Article(id=1194684381190131763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250287, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1747584000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-19, onlineDate=1762764552637, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764552637, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764552637, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764552637, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4978, endPage=4993, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684381466955832, articleId=1194684381190131763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Comparative analysis of gut microbiota structure and function between sympatric Gymnocypris eckloni and Schizopygopsis pylzovi, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To elucidate and compare the diversity, structure, and functional characteristics of gut microbiota in sympatric fish species from a perspective of microbial ecology and explore the role of gut microbiota in feeding habit and ecological niche differentiation. Methods Foregut, midgut, and hindgut samples from Gymnocypris eckloni and Schizopygopsis pylzovi, along with their aquatic environmental samples, were collected from the upper Yellow River. The gut microbiota and potential functions were compared by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and multiple bioinformatics approaches. Results Microbial alpha diversity followed the trend of aquatic environment>S. pylzovi>G. eckloni (P<0.05). In G. eckloni, alpha diversity was highest in the foregut, whereas in S. pylzovi, it decreased progressively from the foregut to the midgut and then to the hindgut. Beta diversity analysis based on clustering and CPCoA demonstrated that microbial communities derived from different gut segments of the same species were more similar to each other than those derived from the same gut segment of different species, indicating that the differences attributable to species were greater than those attributable to gut segments (P<0.001). Pseudomonadota accounted for over 50.00% of the gut microbiota in all sample types, while Bacillota comprised more than 25.00% in the guts of both fish species, which was significantly higher than that (3.80%) observed in the aquatic environment. Fusobacteriota and Cetobacterium were nearly absent in water and S. pylzovi but showed high abundance in the midgut and hindgut of G. eckloni. Enterococcus was specifically enriched in the hindgut of G. eckloni, while Lactococcus were predominantly found in the hindgut of S. pylzovi. PICRUS2 functional prediction revealed that gut microbiota of both species primarily enriched amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways. The enriched metabolic pathways varied significantly across different gut segments of S. pylzovi, while significant differences in signaling molecules and interaction, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides were noted for the same gut segments between the two species. Conclusion There were significant differences in the microbiota composition and diversity in the gut between the two fish species and their aquatic environments, with distinct gut microbiota functions for each species. This study establishes a micrological foundation for research on the feeding habit and ecological niche differentiation of fish and provides theoretical support for exploitation of gut microbial resources and conservation and resource management of plateau fish species.

, correspAuthors=Cunfang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 从微生物生态学角度阐明同域分布鱼类肠道微生物的多样性、结构及功能特征,分析二者之间的共性与差异,进而探讨肠道菌群在鱼类食性和生态位分化中的作用。 方法 采集黄河上游重叠分布的花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼的前肠、中肠、后肠及其水环境样品,利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和生物信息分析手段比较分析2种鱼类的肠道微生物差异及其潜在功能。 结果 α多样性分析表明,水环境微生物多样性>黄河裸裂尻鱼>花斑裸鲤(P<0.05);在花斑裸鲤中前肠微生物多样性较高;黄河裸裂尻鱼则为前肠>中肠>后肠。基于聚类和CPCoA的β多样性分析表明,同一物种不同肠段来源的微生物比同一肠段来源的微生物更相似,物种差异大于肠段差异(P<0.001)。在菌群组成上,假单胞菌门在三者中的占比均高于50.00%,而芽孢杆菌门在2种鱼类肠道中的占比均超过25.00%,显著高于水环境(3.80%);梭杆菌门和鲸杆菌属为花斑裸鲤中肠和后肠的特有菌群,肠球菌属和乳球菌属分别为花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼后肠的特有菌群。PICRUSt2功能分析显示,2种鱼类的肠道菌群功能主要富集于“氨基酸代谢”和“碳水化合物代谢”,其中黄河裸裂尻鱼不同肠段间存在多种代谢通路的显著差异,而2种鱼同一肠段主要在“信号分子和相互作用” “心血管疾病”和“萜类化合物和聚酮类化合物的代谢”方面存在显著差异。 结论 花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道及其水环境的微生物群落组成和多样性均存在明显差异,且2种鱼类的肠道菌群功能不同,说明物种是导致微生物差异的主要原因,推测这可能与2种鱼类的食性和生态位差异有关。本研究从微生物角度为鱼类食性和生态位分化提供了依据,从而为开发和利用肠道微生物资源以及高原鱼类的保护和资源管理提供了科学依据。

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Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 24340., articleTitle=The gut microbiome and degradation enzyme activity of wild freshwater fishes influenced by their trophic levels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194980577985151367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=19, issue=11, pageStart=246, pageEnd=254, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=43, authorNames=黄丽丽, 孙海龙, 倪永清, 周红, journalName=中国食品学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄丽丽, 孙海龙, 倪永清, 周红. 新疆额尔齐斯河冷水性鲤鱼肠道细菌多样性分析[J]. 中国食品学报, 2019, 19(11): 246-254., articleTitle=新疆额尔齐斯河冷水性鲤鱼肠道细菌多样性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194980578048065928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=19, issue=11, pageStart=246, pageEnd=254, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=44, authorNames=HUANG LL, SUN HL, NI YQ, ZHOU H, journalName=Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG LL, SUN HL, NI YQ, ZHOU H. 