Article(id=1194684379487248777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250290, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744041600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1750435200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-21, onlineDate=1762764552231, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764552231, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764552231, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764552231, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4752, endPage=4762, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684379671798156, articleId=1194684379487248777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in attack-defense interaction mechanisms between Streptococcus pneumoniae and host autophagy systems, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common opportunistic pathogen that can cause various infectious diseases, including acute otitis media, bronchitis, sinusitis, community-acquired pneumonia, septicemia, and purulent meningitis. Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent intracellular degradation pathway, plays a dual regulatory role in both bacterial infection and host defense against pathogens. During S. pneumoniae infection, host cells can activate xenophagy to eliminate invading bacteria. However, this pathogen has evolved multiple evasion strategies, such as interfering with autophagosome maturation, escaping autophagic encapsulation, and even hijacking the autophagy pathway to promote intracellular survival and dissemination. Recent years have witnessed significant progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamic interplay between S. pneumoniae and host autophagy systems during bacterial infection, yet a systematic review synthesizing these findings remains unavailable. This review focuses on the interaction network and key mechanisms of S. pneumoniae with host cell autophagy, aiming to provide theoretical foundations and research perspectives for developing novel targeted therapeutic strategies against S. pneumoniae infections.

, correspAuthors=Yang YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)是一种常见的机会致病菌,可引发急性中耳炎、支气管炎、鼻窦炎、社区获得性肺炎、败血症、化脓性脑膜炎等多种感染性疾病。细胞自噬是一种依赖溶酶体的细胞内降解途径,在细菌感染以及宿主防御病原体感染的过程中发挥双重调控作用。在肺炎链球菌感染时可激活宿主细胞的异源自噬(xenophagy)途径,进而促进胞内细菌的清除;然而,该病原体也进化出多种逃逸策略,包括干扰自噬体成熟、逃避自噬体包裹,甚至劫持自噬通路以促进其在胞内的存活和扩散。近年来,关于肺炎链球菌与宿主细胞自噬系统间动态互作的分子机制及其在细菌感染过程中的作用已取得显著进展,但尚无系统性综述对此进行梳理。本文聚焦于肺炎链球菌与宿主细胞自噬的相互作用网络及其关键作用机制,为抗肺炎链球菌感染的新型靶向治疗策略提供了理论依据和研究思路。

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肺炎链球菌与宿主自噬系统攻防互作机制研究进展
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崔潞晴 , 范靖妍 , 姜合祥 , 宋厚辉 , 杨杨 *
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(11): 4752-4762
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(11): 4752-4762
肺炎链球菌与宿主自噬系统攻防互作机制研究进展
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崔潞晴, 范靖妍, 姜合祥, 宋厚辉, 杨杨*
作者信息
  • 浙江农林大学 动物医学院,浙江省畜禽绿色生态健康养殖应用技术研究重点实验室,动物健康互联网检测技术浙江省工程研究中心,浙江省动物医学与健康管理国际科技合作基地,同一健康和食品安全“一带一路”国际联合实验室,中澳动物健康大数据分析联合实验室,浙江 杭州
Research progress in attack-defense interaction mechanisms between Streptococcus pneumoniae and host autophagy systems
Luqing CUI, Jingyan FAN, Hexiang JIANG, Houhui SONG, Yang YANG*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for One Health and Food Safety, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250290
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肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)是一种常见的机会致病菌,可引发急性中耳炎、支气管炎、鼻窦炎、社区获得性肺炎、败血症、化脓性脑膜炎等多种感染性疾病。细胞自噬是一种依赖溶酶体的细胞内降解途径,在细菌感染以及宿主防御病原体感染的过程中发挥双重调控作用。在肺炎链球菌感染时可激活宿主细胞的异源自噬(xenophagy)途径,进而促进胞内细菌的清除;然而,该病原体也进化出多种逃逸策略,包括干扰自噬体成熟、逃避自噬体包裹,甚至劫持自噬通路以促进其在胞内的存活和扩散。近年来,关于肺炎链球菌与宿主细胞自噬系统间动态互作的分子机制及其在细菌感染过程中的作用已取得显著进展,但尚无系统性综述对此进行梳理。本文聚焦于肺炎链球菌与宿主细胞自噬的相互作用网络及其关键作用机制,为抗肺炎链球菌感染的新型靶向治疗策略提供了理论依据和研究思路。

肺炎链球菌  /  自噬  /  宿主-病原体互作  /  自噬清除  /  致病机制

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common opportunistic pathogen that can cause various infectious diseases, including acute otitis media, bronchitis, sinusitis, community-acquired pneumonia, septicemia, and purulent meningitis. Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent intracellular degradation pathway, plays a dual regulatory role in both bacterial infection and host defense against pathogens. During S. pneumoniae infection, host cells can activate xenophagy to eliminate invading bacteria. However, this pathogen has evolved multiple evasion strategies, such as interfering with autophagosome maturation, escaping autophagic encapsulation, and even hijacking the autophagy pathway to promote intracellular survival and dissemination. Recent years have witnessed significant progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamic interplay between S. pneumoniae and host autophagy systems during bacterial infection, yet a systematic review synthesizing these findings remains unavailable. This review focuses on the interaction network and key mechanisms of S. pneumoniae with host cell autophagy, aiming to provide theoretical foundations and research perspectives for developing novel targeted therapeutic strategies against S. pneumoniae infections.

Streptococcus pneumoniae  /  autophagy  /  host-pathogen interaction  /  autophagic clearance  /  pathogenic mechanism
崔潞晴, 范靖妍, 姜合祥, 宋厚辉, 杨杨. 肺炎链球菌与宿主自噬系统攻防互作机制研究进展. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4752 -4762 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250290
Luqing CUI, Jingyan FAN, Hexiang JIANG, Houhui SONG, Yang YANG. Research progress in attack-defense interaction mechanisms between Streptococcus pneumoniae and host autophagy systems[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4752 -4762 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250290
肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)是一种革兰氏阳性双球菌,通常定殖于人类上呼吸道黏膜表面;作为重要的呼吸道致病菌,肺炎链球菌主要威胁5岁以下儿童和65岁以上老年人的健康[1]。流行病学调查显示,在感染呼吸道的常见细菌性病原中肺炎链球菌位列首位,占比29.9%[2]。正常情况下,该菌可在宿主上呼吸道形成无症状携带状态;但当其突破黏膜屏障侵入无菌部位时可引发一系列临床疾病,包括急性中耳炎、支气管炎、鼻窦炎等非侵袭性感染;若细菌进一步扩散至肺部、血液循环系统或中枢神经系统,则可能导致严重的侵袭性疾病,如肺炎、败血症、脑膜炎等[3]。值得注意的是,这些侵袭性感染的发病率和死亡率在免疫功能低下人群中尤为突出[4]
自噬(autophagy)是一种高度保守的细胞内降解系统,通过溶酶体介导的途径选择性清除受损蛋白质、衰老细胞器等成分,实现细胞内物质的循环利用。这一精密调控的生理过程在维持细胞稳态、应对环境压力以及调控免疫防御等方面发挥着关键作用[5]。特别值得关注的是,当病原微生物入侵时宿主细胞可通过异源自噬(xenophagy)这一特殊的选择性自噬形式特异性识别并清除胞内病原体。最新研究表明,肺炎链球菌作为重要的人类呼吸道病原体,展现出复杂的自噬调控策略:一方面,该病原体可突破呼吸道上皮屏障,被巨噬细胞等免疫细胞吞噬后激活宿主自噬通路[6-10];另一方面,肺炎链球菌表达的多种毒力因子可动态调控宿主自噬过程,或激活或抑制,形成有利于其胞内生存和扩散的微环境[11-17]。这种精妙的“攻防博弈”凸显了宿主-病原体互作的高度复杂性。然而,目前尚缺乏对这一复杂互作机制的全面系统综述。本文系统阐述肺炎链球菌与宿主细胞自噬系统之间的动态互作关系及作用机制,深入解析宿主如何利用自噬防御肺炎链球菌感染,以及该病原菌如何反制自噬系统以促进感染扩散,以期为肺炎链球菌相关疾病治疗策略的开发提供新的理论依据和潜在干预靶点。
