,探究青枯菌入侵对辣椒内生菌群落的时空动态影响及病原菌增殖特征。 结果 接种青枯菌后,辣椒根、茎中的青枯菌拷贝数持续上升,叶片组织在4 dpi时青枯菌拷贝数达到高峰,随后显著降低。青枯菌侵染导致根、茎、叶内生细菌群落发生显著改变,其中时间效应大于部位效应。根部对青枯菌侵染更为敏感。植株接种青枯菌7 dpi时整体内生细菌中芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)相对丰度显著增加;在属水平上,根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)及内生真菌镰孢属(Fusarium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)相对丰度较对照组显著增加。受到青枯菌侵染后,根、茎、叶3个部位内生菌群的物种β多样性指数和物种群落组成在侵染全过程中发生明显改变,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)是根部的特征物种,曲霉属(Aspergillus)是茎叶的特征真菌。共现网络分析表明罹病植株内生菌网络更为复杂,负相关边占比显著增加,其中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)成为关键网络节点,反映出青枯菌入侵增强了内生菌的拮抗效应及内生菌内部的关联。挖掘出10种青枯病的潜在拮抗菌群,其中6种内生细菌均来自芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)的梭菌纲(Clostridia)。 结论 本研究阐明了青枯菌侵染辣椒幼苗的增殖特点,以及侵染事件发生后辣椒植株内生菌群落结构特征及动态迁移变化规律。

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A: Copy numbers of R. solanacearum in roots, stems, and leaves at different time points after root irrigation with bacterial suspension (a, b, c, d refer to the significant difference obtained through multiple comparisons of ANOVA, P<0.05); B: Symptomatic phenotypes of plants before treatment and at 4 dpi; C: Alpha diversity indices of endophytic bacteria in different niches during infection stages; D: Alpha diversity indices of endophytic fungi in different niches during infection stages. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; CK: Healthy controls; QKJ: Diseased group. The same as below., figureFileSmall=KTzCcPYOkzjruulS9eATMg==, figureFileBig=cTjYi+KQfvuaGCgX/fmUrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194994182491193614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381500510265, language=CN, label=图1, caption=青枯菌拷贝数及内生菌α多样性检测。A:青枯菌菌液灌根处理后不同时期根、茎、叶中青枯菌的拷贝数(a、b、c、d指通过ANOVA多重比较得到的差异显著性,P<0.05);B:处理前和4 dpi植株的症状表型;C:不同生态位在不同侵染时期的内生细菌α多样性指数;D:不同生态位在不同侵染时期的内生真菌α多样性指数。*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01;***:P<0.001;CK:健康组;QKJ:罹病组。下同。, figureFileSmall=KTzCcPYOkzjruulS9eATMg==, figureFileBig=cTjYi+KQfvuaGCgX/fmUrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194994182587662607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381500510265, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Analysis of the overall diversity and composition of the endogenous bacterial community of plants. A: Alpha diversity indices of the overall endophytic bacterial and fungal communities in plants under different treatments at different time points; B: Alpha diversity indices of endophytic bacterial and fungal communities in different niches under different treatments after infection; C: Beta diversity analysis of endophytic microbial communities under different treatments at different time points after infection; D: Beta diversity analysis of endophytic microbial communities in different plant parts under different treatments after infection; E: Phylum level abundance bar plots of overall endophytic bacteria and fungi in plants at 7 dpi. L: Leaves; R: Roots; S: Stems., figureFileSmall=excN5JCFN6piLoUkBusJIQ==, figureFileBig=QNdQT6PYdbbM+ELkMX0tUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194994182650577168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381500510265, language=CN, label=图2, caption=植株内生菌群落整体多样性及组成分析。