Article(id=1194684379755679778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250253, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743177600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1747670400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-20, onlineDate=1762764552296, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764552296, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764552296, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764552296, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4889, endPage=4904, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684381034942513, articleId=1194684379755679778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=A predominant strain of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus: isolation, identification, and preliminary investigation into its infectivity in cattle, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The outbreaks of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) have been reported in multiple regions across China. To systematically characterize the molecular features and biological properties of the predominant strains of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) and provide etiological insights for evidence-based prevention and control against IBR. Methods We collected the bovine lung tissue for detection of common bovine respiratory viruses by PCR. Viral isolation was performed with MDBK cells, and then metagenomic sequencing was conducted to determine and analyze complete genome sequences of the viruses. Viruses were purified via the plaque assay and subcultured to the 9th generation (F9) for determination of the 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50), monitoring of one-step growth kinetics, and observation of viral particle morphology via electron microscopy. Two IBRV-seronegative healthy adults of cattle were intranasally inoculated with the F9 suspension (2.5 mL/nostril), while one additional head of cattle was housed in close contact. The clinical manifestations were monitored, including body temperature fluctuations and viral shedding dynamics. Results PCR detection revealed the presence of both IBRV and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) in the bovine lung tissue. After inoculation into MDBK cells, obvious cytopathic effects were observed at the third passage. Metagenomic sequencing confirmed the virus as IBRV, with a whole genome length of 134 678 bp. This isolate was designated as IBRV GSLT/04/2024. The TCID50 of F9 was 105.5 TCID50/mL, and no mutation was detected in the gB, gC, gD, or gE gene. Based on the gC gene and whole genome sequences, this strain was classified into the IBRV 1.2b subtype lineage. Viral shedding began on day 5 post-inoculation in the inoculated cattle and on day 10 in the contact cattle, lasting for approximately 10 days. The amount of viral shedding followed the order of nasal swabs>oral swabs>rectal swabs>ocular swabs. On day 30 post-inoculation, IBRV genes were only detected in the colon tissue. IBR-specific antibodies were detected on approximately day 7 in the inoculated cattle and on day 10 in the contact cattle. Conclusion We successfully isolated a novel IBRV subtype 1.2b strain with high infectivity in adult cattle. The findings provide epidemiological and etiological evidence to trace the recent surge in IBRV prevalence across China.

, correspAuthors=Xia LIU, Pu SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: LIU Xia,
SUN Pu,
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目的 进一步掌握当前我国牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, IBRV)流行株的分子特征及生物学特性,为科学防控牛传染性鼻气管炎(infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, IBR)提供病原学参考。 方法 采集牛肺脏组织,利用PCR方法检测牛呼吸道常见病毒;使用MDBK细胞分离病毒,并应用病毒宏基因组测序技术测定与分析病毒的全基因组序列;蚀斑纯化病毒,连续传至第9代(F9),测定病毒TCID50、绘制一步生长曲线并观察病毒粒子形态;将F9代细胞毒以滴鼻方式接种2头IBRV抗体阴性健康成年牛,每鼻孔2.5 mL,同时让1头牛与之同居,观察体温和排毒变化等临床表现。 结果 PCR检测显示,该牛肺脏组织含有IBRV和牛冠状病毒(bovine coronavirus, BCoV)。接种MDBK细胞传至第3代时出现明显细胞病变,宏基因组测序确定为IBRV,其基因组全长为134 678 bp,命名为IBRV GSLT/04/2024株。F9代病毒TCID50为105.5 TCID50/mL,且gBgCgDgE基因均未发生突变。依据gC基因和全基因组序列将该毒株划分为IBRV 1.2b亚型谱系。牛滴鼻后第5天开始向外排毒,同居牛第10天开始向外排毒,约持续排毒10 d,排毒量依次为鼻拭子>口拭子>肛拭子>眼拭子;接种第30天仅从结肠组织中检测出IBRV基因;接种牛约于第7天、同居牛第10天出现IBR特异性抗体。 结论 本研究成功分离出1株新的IBRV 1.2b亚型流行毒株,初步证明其对成年牛具有较强感染能力,这为进一步溯源我国IBRV感染率增高现象提供了重要的流行病学和病原学依据。