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Scientific Reports, 2023, 13: 8811., articleTitle=Integrated analysis of how gender and body weight affect the intestinal microbial diversity of Gymnocypris chilianensis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194980578245198218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=147, issue=null, pageStart=111474, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=46, authorNames=TEIXEIRA CG, FUSIEGER A, MARTINS E, de FREITAS R, VAKARELOVA M, NERO LA, de CARVALHO AF, journalName=LWT, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TEIXEIRA CG, FUSIEGER A, MARTINS E, de FREITAS R, VAKARELOVA M, NERO LA, de CARVALHO AF. Biodiversity and technological features of Weissella isolates obtained from Brazilian artisanal cheese-producing regions[J]. LWT, 2021, 147: 111474., articleTitle=Biodiversity and technological features of Weissella isolates obtained from Brazilian artisanal cheese-producing regions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194980578320695691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=105, pageEnd=111, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=47, authorNames=TENEA GN, LARA MI, journalName=CyTA-Journal of Food, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TENEA GN, LARA MI. Antimicrobial compounds produced by Weissella confusa Cys2-2 strain inhibit Gram-negative bacteria growth[J]. CyTA-Journal of Food, 2019, 17(1): 105-111., articleTitle=Antimicrobial compounds produced by Weissella confusa Cys2-2 strain inhibit Gram-negative bacteria growth, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194980578408776076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=540, issue=null, pageStart=736702, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=48, authorNames=ZHU CZ, LI D, CHEN WJ, BAN SN, LIU T, WEN H, JIANG M, journalName=Aquaculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU CZ, LI D, CHEN WJ, BAN SN, LIU T, WEN H, JIANG M. Effects of dietary host-associated Lactococcus lactis on growth performance, disease resistance, intestinal morphology and intestinal microbiota of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi)[J]. Aquaculture, 2021, 540: 736702., articleTitle=Effects of dietary host-associated Lactococcus lactis on growth performance, disease resistance, intestinal morphology and intestinal microbiota of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194980572863906138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, awardId=3246130560, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(3246130560), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980572935209307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, awardId=3246130560, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(3246130560), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194980566585032974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980566597615887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, companyId=1194980566585032974, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980566601810192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, companyId=1194980566585032974, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 青海大学,省部共建三江源生态与高原农牧业国家重点实验室,青海 西宁)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194980566660530449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980566668919058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, companyId=1194980566660530449, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College of Eco-environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980566677307667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, companyId=1194980566660530449, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 青海大学 生态环境工程学院,青海 西宁)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194980566744416532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980566752805141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, companyId=1194980566744416532, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Qinghai Provincial Fishery Technology Promotion Center (Qinghai Provincial Fishery Environment Monitoring Center), Xining, Qinghai, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980566761193750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, companyId=1194980566744416532, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 青海省渔业技术推广中心(青海省渔业环境监测中心),青海 西宁)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194980570678673742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Rarefaction curves (A), accumulation curves (B) and flower plot (C) of Gymnocypris eckloni, Schizopygopsis pylzovi, and the aquatic environment. The rarefaction curves were constructed based on sample richness. GE_FIC, GE_MIC, and GE_HIC represent the foregut, midgut, and hindgut of Gymnocypris eckloni, respectively; SP_FIC, SP_MIC, and SP_HIC represent the foregut, midgut, and hindgut of Schizopygopsis pylzovi, respectively; Water represents the aquatic environmental samples., figureFileSmall=e6cdtwAScjBU08fED8qBPQ==, figureFileBig=om6Tmq1StCX6v6FVT2irpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980570749976911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, language=CN, label=图1, caption=花斑裸鲤、黄河裸裂尻鱼及水环境的稀释曲线(A)、累积曲线(B)和花瓣图(C)。GE_FIC、GE_MIC和GE_HIC分别为花斑裸鲤前肠、中肠和后肠;SP_FIC、SP_MIC和SP_HIC分别为黄河裸裂尻鱼前肠、中肠和后肠;Water:水环境。