Article(id=1194684378895851909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250369, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746547200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1750089600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-17, onlineDate=1762764552091, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764552091, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764552091, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764552091, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4842, endPage=4859, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684379076206983, articleId=1194684378895851909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress of non-rhizobia in leguminous root nodules, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There are a large number of non-rhizobia endophytes in addition to rhizobia in leguminous root nodules, which are of great significance for promoting plant growth and improving the bacterial abundance in root nodules. Some NREs can not only help rhizobia expand their host range but also participate in the leguminous plant-rhizobia symbiotic nodulation process. In this review, we systematically summarize the genetic diversity, classification, and functions of NREs, specifically describe the pathways of NREs entering rhizobia, the interaction mechanism between NREs and rhizobia, and the diversity of NREs in soil ecosystems, and discuss the application potential and future research directions of NREs. Furthermore, this article summarizes the current research progress in leguminous plant-rhizobia-NREs interactions and explores the methods of improving crop productivity and health through interactions mediated by nodule microecology, aiming to provide theoretical support for sustainable agricultural development.

, correspAuthors=Zhenshan DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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豆科植物根瘤中,除根瘤菌外还存在大量非根瘤菌。这些非根瘤菌对促进植物生长发育、提高根瘤中的细菌丰度具有重要意义。部分非根瘤菌不仅有助于根瘤菌扩大宿主范围,还能参与豆科植物-根瘤菌的共生结瘤过程。本文系统阐述了豆科根瘤中非根瘤菌的遗传多样性分类与功能,具体总结了非根瘤菌进入根瘤的途径、与根瘤菌的互作机制,以及土壤生态中非根瘤菌的多样性。此外,本文还探讨了非根瘤菌的应用潜力及未来研究方向,总结了当前豆科植物-根瘤菌-非根瘤菌互作研究的进展,探讨了通过根瘤微生态介导的豆科植物-根瘤菌-非根瘤菌互作来提高作物生产力和健康水平的方法,为可持续农业发展提供了理论支持。

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Trends in Biotechnology, 2023, 41(10): 1227-1236., articleTitle=Perspective on the development of synthetic microbial community (SynCom) biosensors, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194980528890822659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, awardId=32160003, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194980529050206214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, awardId=32160003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32160003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194980524184814506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980524193203115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, companyId=1194980524184814506, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980524197397420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, companyId=1194980524184814506, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 延安大学 生命科学学院,陕西 延安)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194980524251923373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980524281283502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, companyId=1194980524251923373, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194980524289672111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, companyId=1194980524251923373, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院,陕西 杨凌)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194980527909356518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA genes and its genus taxonomic abundance distribution of representative strains of endophytic bacteria strains isolated from the root nodules of Sophora davidii[50]. The inner circle is the phylogenetic tree of the 16S rRNA gene of the representative strains and the outer circle is the abundance of horizontally isolated strains of the genus to which the representative strains belonged., figureFileSmall=/rAwoiIn7AhAwyvw5eWEIg==, figureFileBig=kzX4/2Jp1yS5cQMiQEE92g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980527972271081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, language=CN, label=图1, caption=白刺花根瘤内生细菌代表菌株的16S rRNA基因系统发育树及其属级分类丰度分布图[50]。内环显示代表菌株16S rRNA基因系统发育树,外环呈现各属水平分离菌株丰度。