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China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2012, 39(4): 229-232 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194980629285679150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=36, issue=6, pageStart=115, pageEnd=118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=33, authorNames=李海涛, 苗利光, 朱言柱, 肖佳美, 刘艳环, journalName=动物医学进展, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李海涛, 苗利光, 朱言柱, 肖佳美, 刘艳环. 牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒JZ06-8株犊牛感染模型的建立[J]. 动物医学进展, 2015, 36(6): 115-118., articleTitle=牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒JZ06-8株犊牛感染模型的建立, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194980629344399407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=36, issue=6, pageStart=115, pageEnd=118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=34, authorNames=LI HT, MIAO LG, ZHU YZ, XIAO JM, LIU YH, journalName=Progress in Veterinary Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI HT, MIAO LG, ZHU YZ, XIAO JM, LIU YH. Establishment of a calf infection model of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus strain IBRV/JZ06-8[J]. Progress in Veterinary Medicine, 2015, 36(6): 115-118 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194980629415702576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1987, volume=17, issue=5, pageStart=7, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=35, authorNames=王则兴, 李崇华, 戴瑞良, 张克益, 程淑敏, 杨达昌, 毛全福, 郭康林, 卢定坤, 何锡池, 唐川, journalName=中国兽医科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王则兴, 李崇华, 戴瑞良, 张克益, 程淑敏, 杨达昌, 毛全福, 郭康林, 卢定坤, 何锡池, 唐川. 牦牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒85-Y株回归本动物实验[J]. 中国兽医科技, 1987, 17(5): 7-9., articleTitle=牦牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒85-Y株回归本动物实验, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194980626722959369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, awardId=25CXNA045, language=EN, fundingSource=Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Program(25CXNA045), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980626785873930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The phylogenetic tree based on the complete genome sequences of the subfamily Herpesviridae., figureFileSmall=VpAYrlz9wuUrwU9YApah2w==, figureFileBig=UqB6y3DNUNFU8rD+FNVGcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980624122491891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于牛疱疹病毒亚科基因组全序列构建的遗传发育树, figureFileSmall=VpAYrlz9wuUrwU9YApah2w==, figureFileBig=UqB6y3DNUNFU8rD+FNVGcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980624235738100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=One-step growth kinetics of the IBRV GSLT/04/2024 strain., figureFileSmall=Nv94J12SgfH9O9IVqFJl/Q==, figureFileBig=QV+aHo8nzL+1v0fb4StCKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980624294458357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=CN, label=图2, caption=IBRV GSLT/04/2024株一步生长曲线, figureFileSmall=Nv94J12SgfH9O9IVqFJl/Q==, figureFileBig=QV+aHo8nzL+1v0fb4StCKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980624353178614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The phylogenetic tree of the IBRV GSLT/04/2024 strain based on the gC genes of the reference strains., figureFileSmall=C1EDcoN7+fIqk5HK+0Z1KQ==, figureFileBig=XcaXZ+NRF62huREVLJa/Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980624411898871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=CN, label=图3, caption=IBRV GSLT/04/2024株与参考毒株 gC 基因的发育树, figureFileSmall=C1EDcoN7+fIqk5HK+0Z1KQ==, figureFileBig=XcaXZ+NRF62huREVLJa/Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980624470619128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, 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caption=IBRV GSLT/04/2024株病毒粒子电镜观察(25 000×), figureFileSmall=2mo8dHVI0ZqwMSlZaTEEnQ==, figureFileBig=k7GfmkZu3UoiJZcg/7wwhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980624739054588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Results of fluorescent antibody testing in bovine serum from animal infection experiments (200×). A: Immunofluorescence results of wells incubated with IBRV antibody-positive bovine serum; B: DAPI staining results of wells reacted with IBRV antibody-positive bovine serum; C: Immunofluorescence results of wells incubated with IBRV antibody-negative bovine serum., figureFileSmall=+inAaR/5EA7r4wt8Kk9ZrA==, figureFileBig=RCkAN4PwHumLcTrCjf9Mgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980624822940669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=CN, label=图6, caption=动物感染性实验牛血清荧光抗体的结果(200×)。A:IBRV抗体阳性牛血清孵育孔免疫荧光结果;B:IBRV抗体阳性牛血清反应孔DAPI染色结果;C:IBRV抗体阴性牛血清孵育孔免疫荧光结果。, figureFileSmall=+inAaR/5EA7r4wt8Kk9ZrA==, figureFileBig=RCkAN4PwHumLcTrCjf9Mgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980624911021054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Nasal mucosal ulceration in experimental animals., figureFileSmall=n2b5ktxe8pd7hmft0xfU+w==, figureFileBig=ygDxZfOJCrfnMGk1q6+3fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980624961352703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=CN, label=图7, caption=牛出现鼻黏膜溃疡, figureFileSmall=n2b5ktxe8pd7hmft0xfU+w==, figureFileBig=ygDxZfOJCrfnMGk1q6+3fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980625024267264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Temperature curves of animal after challenge., figureFileSmall=sTOcO5wglBN9pINv1xykow==, figureFileBig=riLULP/rfEoTiwGJl9Fxbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980625091375104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=CN, label=图8, caption=牛的体温变化曲线, figureFileSmall=sTOcO5wglBN9pINv1xykow==, figureFileBig=riLULP/rfEoTiwGJl9Fxbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980625145901057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Test results of viral load and antibody levels in bovine tissues and serum. A: Nasal swabs; B: Oral swabs; C: Anal swabs; D: Ocular swabs; E: Serum; F: Serum antibody level., figureFileSmall=oZeicUpP4CU4OTAsOS9JOw==, figureFileBig=lJVotKpUXELA48ocqxQ+4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980626177699842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=CN, label=图9, caption=牛组织、血清的病毒载量和抗体水平检测结果。A:鼻拭子;B:口拭子;C:肛拭子;D:眼拭子;E:血清;F:血清的抗体水平。, figureFileSmall=oZeicUpP4CU4OTAsOS9JOw==, figureFileBig=lJVotKpUXELA48ocqxQ+4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980626236420099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers and probe sequences for IBRV genome amplification and diagnostic test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物名称

Primers name

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

片段长度

Fragment length (bp)

gB-F1GGGCGGAACTACACGGAGGGCAT3 153
gB-R2CACCGCGCGCCAAACATAAGTAAAG
gC-FACGAAAACTACGACGAGGCCCGCG1 962
gC-RTTCTGCGTCGGGGCCTGCTGGGTCT
gD-FCCAACGTTGGTGCGCCTGTCG1 578
gD-RCACCATCCAGAGCAACAGGCACCG
gE-FTCGCTCGCGTGTGTCTTGGTTTCTG2 098
gE-RGGACTCTCCATGCCTTCGAAGC
IBRV-FTGTGGACCTAAACCTCACGGT20
IBRV-RGTAGTCGAGCAGACCCGTGTC20
IBRV-ProbeFAM-AGGACCGCGAGTTCTTGCCGC-TANRA20
), ArticleFig(id=1194980626295140356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

IBRV基因扩增和诊断检测的引物和探针序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物名称

Primers name

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

片段长度

Fragment length (bp)

gB-F1GGGCGGAACTACACGGAGGGCAT3 153
gB-R2CACCGCGCGCCAAACATAAGTAAAG
gC-FACGAAAACTACGACGAGGCCCGCG1 962
gC-RTTCTGCGTCGGGGCCTGCTGGGTCT
gD-FCCAACGTTGGTGCGCCTGTCG1 578
gD-RCACCATCCAGAGCAACAGGCACCG
gE-FTCGCTCGCGTGTGTCTTGGTTTCTG2 098
gE-RGGACTCTCCATGCCTTCGAAGC
IBRV-FTGTGGACCTAAACCTCACGGT20
IBRV-RGTAGTCGAGCAGACCCGTGTC20
IBRV-ProbeFAM-AGGACCGCGAGTTCTTGCCGC-TANRA20
), ArticleFig(id=1194980626345472005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers used for amplifying potential viral genome sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

病原名称

Pathogens name

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

片段长度

Fragment length (bp)

IBRV

F: CGCCTCCAGAGCGACTCGAG

R: AAGGAGAACATCGCGCCGTA

381
BVDV

F: CTCTGCTGTACATGGCACAT

R: GAGCAGCTGZZTGACCCATA

524
BCoV

F: GGACCCAAGTAGCGATGAGG

R: CGAGTTCTGCAAGAATGGGG

457
BRSV

F: TACAGACATGACGCACCTGACT

R: GCAAAGATTCCTTCTACCCTACT

287
), ArticleFig(id=1194980626420969478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

