Article(id=1194684378681937941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1194684377813717012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250331, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745251200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1749398400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-09, onlineDate=1762764552040, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1762185600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762764552040, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762764552040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764552040, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194684377813717012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='4721', pageEnd='5182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762764551833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762764551833, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5135, endPage=5151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194684378883264537, articleId=1194684378681937941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Comparison of mucosal microbiota between wild and cultured Larimichthys crocea, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The mucosal microbiota of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) plays a vital role in host health and environmental adaptation. However, differences in the mucosal microbiota composition between wild and cultured populations of large yellow croaker, as well as their assembly mechanisms, remain unclear. This study compared the microbiota composition and characteristics in the skin, gill, and intestine of wild and cultured large yellow croaker, aiming to elucidate the impacts of aquaculture environments on host-microbiota interactions. Methods We employed 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing to analyze the microbiota characteristics in the skin, gill, intestine, and surrounding seawater of wild and cultured large yellow croaker. Key bacterial strains were isolated and characterized. Results Significant divergence of mucosal microbiota was observed between cultured and wild populations. (1) Cultured fish exhibited homogenized mucosal microbiota across the skin, gill, and intestine, whereas wild fish maintained strong tissue-specific microbial signatures. (2) Cultured fish had more unique taxa in the skin (156 vs. 93) and gill (171 vs. 50) but fewer unique taxa in the intestine (118 vs. 253) than wild counterparts. (3) LEfSe revealed enrichment of potential opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Vibrio and Photobacterium) in the skin/gill of wild fish, while myxobacteria (e.g., Haliangium) were specifically enriched in the intestine of cultured fish. (4) Co-occurrence networks demonstrated predominantly cooperative interactions in both groups, yet wild fish microbiota displayed stronger competitive relationships. (5) Lysinibacillus sp. isolated from the mucosal tissue of large yellow croaker demonstrated cross-tissue colonization in cultured populations, exhibiting broad-spectrum antibiotic susceptibility and potential probiotic properties. Conclusion The aquaculture environment significantly reshaped the mucosal microbiota composition, diversity, and interaction networks in large yellow croaker, resulting in reduced microbiota stability and impaired metabolic processes, immune competence, and environmental adaptability of the host. These findings provide critical insights for refining aquaculture practices, developing probiotic resources, and mitigating microbiota dysbiosis in large yellow croaker.

, correspAuthors=Na ZHAO, Bo ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: ZHANG Bo,
ZHAO Na,
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目的 大黄鱼的黏膜组织微生物群落对其健康和适应性具有重要影响,但其在野生与养殖条件下的微生物群落差异及形成机制尚不明确。本研究旨在比较野生与养殖大黄鱼皮肤、鳃和肠道的微生物组成与特征,揭示养殖环境对宿主-微生物互作的影响。 方法 采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析野生与养殖大黄鱼皮肤、鳃、肠道及环境海水的微生物群落特征,并对关键菌株进行分离、鉴定与表征。 结果 养殖与野生大黄鱼黏膜微生物群落存在显著差异:(1) 养殖群体皮肤、鳃和肠道的微生物组成趋于一致,而野生群体各组织微生物的特异性更强;(2) 养殖群体皮肤和鳃组织在微生物属水平的特有物种数较野生群体更高(皮肤156种vs. 93种,鳃171种vs. 50种),但肠道特有物种较少(118种vs. 253种);(3) 线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)分析发现弧菌属(Vibrio)和发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)等条件致病菌在野生大黄鱼皮肤和鳃中富集,而海无柄孢囊黏细菌属(Haliangium)等黏细菌在养殖大黄鱼肠道中特异性富集;(4) 微生物互作网络显示大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物互作以协同作用为主导,而野生群体微生物表现出更强的竞争关系;(5) 从大黄鱼黏膜组织中分离出的赖氨酸芽孢杆菌在养殖群体中呈现跨组织定殖,表现出广谱抗生素敏感性及潜在益生特性。 结论 养殖环境显著改变了大黄鱼黏膜微生物群落的组成、多样性及互作模式,导致微生物群落的稳定性降低,影响宿主的代谢、免疫功能和环境适应性。本研究结果为优化大黄鱼养殖管理策略、开发益生菌资源及调控养殖环境微生物提供了科学依据。