A:不同时期不同处理植株整体内生细菌及真菌群落的α多样性指数;B:不同生态位不同处理在侵染后内生细菌及真菌群落的α多样性指数;C:不同时期不同处理在侵染后内生菌群落的β多样性分析;D:不同生态位不同处理在侵染后内生菌群落的β多样性分析;E:7 dpi时植株整体内生细菌及真菌的门水平物种丰度柱状图。L:叶;R:根;S:茎。, figureFileSmall=excN5JCFN6piLoUkBusJIQ==, figureFileBig=QNdQT6PYdbbM+ELkMX0tUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194994182721880337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381500510265, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Analysis of community composition and diversity of microorganisms in different ecological niches. A: Three-dimensional PCoA scatter plot illustrating the beta-diversity clustering of endophytic bacterial (Row 1) and fungi (Row 2) communities across different ecological niches under varying treatments and time points; B: Relative abundance bar chart depicting the species composition of endophytic bacterial (Row 1) and fungi (Row 2) communities across different ecological niches under varying treatments and time points (C: Control group; E: Diseased group)., figureFileSmall=jThSjWmbp6gVD4Yx8cgHxQ==, figureFileBig=ELYL+AR6/9OJRloMgQan5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194994182784794898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381500510265, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同生态位菌群组成及多样性分析。A:不同生态位在不同处理、不同时期的内生细菌(行一)及内生真菌(行二)群落β多样性PCoA聚类三维散点图;B:不同生态位在不同处理、不同时期的内生细菌(行一)及内生真菌(行二)群落的物种组成相对丰度柱状图(C:空白对照组;E:罹病组)。, figureFileSmall=jThSjWmbp6gVD4Yx8cgHxQ==, figureFileBig=ELYL+AR6/9OJRloMgQan5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194994182847709459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381500510265, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=LEfSe analysis of endophytic bacteria (A) and endophytic fungi (B) in different plant parts of the control and diseased groups at 7 dpi., figureFileSmall=Ocg2Q8EY8gI11NEQHJCo3Q==, figureFileBig=XIB3Hinei1cP72HVGscseA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194994182919012628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381500510265, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同生态位对照组及罹病组7 dpi时内生细菌(A)和内生真菌(B)LEfSe分析, figureFileSmall=Ocg2Q8EY8gI11NEQHJCo3Q==, figureFileBig=XIB3Hinei1cP72HVGscseA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194994183002898709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381500510265, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Analysis of the correlation between key bacterial populations and the proliferation of bacterial wilt. A: Top 5 significantly differential endophytic bacterial OTUs identified by the random forest model in different plant parts before and after infection at 7 dpi; B: Top 5 significantly differential endophytic fungi OTUs identified by the random forest model in different plant parts before and after infection at 7 dpi; C: Modular and phylum-level co-occurrence network analysis of endophytic microbial communities before and after infection (The red box epresents the ASV for R. solanacearum, and the black box epresents the ASV for the key antagonist antibacterial)., figureFileSmall=ANCXG1MxRL1ybhbvAszNmA==, figureFileBig=AbTFZfyOzBAHHk1Ub3wugg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194994183065813270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381500510265, language=CN, label=图5, caption=关键菌群与青枯菌增殖的关联性分析。A:随机森林模型筛选出7 dpi时不同部位侵染前后显著性差异前5的标志内生细菌OTUs;B:随机森林模型筛选出7 dpi时不同部位侵染前后显著性差异前5的标志内生真菌OTUs;C:内生菌群在侵染前后的模块化及门水平的共线性网络分析(红色方框为青枯菌ASV,黑色方框为关键拮抗菌ASV)。, 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青枯菌侵染对辣椒内生菌群落的时空动态影响及病原菌增殖特征