扩增潜在病毒基因组序列所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

病原名称

Pathogens name

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

片段长度

Fragment length (bp)

IBRV

F: CGCCTCCAGAGCGACTCGAG

R: AAGGAGAACATCGCGCCGTA

381
BVDV

F: CTCTGCTGTACATGGCACAT

R: GAGCAGCTGZZTGACCCATA

524
BCoV

F: GGACCCAAGTAGCGATGAGG

R: CGAGTTCTGCAAGAATGGGG

457
BRSV

F: TACAGACATGACGCACCTGACT

R: GCAAAGATTCCTTCTACCCTACT

287
), ArticleFig(id=1194980626488078343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Reference strains information of herpesvirus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因型

Current type

代表毒株

Prototype strain

分离地

Discretely

基因分析

Gene analyzed

GenBank登录号

GenBank accession number

Bovine herpesvirus type 1MN2USAComplete genomeMG407776.1
C14 CSU 034-10640USAComplete genomeMH598936.1
MN1USAComplete genomeMG407775.1
IBR/225/2012/M-24IndiaComplete genomePQ658045.1
Bovine herpesvirus subtype 1.1CooperSwedenComplete genomeAJ004801.1
NVSL challenge 97-11USAComplete genomeNC063268.1
MN5USAUL44KJ652525.1
Bovine herpesvirus subtype 1.2SM023USAComplete genomeKM258882.1
SP1777USAComplete genomeKM258883.1

B589

BHV SHJS

Australia

China

Complete genome

Complete genome

KM258881.1

OP035381.1

SV265BrazilUL44DQ173718.1
LN1 2018ChinaUL44MT179815.1
LN2 2019ChinaUL44MT179816.1
JL1 2016ChinaUL44MT179813.1
JL2 2017ChinaUL44MT179814.1
HL4 2019ChinaUL44MT179811.1
EVI14BrazilUL44DQ173739.1
HL3 2018ChinaUL44MT179810.1
UY2002UruguayUL44DQ173731.1
NM4 2019ChinaUL44MT179820.1
NM2 2016ChinaUL44MT179818.1
HL2 2019ChinaUL44MT179809.1
HL5 2019ChinaUL44MT179812.1
HL1 2016ChinaUL44MT179808.1
NM3 2017ChinaUL44MT179819.1
Bovine herpesvirus type 5166/84ArgentinaComplete genomeMZ364295.1
A663ArgentinaComplete genomeMW829288.1
ISO 97/45BrazilComplete genomeKY549446.1
India/2018/BhilwarIndiaComplete genomePP897810.1
Bovine herpesvirus type 2C1Z FZRGermanyComplete genomeMT862163.1
Riems 8/85GermanyComplete genomeMT862164.1
), ArticleFig(id=1194980626571964424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684379755679778, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

疱疹病毒参考毒株信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因型

Current type

代表毒株

Prototype strain

分离地

Discretely

基因分析

Gene analyzed

GenBank登录号

GenBank accession number

Bovine herpesvirus type 1MN2USAComplete genomeMG407776.1
C14 CSU 034-10640USAComplete genomeMH598936.1
MN1USAComplete genomeMG407775.1
IBR/225/2012/M-24IndiaComplete genomePQ658045.1
Bovine herpesvirus subtype 1.1CooperSwedenComplete genomeAJ004801.1
NVSL challenge 97-11USAComplete genomeNC063268.1
MN5USAUL44KJ652525.1
Bovine herpesvirus subtype 1.2SM023USAComplete genomeKM258882.1
SP1777USAComplete genomeKM258883.1

B589

BHV SHJS

Australia

China

Complete genome

Complete genome

KM258881.1

OP035381.1

SV265BrazilUL44DQ173718.1
LN1 2018ChinaUL44MT179815.1
LN2 2019ChinaUL44MT179816.1
JL1 2016ChinaUL44MT179813.1
JL2 2017ChinaUL44MT179814.1
HL4 2019ChinaUL44MT179811.1
EVI14BrazilUL44DQ173739.1
HL3 2018ChinaUL44MT179810.1
UY2002UruguayUL44DQ173731.1
NM4 2019ChinaUL44MT179820.1
NM2 2016ChinaUL44MT179818.1
HL2 2019ChinaUL44MT179809.1
HL5 2019ChinaUL44MT179812.1
HL1 2016ChinaUL44MT179808.1
NM3 2017ChinaUL44MT179819.1
Bovine herpesvirus type 5166/84ArgentinaComplete genomeMZ364295.1
A663ArgentinaComplete genomeMW829288.1
ISO 97/45BrazilComplete genomeKY549446.1
India/2018/BhilwarIndiaComplete genomePP897810.1
Bovine herpesvirus type 2C1Z FZRGermanyComplete genomeMT862163.1
Riems 8/85GermanyComplete genomeMT862164.1
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牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒流行株分离鉴定及感染性分析
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王瑾 1, 2 , 杨行 2, 3 , 马雪青 2 , 温建维 4 , 黎映胜 4 , 宋晓琛 2, 5 , 李平花 2 , 杜晓华 1 , 卢曾军 2 , 刘霞 1, * , 孙普 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(11): 4889-4904
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(11): 4889-4904
牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒流行株分离鉴定及感染性分析
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王瑾1, 2, 杨行2, 3, 马雪青2, 温建维4, 黎映胜4, 宋晓琛2, 5, 李平花2, 杜晓华1, 卢曾军2, 刘霞1, * , 孙普1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 甘肃农业大学 生命科学技术学院,甘肃 兰州
  • 2 中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所,家畜疫病病原生物学国家重点实验室,国家口蹄疫参考实验室,甘肃 兰州
  • 3 宁夏大学 动物科技学院,宁夏 银川
  • 4 临洮县畜牧兽医站,甘肃 定西
  • 5 西北民族大学 生命科学与工程学院,甘肃 兰州
A predominant strain of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus: isolation, identification, and preliminary investigation into its infectivity in cattle
Jin WANG1, 2, Hang YANG2, 3, Xueqing MA2, Jianwei WEN4, Yingsheng LI4, Xiaochen SONG2, 5, Pinghua LI2, Xiaohua DU1, Zengjun LU2, Xia LIU1, * , Pu SUN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 3 College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
  • 4 Livestock and Veterinary Station of Lintao County, Dingxi, Gansu, China
  • 5 College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250253
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目的 进一步掌握当前我国牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, IBRV)流行株的分子特征及生物学特性,为科学防控牛传染性鼻气管炎(infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, IBR)提供病原学参考。 方法 采集牛肺脏组织,利用PCR方法检测牛呼吸道常见病毒;使用MDBK细胞分离病毒,并应用病毒宏基因组测序技术测定与分析病毒的全基因组序列;蚀斑纯化病毒,连续传至第9代(F9),测定病毒TCID50、绘制一步生长曲线并观察病毒粒子形态;将F9代细胞毒以滴鼻方式接种2头IBRV抗体阴性健康成年牛,每鼻孔2.5 mL,同时让1头牛与之同居,观察体温和排毒变化等临床表现。 结果 PCR检测显示,该牛肺脏组织含有IBRV和牛冠状病毒(bovine coronavirus, BCoV)。接种MDBK细胞传至第3代时出现明显细胞病变,宏基因组测序确定为IBRV,其基因组全长为134 678 bp,命名为IBRV GSLT/04/2024株。F9代病毒TCID50为105.5 TCID50/mL,且gBgCgDgE基因均未发生突变。依据gC基因和全基因组序列将该毒株划分为IBRV 1.2b亚型谱系。牛滴鼻后第5天开始向外排毒,同居牛第10天开始向外排毒,约持续排毒10 d,排毒量依次为鼻拭子>口拭子>肛拭子>眼拭子;接种第30天仅从结肠组织中检测出IBRV基因;接种牛约于第7天、同居牛第10天出现IBR特异性抗体。 结论 本研究成功分离出1株新的IBRV 1.2b亚型流行毒株,初步证明其对成年牛具有较强感染能力,这为进一步溯源我国IBRV感染率增高现象提供了重要的流行病学和病原学依据。