, figureFileSmall=/rAwoiIn7AhAwyvw5eWEIg==, figureFileBig=kzX4/2Jp1yS5cQMiQEE92g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980528181986285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Transformation of the interaction pattern between rhizobia and non-rhizobia of Sophora davidii under different culture conditions[70]. A: In the co-culture system, a heat map was constructed based on the difference in colony diameter between rhizobia and non-rhizobia at 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm inoculation spacing; B: The bacterial diameters of M. metallidurans YC-39 and S. xanthophaeus BT-91-2, N. brasiliensis BT-123-2, and M. xydans YC-30 changed under the condition of two-compartment plate culture; C: The interaction between rhizobia and NRE when glutamic acid and yeast powder were used as nitrogen sources, and the EPS yield of R. azibense BT-170 co-cultured with NRE when glutamate was the only nitrogen source; D: The co-culture and EPS yield of M. metallidurans YC-39 and Bacillus siamensis BT-9-1 were compared between saline-alkali conditions and control conditions. *: Significant difference from the control (Welch t-test); **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=TUIktdA1iavI0qmK4RcCsA==, figureFileBig=HCpCO0l39MVKiMPwgkkOGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980528291038194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, language=CN, label=图2, caption=白刺花根瘤菌与非根瘤菌在不同培养条件下互作模式的转变[70]。A:共培养体系中,根瘤菌与非根瘤菌在1.0 cm和1.5 cm接种间距下基于菌落直径差值构建的热图;B:在二分隔平板培养条件下,YC-39与BT-91-1、BT-123-2、YC-30的菌落直径变化;C:使用谷氨酸和酵母粉作为氮源时,根瘤菌与NREs的相互作用及以BT-170在谷氨酸为唯一氮源时与NREs共培养的胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS)产量;D:比较在盐碱条件和对照条件下YC-39与BT-9-1共培养和EPS产量。, figureFileSmall=TUIktdA1iavI0qmK4RcCsA==, figureFileBig=HCpCO0l39MVKiMPwgkkOGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980528408478708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Selective regulatory mechanism by which NREs enter nodules and become part of the nodule microbiome[72]. This includes both the symbiotic rhizobia and the once free-living rhizobacteria, which are part of the rhizosphere soil. Rhizobium species are colored in purple, while free-living NREs are colored in red, blue, and green., figureFileSmall=8YIvnECBqXzzkBnz9PWPxw==, figureFileBig=NUcteRj9evIHyOrSCfE72A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980528555279353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, language=CN, label=图3, caption=NREs进入根瘤并成为根瘤微生物组的一部分的选择性调控机制[72]。其中包括共生根瘤菌和曾经自由生活的根瘤菌,它们是根际土壤的一部分。根瘤菌呈紫色,而自由生长的NREs呈红色、蓝色和绿色。, figureFileSmall=8YIvnECBqXzzkBnz9PWPxw==, figureFileBig=NUcteRj9evIHyOrSCfE72A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980528622388220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378895851909, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria within the root nodules of leguminous plants[97]. a: Direct contact transfer (The donor cell delivers single-stranded DNA to the recipient cell); b: Cell fusion transfer (Bidirectional exchange of DNA through cell 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豆科植物根瘤中的非根瘤菌研究进展
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郝紫微 1 , 任明霞 1 , 艾加敏 2 , 柳晓东 1 , 姜影影 1 , 邓振山 1, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(11): 4842-4859
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(11): 4842-4859
豆科植物根瘤中的非根瘤菌研究进展
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郝紫微1, 任明霞1, 艾加敏2, 柳晓东1, 姜影影1, 邓振山1, *
作者信息
  • 1 延安大学 生命科学学院,陕西 延安
  • 2 西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院,陕西 杨凌
Research progress of non-rhizobia in leguminous root nodules
Ziwei HAO1, Mingxia REN1, Jiamin AI2, Xiaodong LIU1, Yingying JIANG1, Zhenshan DENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
  • 2 College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250369
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豆科植物根瘤中,除根瘤菌外还存在大量非根瘤菌。这些非根瘤菌对促进植物生长发育、提高根瘤中的细菌丰度具有重要意义。部分非根瘤菌不仅有助于根瘤菌扩大宿主范围,还能参与豆科植物-根瘤菌的共生结瘤过程。本文系统阐述了豆科根瘤中非根瘤菌的遗传多样性分类与功能,具体总结了非根瘤菌进入根瘤的途径、与根瘤菌的互作机制,以及土壤生态中非根瘤菌的多样性。此外,本文还探讨了非根瘤菌的应用潜力及未来研究方向,总结了当前豆科植物-根瘤菌-非根瘤菌互作研究的进展,探讨了通过根瘤微生态介导的豆科植物-根瘤菌-非根瘤菌互作来提高作物生产力和健康水平的方法,为可持续农业发展提供了理论支持。

非根瘤菌  /  共生结瘤  /  遗传多样性  /  互作

There are a large number of non-rhizobia endophytes in addition to rhizobia in leguminous root nodules, which are of great significance for promoting plant growth and improving the bacterial abundance in root nodules. Some NREs can not only help rhizobia expand their host range but also participate in the leguminous plant-rhizobia symbiotic nodulation process. In this review, we systematically summarize the genetic diversity, classification, and functions of NREs, specifically describe the pathways of NREs entering rhizobia, the interaction mechanism between NREs and rhizobia, and the diversity of NREs in soil ecosystems, and discuss the application potential and future research directions of NREs. Furthermore, this article summarizes the current research progress in leguminous plant-rhizobia-NREs interactions and explores the methods of improving crop productivity and health through interactions mediated by nodule microecology, aiming to provide theoretical support for sustainable agricultural development.