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A: Phylum-level microbial distribution (bar plot); B: Genus-level microbial distribution (bar plot); C: Venn analysis of genus-level microbes in mucosal tissues of cultured large yellow croaker; D: Venn analysis of genus-level microbes in mucosal tissues of wild large yellow croaker. CW: Cultured environment seawater; WW: Wild environment seawater; CS: Cultured fish skin; WS: Wild fish skin; CG: Cultured fish gill; WG: Wild fish gill; CI: Cultured fish intestine; WI: Wild fish intestine. The same abbreviations apply hereafter., figureFileSmall=UdYDNoWJbSlP9lNCfpcfzw==, figureFileBig=T6aVGQBjU+CMAYuLEaI8wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980556711637604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=CN, label=图1, caption=野生和养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织及水环境微生物群落组成的比较。A:门水平微生物分布柱状图;B:属水平微生物分布柱状图;C:养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物属水平Venn分析;D:野生大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物属水平Venn分析。CW:养殖环境海水;WW:野生环境海水;CS:养殖大黄鱼皮肤;WS:野生大黄鱼皮肤;CG:养殖大黄鱼鳃;WG:野生大黄鱼鳃;CI:养殖大黄鱼肠道;WI:野生大黄鱼肠道。下同。, figureFileSmall=UdYDNoWJbSlP9lNCfpcfzw==, figureFileBig=T6aVGQBjU+CMAYuLEaI8wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980556803912293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Microbial alpha diversity indices in the mucosal tissues of wild and cultured Larimichthys crocea. A: Chao1 index of mucosal microbiota in cultured fish; B: Chao1 index of mucosal microbiota in wild fish; C: Shannon index of mucosal microbiota in cultured fish; D: Shannon index of mucosal microbiota in wild fish. * indicate statistically significant differences at different levels (***: P<0.001)., figureFileSmall=JVC8p9wSlDy/H+p16TgxPA==, figureFileBig=f4gxkiWfvF/Iar/K1HPU5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980556887798374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=CN, label=图2, caption=野生和养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物α多样性指数。A:养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物Chao1指数;B:野生大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物Chao1指数;C:养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物Shannon指数;D:野生大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物Shannon指数。*表示在不同水平上有显著差异(***:P<0.001)。, figureFileSmall=JVC8p9wSlDy/H+p16TgxPA==, figureFileBig=f4gxkiWfvF/Iar/K1HPU5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980556942324327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=PCoA and source-tracking analysis of mucosal microbiota in wild and cultured Larimichthys crocea. A: PCoA of mucosal microbiota from cultured fish and their aquatic environment; B: PCoA of mucosal microbiota from wild fish and their aquatic environment; C: Microbial source-tracking analysis of mucosal microbiota in cultured fish; D: Microbial source-tracking analysis of mucosal microbiota in wild fish., figureFileSmall=AZXDZMuhreEYEHS4PN0E9w==, figureFileBig=nIfT4Pk7yEIlvoUgMe0nug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980556996850280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=CN, label=图3, caption=野生和养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物PCoA分析与溯源分析。A:养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织和水环境微生物PCoA分析;B:野生大黄鱼黏膜组织和水环境微生物PCoA分析;C:养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物溯源分析;D:野生大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物溯源分析。, figureFileSmall=AZXDZMuhreEYEHS4PN0E9w==, figureFileBig=nIfT4Pk7yEIlvoUgMe0nug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980557051376233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=LEfSe analysis of genus-level microbial communities in mucosal tissues of wild and cultured Larimichthys crocea. A: LEfSe analysis of skin-associated microbial communities; B: LEfSe analysis of gill-associated microbial communities; C: LEfSe analysis of intestine -associated microbial communities., figureFileSmall=gBMadScgNNr2XTNqDXsP2Q==, figureFileBig=yoLiXd5PaCDbR0Ud5AAyKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980557110096490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=CN, label=图4, caption=野生和养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物群落属水平LEfSe分析。A:皮肤微生物群落LEfSe分析;B:鳃微生物群落LEfSe分析;C:肠道微生物群落LEfSe分析。, figureFileSmall=gBMadScgNNr2XTNqDXsP2Q==, figureFileBig=yoLiXd5PaCDbR0Ud5AAyKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980557177205355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Correlation network analysis and phenotype prediction of mucosal microbiota in wild and cultured Larimichthys crocea. A: Microbial co-occurrence network analysis of mucosal microbiota in cultured fish; B: Microbial co-occurrence network analysis of mucosal microbiota in wild fish; C: BugBase-based phenotype prediction of mucosal microbiota in wild and cultured fish., figureFileSmall=z/Q6hur9pc4fGKxQMmSo5A==, figureFileBig=6/5bpdOKm6NqOcbBJ34z0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980557231731308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=CN, label=图5, caption=野生和养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物群落相关性网络分析与表型预测。A:养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物相关性网络分析;B:野生大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物相关性网络分析;C:野生和养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物BugBase表型预测。, figureFileSmall=z/Q6hur9pc4fGKxQMmSo5A==, figureFileBig=6/5bpdOKm6NqOcbBJ34z0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980557294645869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Isolation, culture, and characterization of mucosal microbiota from Larimichthys crocea. A: Gram staining; B: Colony morphology; C: Hemolytic test (a: Lysinibacillus sp.; b: Blank control); D: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing; E: Phylogenetic tree (Red text indicates the screened Lysinibacillus strains); F: Results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (R: Resistant; I: Intermediate sensitivity; AMK: Amikacin; GEN: Gentamicin; KAN: Kanamycin; S: Streptomycin; CC: Chloramphenicol; E: Erythromycin; AZI: Azithromycin; LEV: Levofloxacin; NOP: Norfloxacin; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; CC: Clindamycin; MY: Lincomycin; AMP: Ampicillin; PEN: Penicillin; OX: Oxacillin; PIP: Piperacillin; DO: Doxycycline; TET: Tetracycline; MI: Minocycline; IPM: Imipenem; VAN: Vancomycin; CXM: Cefuroxime; CTR: Ceftriaxone; CAZ: Ceftazidime; CZ: Cefazolin; CN: Cefalexin; CPZ: Cefoperazone; SXT: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; FFC: Florfenicol; PB: Polymyxin B)., figureFileSmall=z9SP++fkpieomobB3eDPZg==, figureFileBig=C40UfzK9i11UBDo8uoOUIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980557357560430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=CN, label=图6, caption=大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物分离培养与表征分析。A:革兰氏染色;B:菌落形态;C:溶血性试验(a:赖氨酸芽孢杆菌;b:空白对照);D:药敏试验;E:系统发育树(红色字体为筛选的赖氨酸芽孢杆菌菌株);F:药敏试验结果(R:耐药;I:中度敏感;AMK:阿米卡星;GEN:庆大霉素;KAN:卡那霉素;S:链霉素;CC:氯霉素;E:红霉素;AZI:阿奇霉素;LEV:左氧氟沙星;NOP:诺氟沙星;CIP:环丙沙星;CC:克林霉素;MY:林可霉素;AMP:氨苄西林;PEN:青霉素;OX:苯唑西林;PIP:哌拉西林;DO:多西环素;TET:四环素;MI:米诺环素;IPM:亚胺培南;VAN:万古霉素;CXM:头孢呋辛;CTR:头孢曲松;CAZ:头孢他啶;CZ:头孢唑啉;CN:头孢氨苄;CPZ:头孢哌酮;SXT:复方新诺明;FFC:氟苯尼考;PB:多黏菌素B)。, figureFileSmall=z9SP++fkpieomobB3eDPZg==, figureFileBig=C40UfzK9i11UBDo8uoOUIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194980557412086383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of Lysinibacillus sp. LC1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