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒  /  分离  /  鉴定  /  遗传变异分析

Objective The outbreaks of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) have been reported in multiple regions across China. To systematically characterize the molecular features and biological properties of the predominant strains of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) and provide etiological insights for evidence-based prevention and control against IBR. Methods We collected the bovine lung tissue for detection of common bovine respiratory viruses by PCR. Viral isolation was performed with MDBK cells, and then metagenomic sequencing was conducted to determine and analyze complete genome sequences of the viruses. Viruses were purified via the plaque assay and subcultured to the 9th generation (F9) for determination of the 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50), monitoring of one-step growth kinetics, and observation of viral particle morphology via electron microscopy. Two IBRV-seronegative healthy adults of cattle were intranasally inoculated with the F9 suspension (2.5 mL/nostril), while one additional head of cattle was housed in close contact. The clinical manifestations were monitored, including body temperature fluctuations and viral shedding dynamics. Results PCR detection revealed the presence of both IBRV and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) in the bovine lung tissue. After inoculation into MDBK cells, obvious cytopathic effects were observed at the third passage. Metagenomic sequencing confirmed the virus as IBRV, with a whole genome length of 134 678 bp. This isolate was designated as IBRV GSLT/04/2024. The TCID50 of F9 was 105.5 TCID50/mL, and no mutation was detected in the gB, gC, gD, or gE gene. Based on the gC gene and whole genome sequences, this strain was classified into the IBRV 1.2b subtype lineage. Viral shedding began on day 5 post-inoculation in the inoculated cattle and on day 10 in the contact cattle, lasting for approximately 10 days. The amount of viral shedding followed the order of nasal swabs>oral swabs>rectal swabs>ocular swabs. On day 30 post-inoculation, IBRV genes were only detected in the colon tissue. IBR-specific antibodies were detected on approximately day 7 in the inoculated cattle and on day 10 in the contact cattle. Conclusion We successfully isolated a novel IBRV subtype 1.2b strain with high infectivity in adult cattle. The findings provide epidemiological and etiological evidence to trace the recent surge in IBRV prevalence across China.