non-rhizobia endophytes  /  symbiotic nodulation  /  genetic diversity  /  interactions
郝紫微, 任明霞, 艾加敏, 柳晓东, 姜影影, 邓振山. 豆科植物根瘤中的非根瘤菌研究进展. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4842 -4859 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250369
Ziwei HAO, Mingxia REN, Jiamin AI, Xiaodong LIU, Yingying JIANG, Zhenshan DENG. Research progress of non-rhizobia in leguminous root nodules[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 4842 -4859 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250369
植物及其共生微生物组(包括细菌、古菌、真菌、原生生物和病毒)历经4.5亿年的协同进化形成了高度整合的宏生物系统[1]。作为植物的“第二基因组”,这些微生物通过营养矿化、系统抗性诱导及环境胁迫缓解这三重互作机制,显著提升了宿主植物的适应性[2]。其定殖位点涵盖根际(rhizosphere)、叶圈(phyllosphere)等生态位,形成了多尺度共生网络[3]
豆科植物包含750属19 300余种,以草本、灌木、藤本或乔木的形态广泛分布于陆地生态系统中,构成了全球多数植被类型的重要组分[4-5]。豆科植物是重要的农作物,能够丰富土壤氮素,并产出富含蛋白质和油脂的种子[6-7]。此外,豆科植物还具有多重应用价值:观赏价值方面,如紫荆花[8]、含羞草[9]、合欢[10]等;药用价值方面,如黄芪[11]、甘草[12]等;食用价值方面,如大豆[13]、花生[14]等;同时,还具有重要的经济价值,是人类获取淀粉、蛋白质、油脂和蔬菜的主要来源之一[15]
在研究根瘤菌与豆科植物共生关系过程中普遍发现豆科植物根瘤中不仅含有根瘤菌,还栖息着大量其他非根瘤菌(non-rhizobia endophytes, NREs)[16]。这些微生物在根瘤内完成部分或全部生命周期,且不会对宿主植物造成显著危害,因此属于根瘤内生菌[17]。NREs可增强根瘤菌的生态适应性和结瘤能力,并通过两者的协同作用在提高豆科植物固氮效率以及抗逆能力方面发挥着十分重要的作用[18]
随着研究的深入,NREs如何影响植物生长、与根瘤菌的互作机制及其作用原理已成为微生物分子生态学的研究热点,并取得了诸多进展[19]。例如,某些NREs能够协助根瘤菌拓展宿主范围[20];此外,它们还能增强豆科植物共生根瘤菌的结瘤与固氮效率[21],并参与宿主-根瘤菌共生过程,涉及结瘤信号传导、相互识别及根瘤菌定殖等关键环节[22]。在代谢方面,微生物间的互作关系通常采取一种称为互营(cross-feeding)的形式,即其中一个菌种分泌代谢产物供其他菌种吸收和利用[23]。如在大豆根瘤内甲基养菌属(Methylibium)的细菌具备降解多种类型碳源的能力,因此可能在根瘤内的微生物食物链中起着向其他根瘤内生菌传递代谢产物的重要作用[24]。在白刺花根瘤中,盐碱条件下共培养耐金属中生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium metallidurans) YC-39和暹罗芽孢杆菌(Bacillus siamensis) BT-9-1,后者的部分代谢产物可供给M. metallidurans YC-39[18]。国内学者在根瘤内NREs方面开展了一些研究[24-28]。李静[28]以白刺花为研究对象,探索了其根瘤内生菌的遗传多样性及促生特性;尽管如此,通过微生物功能基因和代谢物介导的豆科植物-根瘤微生物互作的解码仍处于初级阶段,需要更全面的研究来指导这些互作的遗传和代谢调控以实现可持续农业发展。
本文系统总结了豆科植物及其根瘤中NREs的遗传多样性分类及其生态功能方面的研究进展,特别关注NREs进入根瘤的途径、与根瘤菌的互作机制以及土壤生态中NREs的多样性,并深入探讨了NREs的应用潜力及未来研究方向以促进植物健康和适应能力。这些研究有助于促进豆科植物的生长发育,优化农用有益微生物的使用,实现农业的可持续性。此外,本文还能为科学利用具有优良抗逆性和生态适应性的NREs提供依据,助力开发能增强根瘤菌活性的复合菌剂,在可持续农业领域展现出重要应用价值。
在豆科植物-根瘤菌共生体系研究中,传统微生物分离方法主要基于表面消毒后的根瘤组织分离培养技术[29]。已有大量研究证实,根瘤内除共生根瘤菌外还存在多种NREs。Philipson等[30]于1957年发现,多种内生菌可存在于健康的红三叶草根部和根瘤中;土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)也被报道存在于热带豆科植物中[31];类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)细菌能与根瘤菌共接种,成功定殖于新生根瘤并改变其结瘤特性[32-33];利迪链霉菌(Streptomyces lydicus)也可定殖于豌豆根瘤中[34];此外,Kuklinsky-Sobral等[35]证实,大豆的根、茎、叶片中均存在能促进植物生长的内生菌。从根瘤中可分离获得多种与根瘤菌共生固氮无关的细菌类群[36]