赖氨酸芽孢杆菌LC1

Lysinibacillus sp. LC1

盐碱土赖氨酸芽孢杆菌

Lysinibacillus alkalisoli

拟长杆状赖氨酸芽孢杆菌

Lysinibacillus macroides

溶血性Hemolytic test-NDND
蛋白酶Protease---
淀粉酶Amylase---
脂肪酶Lipase--ND
溶菌酶Lysozyme-NDND
DNA酶DNase+NDND
过氧化氢酶Catalase+++
精氨酸脱羧酶Arginine decarboxylase++-
甘露醇Mannitol--ND
葡萄糖Glucose---
果糖Fructose-+-
棉子糖Raffinose-ND+
山梨醇Sorbitol-NDND
乳糖Lactose-+ND
半乳糖Galactose--ND
木糖Xylose--ND
明胶Gelatin-ND-
硝酸盐Nitrate---
柠檬酸盐Citrate-NDND
V-P试验V-P test--+
动力试验Motility test-ND+
O-F试验O-F test

产碱型

Alkali-producing type

产碱型

Alkali-producing type

产碱型

Alkali-producing type

), ArticleFig(id=1194980557479195248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1194684378681937941, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

菌株 Lysinibacillus sp. LC1的生理生化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

赖氨酸芽孢杆菌LC1

Lysinibacillus sp. LC1

盐碱土赖氨酸芽孢杆菌

Lysinibacillus alkalisoli

拟长杆状赖氨酸芽孢杆菌

Lysinibacillus macroides

溶血性Hemolytic test-NDND
蛋白酶Protease---
淀粉酶Amylase---
脂肪酶Lipase--ND
溶菌酶Lysozyme-NDND
DNA酶DNase+NDND
过氧化氢酶Catalase+++
精氨酸脱羧酶Arginine decarboxylase++-
甘露醇Mannitol--ND
葡萄糖Glucose---
果糖Fructose-+-
棉子糖Raffinose-ND+
山梨醇Sorbitol-NDND
乳糖Lactose-+ND
半乳糖Galactose--ND
木糖Xylose--ND
明胶Gelatin-ND-
硝酸盐Nitrate---
柠檬酸盐Citrate-NDND
V-P试验V-P test--+
动力试验Motility test-ND+
O-F试验O-F test

产碱型

Alkali-producing type

产碱型

Alkali-producing type

产碱型

Alkali-producing type

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野生与养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物群落特征比较分析
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庄振俊 1 , 巴旭冰 1 , 李若静 1 , 翁志杰 2 , 易鑫 1 , 袁彪 1 , 曲照球 1 , 周家宇 1 , 闵倩雯 1 , 赵娜 1, * , 张博 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(11): 5135-5151
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(11): 5135-5151
野生与养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物群落特征比较分析
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庄振俊1, 巴旭冰1, 李若静1, 翁志杰2, 易鑫1, 袁彪1, 曲照球1, 周家宇1, 闵倩雯1, 赵娜1, * , 张博1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江),广东 湛江
  • 2 广东省农业技术推广中心,广东 广州
Comparison of mucosal microbiota between wild and cultured Larimichthys crocea
Zhenjun ZHUANG1, Xubing BA1, Ruojing LI1, Zhijie WENG2, Xin YI1, Biao YUAN1, Zhaoqiu QU1, Jiayu ZHOU1, Qianwen MIN1, Na ZHAO1, * , Bo ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
  • 2 Agro-tech Extension Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2025-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250331
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目的 大黄鱼的黏膜组织微生物群落对其健康和适应性具有重要影响,但其在野生与养殖条件下的微生物群落差异及形成机制尚不明确。本研究旨在比较野生与养殖大黄鱼皮肤、鳃和肠道的微生物组成与特征,揭示养殖环境对宿主-微生物互作的影响。 方法 采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析野生与养殖大黄鱼皮肤、鳃、肠道及环境海水的微生物群落特征,并对关键菌株进行分离、鉴定与表征。 结果 养殖与野生大黄鱼黏膜微生物群落存在显著差异:(1) 养殖群体皮肤、鳃和肠道的微生物组成趋于一致,而野生群体各组织微生物的特异性更强;(2) 养殖群体皮肤和鳃组织在微生物属水平的特有物种数较野生群体更高(皮肤156种vs. 93种,鳃171种vs. 50种),但肠道特有物种较少(118种vs. 253种);(3) 线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)分析发现弧菌属(Vibrio)和发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)等条件致病菌在野生大黄鱼皮肤和鳃中富集,而海无柄孢囊黏细菌属(Haliangium)等黏细菌在养殖大黄鱼肠道中特异性富集;(4) 微生物互作网络显示大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物互作以协同作用为主导,而野生群体微生物表现出更强的竞争关系;(5) 从大黄鱼黏膜组织中分离出的赖氨酸芽孢杆菌在养殖群体中呈现跨组织定殖,表现出广谱抗生素敏感性及潜在益生特性。 结论 养殖环境显著改变了大黄鱼黏膜微生物群落的组成、多样性及互作模式,导致微生物群落的稳定性降低,影响宿主的代谢、免疫功能和环境适应性。本研究结果为优化大黄鱼养殖管理策略、开发益生菌资源及调控养殖环境微生物提供了科学依据。