早在1984年,Rikihisa[18]在研究立克次体感染豚鼠多形核白细胞时发现,被感染细胞的胞质内出现大量直径约5 μm的膜泡(vacuoles)结构;这些膜泡内包裹着立克次体,经酸性磷酸酶染色呈阳性,且具有典型的溶酶体样特征;基于这些观察结果,Rikihisa推测这些膜泡结构很可能是感染后诱导形成的自噬体(autophagosome)。然而,这一假说直到2004年才得到实验证实。Nakagawa等[19]研究发现,A族链球菌(group A Streptococcus)感染HeLa等非吞噬细胞后可被自噬小体捕获并通过自噬溶酶体途径清除;而在自噬缺陷(Atg5敲除)细胞中,不仅无法形成包裹细菌的自噬体,细菌还能快速增殖并最终从细胞中释放。同年,Gutierrez等[20]的研究进一步揭示,在结核分枝杆菌感染的巨噬细胞中,自噬激活可显著抑制胞内细菌的存活,且干扰素(interferon, IFN)-γ可通过诱导自噬参与这一细菌清除过程。随着研究的深入,科学家们陆续发现弗氏志贺氏菌(Shigella flexneri)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)、单核增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes)等多种胞内病原菌均可激活宿主细胞自噬[21]。例如,革兰氏阴性菌沙门氏菌进入细胞后会被宿主单膜内吞泡(endosome-like vacuoles)快速包裹,而细菌也会分泌成孔毒素等毒力因子破坏内吞泡膜;这一过程被内吞泡膜上的V-ATPase感知,进而招募自噬相关蛋白ATG16L1激活自噬标志蛋白LC3;活化的LC3通过磷脂酰乙醇胺脂化形成双膜自噬体包裹细菌,最终与溶酶体融合实现病原体清除[22]。因此,细菌性自噬通路也被认为是一条抵抗细菌感染的先天性免疫通路,而这种由病原菌激活的用于消除入侵病原菌的宿主细胞选择性自噬途径也被称为异源自噬。
革兰氏阳性菌肺炎链球菌也能诱导宿主异源自噬。研究发现在肺炎链球菌感染早期(60 min内),胞内的肺炎链球菌即可被宿主细胞的LC3相关吞噬体样囊泡(LC3-associated phagosome-like vacuoles, PcLVs)快速捕获;该过程依赖于p62/SQSTM1与ATG16L1 WD结构域的相互作用,而PcLVs向异噬泡(pneumococcus-containing autophagic vacuoles, PcAVs)的转化则需要ATG14、BECN1及RB1CC1的参与[23]。进一步研究发现,ATG8家族蛋白(LC3A和GABARAPL1)可被招募至单膜PcLVs,GABARAPL2和GABARAP则进一步促进自噬体的形成和胞内细菌清除[6-7]。此外,Rab41可通过接头蛋白TOM1L2从高尔基体转位至包裹细菌的受损自噬体膜表面,并招募AAA-ATPase VPS4修复膜损伤,维持异源自噬溶酶体的酸化,促进细菌清除[24]。高尔基体GTPase Rab30则能募集激酶PI4KB至包裹病原菌的PcLVs中,促进高尔基体反面管网结构(trans-Golgi network, TGN)囊泡与PcLVs耦合,促进其成熟和病原体清除[25]。含病原菌的PcLVs也能够招募E3泛素连接酶Nedd4-1,并促进K63连接的多泛素链(K63Ub)形成,从而增强自噬体成熟和细菌清除[26]。上述研究表明,在肺炎链球菌感染过程中宿主可通过激活细胞自噬途径促进病原体的清除。在转化医学方面,传统中药清肺饮可通过调节p62/SQSTM1-RIPK1-MLKL信号轴诱导完全自噬,减轻肺上皮细胞坏死性死亡,从而改善肺炎链球菌感染导致的小鼠肺炎[12,27]。在分子互作层面,肺炎链球菌利用其表面毒力因子PepO激活宿主细胞Toll样受体(Toll like receptors, TLR) 2/4信号通路,诱导巨噬细胞保护性自噬,从而增强宿主对病原菌的吞噬及其杀菌活性,并可显著降低肺炎链球菌在小鼠体内的定殖[8]。肺炎链球菌溶血素(pneumolysin, PLY)诱导的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)过量产生也能激活肺泡上皮细胞自噬,增加胞内病原菌的清除,而抑制自噬或清除ROS则有相反的结果[9]。此外,自噬还参与调控中性粒细胞胞外捕获网(neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs)的形成。在肺炎链球菌诱导的中耳炎模型中,中性粒细胞通过TLR依赖的自噬激活和ROS生成促进NETs形成,从而增强病原体清除,并缓解中耳炎[10]
