Article(id=1192149556965027993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250216, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742227200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1746720000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-09, onlineDate=1762160203448, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160203448, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160203448, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160203448, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4537, endPage=4549, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149557308960925, articleId=1192149556965027993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Mitochondrial calcium uptake 2 (MICU2)-mediated pathogenic mechanism of Listeria monocytogenes, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the molecular mechanism by which Listeria monocytogenes regulates the expression of mitochondrial calcium uptake 2 (MICU2) through the virulence factor listeriolysin O (LLO) and their interaction, thereby affecting mitochondrial calcium homeostasis and bacterial intracellular proliferation. [Methods] Western blotting was employed to analyze MICU2 expression in HeLa cells infected with L. monocytogenes EGD-e or Δhly. Gene silencing and eukaryotic overexpression approaches were used to examine how MICU2 regulated the intracellular proliferation of L. monocytogenes. AlphaFold3 was used to predict the interaction sites between LLO and MICU2, and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was performed to verify their interaction. Mitochondrial calcium fluorescence probe (Rhod-2 AM) was used to analyze the regulatory role of MICU2 in calcium homeostasis. [Results] EGD-e infection upregulated MICU2 expression at 4 h and 6 h post-infection (P<0.001), whereas Δhly showed no effect (P>0.05). The silencing of MICU2 enhanced bacterial proliferation (P<0.01) and elevated mitochondrial calcium levels (P<0.05), whereas overexpression of MICU2 reduced bacterial proliferation (P<0.01) and decreased mitochondrial calcium levels (P<0.05). AlphaFold3 predicted that alanine (Ala) at position 462 of LLO interacted with glutamate (Glu) at position 119 of MICU2 via a hydrogen bond, and Co-IP confirmed their interaction. [Conclusion] L. monocytogenes upregulates MICU2 expression via LLO, and MICU2 inhibits bacterial intracellular proliferation by reducing mitochondrial calcium levels. The interaction between LLO and MICU2 is a key molecular basis for this process. These findings provide insights into the pathogenic mechanism of L. monocytogenes.

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E-mail: CHEN Mianmian,
CHENG Changyong,
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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Haihong WU, Lifeng YANG, Houhui SONG, Lingli JIANG, Rui ZHANG, Changyong CHENG, Mianmian CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1192150006577639662, articleId=1192149556965027993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=单核增生李斯特氏菌通过调控线粒体Ca2+ 摄取蛋白2 (MICU2)介导的致病机制, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 探究单核增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes)通过毒力因子溶血素O (listeriolysin O, LLO)调控线粒体Ca2+摄取蛋白2 ( MICU2)表达及其互作关系,进而影响线粒体钙稳态和细菌胞内增殖的分子机制。 【方法】 采用Western blotting技术检测单核增生李斯特氏菌EGD-e和Δhly感染HeLa细胞后MICU2的表达变化。运用基因沉默技术和真核过表达技术探究MICU2蛋白水平变化对单核增生李斯特氏菌胞内增殖能力的影响。利用AlphaFold3预测LLO与MICU2的互作位点,并通过免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation, Co-IP)验证二者的相互作用。结合线粒体钙荧光探针(Rhod-2 AM)分析MICU2对钙稳态的调控作用。 【结果】 EGD-e感染4 h和6 h后MICU2表达显著上调(P<0.001),而Δhly感染后MICU2的表达量无显著变化(P>0.05)。沉默MICU2可增强细菌增殖能力(P<0.01)并升高线粒体钙水平(P<0.05);过表达MICU2则减弱细菌增殖能力(P<0.01)并降低线粒体钙水平(P<0.05)。AlphaFold3预测显示,LLO第462位丙氨酸(Ala)与MICU2第119位谷氨酸(Glu)通过氢键结合,Co-IP证实二者存在相互作用。 【结论】 本研究表明,单核增生李斯特氏菌通过LLO上调MICU2表达,MICU2通过减少线粒体钙抑制细菌胞内增殖,LLO与MICU2的互作是此过程的关键分子基础。本研究为深入探究单核增生李斯特氏菌的致病机理提供了参考。

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作者贡献声明

吴海虹:实验操作、数据分析和论文撰写;杨立锋:数据分析、论文撰写和获取基金;宋厚辉:获取基金,数据监管;江玲丽:提出概念,提供技术支持;张蕊:提供技术支持;程昌勇:研究构思和设计,获取基金,论文修改;陈绵绵:研究构思和设计,数据收集和处理,论文撰写与修改。