野生大黄鱼  /  黏膜组织  /  微生物  /  养殖环境  /  群落特征

Objective The mucosal microbiota of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) plays a vital role in host health and environmental adaptation. However, differences in the mucosal microbiota composition between wild and cultured populations of large yellow croaker, as well as their assembly mechanisms, remain unclear. This study compared the microbiota composition and characteristics in the skin, gill, and intestine of wild and cultured large yellow croaker, aiming to elucidate the impacts of aquaculture environments on host-microbiota interactions. Methods We employed 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing to analyze the microbiota characteristics in the skin, gill, intestine, and surrounding seawater of wild and cultured large yellow croaker. Key bacterial strains were isolated and characterized. Results Significant divergence of mucosal microbiota was observed between cultured and wild populations. (1) Cultured fish exhibited homogenized mucosal microbiota across the skin, gill, and intestine, whereas wild fish maintained strong tissue-specific microbial signatures. (2) Cultured fish had more unique taxa in the skin (156 vs. 93) and gill (171 vs. 50) but fewer unique taxa in the intestine (118 vs. 253) than wild counterparts. (3) LEfSe revealed enrichment of potential opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Vibrio and Photobacterium) in the skin/gill of wild fish, while myxobacteria (e.g., Haliangium) were specifically enriched in the intestine of cultured fish. (4) Co-occurrence networks demonstrated predominantly cooperative interactions in both groups, yet wild fish microbiota displayed stronger competitive relationships. (5) Lysinibacillus sp. isolated from the mucosal tissue of large yellow croaker demonstrated cross-tissue colonization in cultured populations, exhibiting broad-spectrum antibiotic susceptibility and potential probiotic properties. Conclusion The aquaculture environment significantly reshaped the mucosal microbiota composition, diversity, and interaction networks in large yellow croaker, resulting in reduced microbiota stability and impaired metabolic processes, immune competence, and environmental adaptability of the host. These findings provide critical insights for refining aquaculture practices, developing probiotic resources, and mitigating microbiota dysbiosis in large yellow croaker.