, figureFileSmall=e6cdtwAScjBU08fED8qBPQ==, figureFileBig=om6Tmq1StCX6v6FVT2irpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980570859028816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The alpha and beta diversity of gut microbiota in Gymnocypris eckloni and Schizopygopsis pylzovi, and their aquatic environmental microbes. A-F: Shannon, Simpson, and Chao indices of microbial communities in the entire intestinal tracts or different intestinal segments of two fish species and their aquatic environment, analyzed using one-way ANOVA; G-I: Both the cluster and CPCoA analysis were constructed based on the Bray-Curtis distance. GE and SP represent the Gymnocypris eckloni and Schizopygopsis pylzovi, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=IosvCTF4o60pKLUvH+4pWQ==, figureFileBig=04PCQ7lCwQqbP3jDEMz84A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980570934526289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, language=CN, label=图2, caption=花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道微生物及其水环境微生物的αβ多样性。A-F:基于单因素方差分析的Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Chao指数箱线图;G-I:基于Bray-Curtis的聚类分支图和CPCoA分析。GE:花斑裸鲤;SP:黄河裸裂尻鱼;不同小写字母表示组间数据差异显著(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=IosvCTF4o60pKLUvH+4pWQ==, figureFileBig=04PCQ7lCwQqbP3jDEMz84A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980570997440850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Composition of the gut microbiota in Gymnocypris eckloni and Schizopygopsis pylzovi, and their aquatic environmental microbial communities. A-C: Microbial community compositions of the top five phyla in total abundance, respectively, in the intestines of two fish species and the aquatic environment, in the intestines of two fish species, and in the aquatic environment; D-F: The composition of the top five abundance at the phylum level and top fifteen abundance at the genus level in different intestinal segments of two fish species and their aquatic environment., figureFileSmall=VHgyeq0YS2gPGDyXIdOOjA==, figureFileBig=moYpJorhs6T7A2483sx8+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980571098104147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, language=CN, label=图3, caption=花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道微生物及其水环境微生物群落组成。A-C:门水平上总丰度前5的微生物群落组成;D-F:不同分组在门水平上丰度前5和属水平上丰度前15的微生物群落组成。, figureFileSmall=VHgyeq0YS2gPGDyXIdOOjA==, figureFileBig=moYpJorhs6T7A2483sx8+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980571202961748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Compositional differences of intestinal microbiota between Gymnocypris eckloni and Schizopygopsis pylzovi, as well as their aquatic environmental microbial communities. A: Histogram of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score distribution, with an LDA threshold of 4; B: Cladogram analysis of multi-level species by LEfSe., figureFileSmall=t+nQFJ7Giaynj1cY2v/Jvg==, figureFileBig=txafqK1bSPx+n+xtLFhl+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980571328790869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, language=CN, label=图4, caption=花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道微生物及其水环境微生物群落的组成差异。A:LEfSe的线性判别分析分布直方图,LDA阈值为4;B:LEfSe的多级物种分支图。, figureFileSmall=t+nQFJ7Giaynj1cY2v/Jvg==, figureFileBig=txafqK1bSPx+n+xtLFhl+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980571429454166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=PICRUSt2 functional prediction analysis of gut microbiota in Gymnocypris eckloni and Schizopygopsis pylzovi. A: Bubble plot of microbial functional abundance predicted by PICRUSt2; B: KEGG pathway 2 functional difference analysis across different intestinal segments of Schizopygopsis pylzovi, based on Kruskal-Wallis test; C: Functional difference analysis of KEGG pathway 2 in each intestinal segment between two fish species based on the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. **: Indicating highly significant differences (P<0.01); *: Indicating significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=6oHGXEzxZUfZOhJo+wZkCA==, figureFileBig=FQ4ARXrbP81P8XjPTMOIhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980572528361815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, language=CN, label=图5, caption=花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道微生物的PICRUSt2功能预测分析。A:基于PICRUSt2功能预测的气泡丰度图;B:黄河裸裂尻鱼各肠段KEGG pathway 2功能差异分析(Kruskal-Wallis检验);C:2种鱼同一肠段KEGG pathway 2功能差异分析(Wilcoxon rank-sum检验)。, figureFileSmall=6oHGXEzxZUfZOhJo+wZkCA==, figureFileBig=FQ4ARXrbP81P8XjPTMOIhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980572620636504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The top fifteen major differential bacterial genera in the microbial abundance of different intestinal segments of two fish species and their water environment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenusGE_FIC (%)GE_MIC (%)GE_HIC (%)SP_FIC (%)SP_MIC (%)SP_HIC (%)

Water

(%)

P value
Aeromonas0.546.4313.0318.9910.9217.840.020.022*
Pseudomonas20.395.414.466.286.096.940.580.204
Hafnia-Obesumbacterium2.681.241.570.111.304.050.000.007**
ZOR00064.671.540.2410.2613.007.850.010.001***
Weissella10.9815.482.480.060.292.170.000.061
Carnobacterium0.000.580.600.155.9710.120.000.004**
Lactococcus0.170.275.260.103.175.970.010.008**
Staphylococcus4.490.1410.670.040.010.000.000.303
Planktothrix_NIVA-CYA_155.542.140.588.638.602.340.020.004**
Cetobacterium0.017.646.180.090.080.150.000.362
), ArticleFig(id=1194980572733882713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684381190131763, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两种鱼类不同肠段及其水环境微生物丰度前15的主要差异菌属