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus  /  isolation  /  identification  /  genetic variation analysis
王瑾, 杨行, 马雪青, 温建维, 黎映胜, 宋晓琛, 李平花, 杜晓华, 卢曾军, 刘霞, 孙普. 牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒流行株分离鉴定及感染性分析. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4889 -4904 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250253
Jin WANG, Hang YANG, Xueqing MA, Jianwei WEN, Yingsheng LI, Xiaochen SONG, Pinghua LI, Xiaohua DU, Zengjun LU, Xia LIU, Pu SUN. A predominant strain of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus: isolation, identification, and preliminary investigation into its infectivity in cattle[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4889 -4904 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250253
牛传染性鼻气管炎(infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, IBR)是由牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, IBRV)引起的一种牛急性、热性、接触性传染病[1],该病也被称为“红鼻病”或“坏死性鼻炎”,被我国列为二类动物传染病[2]。IBRV是牛呼吸道疾病综合征的主要病原体之一,常与其他细菌、支原体和病毒协同感染,对我国牛产业的健康发展构成巨大障碍。IBRV可通过呼吸道或生殖道侵入感染,最终会藏匿于三叉神经节,形成长期带毒现象。在长途运输或寒冷季节,带毒牛易诱发排毒,导致牛群重新感染,这是通过疫苗免疫难以根除净化IBRV的主要原因。通常,IBRV对犊牛的致死率较高,对成年牛一般不会造成死亡,但会严重影响公牛的使役力、母牛的繁殖力和产奶量,给养牛业造成巨大经济损失[3]。2024年全国主要动物疫病报告情况统计发现,IBR的死亡率达7.89%;本研究小组诊断出IBRV感染的4个牛场,感染率为15%-20%,犊牛病死率将近100%,1岁以上的牛病死率为13%。由此可见,当前流行的IBRV生物学特性可能出现了新的变化。因此,必须尽早开展对牛群IBRV的深入调查,并强化疫苗免疫防控工作。
IBRV属于牛甲型疱疹病毒I型(bovine herpesvirus 1, BoHV-1),是疱疹病毒科(Herpesviridae)水痘病毒属(Varicellovirus)成员[4]。它是一种具有囊膜的双链DNA病毒,由囊膜、核心与衣壳3部分组成,衣壳直径为80-120 nm,病毒直径为150-200 nm,呈正二十面体结构,电镜观测为六角形病毒粒子[5]。其基因组全长约为138 kb,由一个独特长序列区(unique long sequence region, UL)和一个独特短序列区(unique short sequences region, US)组成,US区侧翼分别为内部重复序列(internal repeat sequences region, IR)和末端反向重复序列区(terminal repeat sequences region, TR),编码70种蛋白,其中UL区编码6种糖蛋白(gB、gC、gH、gL、gK和gM)、US区编码4种糖蛋白(gG、gD、gI和gE)[6]。gB、gC、gD和gE是IBRV囊膜表面的主要糖蛋白,gBgCgD是感染牛血清识别的主要病毒免疫原基因[7],常作为流行毒株抗原性变异分析的靶基因。根据抗原和基因组的差异,BoHV-1型可分为4种亚型:BoHV-1.1、BoHV-1.2a、BoHV-1.2b和BoHV-1.2c。此外,还存在BoHV-2型和BoHV-3型,其中BoHV-3被重新归类为BoHV-5[8]
为及时掌握甘肃地区牛群IBRV流行株的分子特征及其对牛的感染与传播能力,本研究利用病毒宏基因组学测定IBRV流行毒株的全基因组序列,分离鉴定病毒后进行动物回归实验,以期了解最新IBRV流行株的分子生物学特征,这对制定IBR防控方案具有重要的指导意义。
2024年4月,某牛场从外地调运一批半岁左右的西门塔尔牛(动物实验获中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所实验动物伦理委员会批准,编号为LVRIAEC-2024-088),长途运输1 000 km多至场内第7天后,牛陆续出现咳嗽、流鼻涕、发烧、腹泻等症状,同时伴有流泪和流口水现象,个别牛鼻分泌物带血,鼻镜发红。第14天病牛开始死亡,病死率约10%。采集牛的肺脏、气管、鼻拭子和血液等组织,低温保存并运输至实验室进行诊断检查。
选用3头2岁龄健康成年秦川红牛,其IBR病原和抗体检测均为阴性;牛肾细胞(MDBK)由中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所保存供应;FastPure® Viral DNA/RNA Mini Kit、HiScript II One Step RT-PCR Kit,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;LA Taq® with GC Buffer、Premix TaqTM、Probe qPCR Mix MultiPlus,TaRaKa公司;Rabbit anti Bovine IgG的荧光抗体(FITC标记),赛默飞公司;DMEM培养基、胎牛血清、胰酶,Gibco公司;IDEXX IBR gB X3抗体检测试剂盒,IDEXX公司。
以GenBank数据库中16453/07 TN毒株(OR211605.1)的基因序列为参考,使用Primer Premier 5软件设计gBgCgDgE基因扩增引物;采用世界动物卫生组织推荐的IBRV实时荧光定量PCR检测方法进行病原检测,引物与探针均由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成,引物序列如表1所示。
在生物安全柜内处理组织样品,取少量牛肺组织,加入灭菌石英砂充分研磨后,用PBS缓冲液(pH 7.4)按1:3-1:5比例制备悬液。反复冻融3次后4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心10 min,取300 μL上清液,使用FastPure® Viral DNA/RNA Mini Kit提取总DNA/RNA,操作步骤参照试剂盒说明书。