wild Larimichthys crocea  /  mucosal tissue  /  microbiota  /  aquaculture environment  /  microbiota characteristics
庄振俊, 巴旭冰, 李若静, 翁志杰, 易鑫, 袁彪, 曲照球, 周家宇, 闵倩雯, 赵娜, 张博. 野生与养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物群落特征比较分析. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (11) : 5135 -5151 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250331
Zhenjun ZHUANG, Xubing BA, Ruojing LI, Zhijie WENG, Xin YI, Biao YUAN, Zhaoqiu QU, Jiayu ZHOU, Qianwen MIN, Na ZHAO, Bo ZHANG. Comparison of mucosal microbiota between wild and cultured Larimichthys crocea[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (11) : 5135 -5151 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250331
鱼类的黏膜组织(包括皮肤、鳃和肠道等)是鱼体与外界环境相互作用的第一道屏障[1],同时也是微生物定殖的重要场所[2]。这些微生物不仅参与宿主的免疫调节和营养代谢[3],还在维持生态稳定和水质调控中发挥重要作用[4]。研究表明野生与养殖环境下的鱼类由于亲本来源、水环境条件及食物资源等存在差异[5],其黏膜组织微生物在多样性、组成和功能上通常存在显著差异。这些微生物可能进一步影响鱼类的健康状况、免疫能力以及对疾病的易感性[6]。然而,目前关于鱼类黏膜微生物的研究多聚焦于特定组织或单一群体,针对野生与养殖鱼类全黏膜微生物群落的系统比较仍较为有限,相关机制也亟待深入探讨。
大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)作为我国重要的海水经济鱼类,在西北太平洋区域,特别是中国东南沿海有广泛自然分布,具有重要的生态价值和经济价值,同时也是中国养殖规模最大的海水鱼类[7]。随着深远海养殖产业的快速扩张,病害频发[8]、环境适应能力下降[9]等问题日益凸显,对大黄鱼产业可持续发展造成显著制约。近年来,微生物组学在水产动物健康中的研究与应用不断深化[10],黏膜微生物作为宿主与环境互作的关键中介逐渐被视为探索宿主适应性变化和优化养殖策略的核心切入点[11]。黏膜微生物组不仅能反映驯化养殖对水生动物生态适应性的影响,也为种质资源保护和水产养殖技术创新提供了科学依据[12]。通过综合菌群调控、种质资源管理及生态养殖技术[13]可实现养殖增效与生物多样性保护的双重目标。
本研究基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术系统比较野生与养殖大黄鱼皮肤、鳃和肠道微生物群落的组成特征与功能差异,并结合环境水体微生物群落特征探讨养殖环境对黏膜微生物群落组装过程的影响。本研究旨在揭示宿主-微生物互作在不同生境下的演化动态,为大黄鱼健康养殖策略优化提供理论依据,也为水产养殖生态安全与生物资源保护提供微生物学支撑。
实验用野生与养殖大黄鱼各3尾。野生大黄鱼捕自湛江市硇洲岛附近海域(20.795 20°N, 110.625 16°E),平均体重为(134.90±1.31) g,平均体长为(20.35±0.05) cm;养殖大黄鱼取自湛江市东海岛近岸养殖鱼排(20.918 77°N, 110.512 00°E),平均体重为(134.36±1.21) g,平均体长为(20.31±0.48) cm。养殖大黄鱼放养密度为30尾/m3,放养规格为50 g/尾,投喂配合饲料(广东越群海洋生物科技股份有限公司),日投饵率为2%-5%。采集野生和养殖大黄鱼的皮肤、鳃、肠道及相应环境海水样本,共分为8组:野生组(Wild):环境海水WW,皮肤WS,鳃WG,肠道WI;养殖组(Cultured):环境海水CW,皮肤CS,鳃CG,肠道CI。每组设置3个生物学重复,共计24个样品。本实验获南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江)实验动物伦理委员会批准,编号为ZJW2024030612。
在无菌操作台上对大黄鱼进行解剖,分别采集皮肤、鳃及肠道组织。为减少采样误差,所有组织样本均取自相同解剖位置(皮肤:背部侧线以上区域;鳃:第二鳃弓;肠道:前中后肠)。采集后立即置于预灭菌的1.5 mL EP管中,并标注样本编号。环境海水样本(1 L/份)经0.22 μm聚醚砜滤膜真空抽滤,截留微生物群落,滤膜使用无菌镊子转移至灭菌EP管中,标记后暂存于4 ℃冰盒中。所有组织及海水样本在采集后30 min内于液氮中速冻,随后转移至-80 ℃超低温冰箱中保存备用。
使用DNA提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]提取样品全基因组DNA,以1.8%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和NanoDrop 2000分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)检测DNA纯度与浓度。检验合格的DNA样品用引物338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)扩增细菌16S rRNA基因的V3-V4区。PCR反应体系(25 μL):DNA模板(10-50 ng/μL) 2 μL,正、反向引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,Mix 12.5 μL,ddH2O 8.5 μL。PCR扩增程序:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,50 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸40 s,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸7 min。扩增产物使用DNA纯化试剂盒(Omega公司)进行纯化,经核酸分析仪[光鼎生物科技(江苏)有限公司]定量后,在Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台上进行双端测序。
测序原始数据上传至GenBank数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/),登录号为PRJNA1062699。使用Trimmomatic 0.33软件对原始数据进行质量过滤,用cutadapt 1.9.1软件识别并去除引物序列,用USEARCH 10.0软件对双端reads进行拼接并去除嵌合体序列,最终得到高质量的序列用于后续分析。