肺炎链球菌性脑膜炎是婴儿期常见的中枢神经系统感染性疾病,其病死率在高收入国家为12%,在低收入国家达61%[28]。小胶质细胞(microglia)作为中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS)的常驻巨噬细胞,在病原菌感染引发的神经炎症中发挥关键调控作用。研究发现,肺炎链球菌感染小胶质细胞BV-2后,其细胞壁成分肽聚糖可通过结合模式识别受体含核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2, NOD2),激活转化生长因子β激活激酶1 (transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1, TAK1)-核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)信号通路,促进肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)-α、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-6等促炎因子的表达;值得注意的是,该过程同时以NOD2依赖性方式上调LC3-Ⅱ、ATG5和BECN1等自噬相关蛋白的表达,诱导自噬小体形成,进而促进炎症因子的自噬性降解,减轻炎症反应,这一现象在小鼠细菌性脑膜炎模型中得到了进一步验证[29-30]。此外,肺炎链球菌感染4 h时可通过NLRP3炎症小体激活Caspase-1,促进IL-1β和IL-18的成熟和释放,从而诱导小胶质细胞焦亡(一种通常由病原菌感染引起的炎性程序性细胞死亡方式),促进炎性反应;与此同时,细菌感染触发的自噬激活可暂时性保护细胞免于焦亡,减轻炎症损伤,而抑制自噬则可显著加剧肺炎链球菌诱导的细胞焦亡和炎症症状[31]。这一发现不仅揭示了自噬在调控小胶质细胞焦亡中的关键作用,也为理解细菌性脑膜炎中炎症反应的双向调控机制提供了新的视角。另一项研究显示,线粒体自噬(mitophagy)在肺炎链球菌感染中也可能扮演着某种角色。线粒体融合蛋白(mitofusin 2, Mfn2)是一种定位于线粒体外膜的蛋白,能促进线粒体外膜融合和线粒体动力学[32]。在髓系细胞特异性Mfn2敲除小鼠(Mfn2Flox/Flox, LysM-Cre)中,肺炎链球菌感染后表现出更轻的肺部损伤和炎症;深入机制研究表明,与野生型小鼠相比,Mfn2基因敲除小鼠被感染后能更多地促进线粒体自噬,清除感染所致的受损线粒体,降低ROS产生、脂质过氧化和DNA损伤,同时增强抗氧化活性,最终增强宿主对病原体的清除,抑制炎症发生[33]
流行病学数据显示,在肺炎链球菌感染相关死亡病例中65岁以上老年人群占比超过90%[34],提示衰老是重要的风险因素。衰老导致的免疫系统功能衰退,包括固有免疫和获得性免疫应答缺陷,显著增加了老年人对肺炎链球菌的易感性。与年轻小鼠(2月龄)相比,老年小鼠(19月龄)感染肺炎链球菌后表现出更明显的体重下降、更高的肺组织细菌载量,以及F4/80+CD11b+GR1巨噬细胞浸润增加;在分子水平上,老年小鼠感染肺炎链球菌后肺巨噬细胞中STING-TBK1-IRF3信号通路活性降低,I型干扰素(IFN-β)产生减少;而内质网应激通路GRP78/IRE1/XBP1激活明显增强,促进ATG9A依赖性自噬,从而抑制天然免疫应答[35]。此外,老年小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞(bone marrow-derived macrophages, BMDM)在感染肺炎链球菌后表现出ATG5/ATG7依赖的LC3相关吞噬作用(LC3-associated phagocytosis, LAP)缺陷,同时相较于年轻小鼠产生了更多的促炎细胞因子[36]。这些发现共同表明,衰老相关的自噬功能紊乱可能是老年人群对肺炎链球菌易感性增加的重要因素。
综上所述,在肺炎链球菌感染过程中宿主细胞自噬作为被动性防御反应而被激活,以达到增强病原菌清除或缓解炎症反应的目的(图1),这些发现为理解宿主防御机制和开发新型抗感染策略提供了重要理论基础。
宿主细胞通过自噬途径清除病原体的同时,细菌也进化出多种策略来逃避宿主自噬通路的“追杀”。这些逃避策略包括但不限于抑制自噬感应蛋白的识别、破坏自噬前体复合物或自噬体膜的完整性、阻断自噬体与溶酶体的融合,甚至劫持自噬通路中的关键成分来促进自身生长[37]。例如,A族链球菌M1T1血清型菌株(strain 5448)利用自身半胱氨酸蛋白酶SpeB,特异性降解自噬受体蛋白p62/SQSTM1、NDP52和NBR1,从而逃避宿主细胞自噬感应蛋白的识别,增加病原菌的胞内存活[38]