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenusGE_FIC (%)GE_MIC (%)GE_HIC (%)SP_FIC (%)SP_MIC (%)SP_HIC (%)

Water

(%)

P value
Aeromonas0.546.4313.0318.9910.9217.840.020.022*
Pseudomonas20.395.414.466.286.096.940.580.204
Hafnia-Obesumbacterium2.681.241.570.111.304.050.000.007**
ZOR00064.671.540.2410.2613.007.850.010.001***
Weissella10.9815.482.480.060.292.170.000.061
Carnobacterium0.000.580.600.155.9710.120.000.004**
Lactococcus0.170.275.260.103.175.970.010.008**
Staphylococcus4.490.1410.670.040.010.000.000.303
Planktothrix_NIVA-CYA_155.542.140.588.638.602.340.020.004**
Cetobacterium0.017.646.180.090.080.150.000.362
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比较分析同域分布花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道菌群结构与功能
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王莘瑜 1, 2 , 张存芳 1, * , 朱萍 1, 2 , 李柯懋 3 , 高强 1 , 刘丹 1 , 聂苗苗 1 , 贾军梅 1 , 祁得林 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(11): 4978-4993
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(11): 4978-4993
比较分析同域分布花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道菌群结构与功能
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王莘瑜1, 2, 张存芳1, * , 朱萍1, 2, 李柯懋3, 高强1, 刘丹1, 聂苗苗1, 贾军梅1, 祁得林1
作者信息
  • 1 青海大学,省部共建三江源生态与高原农牧业国家重点实验室,青海 西宁
  • 2 青海大学 生态环境工程学院,青海 西宁
  • 3 青海省渔业技术推广中心(青海省渔业环境监测中心),青海 西宁
Comparative analysis of gut microbiota structure and function between sympatric Gymnocypris eckloni and Schizopygopsis pylzovi
Xinyu WANG1, 2, Cunfang ZHANG1, * , Ping ZHU1, 2, Kemao LI3, Qiang GAO1, Dan LIU1, Miaomiao NIE1, Junmei JIA1, Delin QI1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • 2 College of Eco-environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • 3 Qinghai Provincial Fishery Technology Promotion Center (Qinghai Provincial Fishery Environment Monitoring Center), Xining, Qinghai, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250287
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目的 从微生物生态学角度阐明同域分布鱼类肠道微生物的多样性、结构及功能特征,分析二者之间的共性与差异,进而探讨肠道菌群在鱼类食性和生态位分化中的作用。 方法 采集黄河上游重叠分布的花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼的前肠、中肠、后肠及其水环境样品,利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和生物信息分析手段比较分析2种鱼类的肠道微生物差异及其潜在功能。 结果 α多样性分析表明,水环境微生物多样性>黄河裸裂尻鱼>花斑裸鲤(P<0.05);在花斑裸鲤中前肠微生物多样性较高;黄河裸裂尻鱼则为前肠>中肠>后肠。基于聚类和CPCoA的β多样性分析表明,同一物种不同肠段来源的微生物比同一肠段来源的微生物更相似,物种差异大于肠段差异(P<0.001)。在菌群组成上,假单胞菌门在三者中的占比均高于50.00%,而芽孢杆菌门在2种鱼类肠道中的占比均超过25.00%,显著高于水环境(3.80%);梭杆菌门和鲸杆菌属为花斑裸鲤中肠和后肠的特有菌群,肠球菌属和乳球菌属分别为花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼后肠的特有菌群。PICRUSt2功能分析显示,2种鱼类的肠道菌群功能主要富集于“氨基酸代谢”和“碳水化合物代谢”,其中黄河裸裂尻鱼不同肠段间存在多种代谢通路的显著差异,而2种鱼同一肠段主要在“信号分子和相互作用” “心血管疾病”和“萜类化合物和聚酮类化合物的代谢”方面存在显著差异。 结论 花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道及其水环境的微生物群落组成和多样性均存在明显差异,且2种鱼类的肠道菌群功能不同,说明物种是导致微生物差异的主要原因,推测这可能与2种鱼类的食性和生态位差异有关。本研究从微生物角度为鱼类食性和生态位分化提供了依据,从而为开发和利用肠道微生物资源以及高原鱼类的保护和资源管理提供了科学依据。

花斑裸鲤  /  黄河裸裂尻鱼  /  同域分布  /  肠道微生物

Objective To elucidate and compare the diversity, structure, and functional characteristics of gut microbiota in sympatric fish species from a perspective of microbial ecology and explore the role of gut microbiota in feeding habit and ecological niche differentiation. Methods Foregut, midgut, and hindgut samples from Gymnocypris eckloni and Schizopygopsis pylzovi, along with their aquatic environmental samples, were collected from the upper Yellow River. The gut microbiota and potential functions were compared by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and multiple bioinformatics approaches. Results Microbial alpha diversity followed the trend of aquatic environment>S. pylzovi>G. eckloni (P<0.05). In G. eckloni, alpha diversity was highest in the foregut, whereas in S. pylzovi, it decreased progressively from the foregut to the midgut and then to the hindgut. Beta diversity analysis based on clustering and CPCoA demonstrated that microbial communities derived from different gut segments of the same species were more similar to each other than those derived from the same gut segment of different species, indicating that the differences attributable to species were greater than those attributable to gut segments (P<0.001). Pseudomonadota accounted for over 50.00% of the gut microbiota in all sample types, while Bacillota comprised more than 25.00% in the guts of both fish species, which was significantly higher than that (3.80%) observed in the aquatic environment. Fusobacteriota and Cetobacterium were nearly absent in water and S. pylzovi but showed high abundance in the midgut and hindgut of G. eckloni. Enterococcus was specifically enriched in the hindgut of G. eckloni, while Lactococcus were predominantly found in the hindgut of S. pylzovi. PICRUS2 functional prediction revealed that gut microbiota of both species primarily enriched amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways. The enriched metabolic pathways varied significantly across different gut segments of S. pylzovi, while significant differences in signaling molecules and interaction, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides were noted for the same gut segments between the two species. Conclusion There were significant differences in the microbiota composition and diversity in the gut between the two fish species and their aquatic environments, with distinct gut microbiota functions for each species. This study establishes a micrological foundation for research on the feeding habit and ecological niche differentiation of fish and provides theoretical support for exploitation of gut microbial resources and conservation and resource management of plateau fish species.