值得注意的是,这些NREs并非实验污染或组织腐败产物,而是具有特定生态位的共生微生物群,其存在已通过严格的消毒对照实验验证[37]。在这方面,Benhizia等[38]进行了更系统的研究,发现从岩黄芪根瘤分离的细菌主要属于γ-变形菌纲,包括神户肠杆菌(Enterobacter kobei)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)等类群。后续研究揭示,这些NREs类群虽能定殖根瘤,但缺乏结瘤能力,且多数难以通过常规方法培养[39]。此外,在前人研究中普遍发现根瘤中存在较多种类的内生细菌,Muresu等[40]对这方面研究进行了文献总结,他们认为存在于根瘤中的细菌类群是内生菌。我们在分离根瘤菌过程中同样检测到大量NREs细菌,且这些菌株均源自健康成熟根瘤,证实其并非伴随根瘤衰败而侵入的次生定殖者;在进行根瘤菌分离研究时也出现了大量的Agrobacterium[36]。有研究发现Agrobacterium可伴随根瘤菌的侵染过程进入植物根部,并随根瘤发育定殖于其中[32,41]。目前尚未有针对肠杆菌(Enterobacter)进入根瘤机制的系统研究,推测其可能类似Agrobacterium,通过伴随根瘤菌侵染途径定殖于根瘤内部[36]
随着高通量测序技术的快速发展和微生物DNA条形码数据库的不断完善,越来越多的研究开始揭示豆科植物-根瘤中微生物互作涉及的微生物群落结构和网络[3]。目前已有许多研究基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术解析豆科植物根瘤微生物群落多样性。石晴等[42]分析了紫冠与巨冠菜豆的根际与根瘤细菌群落结构与功能的差异,得出巨冠菜豆的根际土壤细菌群落多样性显著低于紫冠菜豆,同时2种菜豆根际样品中细菌多样性显著高于根瘤样品的结论;成婷婷等[43]对血人参(Indigofera stachyodes Lindl.)根及根瘤中内生菌进行物种注释、分类、物种多样性和组间差异分析,发现血人参根瘤中的埃氏慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium elkanii)和大豆慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium glycinis)为优势内生菌群。
与16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术不同,宏基因组测序技术的应用不仅可以检测出全部微生物的基因组DNA,还能提高物种和菌株的分辨率[44],并直接解析目标的代谢通路、抗生素耐药基因、毒力因子等,同时解决了分离出的微生物难以培养的问题[45]。目前,宏基因组已成为研究环境微生物多样性和代谢潜力不可或缺的工具[46]。汪芳芳等[47]通过对大豆的根际土壤采用宏基因组测序的方式发现接种合成菌群后的大豆根际中富集了类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia)等有益菌属,显著增加了参与氮代谢和吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)生物合成途径相关基因的丰度,并促进了根际细菌进行辅酶、氨基酸转运和代谢,碳水化合物代谢和信号转导等生物过程;Brown等[48]通过使用16S rRNA基因扩增子和鸟枪法宏基因组的测序方法证明根际细菌受土壤中的微生物菌群驱动,而植物内部组织中的内生细菌受宿主遗传学驱动。
质谱技术、多组学方法和机器学习等各种方法正被用于分析并阐明豆科植物宿主与根瘤中微生物之间复杂的遗传互作。Zhang等[49]通过代谢分析、真菌基因敲除和比较转录组学分析发现,枫香拟茎点霉(Phomopsis liquidambaris)和慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)互作刺激真菌产生黄酮类物质,作为信号分子激发根瘤菌结瘤信号,促使花生-慢生根瘤菌共生信号激活和根瘤原基形成。
多组学技术如基因组学、蛋白质组学、转录组学和代谢组学等的发展和应用,能够全面解析植物-微生物之间互作的分子机制,这为深入理解豆科植物-根瘤菌-非根瘤菌互作的复杂性提供了多维度的视角和有力的技术支持。