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周池 1, 2 , 彭征宇 1, 2 , 张清壮 1, 2 , 彭迪 1, 2 , 陶禹 1, 2, * , 李鑫 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(11): 4921-4937
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(11): 4921-4937
青枯菌侵染对辣椒内生菌群落的时空动态影响及病原菌增殖特征
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周池1, 2, 彭征宇1, 2, 张清壮1, 2, 彭迪1, 2, 陶禹1, 2, * , 李鑫1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 湖南省微生物研究所,湖南 长沙
  • 2 植物内生微生物资源挖掘与利用湖南省工程研究中心,湖南 长沙
Spatiotemporal dynamics of endophytic microbiota in pepper plants infected by Ralstonia solanacearum and proliferation characteristics of the pathogen
Chi ZHOU1, 2, Zhengyu PENG1, 2, Qingzhuang ZHANG1, 2, Di PENG1, 2, Yu TAO1, 2, * , Xin LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Hunan Provincial Microbiology Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan, China
  • 2 Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Mining and Utilization of Endophytic Microbial Resources in Plants, Changsha, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250263
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目的 对青枯菌侵染后辣椒幼苗在不同时期、不同生态位的内生菌群落进行分析,结合青枯菌侵染进程探究青枯菌侵染引发辣椒内生菌动态迁移的规律。 方法 采用实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)技术量化青枯菌拷贝数,对罹病和健康辣椒植株的根、茎、叶3个生态位在接种青枯菌后1、4、7 dpi (days post-inoculation, dpi) 3个时间点进行取样,并运用高通量扩增子测序技术调查其中内生细菌和真菌群落情况。结合菌群基因拷贝数双维度分析,探究青枯菌入侵对辣椒内生菌群落的时空动态影响及病原菌增殖特征。 结果 接种青枯菌后,辣椒根、茎中的青枯菌拷贝数持续上升,叶片组织在4 dpi时青枯菌拷贝数达到高峰,随后显著降低。青枯菌侵染导致根、茎、叶内生细菌群落发生显著改变,其中时间效应大于部位效应。根部对青枯菌侵染更为敏感。植株接种青枯菌7 dpi时整体内生细菌中芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)相对丰度显著增加;在属水平上,根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)及内生真菌镰孢属(Fusarium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)相对丰度较对照组显著增加。受到青枯菌侵染后,根、茎、叶3个部位内生菌群的物种β多样性指数和物种群落组成在侵染全过程中发生明显改变,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)是根部的特征物种,曲霉属(Aspergillus)是茎叶的特征真菌。共现网络分析表明罹病植株内生菌网络更为复杂,负相关边占比显著增加,其中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)成为关键网络节点,反映出青枯菌入侵增强了内生菌的拮抗效应及内生菌内部的关联。挖掘出10种青枯病的潜在拮抗菌群,其中6种内生细菌均来自芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)的梭菌纲(Clostridia)。 结论 本研究阐明了青枯菌侵染辣椒幼苗的增殖特点,以及侵染事件发生后辣椒植株内生菌群落结构特征及动态迁移变化规律。

青枯菌  /  辣椒  /  内生菌  /  基因拷贝  /  群落结构

Objective To study the endophytic microbiota in different ecological niches of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings at various stages following Ralstonia solanacearum infection, aiming to explore the endophyte migration dynamics triggered by R. solanacearum infection. Methods The copy number of R. solanacearum was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Samples from roots, stems, and leaves of both infected and healthy pepper plants were collected at 1, 4, and 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). High-throughput amplicon sequencing was employed to analyze