Gymnocypris eckloni  /  Schizopygopsis pylzovi  /  sympatric distribution  /  gut microbiota
王莘瑜, 张存芳, 朱萍, 李柯懋, 高强, 刘丹, 聂苗苗, 贾军梅, 祁得林. 比较分析同域分布花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道菌群结构与功能. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4978 -4993 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250287
Xinyu WANG, Cunfang ZHANG, Ping ZHU, Kemao LI, Qiang GAO, Dan LIU, Miaomiao NIE, Junmei JIA, Delin QI. Comparative analysis of gut microbiota structure and function between sympatric Gymnocypris eckloni and Schizopygopsis pylzovi[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4978 -4993 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250287
鱼类的皮肤黏膜、鳃和肠道等组织中均定殖着大量微生物,其中以鱼类肠道中的微生物最为丰富,被称为生物体的“额外器官”[1],主要类群包括假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteriota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)等[2]。这些肠道菌群在与宿主的长期协同进化过程中逐渐形成了动态平衡的微生态系统,在维持宿主健康、促进食物消化以及调节免疫等多种生理功能中均发挥着关键作用[3]。同时,鱼类肠道菌群的种类和丰度会受到宿主的生长阶段、食性、地理距离和水环境等多种因素[4-6]的影响,从而产生复杂的变化。近年来,随着微生物组学技术的快速发展,鱼类肠道微生物的研究逐渐成为水产科学、生态学和微生物学交叉领域的热点。然而,关于不同部位的肠道微生物组成及其与水环境之间关系的研究仍知之甚少。
近些年的研究表明,鱼类不同消化部位的微生物在组成和功能上均存在差异性。例如,对日本鳗鱼的研究发现[7],中肠的微生物群落结构与后肠更为相似,而与前肠存在一定差异;在前肠中优势菌群主要是假单胞菌门,但随着肠道位置向后推移,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)的丰度逐渐升高,且中肠与后肠中的微生物在翻译和转录方面的表达量较高。研究鱼类不同肠段的微生物群落结构及其功能能够为理解鱼类健康和食物消化机制提供理论基础。花斑裸鲤(Gymnocypris eckloni)和黄河裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis pylzovi)均属于裂腹鱼亚科的杂食性鱼类,其中花斑裸鲤属于裸鲤属,偏肉食性,主要以植物碎屑、藻类、水生昆虫和摇蚊幼虫等为食[8],而黄河裸裂尻鱼属于裸裂尻鱼属,偏植食性,主要食物来源于植物,尤其是着生藻类和水底的植物碎屑[9]。这2种鱼类均为青藏高原特有的土著鱼类,广泛分布于黄河上游的干支流及湖泊中[9],在当地的生态系统食物链中占据重要地位,对维持生态平衡起着关键作用。由于它们对低温缺氧环境具有极强的适应能力,目前针对这2种鱼类的研究主要聚焦于低氧高寒环境对其基因表达的影响,包括基因组[10]和遗传特性[11]等方面。然而,高原环境也有利于塑造其特有的肠道微生物菌群。本研究通过高通量测序技术分析花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼不同肠段的微生物群落结构有助于了解其与宿主之间的共生关系,揭示高原特有微生物资源的潜在价值,旨在为开发和利用这些资源提供新思路,这对高原鱼类的保护和资源管理具有重要意义。
本研究中的花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼均采集自黄河上游干流的青海省黄南藏族自治州河南蒙古族自治县柯生乡(101°53′27″E,34°20′39″N)。2022年7月,使用地笼和挂网捕获7条花斑裸鲤,其体重和体长分别为(37.00±1.41) g和(160.00±2.83) cm;捕获10条黄河裸裂尻鱼,其体重和体长分别为(53.00±10.03) g和(186.75±7.37) cm。在取样前,使用间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐(tricaine methanesulfonate, MS-222)对鱼进行麻醉,随后用经75%乙醇浸泡的手术剪和镊子解剖取出肠道组织,用无菌PBS缓冲液冲洗3次,分别剪下每条鱼的前肠、中肠和后肠部分,独立置于2 mL冷冻管中,用液氮快速冷冻后转至-80 ℃冰箱中保存。
本研究获得青海大学医学伦理委员会批准,实验过程严格遵守青海大学伦理规范,并按照相关规章制度执行。
采集的样品用干冰送至武汉百奥维凡生物科技有限公司进行16S rRNA基因扩增子测序。使用E.Z.N.A.®土壤DNA试剂盒(Omega Bio-Tek公司)提取肠道微生物基因组DNA,用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测其质量,并针对细菌16S rRNA基因的V3-V4高变区域进行扩增。所用引物为338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)。PCR反应体系:5×缓冲液4 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 μL,正、反向引物(5 μmol/L)各0.8 μL,DNA聚合酶0.4 μL,模板DNA 10 ng,ddH2O补足至20 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,共27次循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min;4 ℃保存。PCR产物用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增目的片段大小,并用AMPure XP核酸纯化试剂盒(Beckman Coulter公司)纯化。