根据临床症状和发病史,使用常见牛呼吸道感染病毒的实验室诊断检测引物进行PCR/ RT-PCR扩增,所用引物见表2。DNA病毒PCR反应体系(25 μL):Premix Taq (LA Taq version 2.0 plus dye) 12.5 μL,上、下游引物(10 mmol/L)各0.5 μL,核酸2 μL,灭菌水9.5 μL。PCR反应程序:95 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性1 min,60 ℃退火45 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共35个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。RNA病毒RT-PCR反应体系(25 μL):2×One Step Mix (Dye Plus) 12.5 μL,One Step Enzyme Mix 1.5 μL,上、下游引物(10 mmol/L)各1 μL,核酸3 μL,灭菌水6 μL。RT-PCR反应程序:50 ℃反转录30 min;94 ℃预变性3 min;94 ℃变性45 s,57 ℃退火45 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,共35个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。PCR产物经2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析后,目的条带使用DNA片段回收试剂盒纯化,由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成测序。
将牛肺组织研磨悬液反复冻融后,4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心10 min取上清,无菌过滤后接种MDBK细胞,37 ℃吸附2 h后更换含2%胎牛血清和2%双抗的DMEM培养基培养3-4 d。将细胞培养物冻融后传代,待细胞出现致细胞病变效应(cytopathic effects, CPE)后进行病毒纯化。将病毒原液梯度稀释至10-2-10-6,分别接种至长满MDBK细胞的6孔板,500 μL/孔,37 ℃吸附1.5 h,弃液后用PBS洗细胞2次,缓慢加入1%琼脂糖胶(2%低熔点琼脂糖胶与2×DMEM培养基按1:1混匀,42 ℃预热),2 mL/孔。待凝固后将平板倒置于37 ℃温箱,连续培养48 h,再覆盖一层含终浓度为0.002%中性红的1%琼脂糖,1.5 mL/孔,继续培养24 h;挑取空斑进行病毒繁殖,待细胞病变时间稳定后进行测序验证和毒价测定。同时将牛肺脏组织悬液委托基因帮公司进行病毒宏基因组测序。
待细胞病变稳定后,将F9代病毒扩繁500 mL,按照常规方法测定病毒TCID50,每个稀释度重复2次,持续观察72 h,记录CPE情况,通过Reed-Muench法计算IBRV GSLT/04/2024株F9代TCID50值。
取IBRV GSLT/04/2024株F9代病毒,以1 MOI接毒量接种MDBK细胞,分别于接种后2、4、8、12、18、24、30和48 h收集病毒液;样品冻融2-3次后,按1.7节中的方法测定各时间点病毒TCID50,绘制一步生长曲线以确定最佳收毒时间。
取第9代病毒液提取病毒DNA,分别用引物对gB-F1/gB-R2、gC-F/gC-R、gD-F/gD-R、gE-F/gE-R进行常规PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×GC Buffer 25 μL,LA Taq (5 U/μL) 0.5 μL,dNTPs Mix 8 μL,MgCl2 2 μL,上、下游引物(10 mmol/L)各1 μL,模板DNA 2 μL,灭菌水10.5 μL。PCR反应程序:95 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性1 min,65 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸3 min,共35个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,纯化回收目的条带,送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序,分析传代后是否影响病毒主要抗原基因的突变,并进一步确定分离病毒基因型。
采用病毒宏基因组学技术,将从牛肺脏组织中测定的IBRV全基因组序列与16株完整的牛疱疹病毒亚科全基因组序列及gC (UL44)基因利用DNA STAR软件和MEGA 10软件比对分析,构建系统发育树,分析核苷酸同源性,参考毒株信息详见表3
将500 mL F9病毒液反复冻融2-3次后,在4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心1 h,去除细胞碎片,然后使用BEI进行灭活[9]和浓缩纯化IBRV粒子[10]。用PBS充分溶解纯化的病毒粒子后,采用磷钨酸负染法处理样品,制备透射电镜碳膜,在透射电子显微镜下观察病毒粒子的形态及大小。
待MDBK细胞长满单层后,弃去培养基,用PBS溶液洗涤细胞3次。按1 MOI病毒量接种细胞,设置正常细胞和阴性牛血清对照孔(阴性对照),将细胞置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养12 h后,用固定液(丙酮:甲醇=1:1)在低温下固定30 min;用含0.1% Triton X-100的PBST溶液在常温下通透15 min;加入封闭液(含5% BSA的PBST溶液),于37 ℃孵育1 h;再加入IBRV阴、阳性牛血清作为一抗,4 ℃孵育过夜。此后所有操作均需避光,加入兔抗牛IgG的荧光抗体,于37 ℃孵育1 h;用DAPI在室温下染色15 min。以上所有操作后均用PBS浸洗5 min,重复3次,加入PBS后置倒置荧光显微镜下观察。
使用IDEXX IBR gB X3抗体检测试剂盒和PCR方法筛选试验牛,选用IBRV抗体和病原均为阴性的3头成年牛进行感染性试验。其中2头牛以滴鼻方式接种IBRV GSLT/04/2024株F9代病毒,每鼻孔接种2.5 mL,病毒含量为105.5 TCID50/mL,另1头牛同居。接种后第3天开始测量体温,考察排毒和病毒血症情况,观察记录临床症状,连续观察27 d,不间断测量直肠温度,隔天采集鼻拭子、肛拭子、口拭子和眼拭子以考察排毒情况。攻毒牛第30天后对其实施安乐死,采集各脏器组织,检测IBRV基因。采用TaqMan探针荧光定量PCR进行病毒基因检测。反应体系(20 μL):Probe qPCR Mix MultiPlus 10 μL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各0.4 μL,探针0.8 μL,Rox Reference Dye Ⅱ (50×) 0.4 μL,核酸2 μL,灭菌水6 μL。反应程序:95 ℃预变性20 s;95 ℃变性1 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共45个循环,每个样品重复3次。使用IDEXX IBR gB X3抗体检测试剂盒分析诱导抗体产生的时效情况,抗体阻断率的计算如公式(1)所示。
阻断=NCx¯A450-样品A450NCx¯A450×100%
使用表2引物对牛的肺脏、气管、鼻拭子和血液等组织进行实验室诊断检测。电泳结果表明,肺脏和气管均扩增出IBRV和BCoV目的基因条带,片段大小与预期结果一致;鼻拭子和血液样本中也存在IBRV基因,但相对较弱,电泳图略。目的基因片段的测序结果经NCBI网站BLAST检索,确定为IBRV和BCoV基因。结合2种病原的致病特点,推测该养殖场牛死亡的主要病毒可能为IBRV,毒株命名为IBRV GSLT/04/2024株。