使用USEARCH 10.0软件在97%相似性水平下对高质量序列进行聚类,生成操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTU),以总序列数的0.005%为过滤阈值去除低丰度OTU。采用QIIME 2中的DADA 2算法对质控后的数据进行去噪,生成扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variant, ASV),以总序列数的0.005%为阈值过滤ASV。使用QIIME 2软件对OTU/ASV进行物种注释并分析样品中微生物群落的α多样性(Chao1指数和Shannon指数)。采用主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA) (基于Bray-Curtis距离算法)评估样品间微生物群落的β多样性,使用Source Tracker 1.0.1软件分析不同组织微生物来源。使用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)比较不同组间菌群丰度及多样性的统计学差异(P<0.05视为差异显著),并运用线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)结合效应量(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)筛选差异显著的分类单元(LDA score>2.0)。利用BugBase软件预测各样品微生物的表型功能,如革兰氏阳性/阴性、抗逆性、潜在致病性和生物膜形成等,并以热图可视化。此外,基于R 3.6.1的Spearman算法对样品中微生物之间的相关性关系进行分析,并构建微生物互作网络图。
从大黄鱼黏膜样品中分离细菌,采用平板划线法在LB琼脂培养基(广东环凯生物科技有限公司)中进行纯化培养(30 ℃, 18-36 h)。挑取单菌落,用细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]提取基因组DNA后,使用细菌通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCT GGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTA CGACTT-3′)扩增16S rRNA基因,PCR反应由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成。扩增产物经双向测序后,通过NCBI中Nucleotide BLAST对测序序列进行同源性比对,并利用MEGA 10软件构建系统发育树。基于大黄鱼黏膜微生物组分析结果筛选目标菌株,通过革兰氏染色观察其形态特征及染色特性,并采用含5%脱纤维羊血的血琼脂平板(广东环凯生物科技有限公司)检测溶血性。药敏试验通过纸片扩散法(常德比克曼生物科技有限公司)进行,检测菌株对庆大霉素(10 μg/片)、多西环素(30 μg/片)、氯霉素(30 μg/片)和头孢曲松(30 μg/片)等抗菌药物的敏感性,每种药物做4个重复;在LB琼脂培养基上培养24 h后,用游标卡尺测量抑菌圈直径,依据《抗菌药物敏感性试验执行标准》[14]判定结果。进一步利用芽孢杆菌生化鉴定试剂盒(广东环凯生物科技有限公司)检测菌株的生化特性,包括溶菌酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、甘露醇、葡萄糖、淀粉、明胶、动力试验、硝酸盐、柠檬酸盐、V-P试验(Voges-Proskauer test)等指标。用普通细菌单盒生化鉴定管(广东环凯生物科技有限公司)检测菌株的DNA酶活性、精氨酸脱羧酶活性、果糖、棉子糖、山梨醇、乳糖、半乳糖和木糖等指标,开展O-F试验。所有试验均设置3个生物学重复以确保数据可靠性。
对样品进行16S rRNA基因测序分析,共获得2 838 890对原始reads。经过严格的质量控制和双端序列拼接后,最终获得2 579 646条高质量clean reads,平均每个样品产生107 485条clean reads。对clean reads进行微生物分类注释,获得41门107纲308目673科1 497属2 005种。微生物群落分析揭示了野生与养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物群落组成的差异性(图1)。在门水平上,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)构成大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物的3大优势菌群(图1A)。大黄鱼肠道微生物均以假单胞菌门为主导(野生大黄鱼36.41%,养殖大黄鱼34.33%),而鳃部微生物群落中假单胞菌门丰度低于拟杆菌门和芽孢杆菌门;野生大黄鱼皮肤微生物以拟杆菌门为主(31.16%),而养殖大黄鱼皮肤微生物则呈现假单胞菌门与拟杆菌门共优势格局(分别为27.58%和26.40%)。属水平分析结果显示,罗斯氏菌属(Rothia)在养殖大黄鱼皮肤(9.16%)、鳃(16.05%)、肠道(4.63%)及野生大黄鱼肠道(6.70%)中占优势;Muribaculaceae sp.菌在野生大黄鱼皮肤(18.17%)和鳃(12.79%)中为主导;而拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)在养殖(10.32%)和野生(11.27%)环境海水中富集(图1B)。值得注意的是,无论在门水平还是在属水平上,养殖和野生环境海水微生物群落在组成和丰度方面表现出高度相似性。属水平Venn分析结果表明,养殖大黄鱼皮肤(156个)和鳃(171个)的特有微生物数量高于野生大黄鱼对应组织(皮肤93个,鳃50个),但肠道特有微生物呈现相反趋势(养殖118个,野生253个) (图1C、1D)。这些结果表明,尽管养殖与野生环境海水微生物组成相似,但养殖与野生大黄鱼的黏膜组织(皮肤、鳃和肠道)微生物群落结构存在明显分化。
比较野生与养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物群落的α多样性(图2)。从体表到体内,养殖大黄鱼黏膜各组织微生物的Chao1指数呈下降趋势(图2A),而野生大黄鱼黏膜各组织微生物的Chao1指数呈上升趋势(图2B)。养殖大黄鱼皮肤和鳃中微生物的Chao1指数高于野生大黄鱼,其肠道中微生物的Chao1指数低于野生大黄鱼(图2A、2B)。在Shannon指数方面,养殖和野生大黄鱼黏膜各组织微生物多样性均维持在较高水平(6-9),且各组织微生物的Shannon指数从体表到体内均呈上升趋势。尽管养殖群体的鳃和皮肤微生物Shannon指数略高于野生群体,但该差异未达到统计学显著性(图2C、2D),而野生大黄鱼肠道微生物的Shannon指数显著高于其鳃部(P<0.001) (图2D)。
基于Bray-Curtis距离算法的主坐标分析(PCoA)显示,养殖大黄鱼各黏膜组织微生物聚类紧密(图3A),而野生大黄鱼各黏膜组织微生物分散分布(图3B)。这表明养殖大黄鱼皮肤、鳃和肠道等黏膜组织的微生物群落结构组成高度相似,而野生群体则表现出明显的组织特异性分化。属水平微生物溯源分析进一步揭示,大黄鱼皮肤和鳃部微生物群落具有最高相似度,养殖和野生群体分别达49.99%和60.13% (图3C、3D)。值得注意的是,养殖大黄鱼的鳃部微生物来源于水的比例显著高于野生大黄鱼(24.87% vs. 5.47%,P<0.05)。此外,养殖大黄鱼皮肤和肠黏膜微生物来源于水的比例分别为16.11%和6.16%,而野生大黄鱼皮肤和肠黏膜微生物来源于水的比例分别为10.59%和7.07%。肠道微生物来源分析显示,养殖群体肠道微生物中皮肤和鳃源微生物比例(14.49%和15.38%)略低于野生群体(19.94%和16.75%),表明养殖环境可能改变了微生物的跨组织迁移模式。