the endophytic bacterial and fungal communities. Dual-dimensional analyses integrating microbial copy number and community structures were conducted to elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of endophytic microbiota and pathogen proliferation characteristics under R. solanacearum invasion. Results The copy number of R. solanacearum continuously increased in roots and stems post-inoculation, peaking in leaves at 4 dpi and then significantly declining. The infection induced pronounced alterations in endophytic bacterial communities across all tissues, with temporal effects outweighing tissue-specific variations. Roots exhibited heightened sensitivity to pathogen invasion. At 7 dpi, the relative abundance of Bacillota in endophytic bacteria in the plants increased significantly. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, and endogenous fungi Fusarium and Aspergillus increased significantly compared with that in the control group. The beta diversity indices and structures of endophytic microbiota in all tissues underwent marked changes during infection. Pseudomonas emerged as a signature bacterial genus in roots, while Aspergillus dominated stems and leaves as a fungal indicator. The co-occurrence network analysis revealed greater complexity of the endophytic microbiota in infected plants, with an elevated proportion of negative correlation edges. Ascomycota served as pivotal network hubs, reflecting enhanced antagonistic interactions and inter-microbial associations under pathogen stress. Ten potential antagonistic microbial taxa were identified, including six bacterial taxa of Clostridia (Bacillota). Conclusion This study delineates the proliferation pattern of R. solanacearum in pepper seedlings and characterizes the structural and migration dynamics of endophytic microbiota following pathogen invasion.

Ralstonia solanacearum  /  Capsicum annuum L.  /  endophyte  /  gene copy  /  community structure
周池, 彭征宇, 张清壮, 彭迪, 陶禹, 李鑫. 青枯菌侵染对辣椒内生菌群落的时空动态影响及病原菌增殖特征. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4921 -4937 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250263
Chi ZHOU, Zhengyu PENG, Qingzhuang ZHANG, Di PENG, Yu TAO, Xin LI. Spatiotemporal dynamics of endophytic microbiota in pepper plants infected by Ralstonia solanacearum and proliferation characteristics of the pathogen[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4921 -4937 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250263
茄科罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)可寄生多种重要经济作物[1-2]引发青枯病并导致宿主死亡与作物减产,其中就包括蔬菜之首的辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)。青枯菌作为一种土传病原菌,通常从作物直接接触土壤的根部或茎部伤口侵入,进入维管束组织后会引起导管堵塞和损伤,在木质部定殖完成后再从根部溢出传播,最短侵染7 d后即可导致辣椒植株整体枯萎[3-4]。鉴于其传播性强、危害性高,对我国辣椒产业威胁极大。目前,针对辣椒青枯病的防治仍主要采用传统的农业防治和化学药剂防治手段,市场上缺乏高效、稳定的绿色生防菌剂[5]