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单核增生李斯特氏菌通过调控线粒体Ca2+ 摄取蛋白2 (MICU2)介导的致病机制
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吴海虹 1 , 杨立锋 2 , 宋厚辉 1 , 江玲丽 2 , 张蕊 3 , 程昌勇 1 , 陈绵绵 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(10): 4537-4549
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(10): 4537-4549
单核增生李斯特氏菌通过调控线粒体Ca2+ 摄取蛋白2 (MICU2)介导的致病机制
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吴海虹1, 杨立锋2, 宋厚辉1, 江玲丽2, 张蕊3, 程昌勇1 , 陈绵绵1
作者信息
  • 1浙江农林大学 动物医学院,浙江省畜禽绿色生态健康养殖应用技术研究重点实验室,动物健康互联网检测技术浙江省工程研究中心,浙江省动物医学与健康管理国际科技合作基地,同一健康和食品安全“一带一路”国际联合实验室,中澳动物健康大数据分析联合实验室, 浙江 杭州
  • 2宁波卫生职业技术学院,浙江 宁波
  • 3中国农业大学 动物医学院,北京
Mitochondrial calcium uptake 2 (MICU2)-mediated pathogenic mechanism of Listeria monocytogenes
Haihong WU1, Lifeng YANG2, Houhui SONG1, Lingli JIANG2, Rui ZHANG3, Changyong CHENG1 , Mianmian CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology on Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, the Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for One Health and Food Safety, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
  • 2Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
  • 3College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250216
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【目的】 探究单核增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes)通过毒力因子溶血素O (listeriolysin O, LLO)调控线粒体Ca2+摄取蛋白2 ( MICU2)表达及其互作关系,进而影响线粒体钙稳态和细菌胞内增殖的分子机制。 【方法】 采用Western blotting技术检测单核增生李斯特氏菌EGD-e和Δhly感染HeLa细胞后MICU2的表达变化。运用基因沉默技术和真核过表达技术探究MICU2蛋白水平变化对单核增生李斯特氏菌胞内增殖能力的影响。利用AlphaFold3预测LLO与MICU2的互作位点,并通过免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation, Co-IP)验证二者的相互作用。结合线粒体钙荧光探针(Rhod-2 AM)分析MICU2对钙稳态的调控作用。 【结果】 EGD-e感染4 h和6 h后MICU2表达显著上调(P<0.001),而Δhly感染后MICU2的表达量无显著变化(P>0.05)。沉默MICU2可增强细菌增殖能力(P<0.01)并升高线粒体钙水平(P<0.05);过表达MICU2则减弱细菌增殖能力(P<0.01)并降低线粒体钙水平(P<0.05)。AlphaFold3预测显示,LLO第462位丙氨酸(Ala)与MICU2第119位谷氨酸(Glu)通过氢键结合,Co-IP证实二者存在相互作用。 【结论】 本研究表明,单核增生李斯特氏菌通过LLO上调MICU2表达,MICU2通过减少线粒体钙抑制细菌胞内增殖,LLO与MICU2的互作是此过程的关键分子基础。本研究为深入探究单核增生李斯特氏菌的致病机理提供了参考。

单核增生李斯特氏菌  /  线粒体Ca2+摄取蛋白2 (MICU2)  /  线粒体  /  钙稳态  /  感染

[Objective] To investigate the molecular mechanism by which Listeria monocytogenes regulates the expression of mitochondrial calcium uptake 2 (MICU2) through the virulence factor listeriolysin O (LLO) and their interaction, thereby affecting mitochondrial calcium homeostasis and bacterial intracellular proliferation. [Methods] Western blotting was employed to analyze MICU2 expression in HeLa cells infected with L. monocytogenes EGD-e or Δhly. Gene silencing and eukaryotic overexpression approaches were used to examine how MICU2 regulated the intracellular proliferation of L. monocytogenes. AlphaFold3 was used to predict the interaction sites between LLO and MICU2, and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was performed to verify their interaction. Mitochondrial calcium fluorescence probe (Rhod-2 AM) was used to analyze the regulatory role of MICU2 in calcium homeostasis. [Results] EGD-e infection upregulated MICU2 expression at 4 h and 6 h post-infection (P<0.001), whereas Δhly showed no effect (P>0.05). The silencing of MICU2 enhanced bacterial proliferation (P<0.01) and elevated mitochondrial calcium levels (P<0.05), whereas overexpression of MICU2 reduced bacterial proliferation (P<0.01) and decreased mitochondrial calcium levels (P<0.05). AlphaFold3 predicted that alanine (Ala) at position 462 of LLO interacted with glutamate (Glu) at position 119 of MICU2 via a hydrogen bond, and Co-IP confirmed their interaction. [Conclusion] L. monocytogenes upregulates MICU2 expression via LLO, and MICU2 inhibits bacterial intracellular proliferation by reducing mitochondrial calcium levels. The interaction between LLO and MICU2 is a key molecular basis for this process. These findings provide insights into the pathogenic mechanism of L. monocytogenes.