使用磁珠回收PCR产物并构建文库,通过Illumina MiSeq PE300 platform (Illumina公司)测序得到双端序列数据,原始数据以Fastq格式储存,相关数据已上传至国家微生物科学数据中心(https://nmdc.cn/resource/genomics/project/detail/NMDC10019815)。使用QIIME 2 (2020.9)的DADA2插件[12]进行数据处理,首先调用qiime cutadapt trim-paired切除序列的引物片段,丢弃未匹配引物的序列,再通过qiime dada2 denoise-paired调用DADA2进行质控、去噪、拼接以及去除嵌合体,合并得到扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs)并去除序列总数仅为1的ASVs,最终剔除少于3个样本中检测到的ASVs。
物种累积曲线和基于样品丰富度的稀释曲线均使用图图云平台进行可视化(https://www.cloudtutu.com/),主要用于评估测序深度和数据量的合理性;饼图使用Origin 2021 (https://www.originlab.com/)进行可视化;α多样性指数是由RStudio的R包“vegan”计算和SPSS 27.0进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA, P<0.05)所得,并通过Origin绘制箱线图用于比较不同组间多样性的差异;基于Bray-Curtis的限制性主坐标分析(constrained principal coordinate analysis, CPCoA)使用ImageGP (https://www.bic.ac.cn/ImageGP/)进行绘制;堆积柱状图和线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)使用微科盟生科云平台(https://www.bioincloud.tech/)进行可视化;花瓣图、基于Bray-Curtis的聚类分支图、功能的气泡丰度图,以及基于Kruskal-Wallis或Wilcoxon秩和检验的菌群丰度和功能显著性差异分析(P<0.05)均使用基因云平台(https://www.genescloud.cn/)计算与绘制。其中,LEfSe分析采用非参数因子Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验和Wilcoxon秩和检验,线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)阈值设置为4,用于筛选具有统计学意义的生物标志物。
如图1A、1B所示,随着测序深度的增加稀释曲线和物种累积曲线均逐渐趋于平稳,表明该测序深度足以覆盖大多数微生物,且数据量合理,可用于进一步分析。对花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼的肠道微生物进行16S rRNA基因测序,共获得4 477 846条raw data和47 554条clean data,最终筛选得到2 704个ASVs,分属于23门63纲146目244科456属;同时,水样测序共获得178 979条raw data和16 175条clean data,筛选得到1 026个ASVs,分属于23门48纲109目182科和323属;肠道微生物与水样合并后共得到3 212个ASVs。由图1C可知,花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼的前肠(foregut intestinal compartment, FIC)、中肠(midgut intestinal compartment, MIC)、后肠(hindgut intestinal compartment, HIC)以及水样(water)中的微生物共享143个ASVs。其中,水环境中特有的ASVs最多,共计551个,而花斑裸鲤的前肠、中肠和后肠特有的ASVs分别为1、0和2个,黄河裸裂尻鱼则分别为18、8和13个。
选取Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Chao指数作为α多样性的参数。如图2A-2F所示,水环境的微生物多样性显著高于花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼的肠道微生物多样性(P<0.05);同时,Shannon指数和Chao指数均显示,黄河裸裂尻鱼的肠道微生物多样性显著高于花斑裸鲤(P<0.05)。花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼各自肠段之间的肠道微生物多样性无显著性差异,但花斑裸鲤前肠微生物多样性较高,黄河裸裂尻鱼则呈现出前肠>中肠>后肠的趋势(图2D-2F)。
基于Bray-Curtis的聚类分支图和CPCoA对花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道微生物以及水环境中的微生物进行β多样性分析。如图2G、2H所示,各组内的样本聚在一起,但不同组别之间的样本存在分离现象。CPCoA1和CPCoA2两轴分别解释了56.07%和43.93%的微生物群落结构差异,综合解释了8.12%的差异,表明两物种肠道和水环境中的微生物群落结构差异显著(P=0.000 1)。类似地,两物种不同肠段和水环境中的微生物群落结构也具有差异性(P=0.000 2),并且花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼各自的前肠、中肠和后肠重叠较多(图2I)。
如图3A-3C所示,在门水平上不同组合总丰度前5的微生物大致相同,但花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼的肠道菌群与水环境微生物群落结构之间存在较大差异,且各门微生物的相对丰度占比不同。由图3D、3E可知,假单胞菌门是花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼的优势菌门(分别为52.95%、53.13%),其次是芽孢杆菌门(分别为25.35%、27.14%),而水环境中的优势菌门为假单胞菌门(62.93%)和放线菌门(17.25%)。与水环境相比,芽孢杆菌门在2种鱼类肠道中的相对丰度显著较高,放线菌门呈现相反趋势,但不显著;蓝细菌门在花斑裸鲤肠道中的丰度显著低于其他两者。就不同肠段而言,放线菌门在2种鱼的前肠(分别为13.27%、13.85%)和中肠(分别为11.89%、12.29%)中的占比均高于其后肠(分别为6.84%、4.13%)。另外,梭杆菌门在水环境中(0.00%)和黄河裸裂尻鱼的肠道中(0.11%)几乎不存在,但在花斑裸鲤中肠(7.64%)和后肠(7.10%)中的相对丰度较高。