内生微生物是指定殖于植物组织内部且大部分不引起明显病害的微生物群落,是潜在的生防资源[6]。内生微生物被称为植物的第二基因组,可与植物基因调控、环境因素共同影响作物的品质和抗逆性[7-9]。大部分内生菌可通过与宿主共生促进植株生长、帮助营养物质吸收富集,甚至直接拮抗病原菌[10]。当植物受到高温、干旱、盐碱、水涝或重金属等环境胁迫时寄生在植物内部的内生菌会发挥重要作用,帮助植物克服生存挑战。例如,可通过提高宿主抗氧化酶活性清除活性氧,提高植株逆境耐受性[11];通过降解l-氨基环丙烷-l-羧酸(l-aminocyclop ropanecarboxylic acid, ACC)降低植株体内乙烯含量以改善植株生长状态[12];通过直接合成脱氨酶提高植株抗水涝性[13]等。面对生物胁迫,内生细菌如芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、链霉菌(Streptomyces)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)等能够通过竞争养分、分泌抗生素、诱导植物抗性(induced systemic resistance, ISR)[14]、占据生态优势位等方式抑制病原菌生长和病害发生[15]。多种内生真菌如木霉菌(Trichoderma)和根霉菌(Gliocladium)被发现对青枯病害有抑制效果[16]。内生细菌和内生真菌通常联系密切,共同维持植物微生物环境的稳定。例如,假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)与丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizae)会协同促进植物对病害的抗性[17]
目前,内生微生物群落在青枯菌侵染辣椒过程中的响应动态尚不明确。深入研究青枯菌侵染的增殖特征和辣椒内生菌变化特征对辣椒青枯病防治具有重大意义。本研究重点关注青枯菌侵染过程中内生微生物群落的时空动态迁移变化情况,分时间、分生态位阐述内生菌响应青枯菌侵染的重组规律,以期挖掘潜在的生防菌资源。
选取本实验室保种编号为RX22-1069-1-1的辣椒,种植于无菌基质。无菌基质的组成为草炭:珍珠岩:蛭石=6:3:1 (经γ射线辐照灭菌)。对种植环境及培养箱进行严格紫外灭菌处理,使用灭菌空穴盘进行辣椒育苗。将辣椒置于恒温26 ℃的培养箱中培养,光照/黑暗周期为16 h/8 h,湿度恒定在60%。待辣椒生长至四叶一心时期进行实验处理。对照组浇灌灭菌水,实验组采用单菌落保种的青枯菌菌液,对根部灌注10 mL,灌根浓度为1×108 CFU/mL。青枯病原菌由罗香文等[18]从感染青枯病的辣椒病株中分离得到,经基因型鉴定为茄科罗尔斯通氏菌生理小种1。
取样方案:分别在灌根前(day 0)、接种后1、4、7 dpi (days post-inoculation, dpi),取根部、茎部、叶片组织,每个部位各取3个重复。将无损伤的根、茎、叶样本进行表面消毒,依次用75%乙醇冲洗2次,5%次氯酸钠溶液冲洗4 min,再用无菌ddH2O冲洗2次。将最后一次漂洗样本的无菌水涂布于马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextrose agar, PDA)[19]培养基,28 ℃培养7 d,以证明消毒彻底[20]。消毒后的样品用于后续高通量测序。
16S rRNA基因和ITS高通量测序均委托百迈客生物云科技(武汉)有限公司进行。辣椒内生细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4高变区域扩增所用引物为F1 (5′-CADACTCCTACGGGAGGC-3′)和R1 (5′-ATCCTGTTTGMTMCCCVCRC-3′);内生真菌ITS区扩增所用引物为F2 (5′-CTTGGTCA TTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′)和R2 (5′-TGCGTTCT TCATCGATGC-3′)[21]。PCR反应委托百迈客生物云科技(武汉)有限公司进行,总基因组DNA使用植物DNA提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]按照制造商说明进行提取。PCR反应体系(25 μL):2×Phanta Max Mix (p515) 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板0.5 µL,ddH2O 10 µL。PCR反应条件:95 °C预变性3 min;95 °C变性15 s,60 °C退火20 s,72 °C延伸30 s,共40个循环;72 °C终延伸5 min。PCR产物经检测后,采用Omega DNA纯化试剂盒(Omega Bio-Tek公司)进行纯化。收集纯化后的PCR产物在Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台上进行双端测序(2×250 bp)。
先将青枯菌标准质粒浓度调整为1×109 copies/μL,然后取10 μL加入到90 μL无菌水中,依次进行10倍梯度稀释得到1×109、1×108、1×107、1×106、1×105、1×104 copies/μL共6个浓度点的标准品。质粒标准品拷贝数计算如公式(1)所示。

拷贝数(copies/μL)=[(ng数×1×10-9

(6.02×1×1023)]÷(碱基数×660)[22]
所用青枯菌特异性引物为fliCF (5′-GAACG CCAACGGTGCGAACT-3′)和fliCR (5′-GGCGG CCTTCAGGGAGGTC-3′)[23]。扩增检测样本的RNA,反转录形成cDNA,按照制作标准曲线的相同引物、条件和程序对待测样品进行定量PCR检测。
采用Trimmomatic v0.33过滤raw reads,用DADA2插件对数据进行去噪、聚类和去除嵌合体[24]。使用USEARCH v10.0以97%相似性阈值将合格序列分配至操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs)。通过SILVA数据库(v138.1)和朴素贝叶斯分类器进行序列比对,获得各扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variants, ASV)的分类信息,生成的ASV丰度表用于后续的微生物多样性分析[25]。原始数据已上传至美国国家生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI),登录号为PRJNA1243045。
根据测序得到的内生菌ASV数据进行微生物多样性分析。使用R软件包vegan基于属水平计算并评估样本内的微生物α多样性,以香农指数(Shannon)表示。样本β多样性指数基于样本间的Bray-Curtis距离矩阵进行分析,并通过主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)可视化展示样本群落组成的差异性。同时,通过置换多因素方差分析(permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA)检验组间群落差异的显著性。通过R语言microeco包进行线性判别效应量分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)筛选鉴别群落间的关键差异物种,用核心指标线性判别分析分数(linear discriminant analysis score, LDA score)量化物种在不同组间差异中的重要性,显著差异的标记生物(biomarkers)设置为LDA score>4且P<0.05。通过R语言的igraph、Hmisc、reshape2、rgexf将抽平后的细菌和真菌ASV数据表合并,并保留相对丰度前100的ASV进行相关性分析。相关性计算方法选择斯皮尔曼(Spearman),相关性R阈值设置为0.7,显著性P阈值为0.01,使用Gephi v0.10.1绘制网络图;通过sourcetracker软件包进行微生物群落的溯源分析。