LEfSe分析结果显示,养殖与野生大黄鱼黏膜微生物存在显著的属水平差异(图4)。基于线性判别分析(LDA),养殖与野生大黄鱼皮肤之间鉴定出13个标志微生物(LDA≥3.5),鳃部8个(LDA≥4.0),肠道8个(LDA≥3.0)。值得注意的是,本研究分析发现多个跨组织共享的标志性菌属:发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)在野生大黄鱼皮肤和鳃中特异性富集;副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)则可同时作为野生大黄鱼肠道和皮肤的特征性菌属。弧菌属(Vibrio)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)等菌可作为区分野生和养殖大黄鱼的皮肤标志微生物;养殖群体鳃部显著富集葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、罗斯氏菌属(Rothia)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides),其丰度比野生群体高出4个数量级;喜海菌属(Marivivens)、短链小球菌属(Granulicatella)和海无柄孢囊黏细菌属(Haliangium)等菌可作为区分野生和养殖大黄鱼的肠道标志微生物。这些发现表明,养殖环境不仅改变了大黄鱼各黏膜组织的微生物组成,更重塑了微生物在不同组织间的分布模式。
微生物群落相关性网络分析及表型功能预测共同表明,养殖大黄鱼微生物群落呈现典型的人工生态系统特征(高协作性、低抗逆性),而野生群体保持自然生态系统的竞争平衡特性(图5)。基于显著相关(P<0.05)的属水平微生物构建的网络分析显示,养殖群体微生物网络包含19个节点和32个连接(正连接25条,负连接7条),其正负连接比(3.57)显著高于野生群体(17个节点,38个连接;正连接23条,负连接15条;正负连接比1.53) (图5A、5B)。这一结果表明,虽然野生和养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物互作均以协同作用为主导,但野生群体微生物表现出更强的竞争关系。BugBase表型预测分析揭示了野生与养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物群落在功能特性上的显著差异(图5C)。具体而言,野生大黄鱼的鳃和皮肤微生物表现出显著增强的抗逆性(stress tolerant),同时其革兰氏阴性菌(Gram negative)和厌氧菌(anaerobe)的相对丰度显著高于养殖群体。可移动基因元件(mobile genetic element)在养殖群体皮肤中的丰度最高,在野生群体皮肤中的丰度最低。大黄鱼肠道微生物在生物膜形成(forms biofilms)方面表现突出。好氧菌(aerobic)在养殖群体鳃部的丰度最高,而在野生群体鳃部的丰度最低。革兰氏阳性菌(Gram positive)主要富集于大黄鱼鳃部。值得注意的是,在潜在致病菌(potentially pathogenic)分布方面,养殖群体肠道微生物的丰度最高,而野生群体皮肤组织中的丰度最低。这些结果表明,野生大黄鱼黏膜微生物群落具有更复杂的种间竞争关系和更强的环境适应能力,这可能是其对自然生境长期适应的结果。
基于培养组学的特征菌株分离培养与表征分析(图6)。从大黄鱼黏膜组织样品中分离到约30个属的细菌,通过与各黏膜组织微生物组数据进行比对,筛选出一株在养殖大黄鱼的皮肤、鳃和肠道中均被检出,但在野生群体黏膜组织中完全缺失的菌株。形态学表征显示:该菌为革兰氏阳性杆菌(图6A),形成乳白色近圆形黏性菌落(图6B),且在血琼脂平板上不产生溶血环(图6C中a)。药敏测试结果表明,该菌株对头孢他啶具有耐药性,对林可霉素、苯唑西林、万古霉素和多黏菌素B表现为中度敏感,但对测试的其他25种抗生素均敏感(图6F)。16S rRNA基因序列分析进一步确认其分类学地位,为赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属,与Lysinibacillus saudimassiliensi距离最近(图6E)。对菌株Lysinibacillus sp. LC1进行生理生化测定,结果如表1所示。该菌株的蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、溶菌酶、明胶、硝酸盐、柠檬酸盐、V-P试验和动力试验等测试结果均为阴性,而精氨酸脱羧酶、DNA酶和过氧化氢酶的测试结果为阳性,无法利用葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖等各种糖类,O-F试验结果为产碱型。菌株Lysinibacillus sp. LC1的生理生化特性与盐碱土赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus alkalisoli)[15]和拟长杆状赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus macroides)[16]高度相似,主要差异在于:L. alkalisoli可利用果糖、乳糖作为碳源,L. macroides可利用棉子糖作为碳源,且其V-P试验和动力试验结果为阳性。
本研究基于高通量测序方法系统比较了野生与养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织(皮肤、鳃和肠道)及环境海水的微生物组成、多样性、互作网络与功能特征等。在门水平上,拟杆菌门、假单胞菌门和芽孢杆菌门在两类群体中均占主导地位,该结果与草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[17]、大西洋鲑鱼(Salmo salar)[18]和南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)[19]等水生动物的相关研究结果一致。在属水平上,养殖大黄鱼皮肤、鳃和肠道中Rothia显著富集,而野生大黄鱼相应组织以Muribaculaceae sp.为主。Rothia为常见人类口腔共生菌[20],其在养殖个体中的高丰度可能反映了人工饲喂导致的微生物污染。养殖环境的物理均一性(如空间限制和饲料单一)及抗生素暴露可能削弱了宿主特异性微生物的定殖能力[21],促进了广适性菌群的扩散。相对而言,Muribaculaceae sp.在野生群体中的优势可能源于其对自然环境和复杂食物的适应性[22]
尽管野生与养殖水体的微生物组成相近,但宿主黏膜微生物群的特有物种分布差异明显:养殖大黄鱼皮肤和鳃的特有物种数量高于野生大黄鱼,而肠道则相反。这反映了不同生存环境下宿主微生物群落组装机制的差异[23]。在野生环境中,肠道菌群长期适应多样化食物资源,与宿主共进化形成更具专一性的互利关系[24]。相比之下,在养殖环境中饲料、水质与密度等人为因素主导了菌群组装[25],导致体表部位积累更多特有微生物。
α多样性分析进一步验证了上述趋势:在养殖群体中从皮肤至肠道的Chao1指数递减,而野生群体则呈递增趋势。这可能归因于高密度养殖水体中丰富的微生物群落提高了体表微生物多样性[26],而单一饲料则限制了肠道菌群多样性[27]。相反,野生鱼类肠道微生物多样性较高,反映了自然食物在塑造微生物群落中的作用[28]。Shannon指数分析显示,两类群体均呈现从体表至体内递增趋势,其中野生大黄鱼肠道微生物Shannon指数显著高于鳃部,这可能与肠道对复杂营养摄取的适应有关[29]。整体而言,这些多样性变化方式提示养殖环境可能改变了微生物群落在宿主体内的分布规律[30]