图3F和表1所示,在属水平上丰度前15的菌群中,2种鱼类不同肠段微生物的相对丰度占比存在很大差异,且大多数鱼类肠道的优势菌属都不是水环境优势菌属。其中,气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、ZOR0006Planktothrix_NIVA-CYA_15在花斑裸鲤肠道中的相对丰度(平均为6.67%、2.15%、2.74%)均低于黄河裸裂尻鱼(平均为15.92%、10.37%、6.52%),而魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)在花斑裸鲤中(28.94%)的相对丰度比黄河裸裂尻鱼高(2.52%)。另外,乳球菌属(Lactococcus)在2种鱼类的后肠(分别为5.26%、5.97%)中占比较高;假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)分别在花斑裸鲤前肠(20.39%)和后肠(10.67%)中的相对丰度较高,而鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)主要存在于花斑裸鲤的中肠(7.64%)和后肠(6.18%)。
图4所示,基于LEfSe分析,在门、纲、目、科和属水平上对花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道及水环境中的微生物进行LDA和Cladogram分析。结果表明,花斑裸鲤前肠未显示出差异菌,但水环境中的差异菌最多,如拟杆菌门、蓝细菌科(Cyanobiaceae)、伯克霍尔德氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae)、Limnohabitans、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingorhabdus)和Sporichthyaceae等;明串珠菌科(Leuconostocaceae)在花斑裸鲤中肠中显著富集,肠球菌科(Enterococcaceae)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)和Escherichia-Shigella在花斑裸鲤后肠中显著富集;蓝细菌门、蓝细菌纲(Cyanobacteriia)和根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)在黄河裸裂尻前肠中显著富集;丹毒丝菌目(Erysipelotrichales)、蓝细菌目(Cyanobacteriales)、丹毒丝菌科(Erysipelotrichaceae)、席藻科(Phormidiaceae)、ZOR0006Planktothrix_NIVA_CYA_15在黄河裸裂尻中肠中显著富集;乳杆菌目(Lactobacillales)、支原体科(Mycoplasmataceae)、耶尔森氏菌科(Yersiniaceae)、肉杆菌属(Carnobacterium)和乳球菌属等在黄河裸裂尻后肠中显著富集。
对花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道微生物的潜在功能进行PICRUSt2功能预测,比较KEGG通路富集的丰度差异。如图5A所示,2种鱼类的肠道微生物功能主要富集于新陈代谢(metabolism);在KEGG pathway 2中,肠道菌群功能主要富集于氨基酸代谢(amino acid metabolism)和碳水化合物代谢(carbohydrate metabolism)。利用Kruskal-Wallis检验对pathway 2进行差异分析发现,肠道菌群的功能在花斑裸鲤不同肠段之间无显著性差异,但在黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道中存在多个显著差异(P<0.05)。这些通路主要在黄河裸裂尻鱼前肠中显著富集,包括“全球与概述图(global and overview maps)” “折叠、分选与降解(folding, sorting and degradation)” “细胞生长与死亡(cell growth and death)”和“氨基酸代谢”;同时,黄河裸裂尻鱼中肠的肠道菌群功能在“癌症概述(cancers: overview)”上富集较多(图5B)。另外,通过Wilcoxon秩和检验分析2种鱼类同一肠段的菌群功能发现,“信号分子和相互作用(signaling molecules and interaction)”在黄河裸裂尻鱼前肠,“心血管疾病(cardiovascular diseases)”在前肠和后肠中都显著富集,而“萜类化合物和聚酮类化合物的代谢(metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides)”则是在花斑裸鲤中肠显著富集(图5C)。
鱼类肠道微生物的多样性和组成会受到宿主的物种类别、性别和生长阶段等多种因素的调控,但更易受到鱼类栖息水环境[13]、食性[14]及其生态位[15]的影响。这些因素能够通过影响鱼类肠道菌群的定殖[16]、肠道组织结构与营养吸收[17],以及宿主的适应性进化[18]等重要过程直接参与鱼类肠道微生物的塑造。
水环境作为鱼类的栖息环境,为鱼类的生存提供了庇护所、食物和适宜温度等条件。与陆地动物相比,鱼类肠道微生物对水环境的变化更为敏感[16]。在本研究中,花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼所栖息的水环境微生物多样性显著高于2种鱼类的肠道微生物多样性,且水环境与鱼类肠道中的微生物群落结构存在显著分化。这是由于水体微生物和肠道微生物之间具有复杂的互作关系[19],虽然大多数微生物会通过水环境进入鱼体,但仅有少数微生物能够适应肠道的特殊环境,并随着宿主的成长而在其肠道内逐渐形成具有特异性的微生物群落[20],如芽孢杆菌门在水环境中的相对丰度较低,但在2种鱼类肠道中的相对丰度较高。