对数据进行独立样本t检验或单因素方差分析,使用ANOVA进行多重比较检验,当P<0.05时认为数据之间具备显著差异。
通过对青枯菌不同梯度浓度溶液标准曲线的测定,得到标准曲线为y=-3.686 4x+40.134,R2=0.999 1。测算得出了青枯菌侵染样本根、茎、叶在不同时期的青枯菌拷贝数(图1A)。根部青枯菌拷贝数量直至7 dpi仍呈持续上升趋势;茎部青枯菌拷贝数较低,但仍显著增长;叶片部位的青枯菌拷贝数在第4天达到高峰,到第7天显著下降。在4 dpi时植株开始出现轻微萎蔫症状(图1B)。
通过基因扩增子技术对样本内生微生物进行测序,内生细菌测序共获得4 679 861对reads,双端reads质控、拼接后共产生4 270 597条clean reads,每个样品至少产生43 231条clean reads,平均产生67 787条clean reads。内生真菌测序共获得11 333 294对reads,双端reads质控、拼接后共产生6 248 444条clean reads,每个样品至少产生34 257条clean reads,平均产生99 182条clean reads。在97%的序列相似度水平上,辣椒内生细菌高通量测序结果可聚类为24 274个OTUs;真菌共获得30 365个OTUs。
对3个时间点不同生态位的辣椒内生菌群落OTU进行多样性分析,采用Shannon指数评估得到内生细菌和内生真菌群落α多样性的差异(图1C、1D)。结果显示,侵染前后植株不同部位的内生菌群多样性基本发生了显著变化,证明青枯菌侵染引起植株剧烈的内生菌群反应。其中根部组织健康处理的样本细菌和真菌菌群多样性均高于青枯菌处理组,随着侵染进程发展根部细菌菌群多样性逐渐降低。茎部组织空白对照组的内生细菌和内生真菌多样性指数均在逐渐增加,受到侵染影响的植株茎部组织细菌多样性指数显著降低,而真菌多样性则显著提高。在茎部组织中,罹病组的细菌和真菌菌群多样性指数主要在4 dpi时发生较大改变,叶片组织在7 dpi时产生剧烈变化。
对不同时间植株整体及不同生态位受到侵染后的菌群α多样性变化采用Shannon指数进行评估。与处理前相比,受到侵染后植株整体的细菌多样性指数主要在第4天有明显下降,内生真菌多样性指数在1 dpi下降后有所回升(图2A)。叶和茎组织在被侵染后内生细菌的种群多样性总体保持稳定,根部的α多样性指数随着时间发展显著下降;内生真菌在叶片和根部的α多样性指数都显著下降(图2B),说明根部内生菌群对青枯菌的入侵最为敏感。
通过基于Bray-Curtis距离的PCoA分析方法评估内生菌群的β多样性,β多样性聚类图可见菌群的物种相似性差异均极显著(图2C、2D)。其中,时间上4 dpi和7 dpi聚类图都显著与1 dpi分离,说明随着侵染进程发展内生细菌和真菌群落会产生明显改变。从不同生态位上分析,内生细菌的叶部和茎部的差异并不明显,根部则明显与叶茎分离,说明根部的特有内生细菌菌群更多,叶部和茎部的内生细菌相似度相对较高;内生真菌的根部和茎部则有显著分离,说明茎部和根部的内生真菌群落差异较大。
从门水平对植株整体7 dpi时的菌群进行物种组成分析(图2E),可见在侵染后期被青枯菌侵染的植株整体内生细菌中芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)相对丰度显著增加,假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)相对丰度显著减少;内生真菌中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)显著增加,担子菌门(Basidiomycota)的相对丰度下降。
使用基于Bray-Curtis距离的β多样性指数分析,针对不同生态位绘制PCoA三维散点图(图3A)。按不同的处理和日期着色,可见每个组的样本相似度均较高,且明显聚类。不同组之间样本聚集点均保持一定距离,说明内生菌群落对青枯菌侵染表现出强烈反应。
在属水平构建不同部位在侵染过程中的物种相对丰度对比图(图3B),可见在根部细菌组成中根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)在空白对照组植株根部的相对含量会持续增长,受到侵染后这种增长幅度会受到一定抑制,但仍是相对含量最高的细菌菌落种属。茎部的菌群结构随时间变化较大,其中龙包茨氏菌属(Romboutsia)、大肠志贺菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)和泥单胞菌属(Pelomonas)在茎部被侵染的3个阶段的相对含量均高于对照组。对3个生态位进行结合分析发现,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)在侵染4 dpi时对照组根、茎、叶的相对丰度均高于青枯菌侵染组,但7 dpi时罹病组中的相对含量高于对照组。拉克诺梭菌属(Lachnoclostridium)在3个生态位中均在1 dpi时含量较高,随时间发展相对含量显著降低。从内生真菌部分可见,镰孢属(Fusarium)的相对丰度极高,在被青枯菌侵染的植株中显著增加,根部和叶片组织接种青枯菌7 dpi时菌群趋向单一化,镰孢属(Fusarium)完全占据生态优势位。在茎部,罹病组曲霉属(Aspergillus)的富集极为显著。
基于LEfSe分析(LDA score>4),在属水平识别青枯菌侵染7 dpi时对照组和实验组的内生细菌类群(图4A),发现健康对照组的维管束组织中差异菌群有肠球菌属(Enterococcus)和毛螺菌科NK4A136组(Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group);青枯菌侵染后的维管束组织则增加了差异菌群大肠志贺菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)、泥单胞菌属(Pelomonas)、罗伊氏乳杆菌(Romboutisa)、漫游球菌属(Vagococcus)、别样杆菌属(Alistipes)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、梭状芽胞杆菌(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1)、副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)。根部组织在被青枯菌侵染前后的共有差异菌群包括根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、申氏菌属(Shinella);被青枯菌侵染的根部组织则增加了差异菌群代尔夫特菌属(Delftia)、克洛诺斯杆菌属(Cronobacter)、拉克诺梭菌属(Lachnoclostridium)。叶片组织在侵染前后的共同差异菌群为Candidatus Portiera、立克次氏体属(Rickettsia),健康叶片的特有差异菌群为泥单胞菌属(Pelomonas)、龙包茨氏菌属(Romboutsia)、待定哈密尔顿共生菌属(Candidatus Hamiltonella)、别样杆菌属(Alistipes)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)、大肠志贺菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)、宿主关联乳杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus);被青枯菌侵染后叶片组织增加的差异菌群为柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)。内生真菌(图4B)部分结果显示,健康植株中茎部不存在差异菌群,罹病后差异菌群显著增加;叶片则相反,健康植株叶片的差异菌群较多,青枯菌侵染后差异菌群只剩节丛孢菌属(Arthrobotrys)。根部在健康组和罹病组中都只存在镰孢属(Fusarium)这一种差异菌群。