PCoA分析表明,养殖大黄鱼各组织间微生物组成高度相似,而野生群体则呈现明显的组织特异性。这可能源于养殖系统的封闭性[31]与抗菌药物的选择性[32],削弱了不同组织间的环境差异,从而使微生物群落结构趋同。溯源分析显示,养殖鱼鳃部微生物源自水体的比例显著高于野生鱼(P<0.05)。这可能与养殖系统的高密度、高投喂率及富营养化特征有关,削弱了宿主对黏膜微生物的筛选调控能力,进一步反映了养殖环境对宿主微生物输入途径的干预[33]
LEfSe分析揭示了养殖与野生大黄鱼黏膜组织属水平微生物的显著差异及其跨组织分布特征。Photobacterium在野生大黄鱼皮肤和鳃中显著富集,而Parabacteroides作为野生群体皮肤与肠道的共有菌属可能参与宿主的营养代谢与免疫调节[34]VibrioPhotobacteriumStaphylococcusBacteroides等细菌在各组织中的富集表明水体有机负荷上升及潜在致病风险[35]Haliangium作为一类能生产抗菌物的黏细菌[36],其在养殖大黄鱼肠道中特异性富集,可能是导致养殖大黄鱼肠道菌群多样性降低的关键因素。这些发现表明养殖环境重塑了微生物在宿主体内的整体分布格局,可能对宿主免疫稳态与代谢功能产生深远影响[37]
从微生物互作网络拓扑结构来看,养殖大黄鱼微生物网络表现出更高的正连接比例,这一特征与集约化种植系统中观察到的微生物互作模式高度一致[38]。这种高协作性、低竞争性的网络结构可能反映了养殖环境的资源富集特性[39],使得微生物间的资源竞争压力降低。相比之下,野生大黄鱼微生物网络中较高的负连接比例表明其保持着更为复杂的竞争-协作平衡。功能预测结果显示,野生大黄鱼菌群具有更强的抗逆性与厌氧代谢能力,反映了自然环境对微生物功能的筛选[40]。养殖大黄鱼皮肤中可移动遗传元件的富集表明抗菌药物的使用可能促使耐药基因传播[41]。养殖群体鳃部好氧菌的显著富集与高溶解氧环境相关,而大黄鱼肠道中微生物的生物膜形成能力可能有助于维持肠道微生态稳定[42]。养殖群体中潜在致病菌的积累警示当前养殖管理模式可能破坏微生物生态平衡,导致群落简化及种间互作弱化,最终影响宿主健康[43]
从养殖大黄鱼黏膜组织中分离出一株赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus sp.) LC1,该菌株在养殖群体的皮肤、鳃和肠道中均被检出,但在野生大黄鱼各黏膜组织中完全缺失,提示其可能是养殖环境塑造的特有微生物群落成员。Lysinibacillus sp. LC1为革兰氏阳性菌,无溶血性,但过氧化氢酶反应呈阳性,与最相近亲缘种L. saudimassiliensis呈现相似特征[44]。该菌株仅对头孢他啶表现出耐药性,对测试的其余29种抗生素保持敏感,抗生素耐药风险小,这一药敏特征为其在水产养殖中的安全应用及后续消除策略的制定提供了重要依据[45]。精氨酸脱羧酶与DNA酶活性为阳性,提示该菌可能通过精氨酸代谢与核酸分解等方式参与宿主肠道微生态调控。值得注意的是,该菌株不具溶血性,结合其在养殖群体多组织中稳定存在,可能已与宿主建立共生关系[46],符合益生菌的安全性与适应性要求,为开发益生菌制剂提供候选资源[47]。O-F试验显示Lysinibacillus sp. LC1为产碱型细菌,且缺乏常见糖类代谢能力,提示其能量代谢可能依赖于非糖类有机底物,这一特性与从海参肠道分离的纺锤状赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus fusiformis)的生理生化特征[48]高度一致。
本研究揭示了养殖与野生大黄鱼黏膜组织微生物群落的显著差异,这些差异可能影响宿主的代谢、免疫功能和环境适应性。养殖环境的均质化可能导致微生物群落的稳定性降低,增加潜在致病菌的定殖风险。未来的研究可结合宏基因组学和代谢组学方法进一步解析关键微生物的功能及其与宿主的互作机制,开发水产专用益生菌。此外,优化养殖策略(如降低养殖密度、改善饲料配方和减少抗生素使用等)可能有助于恢复大黄鱼黏膜微生物群落的自然平衡,提高养殖群体的健康水平与经济效益。
庄振俊:样品采集与实验操作、数据分析与可视化呈现、写作初稿与修改;巴旭冰:实验操作与数据处理;李若静:数据分析与写作指导;翁志杰:提供资源与项目管理;易鑫:数据可视化;袁彪:微生物群落溯源的数据可视化与写作协助;曲照球:微生物群落α多样性的数据可视化与写作协助;周家宇:PCoA部分的数据可视化与写作协助;闵倩雯:相关性网络分析的数据可视化与写作协助;赵娜:实验设计、论文构思与写作审核;张博:提出概念、获取基金、论文构思、写作指导与审核。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江)项目(ZJW-2023-01)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2023A1515010576)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2024A1515012859)
  • 广东省现代化海洋牧场适养品种核心技术攻关项目(2024-MRB-00-001)
  • 湛江市海洋青年人才创新项目(2023E0006)
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2025年第65卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250331
  • 接收时间:2025-04-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-22
  • 录用日期:2025-06-09
基金
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang) Project(ZJW-2023-01)
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江)项目(ZJW-2023-01)
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515010576)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2023A1515010576)
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515012859)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2024A1515012859)
Research on Breeding Technology of Candidate Species for Guangdong Modern Marine Ranching(2024-MRB-00-001)
广东省现代化海洋牧场适养品种核心技术攻关项目(2024-MRB-00-001)
Zhanjiang Marine Youth Talent Project(2023E0006)
湛江市海洋青年人才创新项目(2023E0006)
作者信息
    1 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江),广东 湛江
    2 广东省农业技术推广中心,广东 广州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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