强壮[21]研究发现,斑重唇鱼(Diptychus maculatus)和塔里木裂腹鱼(Schizothorax biddulphi)的优势菌门为假单胞菌门、芽孢杆菌门和放线菌门;刘艳超等[22]研究发现,怒江西藏段的3种裂腹鱼肠道微生物的优势菌门均为假单胞菌门和芽孢杆菌门。类似地,本研究发现假单胞菌门和芽孢杆菌门是花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼的优势菌门。其中,芽孢杆菌门通常与代谢功能密切相关,能够参与短链脂肪酸的代谢,通过发酵多糖帮助宿主获取能量,可见芽孢杆菌门在分解食物和促进宿主能量吸收方面发挥着重要作用[23-24]。食性是塑造肠道微生物的关键因素,不同食性鱼类肠道微生物多样性的顺序通常表现为杂食性>草食性>浮游生物食性>肉食性[25]。值得注意的是,尽管花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼都属于杂食性鱼类,但前者更偏向于肉食性[8],而后者则更偏向于植食性[9]。本研究的α和β多样性表明,黄河裸裂尻鱼的肠道微生物多样性显著高于花斑裸鲤,并且2个物种之间的肠道微生物群落结构存在明显分离,符合不同食性鱼类肠道微生物多样性的特征。此外,Pelage等[26]的研究表明,同域分布的不同水层鱼类之间存在着对食物资源的激烈竞争关系,并且采用不同的适应策略,从而产生了生态位分化。因此,花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道菌群多样性和结构的差异可以归因于食性和生态位的影响。然而,本研究中的ZOR0006在黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道中的丰度较高,这与之前对偏草食性小头裸裂尻鱼的研究结果有所不同,该属被认为是偏肉食性裸腹叶须鱼的生物标志[27],因此推测该菌属可能与其宿主栖息水环境或物种类别等其他因素有关。
鱼类肠道是进行食物消化与吸收的重要场所,并且与其肠道微生物有着复杂的共生关系。本研究表明,花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼的肠道微生物主要参与氨基酸代谢和碳水化合物代谢,这与鱼类对食物消化的生理需求一致,它们能够帮助宿主分解摄入的食物并合成多种氨基酸以适应其营养需求[28]。同时,之前的研究表明[17],不同食性的裂腹鱼类其肠道结构也有所不同,偏肉食性鱼类的肠道褶皱紧密且柱状细胞数量较多,而偏植食性鱼类的肠褶皱较为稀疏但分泌孔较多;肠道褶皱从鱼类的前肠到后肠逐渐减少,而杯状细胞则逐渐增多,表明不同肠段所执行的消化功能可能具有差异性。邓智明[29]研究发现,野生圆口铜鱼前肠与中肠微生物之间的功能表达无差异性,而前肠的新陈代谢表达量要高于后肠,中肠与后肠之间存在多种差异表达类型。在本研究中,黄河裸裂尻鱼前肠的微生物群落在全局代谢图谱、氨基酸代谢以及蛋白质折叠与分选通路中表现出更高的功能表达量,推测其可能通过促进消化酶类的分泌在宿主前肠中帮助宿主分解食物。相比之下,对2种鱼同一肠段的菌群功能比较发现,花斑裸鲤中肠的聚酮类化合物代谢通路显著富集,这类物质可能在帮助花斑裸鲤抑制炎症、抵抗病菌和寄生虫感染等方面[30]发挥着重要作用。
研究发现,圆口铜鱼在不同的野生环境下其前肠的微生物多样性均为最高,其次为中肠和后肠[29]。本研究发现,尽管花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼不同肠段微生物α多样性差异不显著,各自不同肠段的微生物群落分别重叠,但前肠仍表现出较高的α多样性,且具有菌群结构差异性。研究表明,肉食性鱼类肠道中的梭杆菌门和鲸杆菌属的丰度均高于草食性鱼类[31]。本研究发现,梭杆菌门和鲸杆菌属主要存在于花斑裸鲤的肠道中,尤其是在中肠和后肠,但在黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道中的占比几乎接近于零。鉴于鲸杆菌属隶属于梭杆菌门,因此推测该菌门可能在花斑裸鲤的动物性食物消化中起主导作用,且主要在中肠和后肠中发挥作用。有研究发现,相较于前肠和中肠,芽孢杆菌门在野生鲤(Cyprinus carpio)后肠中的丰度有所增加[32];芽孢杆菌门和魏斯氏菌属的相对丰度在小鱼中明显较高[33]。然而,本研究中的2种鱼类较大,芽孢杆菌门在不同肠段中也无显著性差异,但放线菌门的丰度在2种鱼类中都有所减少。魏斯氏菌属、乳球菌属和肠球菌属都具有潜在益生作用。其中,魏斯氏菌属能够产生细胞素和有机酸,具有抑菌作用,且能够促进鱼类的消化与吸收[34-35]。它在花斑裸鲤不同肠段中的占比均比黄河裸裂尻鱼高,虽然不能确定引起该变化的具体原因,但也可能涉及食物、生态位和物种选择等因素的影响。同时,相较于前肠和中肠,肠球菌属和乳球菌属分别在花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼的后肠中显著富集,较高丰度的乳球菌属定殖于后肠可能更有利于增强宿主的免疫功能和促进营养消化吸收能力[36]
综上所述,同域分布的花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼肠道的微生物多样性及其结构不仅与水环境存在显著差异,彼此之间也存在明显分化,这种差异可能主要与其食性偏好和生态位分化有关。作为高原特有的裂腹鱼类,花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼在高原生态系统中占据重要地位,具有较高的生态价值。本研究为揭示高原鱼类在极端环境下的适应机制提供了参考,同时也为青藏高原特有土著鱼类保护和资源管理提供了科学依据。
王莘瑜:论文撰写和修改,数据整理与可视化;张存芳:样品采集与数据整理,参与论文审查,指导论文完成;朱萍:数据整理与分析,参与论文讨论;李柯懋:样品采集;高强:论文指导与修改;刘丹:论文审查与编辑;聂苗苗:论文润色;贾军梅:论文审阅与校正;祁得林:论文终审。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(3246130560)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250287
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
  • 录用日期:2025-05-19
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(3246130560)
国家自然科学基金(3246130560)
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    1 青海大学,省部共建三江源生态与高原农牧业国家重点实验室,青海 西宁
    2 青海大学 生态环境工程学院,青海 西宁
    3 青海省渔业技术推广中心(青海省渔业环境监测中心),青海 西宁

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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