豆科植物与根瘤微生物群落形成的共生体系已超越传统的根瘤菌-宿主二元关系,发展为包含NREs的多元微生态系统。目前,已从多种豆科植物根瘤内筛选出不同种类的NREs[17,50]。Hnini等[51]通过分析不同地区及不同豆科植物中根瘤内生细菌的分布情况,综合报告出根瘤内生细菌中出现频率最高的属为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和Pseudomonas,其次是类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、Enterobacter、泛菌属(Pantoea)、Agrobacterium和微杆菌属(Microbacterium);Wang等[52]也以16S rRNA基因测序技术探究了土壤、根际细菌和根瘤内的细菌丰度及组成,表明根瘤内细菌主要包括假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota),并得出在植物生长发育阶段Actinobacteria在早期更占优势,而在后期占优势的为PseudomonadotaBacteroidota在前期占比较少,但会随着植物的生长不断增加的结果。不同宿主植物根瘤中的内生细菌会受到多重因素的影响,其不仅会受到环境因素,包括土壤类型[53]、养分状况[52]和气候条件等的影响,还会受到宿主植物遗传学[48]的影响,且宿主植物生长阶段不同,其根瘤内的内生细菌也会随之发生变化。此外,分离根瘤内生细菌采取的方法不同得到的结果也会不同,其中采用正确的表面消毒、用于筛选的培养基配方、培养时间和方式、DNA提取、引物选择和分类学分类等方法对成功分离鉴定出豆科植物根瘤内生细菌至关重要[54]
近年来,本实验室以陕北6县区的本土豆科固氮灌木白刺花(Sophora davidii Kom. ex Pavol.)为研究对象开展了一系列关于根瘤中NREs的研究。其中,李静[28]综合运用传统培养与高通量测序技术系统研究白刺花根瘤微生物的遗传多样性,序列分析表明根瘤内生细菌可聚类为65个门,7类真菌群落中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)是所有样品中的优势菌门,占比44.55%-84.71%,该结果不仅确定了其系统发育地位,还揭示了根瘤这一特殊微环境中内生菌的群落结构和物种组成特征;随后运用多位点序列分析等方法,探讨NREs和根瘤菌间基因水平转移(horizontal gene transfer)现象,研究发现持家基因atpD、dnaK、recA和共生基因nodA、nifH的比对结果与不同数量菌株的16S rRNA基因测序比对结果存在同属或不同属之间的差异;通过植物回接试验验证了菌株结瘤能力,发现Mesorhizobium的4株代表菌株均能诱导白刺花形成根瘤;采用小麦盆栽试验验证分离菌株的促生长特性,结果显示组合菌剂处理与对照组相比,其株高、鲜重、根长和叶绿素含量均出现不同程度的增加。该研究对根瘤微生态学具有重要价值,为阐明NREs的起源进化及其与根瘤菌的协同进化机制提供理论基础。任明霞等[50]通过抗氧化缓冲液制备根瘤提取物并结合多配方培养基培养从陕北6县区白刺花根瘤中分离获得320株内生细菌,涵盖4门7纲35科55属(图1)。在此基础上,艾加敏[18]研究了白刺花根瘤中根瘤菌与NREs的组装、演替及其互作关系,发现根瘤、根际和对照土壤中微生物群落的组成也各不相同。该研究成果不仅有助于阐明这类微生物在生态系统中的功能价值、扩充内生菌资源库,也为陕北干旱区生态修复实践提供了科学依据。
这些NREs以根瘤为生态位进行定殖,并对宿主植物产生多重有益效应[18],包括拮抗植物病原菌、辅助固氮、增强抗逆性、提升重金属耐受性、通过铁载体介导的互作以及促进生长等[17,55]
大多数细菌菌株至少表现出2种促生特性时可促进植物生长[56]。广谱的NREs分离株表现出促进植物生长的特性,例如研究表明从豆科植物的根瘤中分离出的NREs具有2种及以上的促生特性[56-63]。这表明作为植物生长调节剂的NRE可与其他细菌类群相互合作共同促进植物生长,在可持续农业生产中具有广阔的发展前景。
根系分泌物招募促植物生长微生物(plant growth promoting microorganisms, PGPM),并重塑植物-微生物互作关系以缓解胁迫。PGPM可直接分泌激素或间接触发植物激素的富集促进宿主生长[3]。李静[28]研究表明,从白刺花根瘤中分离的192株内生细菌中60%具有潜在固氮能力,其中20株(10.42%)可溶磷,78株(40.63%)产IAA,18株分泌铁载体,4株抑制1-3种病原真菌。进一步研究表明,在共培养条件下慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobiumdiazoefficiens) B-26显著抑制类菌根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium amorphae) BT-30的生长,并且与M. amorphae BT-30共培养显著促进了B. diazoefficiens B-26的生长;此外,B. diazoefficiens B-26可以利用一些M. amorphae BT-30不能利用的碳源和氮源,从而帮助并扩大了M. amorphae BT-30可利用的碳源和氮源范围[28]