肺炎链球菌则展现出多层次的自噬逃逸机制。例如,PLY是肺炎链球菌的一种重要的胆固醇依赖性毒力蛋白,可与膜胆固醇结合形成β-桶状跨膜孔,破坏膜结构的完整性。研究显示,高表达PLY的肺炎链球菌在被自噬体吞噬后能够利用PLY破坏自噬体膜的完整性,从而逃逸进入胞质,避免被自噬降解;同时,低表达PLY的肺炎链球菌在被自噬体吞噬后也可通过某种未知机制阻止自噬体的成熟,并促进细菌存活[11-12]。此外,肺炎链球菌感染细胞后其表面的胆碱结合蛋白C (choline binding protein C, CbpC)可通过其氨基端的dp3结构域与ATG14的卷曲螺旋域(coiled-coil domain, CCD)发生相互作用,同时CbpC可作为“分子诱饵”诱导p62/SQSTM1依赖性细胞自噬,促进ATG14的自噬降解,从而抑制自噬起始复合物和自噬前体的形成,进而增加胞内病原菌的存活[13-14]。肺炎链球菌可特异性下调小鼠巨噬细胞内源性Wnt5A蛋白表达及分泌,进而抑制下游Rac1/Disheveled介导的细胞骨架重组,最终导致自噬起始蛋白类似UNC51样激酶1 (UNC-51-like kinase 1, ULK1)活性降低和异源自噬功能受损,为细菌的胞内存活创造有利条件,这一结果也在小鼠感染模型中得到验证[15]。总之,在肺炎链球菌感染过程中可能通过阻断自噬受体的识别、破坏自噬小体的形成和成熟等过程,从而抑制异源自噬的发生,进而逃避宿主异源自噬的清除,增加细菌的存活。
值得注意的是,在肺炎链球菌感染过程中自噬激活具有双重效应。一方面,宿主通过激活自噬以清除胞内病原体,并维持细胞稳态;另一方面,自噬的过度激活也将对宿主细胞造成损伤,加速细菌感染介导的疾病进程。近年来的研究发现,肺炎链球菌可通过多种分子机制操纵宿主细胞自噬,进而导致细胞损伤和疾病发展。例如,在小胶质细胞BV-2感染模型中肺炎链球菌可通过下调IL-10表达激活TAK1-NF-κB信号通路,增强炎症反应和自噬活性,最终加重细胞损伤[39]。类似地,在人肺泡上皮细胞系(human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells, HPAEpiC)中,肺炎链球菌感染48 h可上调细胞中微RNA (microRNA, miRNA)-27a的表达,通过抑制PI3K-AKT/mTOR信号通路增强细胞自噬,加重肺炎链球菌感染导致的肺泡上皮细胞损伤[16]。Cui等[17]研究发现,肺炎链球菌分泌的胞外囊泡中含有真核样丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Ser/Thr protein kinase, StkP),该蛋白可通过特异性磷酸化自噬起始蛋白BECN1的Ser93/96位点,异常激活自噬通路并导致肺泡上皮细胞间紧密连接蛋白OCLN的自噬降解,最终破坏肺泡上皮屏障完整性;相比之下,stkp缺失突变的肺炎链球菌则不能诱导OCLN的降解,并可保护被感染小鼠免于死亡。
在临床相关研究中发现,肺移植患者的慢性同种异体肺移植功能障碍(chronic lung allograft dysfunction, CLAD)与肺部微生物(包括肺炎链球菌)调控的自噬异常相关;在CLAD患者的尸检样本中,IL-33的表达水平显著升高,而基础自噬活性明显降低;呼吸道病原体感染也能明显增加人支气管上皮细胞中IL-33的表达,进而通过抑制BECN1表达干扰细胞自噬过程[40],这可能是病原菌感染促进CLAD发生发展的重要机制,也为理解移植后并发症产生提供了新的分子视角。另外的研究表明,肺炎链球菌腹腔感染可导致小鼠关节滑膜液中活菌数量及其主要毒力因子PLY水平均显著升高;体外实验发现,PLY以剂量和时间依赖性方式抑制人骨肉瘤细胞(MG63和HOS)的成骨分化,表现为Runx2和OCN基因表达下调以及碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)活性降低;机制研究揭示,PLY通过诱导ROS产生激活AMP依赖的蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, AMPK)信号通路,同时抑制雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mechanistic target of rapamycin, mTOR),进而触发细胞自噬。该自噬过程可特异性降解成骨分化关键转录因子Sp1,最终导致Runx2和OCN表达下降及ALP活性抑制[41-42]。赵洪春[43]的研究发现,在肽聚糖诱导的C57BL/6J (B6)小鼠中耳炎模型中,自噬相关基因p62/SQSTM1和LC3表达也有显著上调,提示细胞自噬也可能介导中耳炎的发病过程,但是其具体功能及机制还有待进一步研究。
综上所述,肺炎链球菌通过多种机制操纵宿主细胞自噬,包括抑制异源自噬以促进胞内存活,或异常激活自噬导致细胞损伤,从而加剧感染。多种重要的细菌毒力因子如CbpC、PLY、StkP等通过阻断自噬过程或劫持自噬降解宿主细胞成分,最终导致宿主防御机制的破坏及感染性疾病的恶化(图2)。