对牛肺脏组织进行病毒宏基因组测序鉴定,使用DNBSEQ-17测序平台测序,平均覆盖深度为1 328,数据过滤标准为碱基质量值阈值设为Q5。IBRV GSLT/04/2024株全基因组长度为134 678 bp,包含长度为102 729 bp的UL区、11 451 bp的IR区以及20 498 bp的US区。利用DNA STAR软件的Clustal W方法分析IBRV GSLT/04/2024株与16株参考毒株全基因组序列的相似性。结果显示,按照全基因组序列将IBRV GSLT/04/2024株划分为BoHV-1.2亚型毒株可能是一个新的分支毒株,与参考毒株的核苷酸相似性为46.7%-99.3%,其中与美国SM023和SP1777株相似性最高,其次是中国BHV SHJS株、澳大利亚B589株和美国MN2株,相似性约为99.2%,与德国Riems 8/85株相似性最低(46.7%)。遗传发育树如图1所示。
在MDBK细胞上盲传至第3代,24 h细胞可见典型致细胞病变效应(CPE),表现为细胞圆缩、拉网、聚集成葡萄串状,形成火山状溃疡空洞(图略)。对第3代细胞培养物经空斑纯化病毒,获得纯净的IBRV GSLT/04/2024株。
取IBRV GSLT/04/2024株第9代病毒,按10倍比系列稀释至10-7,每个稀释度(10-3-10-7)接种8孔,同时设置8孔正常细胞对照,连续观察3 d。重复3次,取平均值绘制病毒一步生长曲线,结果图2所示。结果显示,对照孔细胞生长正常,采用Reed-Muench法计算IBRV GSLT/04/2024株第9代病毒的TCID50为105.5 TCID50/mL。
将第9代病毒的gBgCgDgE基因进行扩增测序,结果显示其与肺脏组织测定的IBRV GSLT/04/2024全基因组序列相似性为100.0%,这表明分离病毒在传代过程中这4个主要免疫原基因具有遗传稳定性。将我国IBRV LN01/08灭活疫苗株[11]与IBRV GSLT/04/2024的gBgCgDgE基因序列进行比对发现:gB基因的核苷酸相似性为99.5%,氨基酸相似性为99.5%;gC基因的核苷酸相似性为98.2%,氨基酸相似性为99.2%;gD基因的核苷酸相似性为99.6%,氨基酸相似性为99.5%;gE基因的核苷酸相似性为99.8%,氨基酸相似性为97.9% (图略)。
使用MEGA 10软件构建IBRV GSLT/04/2024株与参考毒株gC (UL44基因)基因的遗传进化发育树。采用邻接法(neighbor-joining法),以1 000个重复对bootstrap进行分析,选用最大复合似然法(maximum composite likelihood, MCL)作为核苷酸替换模型,同时考虑转换和颠换,设定位点间为均匀速率和同质性谱系模式。如图3所示,IBRV GSLT/04/2024株被划分为BoHV-1.2b亚型,其与表3中31个参考毒株gC基因的核苷酸序列相似性为43.4%-100.0%,氨基酸相似性为25.4%-100.0%。该毒株与中国HL1 2016株和NM3 2017株的相似性最高,与德国C1Z FZR株和Riems 8/85株gC基因的核苷酸序列的相似性最低,均为43.4%。
根据DNA病毒宏基因组测序结果,使用CGView绘制IBRV GSLT/04/2024株基因组圈图(图4),该图展示了基因和碱基的分布规律。病毒核苷酸序列全长为134 678 bp,由于7个片段的CDs在数据库中无匹配序列,无法确定其编码的蛋白名称,仅有63个CDs确定了相应的编码蛋白。该病毒基因组的G+C含量高达72.61%,最外圈为正负链上的编码区及结构DNA基因,其内为基因组不同区域G+C含量的变化,最内圈为G+C skew。其中,绿色表示skew+,说明该区域G含量大于C;紫色表示skew-,说明该区域G含量小于C;黑色峰朝内表示该区域低于全基因组平均G+C含量,朝外则表示高于全基因组平均G+C含量。
使用蔗糖密度梯度法纯化病毒,负染后通过透射电镜观察发现病毒粒子直径约200 nm,其形态和大小与预期相符(图5)。
取IBRV GSLT/04/2024株F9代病毒,接种MDBK细胞12 h后进行间接免疫荧光检测。图6显示,IBRV抗体阳性牛血清孔呈现明显的绿色荧光信号,主要分布于细胞质及细胞膜周围;而对照组(IBRV抗体阴性牛血清孵育孔)未见特异性荧光。DAPI染色证实所有观察区域的细胞核完整,排除了非特异性细胞损伤的干扰。
通过滴鼻方式开展IBRV GSLT/04/2024株感染牛试验。观察期间3头牛出现鼻腔有脓性分泌物、鼻内黏膜溃疡等临床症状(图7),且体温在38-39 ℃之间(图8),未出现发烧症状。采集牛的鼻拭子、肛拭子、口拭子和眼拭子,使用IBRV探针法实时荧光定量PCR方法监测排毒情况,当TaqMan探针荧光定量PCR结果呈阴性时停止采集样品。结果表明鼻拭子病毒载量最高,肛拭子和眼拭子病毒载量较低(图9)。1号牛和2号牛在第4天后开始排毒,第6-8天出现排毒高峰,1号牛第7天鼻拭子的病毒载量可达1 559×104拷贝/mL,2号牛第6天鼻拭子的病毒载量达到108.9×104拷贝/mL,随后逐渐降低;同居的3号牛在第10天开始排毒,第12天出现排毒高峰,鼻拭子的病毒载量为1 025×104拷贝/mL,随后逐渐降低。TaqMan探针荧光定量PCR检测血清中的病毒载量发现,1号牛在第7天病毒载量最高,为3.28×104拷贝/mL;2号牛在第6天病毒载量最高,达到30.69×104拷贝/mL;3号牛也出现排毒高峰,为3.75×104拷贝/mL。3头牛的排毒时间均持续约10 d。使用ELISA方法检测3头牛的IBRV抗体,按照试剂盒的判断标准,阻断率≥55%为阳性。结果显示,阴性对照(negative control, NC)的平均吸光度值(A450) NCx¯A450为1.276 5,阳性对照(positive control, PC)的平均吸光度值PCx¯A450为0.205 5。1号牛在第7天血清中IBRV抗体开始上升,2号牛在第6天血清中IBRV抗体开始上升,3号牛在第10天血清中IBRV抗体开始上升。1号牛在第20天血清中IBRV抗体趋于平缓,2号牛和3号牛在第16天血清中IBRV抗体趋于平缓。
IBR作为全球性分布的牛传染病,严重制约我国养牛业的可持续发展和国际贸易,造成了巨大的经济损失。1955年,美国首次发现IBR病例;1956年,Madin等从患牛体内分离出IBRV[12],自此该病流行范围不断扩大。近几十年,巴西、墨西哥和澳大利亚[13]等多个国家均有IBR疫情报道,仅有丹麦、瑞士和瑞典等少数国家通过扑杀血清反应阳性的动物或接种疫苗减少病毒传播来根除该病[14]。我国于1980年首次发现并成功分离出IBRV[15],随后在青海省、辽宁省和宁夏回族自治区[16]等多个地区检出该病毒。随着分子流行病学的深入研究,我国学者相继分离鉴定出多株IBRV毒株。李东丽在内蒙古分离出IBRV NM8株[17],陈九等在绍兴分离出SX株[18],这2个分离毒株均为BoHV-1.1型;蒋娇娇分离出2株牦牛源(IBRV/2022/SCLT24株和IBRV/2022/SCLT25株)以及4株肉牛源毒株(IBRV/202 2/SC37株、IBRV/2022/SC22株、IBRV/20 22/NMG19株和IBRV/2022/NMG39株),以上分离株均为BoHV-1.2型[19];张闫在河北分离出HBKS-IBRV株,为BoHV-1.2型[20],结合2023年肖敏等[21]对甘肃地区3个县区牛群血清学调查结果,阳性率达30.3%,表明甘肃省牛群普遍存在IBRV感染。由此可见,IBRV在我国牛群中的流行范围越来越广泛。鉴于甘肃省以陇东肉牛、河西肉牛和甘南耗牛为主体的三大肉牛产业带,若不能有效控制IBR疫情将对区域养牛产业的健康发展构成重大威胁。本研究从甘肃某牛场死亡牛组织中成功分离出一株IBRV,并获得了全基因组序列,为进一步研究IBRV流行毒株的生物学特性和防控产品奠定了基础。