NREs可以产生各种抑制病原体生长的抗微生物物质,从而表现出多种生防效果。例如,Zhao等[64]从大豆根瘤中分离出的隶属于Enterobacter、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、Pseudomonas、苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)和Bacillus的6株菌可抑制病原真菌大豆疫霉(Phytophthora sojae) 01的生长,导致真菌菌丝体形态异常变化;Tokgöz[65]从大豆根瘤中分离出的54株NREs表现出对番茄枯萎病病原体不同程度的体外抗菌活性;Zaid[66]分离出的Bacillus velezensis HNA3可产生2种占主导地位的有机化合物,对5种产生黄曲霉毒素的植物病原真菌存在有效抑制作用。这些NREs表现出的抑菌现象为农业微生物组研究开辟了新路径,为开发防治不同植物病原菌的生防菌株和新型抗菌分子提供了理论基础。
近年来,利用NREs辅助根瘤菌来提升豆科植物响应胁迫能力方面的研究取得了重大进展,极大地推动了对这些调控途径的理解。Vezza等[67]研究表明接种RhizobiumBacillus可以减轻砷诱导的叶绿素a和b以及类胡萝卜素含量的消耗,增加砷暴露下大豆的结瘤率并对抗氧化系统活性产生积极影响,从而降低暴露于砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐环境中的大豆植物组织中的砷含量,在提高大豆产量的同时保证更安全的食品生产。
Ben Gaied等[68]证明了盐渍土叶杆菌(Phyllobacterium salinisoli)和半透明黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas translucens)能够改善Mesorhizobium的共生特性,并促进盐胁迫下鹰嘴豆的生长。Noori等[69]研究表明NREs菌株的单次接种导致紫花苜蓿生长指数增加。艾加敏等[70]研究发现在正常培养条件下大多数的NREs对根瘤菌的生长起到抑制作用,且抑制作用通常出现在分类地位上与其亲缘关系较近的菌属(图2A);试验获得3株产挥发性有机化合物的NREs,其中的巴西诺卡氏菌(Nocardia brasiliensis) BT-123-2和黄暗色链霉菌(Streptomyces xanthophaeus) BT-91-2对M. metallidurans YC-39的生长起到抑制作用,而氧化微杆菌(Microbacterium oxydans) YC-30对M. metallidurans YC-39的生长起到促进作用(图2B);与正常培养条件下的共培养相比,在盐碱和以谷氨酸作为唯一氮源的条件下阿氏普里斯特氏菌(Priestia aryabhattai) BT-59和Priestia oryzihabitans BT-147对Rhizobium azibense BT-170的生长都从原来的抑制模式转变为促生模式,且提高了其胞外多糖产量(图2C);此外,她们还发现了1株B. siamensis BT-9-1,其在正常培养条件下抑制根瘤菌M. metallidurans YC-39的生长,但在盐碱胁迫下促进了根瘤菌的生长,并且增加了根瘤菌胞外多糖的产量(图2D)。综上所述,这种在胁迫条件下的根瘤菌与NREs互作模式的转变提高了根瘤菌的抗逆性,且扩大了根瘤菌可利用氮源的范围;植物通过精细调控生长和耐盐性之间的平衡以适应盐渍化土壤;植物激素和生长激素在这一过程中发挥着关键作用,通过复杂的信号通路和相互作用,植物能够在盐胁迫下保持一定的生长速度和产量。
一些研究表明,NREs与根瘤菌分别独立成组且彼此不相关[24]。它们通过随机渗透的方式进入根瘤,这些微生物在单个植株内的不同根瘤中丰度较低且发生率不一致,未被宿主植物优先选择为内生菌,很可能作为内生菌在植物生长中发挥有限的作用[71-72]
在豆科植物根瘤中根瘤菌通过侵染线的方式进入根瘤并发挥作用[73]。研究表明当NREs与根瘤菌菌株共接种时,它们可能也会通过协同侵染途径进入根瘤原基[74] (图3)。这一现象与豆科植物对根际微生物群的选择性调控机制相关:宿主植物通过根瘤菌介导的侵染系统可特异性引导NREs进入共生微环境,实现多菌种的协同定殖[75]
植物-微生物互作研究将种子微生物组传播划分为2类生态策略:环境获取型水平传播与亲本遗传型垂直传播[76-77]。作为种子微生物组的核心组分,微生物在种子萌发、生长、健康和胁迫保护中发挥着关键作用[78],其可以通过垂直传播的方式将其所包含的有益微生物传递给下一代,并可能通过影响植物微生物群的初级组成对植物生产力发挥重要作用[79]
种子携带的内生细菌通过优先效应最先定殖根表,并通过代谢互作为土壤细菌提供养分,促进整个根际微生物群落的发育和稳定[80]。经种子传播至下一代的内生细菌中包含了大量的NREs,它们对植物的生长发育起到了重要作用[81]。因此,本文猜测豆科植物根瘤中的NREs也可能是通过种子垂直传播的方式进入根瘤,与根瘤菌共同发挥作用,促进植物的生长发育。
共培养实验证实特定NREs菌株可通过代谢互补提升根瘤菌的结瘤效率与固氮活性。Favero等[53]通过盆栽和田间条件下NREs单独接种以及与根瘤菌联合接种的研究发现,与单独施用相比,添加NREs的根瘤菌提高了绿豆的发芽率、株高、根长、根瘤数、鲜重和干重。Sibponkrung等[82]B. velezensis S141与B. diazoefficiens USDA110共接种到大豆中使大豆产生了更大的根瘤,提高了结瘤率和固氮效率。