通过随机森林模型(决策树500)筛选出不同生态位被青枯菌侵染前后排名前5的标志性差异内生细菌及内生真菌OTUs (图5A、5B)。对根部组织间侵染前后差异具有重要影响的特征细菌物种ASV对应种属依次为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、阿菲波菌属(Afipia)、毛螺菌科NK4A136组(Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group)、固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum)。根部特征真菌ASV对应种属依次为节丛孢菌属(Arthrobotrys)、茄壳囊霉目未分类属(unclassified_Chaetothyriales)、Condenascus、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、弯孢属(Curvularia)。对维管束组织间侵染前后差异具有重要性影响的特征细菌ASV对应菌属依次为解腈杆菌属(Nitriliruptor)、玉米黄素杆菌属(Zeaxanthinibacter)、苏黎世杆菌属(Turicibacter)、代尔夫特菌属(Delftia)、联合乳杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus)。特征真菌ASV对应物种依次为担子菌门未分类属(unclassified_Basidiomycota)、子囊菌门未分类属(unclassified_Ascomycota)、真菌未分类属(unclassified_fungi)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、根霉属(Rhizopus)。对叶片组织间侵染前后差异具有重要影响的特征细菌ASV对应物种依次为代尔夫特菌属(Delftia)、甲基胞囊菌属(Methylocystis)、乳头杆菌属(Papillibacter)、栖河菌属(Fluviicola)、别样杆菌属(Alistipes)。特征真菌ASV对应物种依次为unclassified_fungi、链格孢属(Alternaria)、根毛霉属(Rhizomucor)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、马拉色菌属(Malassezia)。在真菌部分,占比最高的是曲霉属(Aspergillus)。
将健康植株和罹病植株的样本内生细菌和真菌进行关联分析,开展跨生态位、跨时空研究,构建青枯菌侵染前后辣椒内生微生物共现网络(图5C),揭示青枯菌节点与潜在拮抗菌群的负相关边。分别选取CK组和青枯菌罹病组在全部样本中丰度前100的细菌ASV和前100的真菌ASV进行关联分析,其中灌根青枯菌的16S-ASV编号为16S-ASV2030。从OTUs部分网络图可见,罹病组的细菌-真菌网络更为复杂,与CK组相比,青枯菌侵染后的内生菌群中负相关边明显更多,CK组负相关边占比6.8%,罹病组负相关边占比7.3%,关联更为复杂,但模块化程度更低,伴生更多拮抗菌群进行对抗。从负相关边关联的节点看,与青枯菌节点16S-ASV2030负相关的潜在拮抗菌群共有10个,包括16S-ASV24:厌氧棍状菌属(Anaerotruncus);16S-ASV3:拉克诺梭菌属(Lachnoclostridium);16S-ASV33:运动细丝菌属(Kineothrix_alysoides);16S-ASV18:毛螺菌科未分类属(unclassified_Lachnospiraceae);16S-ASV21:脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio);16S-ASV10:布劳特氏菌属(Blautia);16S-ASV15:毛螺菌科Lachnospiraceae_UCG_006;ITS-ASV5:横梗霉属(Lichtheimia);ITS-ASV11:伞枝横梗霉(Lichtheimia_corymbifera);ITS-ASV3:哈萨克斯坦酵母属(Kazachstania)。其中6种内生细菌都来自芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)的梭菌纲(Clostridia)。
从门水平网络分析图可见,健康和罹病植株最关键网络节点的类群均为真菌子囊菌门(Ascomycota)。被青枯菌侵染后子囊菌门占比从38%升至40%;最关键的细菌类群均为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota),青枯菌侵染后该门占比从28%降至25%。罹病组植株的芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)细菌占比比健康植株有所提高,该类群包含了更多具有生物防治潜力的有益细菌。
基于形态学分布位置对罹病辣椒内生细菌群落进行了溯源分析(图6)。结果发现,自形态学下方向上方运输的内生细菌群落占比与侵染进程紧密相关:在侵染前期1 dpi,内生细菌自根部运输往茎部、茎部运输往叶部的占比很高;4 dpi时,内生细菌自下而上运输占比显著降低;在7 dpi时,自形态学下方向上方运输的内生细菌群落占比恢复提升。
青枯菌的生活史分为寄生和腐生2个阶段。在入侵植株之前,它可以在土壤、杂草中长期存活[26];接触到有天然孔口的根毛组织或植株伤口后才能进入植物组织[27]。Rahman等[28]认为,青枯菌侵染辣椒后会迅速且严重地定殖从而导致植株枯萎,在侵染后2-4 d能在根茎的木质部观察到大量青枯菌细菌个体,这些细菌开始堵塞导管。在本研究中并未对根茎部进行更为细致的部位区分,茎部取样部位靠近生态位上方,青枯菌拷贝数较少。通过PCR数据验证,根部遭受侵染后会定殖大量青枯菌。研究证明青枯菌一旦进入导管,病菌便会借助蒸腾作用迅速扩散到植物全株[29],这与本研究得到的青枯菌拷贝数趋势(图1A)大致相符。在无菌基质中生长的植株,其内生菌群丰富度较自然环境下低,但种传的内生菌足以维持植株内生环境稳态,并满足植株生长发育所需。为关注青枯菌侵染胁迫下内生菌的迁移动态和时间发展规律,本研究全程在无菌环境下进行。青枯菌在大量侵染根茎2-3 dpi后,根、茎的青枯菌拷贝数持续增长。侵入导管大量扩散使得叶部组织青枯菌拷贝数剧增。叶片拷贝数在4 dpi时达到峰值,随着导管的堵塞[30]叶片开始萎蔫,同时叶片内生菌群落的迁移调整导致青枯菌拷贝数下降。目前,青枯菌对寄主植物从接触、侵入、定殖到最后致病的复杂过程仍未完全明晰。本研究得到侵染过程中的以下特点:根部对于青枯菌侵染更为敏感,菌群变化更大,这与青枯菌的侵染从根部开始的特点相符;青枯菌侵染对内生菌群落的影响时间效应大于部位效应,这可能与青枯病的发展极其迅速有关。