基于全基因组核苷酸序列的遗传进化分析,我国流行的IBRV 1.2b亚型毒株可能与主要进口来源国美国和澳大利亚密切相关。系统发育树分析显示,本研究分离株IBRV GSLT/04/2024与美国毒株SM023和SP1777具有最高的核苷酸相似性,其次分别与中国BHV SHJS株、澳大利亚B589株以及美国MN2株有较近的亲缘关系。为进一步明确该毒株的遗传特征,本研究对gBgCgDgE关键基因的核苷酸及氨基酸序列进行了遗传进化分析。结果显示,本研究分离株与BoHV-1型代表毒株具有最高的相似性和最近的遗传距离,归属于同一进化分支,而与其他BoHV型参考毒株相似性显著降低,遗传距离最远。然而,全基因组序列比对发现,本研究分离株在基因组多个区域存在独特的核苷酸突变(如gB基因第56 393位点C→T)和基因缺失(如UL区第58 665-58 672位点缺失8 bp),提示IBRV GSLT/04/2024可能为1.2b亚型新的进化分支。
gC蛋白作为主要病毒附着蛋白,在1.2b亚型中表现出高度保守性,是系统发育分析的理想靶标[22]。与31株参考毒株的gC基因比对发现,IBRV GSLT/04/2024株与中国HL1 2016株和NM3 2017株的gC核苷酸序列完全一致。进一步分析发现,在1.2b亚型内部分支中该分离株与HL5 2019、HL2 2019、NM2 2016、NM1 2016、HL1 2016、NM3 2017和NM4 2019毒株聚为同一进化簇,核苷酸相似性高达99.8%以上;与EVI14、HL4 2019、HL3 2018、JL2 2017、JL1 2016、LN2 2019、LN1 2018、BHV SHJS和SM023毒株形成另一分支,同源性较低,核苷酸相似性为98.0%-98.8%;跨亚型比较分析,SV265株属于1.2a亚型,与SP1777株和B589株聚为一分支,这些毒株均分离自呼吸道样本;UY2002株被明确归类为1.2c亚型[8],在发育树上形成独立分支。根据gC基因遗传进化分析结果,单一基因比对可能无法全面反映毒株间的遗传关系。为更准确地划分IBRV株的亚型,建议使用全序列,这样可整合所有编码与非编码区的核苷酸信息。根据病毒全基因组序列和gC基因遗传进化分析结果,确认IBRV GSLT/04/2024分离株为BoHV-1.2b亚型的一个新分支毒株。值得注意的是,我国现行疫苗毒株IBRV LN01/08属于BoHV-1.1亚型,而流行病学调查表明我国IBRV以1.2b亚型流行为主,现用疫苗是否对该亚型毒株有良好的保护效果,需进一步开展免疫牛攻毒试验进行评估。
本研究选用约2岁健康牛开展动物感染试验,初步评估了IBRV GSLT/04/2024分离株对牛的感染能力。结果显示,感染牛与同居牛的直肠温度无明显差异变化,但出现了鼻黏膜溃疡、流涎和结膜炎等IBRV感染的典型临床症状。排毒情况表明鼻拭子病毒载量最高,口拭子次之,肛拭子和眼拭子最低。可见,感染牛可通过多种途径排毒,以呼吸道途径排毒最高。滴鼻接种后第4天可向外排毒,gB特异性抗体第6天可检出,提示该毒株可形成明显的病毒血症,且牛体尽快启动了特异性免疫应答。病毒载量检测发现1号牛和2号牛的鼻拭子和血液中呈现显著差异,1号牛的鼻拭子病毒载量相对较高,而血液中相对较低,但2号牛产生特异性抗体略早于1号牛。这可能与采样或牛的个体差异有关。此外,同居3号牛在10-20 d向外排毒,gB特异性抗体于感染后第10天可检出,推测第10-14天可能为病毒繁殖的高峰期。屠宰后检测多个组织,仅结肠组织呈IBRV核酸阳性,但未分离出活病毒。IBRV一般会定居在牛的三叉神经,但本研究从牛三叉神经节中未检测到IBRV,是否能形成持续带毒,需要扩大实验牛头数,并选用犊牛开展感染性研究,这样可能效果更好。
不同亚型IBRV毒株的致病性存在显著差异。2023年,蒋娇娇[19]采用1.2亚型IBRV株(病毒滴度为107.19 TCID50/0.2 mL,以2 mL/鼻孔滴鼻)对30只新西兰大耳兔进行攻毒实验,结果显示实验动物均未出现体温升高,攻毒2 d后仅2只实验兔出现鼻分泌物增多,5 d后全部出现发病症状,14 d后出现中和抗体,与本研究结果相比,两者均未观察到体温升高现象,但抗体产生时间存在较大差异,这可能与实验动物和毒株不同有关。2012年,郭利等[23]使用1.1型IBRV毒株(病毒滴度为107 TCID50/mL,以2 mL/鼻孔滴鼻)感染3头犊牛,结果显示牛体温连续3 d高于40 ℃,特征性临床症状明显,在第3天后发现排毒,排毒持续时间约为7 d。这提示1.1亚型毒株引起的临床症状可能较1.2亚型更为严重。2015年,李海涛等[24]采用JZ06-8株(病毒滴度分别为107、106、105 TCID50/mL,2 mL/鼻孔)感染犊牛;1987年,王则兴等[25]用85-Y株(病毒滴度为107.7 TCID50/mL,3 mL/鼻孔)感染牦牛。因2个毒株的信息不详,无法确定具体亚型,但这2个动物实验均可造成牛体温升高,且病毒滴度升高会显著加重犊牛的临床症状。总之,目前未见1.2b亚型IBRV株对牛致病性的研究报道。
本研究成功分离了一株新的IBRV (BoHV-1.2b)亚型流行毒株,并利用病毒宏基因组测序获得其全基因组序列,初步明确了对成年牛的感染能力。这不仅填补了中国最新流行的IBRV株全基因组序列的空白,而且病毒的成功分离将为防控产品的开发提供关键材料,对当前防控IBRV具有重要参考意义。
王瑾:实验操作,数据初步分析与文章撰写;杨行:协助动物实验与样本处理;马雪青:协助实验设计、数据收集与分析;温建维:观察与防治临床病牛,采集样本;黎映胜:感染牛群防治与监督,采集样本;宋晓琛:协助动物实验、样本采集;李平花:指导病毒分离与鉴定;杜晓华、卢曾军:协助实验设计和论文指导;刘霞:研究思路设计与论文修改;孙普:协助动物实验、论文整体设计构思与论文修改。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
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2025年第65卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250253
  • 接收时间:2025-03-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-29
  • 录用日期:2025-05-20
基金
Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Program(25CXNA045)
甘肃省科技计划(25CXNA045)
Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Program(25CXNA034)
甘肃省科技计划(25CXNA034)
作者信息
    1 甘肃农业大学 生命科学技术学院,甘肃 兰州
    2 中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所,家畜疫病病原生物学国家重点实验室,国家口蹄疫参考实验室,甘肃 兰州
    3 宁夏大学 动物科技学院,宁夏 银川
    4 临洮县畜牧兽医站,甘肃 定西
    5 西北民族大学 生命科学与工程学院,甘肃 兰州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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