在混合感染情境下,自噬调控呈现出更为复杂的特征。甲型流感病毒共感染可显著增强肺炎链球菌的耐药性和胞内存活能力,这种协同效应与病毒介导的自噬溶酶体融合障碍密切相关[44-45]。在败血症进程中,自噬受体蛋白p62/SQSTM1能够被单核巨噬细胞分泌到细胞外,这种异常分泌可通过胰岛素受体信号通路重编程巨噬细胞代谢状态,而通过SQSTM1中和抗体或胰岛素受体基因(insr)敲除均能够有效保护小鼠抵抗肺炎链球菌感染所致的致死性败血症[46]。临床数据也表明,sqstm1insr基因表达水平或循环性SQSTM1水平与败血症严重程度显著相关[46],这提示p62/SQSTM1除了作为自噬受体外,也可能在肺炎链球菌感染中发挥其他作用。
肺炎链球菌感染宿主细胞后通常能够激活异源自噬。异源自噬作为宿主抵御外源病原菌的重要防御机制,不仅能够促进病原体的清除,还可以通过调控炎症因子水平显著改善感染引发的炎症反应。在肺炎链球菌感染过程中,宿主上皮细胞和巨噬细胞发挥核心作用,即上皮细胞主要介导组织损伤,而巨噬细胞则主导病原体清除。肺炎链球菌的毒力因子可作为特异性配体,与宿主细胞免疫相关受体(如TLR2/TLR4或NOD2)结合,进而激活巨噬细胞自噬以对抗病原体感染。这一过程涉及多重调控机制,包括AMPK/ULK1信号通路的激活、mTOR通路的抑制、细胞骨架的动态重组、ROS的产生以及内质网应激反应等。值得注意的是,自噬还可通过调控NETs的形成来增强对肺炎链球菌的清除能力。然而,部分肺炎链球菌菌株已进化出精妙的自噬逃逸/操纵策略。例如,利用PLY破坏自噬体膜完整性,降解自噬识别受体以逃避宿主识别系统,靶向降解宿主细胞自噬关键组分以抑制自噬起始复合物的形成,或劫持细胞自噬造成细胞损伤等,这些发现生动揭示了病原体与宿主防御系统之间持续不断的分子博弈。
尽管肺炎链球菌与宿主细胞自噬之间的相互作用机制已取得重要进展,但该领域仍存在诸多亟待解决的科学问题。在治疗策略开发方面,基于自噬调节的抗肺炎链球菌策略的研究具有广阔前景。一方面,可通过高通量筛选技术(如GFP-LC3、RFP-GFP-LC3或GFP-p62报告系统)从天然/合成化合物库中筛选具有双重功能的活性分子,既能增强细胞自噬杀菌活性(如雷帕霉素衍生物),又可阻断细菌的自噬逃逸(如靶向PLY的小分子抑制剂);另一方面,针对携带ATG16L1 T300A等自噬相关基因突变的易感人群[47]开发精准干预方案(如联用自噬增强剂海藻糖或蛋白酶体抑制剂硼替佐米),有望通过恢复其自噬功能缺陷来改善临床预后。在研究模型创新方面,具有多细胞组成和屏障功能的肺类器官系统[48]为肺炎链球菌-自噬互作研究提供了更接近体内感染微环境的研究平台,这种三维培养体系特别适合于开展自噬调节药物的高通量筛选。在机制探索层面,除经典的异源自噬外,肺炎链球菌是否通过干扰线粒体自噬、内质网自噬(reticulophagy)等选择性自噬途径来影响感染进程已成为该领域亟待阐明的重要科学问题。此外,建立序贯感染模型以研究自噬流动态变化与病原体负荷的关系,将有助于揭示肺炎链球菌感染对宿主防御其他依赖自噬清除的病原体(如结核分枝杆菌)的影响机制,为临床共感染治疗提供新思路。从转化医学视角来看,深入解析自噬在肺炎链球菌感染中的调控机制具有双重价值:在理论层面,为阐明其致病机理提供新视角;在应用层面,通过靶向干预细菌的自噬逃逸机制,有望突破传统抗生素治疗的局限,发展出更精准有效的防治策略。这些研究将推动抗感染治疗从“病原体杀伤”向“宿主防御调控”的范式转变,为呼吸道感染性疾病的防控开辟新途径。
崔潞晴:提出概念、获取基金、撰写文章、编辑、审阅;范婧妍:撰写文章;姜合祥:编辑;宋厚辉:审阅;杨杨:获取基金、撰写文章、编辑、审阅。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 浙江省自然科学基金(LQN25C180009)
  • 浙江农林大学科研发展基金(2024LFR115)
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2025年第65卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250290
  • 接收时间:2025-04-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-08
  • 录用日期:2025-06-21
基金
Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LQN25C180009)
浙江省自然科学基金(LQN25C180009)
Research and Development Fund for Zhejiang A&F University(2024LFR115)
浙江农林大学科研发展基金(2024LFR115)
作者信息
    浙江农林大学 动物医学院,浙江省畜禽绿色生态健康养殖应用技术研究重点实验室,动物健康互联网检测技术浙江省工程研究中心,浙江省动物医学与健康管理国际科技合作基地,同一健康和食品安全“一带一路”国际联合实验室,中澳动物健康大数据分析联合实验室,浙江 杭州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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