作为决定微生物相互作用的关键因素,微生物群落中的细菌通过群体感应(quorum sensing, QS)接受信号分子并触发一系列级联反应和基因表达[83]。研究表明QS的破坏会导致微生物群落结构和丰度发生巨大变化[84]。豆科植物中的根瘤菌通过产生群体感应分子N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(acyl-homoserine lactones, AHLs),以群体感应依赖性方式调节基因的表达[85]。Gosai等[86]描述了木豆中根瘤菌的QS现象,证明了鞭毛运动和对根的附着能力存在QS依赖,并发现剑菌属(Ensifer sp.)菌株HP127对AHLs信号有反应以及可在表型水平上相互调节并促进生物膜的形成。Li等[87]构建的合成菌群中有2株辅助菌可分泌AHLs,激活根瘤菌的生物膜形成能力,高效侵染大豆根系。
趋化性是指通过改变代谢相关化学物质的浓度来调节细菌运动的特性,这些化学物质可以是对细菌有益的化合物,也可以是对细菌有负面影响的化合物[88]。植物可以分泌高水平的营养物质来充当细菌的化学引诱剂[89],招募对自身有益的微生物辅助生长。例如,Han等[90]发现高油大豆品种的特异性根系分泌物可以富集马赛菌(Massilia),激活大豆的糖酵解途径,从而促进大豆种子油的积累;Zheng等[91]证明野生大豆通过分泌嘌呤招募有益的假单胞菌来对抗盐胁迫。豆科植物能够与根瘤菌形成根瘤,并通过共生固氮作用获取氮素营养;丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)真菌与豆科植物形成共生关系,有助于植物吸收土壤中的磷和氮[92]。此外,AM共生的形成也可以促进豆科植物-根瘤菌共生。He等[93]研究表明AM真菌的菌丝体在土壤中广泛分布,为根瘤菌提供一个有效的分散网络,揭示了AM真菌菌丝体在根瘤菌长距离迁移到豆科植物根部过程中的重要性,为提高豆科植物固氮效率提供了新的视角。Zhang等[49]通过研究Phomopsis liquidambarisBradyrhizobium的互作证明真菌通过释放渗出物招募根瘤菌到菌丝际,随后真菌通过形成“真菌高速公路”将根瘤菌运送到根际。
植物根部有一道神秘的屏障——凯氏带(Casparian strip)。在豆科植物中其形成区域与根瘤发生区域重叠,暗示两者可能存在关联。最近的研究通过构建凯氏带缺陷的莲花百脉根突变体发现内皮层质外体屏障的完整性是根瘤形成和固氮的关键;屏障缺失会干扰根-冠间的氮信号传导(如CEP1-miR2111-TML通路),并导致根瘤内代谢源-库失衡[94];此外,根瘤维管束的凯氏带与根部共享遗传调控网络,其功能缺陷会破坏元素分布和共生代谢稳态。这一发现为研究植物-微生物共生关系的空间调控提供了新模型。
基因水平转移是细菌进化的重要推动因素之一,对基因组的进化具有重要作用[95]。某些具有特定基因组背景的NREs可以通过这种方式获得关键共生基因,并进化为具有初步结瘤甚至固氮能力的根瘤菌[96]。本文认为根瘤中基因水平转移的方式大致分为直接接触转移、细胞融合转移、环境摄取转移3种[97] (图4)。
大量非根瘤菌已从豆科植物根瘤中成功分离,它们作为内生菌定居且不引发病害;相比其他植物组织内生菌对这类非根瘤菌的研究仍较匮乏;早期观点认为它们仅是根瘤菌的共生体,无法诱导结瘤[37]。研究者陆续发现编码固氮还原酶的nif H基因等共生基因能够在根瘤菌与NREs之间发生水平转移[98-101]。例如,Zakhia等[98]Microbacterium、农霉菌属(Agromyces)、斯塔基氏菌属(Starkeya)和叶杆菌属(Phyllobacterium)中检测到了与草木栖剑菌(Ensifer meliloti)最相似的nif H序列。研究发现根瘤中存在不能固氮和结瘤的根瘤菌,同时也无法扩增出相关的固氮结瘤基因,原因是这些根瘤菌可能通过基因的水平转移失去了相关基因,因而缺失了结瘤固氮功能,称其为“作弊者”,因为它们只消耗营养,失去这些功能的微生物可以在不维持这些功能的能耗下不断成长[28,36]。然而如果非合作者持续摄取营养而不贡献,这些不公平的代谢互作就不能持久存在,且可能会导致互作的瓦解。此发现也为更好地阐明近年来新发现的新根瘤菌不断突破不同变形菌纲的内在机制提供了依据。
根瘤菌与NREs间的共生基因水平转移具有重要生态学意义,可为揭示根瘤内新型内生细菌的进化机制提供研究依据[25]。此外,基因的水平转移在某种程度上驱动了根瘤内生细菌基因的多样性和适应性,并可能对其在种或属水平上产生重要影响[100]
土壤中包含大量的微生物,包括真菌、原生生物、古细菌、细菌和病毒,这些土壤微生物在养分循环[102]、维持土壤肥力及土壤碳封存[103]方面起着至关重要的作用[104]。研究表明土壤是根瘤相关微生物组组成的主要因素[74],不同土壤环境下其种植区内植物的内共生细菌也存在显著差异[105]