在无菌环境下,感染青枯病的辣椒内生菌群发生了显著迁移改变。罹病组的根瘤菌属、假单胞菌属、曲霉属及病原真菌镰孢属都显著增加。这种内生微生物响应青枯菌侵染的改变可能来源于病原拮抗竞争,也可能是宿主免疫调控的结果。植株中直接拮抗病原物的内生菌主要通过代谢抗生素与蛋白类物质、极少数酚类、聚酮类或多烯类抗菌物质进行竞争[31-32];间接拮抗病原物的细菌则通过诱导植物体产生系统抗性(ISR)对多种病原真菌、细菌以及病毒产生抑制作用[14]。为探讨本研究中罹病组显著增加的生防菌根瘤菌、假单胞菌属和曲霉属是在直接竞争中占据生态优势位,还是被植株富集用以抵抗青枯菌侵染,通过共线性网络分析发现,与青枯菌存在负相关边的主要ASV中并不包括这3种菌属,这可能暗示它们与青枯菌之间不存在直接拮抗关系。类似的研究也表明,假单胞菌会通过让植株积累大量植保素从而降低发病率[33],说明这3类菌属可能是通过ISR调节植株代谢间接抗青枯病。目前,针对青枯病的生物防治手段[34-38]包括内生微生物防治法,其中假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属[39]、丛枝菌根真菌属、曲霉属已有报道可以抑制青枯菌病害[40]。研究人员认为,接种芽孢杆菌可以诱导烟草植株产生系统抗性,这种抗性的获得被证明与水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)、茉莉酸(jasmonic acid, JA)信号转导途径激活有关[41-42]。本研究中取样的辣椒植株并未发现大量芽孢杆菌,可能与种植在无菌基质中未从大田环境里获取足量芽孢杆菌有关。假单胞菌属和曲霉属与芽孢杆菌属均通过提高植株抗性来拮抗青枯病,这种抗性的来源可能也与SA、JA信号转导途径存在关联,在后续进一步研究中可以通过代谢组学明晰这种关联。
根瘤菌属防治青枯病的研究尚未见报道。本研究中罹病植株根瘤菌属的总体相对丰度高于对照组,但根部的相对丰度增长速率低于对照组。叶片组织青枯菌侵染7 dpi后,根瘤菌属相对丰度显著高于对照组,说明在青枯菌侵染条件下根瘤菌属的迁移受到促进,这可能是罹病植株主动招募,引起根瘤菌属从根部迁移至植株地上部分。假单胞菌属在生态位之间的迁移并不明显,受侵染进程的影响更大。4 dpi时各生态位假单胞菌属相对丰度都低于对照组,但7 dpi时均高于对照组。未发现假单胞菌属与青枯菌存在负相关边,可能是由于青枯菌侵染造成前期(4 dpi)假单胞菌失去生态位优势,植株罹病后期(7 dpi)主动富集引起假单胞菌增殖以增加植株抗性。青枯菌侵染后显著增加的还有镰孢属(Fusarium),该属包含多种致病微生物。李婷婷等[43]的研究同样发现了青枯病导致镰孢属的富集,可能是青枯菌侵染导致植株抗性破坏后致病真菌吸收更多营养占据优势生态位。镰孢属和曲霉属的大量富集对植物抗病性和生长的影响复杂且多维度,涉及病原菌的直接侵害、毒素干扰、微生物群落失衡等综合作用。镰孢属的大量富集会通过侵染根系引发根腐病[44],破坏根系结构,降低水分和养分的吸收效率,导致植株抗逆性显著下降[45]。黄曲霉菌大量增殖会抑制植物免疫相关酶(如过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶)的活性削弱植株的防御响应[46]。此外,内生镰孢属和黄曲霉菌的过度繁殖会与有益微生物竞争生态位,抑制拮抗菌的定殖与功能[44]。这些研究可能暗示青枯菌与致病真菌可能存在一定的协同侵染,加重宿主负担。
共线性网络图中可见,罹病后内生菌群中芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)占比有所提高,该类群包含了更多具有生物防治潜力的有益细菌。通过共线性网络分析图发现的10种存在负相关边的种属,其中6种内生细菌都来自芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)梭菌纲(Clostridia)。在未来,它们可以作为拮抗青枯病的有效生防菌资源,验证功能后调配为生防菌剂施加在田间可有效预防和拮抗青枯病的传染。然而,这些种属的功能在本研究中尚未得到验证,未进行大田试验验证拮抗菌的效用,也未解析青枯菌侵染引发宿主免疫的具体信号通路及其作用。在未来可以通过代谢组学和体外验证等实验进行进一步探究。
通过高通量扩增子测序技术结合菌群基因拷贝数双维度分析,本研究明确了青枯菌侵染导致内生菌群落结构发生动态迁移。其中,根部菌群对病原入侵最敏感,茎部可能协助青枯菌系统迁移。发现多种标志菌属,如根瘤菌属、假单胞菌属、曲霉属、拉克诺梭菌属及镰孢属与病原载量显著相关,挖掘了10种潜在的青枯病拮抗菌属。
本研究明确了青枯菌侵染不同时期不同生态位内生微生物群落的共性与差异,为抗辣椒青枯病的内生微生物群落构建的选择提供了理论指导,有助于深入了解青枯菌侵染下辣椒内生菌的动态变化规律,为辣椒青枯病的防治提供了理论依据和抗性资源的挖掘。
周池:研究设计和论文修改;彭征宇:初稿撰写;张清壮:数据收集和处理;彭迪:监督管理和项目管理;陶禹:提供技术支持和审阅;李鑫:提供技术支持和获取基金。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 湖南省重点研发计划(2023NK2030)
  • 湖南省农业科技创新资金(2023CX44)
  • 湖南省农业科技创新资金(2023CX116)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32402331)
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2025年第65卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250263
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
  • 录用日期:2025-05-27
基金
Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province(2023NK2030)
湖南省重点研发计划(2023NK2030)
Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Hunan Province(2023CX44)
湖南省农业科技创新资金(2023CX44)
Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Hunan Province(2023CX116)
湖南省农业科技创新资金(2023CX116)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32402331)
国家自然科学基金(32402331)
作者信息
    1 湖南省微生物研究所,湖南 长沙
    2 植物内生微生物资源挖掘与利用湖南省工程研究中心,湖南 长沙

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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