根瘤内的细菌多样性同时也会受到根际土壤细菌微生物群落的影响[74],且后者的丰富度显著高于前者[106]。李静[28]的研究结果显示,土壤中微生物的相互作用网络比根瘤中的更为复杂;黄土高原丘陵沟壑区根瘤、根际和块状土壤的细菌群落组成也存在显著差异[107]。Yang等[108]的研究结果也证明根际土壤中的植物生长促进根际细菌(plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR)比块状土壤中更为丰富。这可能是特定细菌类群在不同生态位中分化以及宿主植物对细菌类群积极过滤的结果[28,109]。基于这些研究,可以通过探究根际土壤、根瘤内以及种子内的细菌多样性找出在这3个生态位中共同存在的NREs类群,分析其存在的价值和意义。这对于进一步揭示NREs如何促进植物生长以及在宿主植物中如何发挥作用具有重大的参考价值。
NREs的广泛研究为农业的发展提供了新的应用前景。例如,利用NREs在根系分泌模式、增强土壤养分状况和调节根际微生物群中的作用[61]与根瘤菌共同构建合成菌剂,可促进豆科植物结瘤率,提高根瘤菌的固氮效率,进而促进宿主植物的生长发育,提高豆类种子的蛋白质含量和油脂含量,提升生物肥料的有效性[58],增强豆科植物在盐碱胁迫等不良环境下的生产力[55,68-69],这对促进农业的可持续发展至关重要[110]。通过利用NREs可以抑制病原菌的生长,提高宿主植物的抗病能力。研究证明Pseudomonas、沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)、BacillusBurkholderia的细菌菌株是全局耐药的潜在诱导剂[65],利用它们也可促进医药产业的发展;利用根瘤菌和NREs的位点特异性优势可能有助于在不同栖息地开发和应用特异性接种物[111];通过添加特定的NREs来改良土壤,管理土壤以促进有益微生物的生长[104]等。此外,以固氮菌为核心筛选出少量的“辅助菌”,构建精简且高效的合成微生物菌群(microbial synthetic communities, SynComs)可提高宿主植物对病害的抵抗能力,增强植物健康[112]。利用SynComs还可以构建生物传感器,该技术可以在生物传感器系统中使用基因编辑或天然微生物群落来捕获生物信号并将其转换为数字输出[113],将微观信息进行可视化处理,更直观地呈现结果。
NREs在豆科植物根瘤中的作用越来越受到关注,它们与根瘤菌的相互作用对植物生长和健康具有重要影响。通过深入研究这些微生物的NREs在豆科植物根瘤中的作用日益受到关注,它们与根瘤菌的相互作用对植物生长和健康具有重要影响。通过深入研究这些微生物的互作机制将有助于推动可持续农业的发展。未来需要更多的实证研究来推动这一领域的进步,发掘其在农业和生态系统中的应用潜力。
本文总结了豆科植物根瘤中NREs的遗传多样性分类及其生态功能方面的研究进展,特别关注了NREs进入根瘤的途径以及与根瘤菌的互作机制。目前,NREs方面的研究已取得一定进展,但在将这些基础知识应用于实际豆科植物农田生产并显著提高其结瘤固氮能力方面仍存在许多知识空白。为了填补这些空白,未来仍需探索并解答许多关键问题,包括:(1) 豆科植物招募NREs进入根瘤的遗传基础,以及在不同植物器官(根和根瘤)中采用的定殖机制;(2) 植物-内生细菌相互作用如何调节根瘤器官发生和发育?微生物介导对根瘤产生的影响,具体是微生物-微生物的作用,还是宿主植物-微生物的作用?(3) NREs在延缓根瘤衰老方面的可能机制和发挥的作用;(4) 利用功能基因组学等方法,进一步研究NREs的功能基因组,以解码其在根瘤中的具体功能;(5) 筛选根瘤中的内生细菌以构建最精简的SynComs,高效促进植物生长;(6) 基于大数据的人工智能技术结合新兴的分析策略,如网络模块分析、代谢模型构建和预测等来探究微生物生态网络。本综述为理解豆科植物-根瘤菌-非根瘤菌相互作用提供了新的视角,并为农业可持续发展提供了理论基础和实践指导。
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  • 国家自然科学基金(32160003)
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2025年第65卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250369
  • 接收时间:2025-05-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-07
  • 录用日期:2025-06-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160003)
国家自然科学基金(32160003)
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    1 延安大学 生命科学学院,陕西 延安
    2 西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院,陕西 杨凌

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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