Listeria monocytogenes  /  mitochondrial calcium uptake 2 (MICU2)  /  mitochondria  /  calcium homeostasis  /  infection
吴海虹, 杨立锋, 宋厚辉, 江玲丽, 张蕊, 程昌勇, 陈绵绵. 单核增生李斯特氏菌通过调控线粒体Ca2+ 摄取蛋白2 (MICU2)介导的致病机制. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4537 -4549 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250216
Haihong WU, Lifeng YANG, Houhui SONG, Lingli JIANG, Rui ZHANG, Changyong CHENG, Mianmian CHEN. Mitochondrial calcium uptake 2 (MICU2)-mediated pathogenic mechanism of Listeria monocytogenes[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4537 -4549 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250216
单核增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes)是一种革兰染色阳性的胞内寄生菌[1],可入侵巨噬细胞和非吞噬上皮细胞进行胞内增殖[1-2]。在感染宿主过程中,单核增生李斯特氏菌会被吞噬体吞噬[3],且在吞噬体内无法正常增殖,因此其会分泌一种穿孔毒素溶血素O (listeriolysin O, LLO,由hly基因编码),从而破坏细胞膜和吞噬体膜,是单核增生李斯特氏菌逃避宿主免疫防御的重要机制[4-5]。单核增生李斯特氏菌感染细胞后,LLO破坏细胞膜,导致胞外钙离子内流,使细胞内钙离子浓度升高[6-9],通过线粒体钙单向转运体(mitochondrial calcium uniporter, MCU)进入线粒体的Ca2+水平增多,进而催化丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物产生乙酰辅酶A[10],抑制LC3相关吞噬作用(LC3-associated phagocytosis, LAP)的发生[11]。缺失MCU会显著降低骨髓巨噬细胞中的线粒体Ca2+水平,增强LAP和细菌杀伤作用,这证明单核增生李斯特氏菌通过上调线粒体Ca2+信号来抑制LAP,以此作为其生存策略[10]
线粒体钙离子单向转运复合物(MCU complex)是位于线粒体内膜的一种高选择性钙通道[12]。在人体中,该复合物由多种亚基组成,至少包含4个核心组分:MCU、基本跨膜亚基(essential MCU regulator, EMRE),以及2个调控蛋白——线粒体钙离子摄取蛋白1 (mitochondrial calcium uptake 1, MICU1)和线粒体钙离子摄取蛋白2 (mitochondrial calcium uptake 2, MICU2)[12]。这些组分协同作用确保Ca2+顺利进入线粒体,并在维持细胞信号传导、能量代谢和钙稳态中发挥关键作用。MICU1和MICU2可结合形成二聚体,并控制MCU通道的开放和闭合[13]。当线粒体基质Ca2+水平较低时,MICU1和MICU2的二聚体关闭MCU通道,阻断线粒体Ca2+的摄取;而当Ca2+浓度较高时,MICU1和MICU2上的EF-hand (elongation factor-hand)结构域与Ca2+结合,形成开放状态二聚体,使MCU通道打开,Ca2+得以进入线粒体[13-15]。MICU1和MICU2表达水平的改变可调控线粒体Ca2+的吸收。上调MICU2的表达可以降低线粒体Ca2+浓度;沉默MICU2会促进线粒体吸收Ca2+,表明MICU2是MCU的重要调节因子[16-17]
尽管已有研究显示线粒体Ca2+在单核增生李斯特氏菌感染过程中发挥重要作用,但细菌对MCU复合物各亚基的调控机制尚不明确。因此,本研究分析了MICU2不同蛋白水平对单核增生李斯特氏菌胞内增殖能力的影响,预测并验证了MICU2和LLO的相互作用情况,为进一步揭示单核增生李斯特氏菌利用溶血素LLO调控MICU2以促进其胞内增殖提供了重要的理论基础。
大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)DH5α、单核增生李斯特氏菌参考菌株EGD-e、缺失株Δhly (通过同源重组方法敲除LLO的编码基因hly,且通过回补试验验证了敲除效果,该菌株已应用于LLO功能的多项研究[5,18])、载体N-HA-pCMV和N-Myc-pCMV、LLO真核表达载体Myc-LLOT515AL516A (在载体N-HA-pCMV基础上构建,LLO为26-529 aa,且第515、516位氨基酸突变,使LLO丧失膜裂解能力)、人宫颈癌细胞(HeLa细胞)和人胚肾细胞(HEK 293T)均由本实验室保存。
BHI (brain and heart infusion broth)培养基,Oxoid公司;jetPRIME® transfection reagent、INTERFERin® transfection reagent,Polyplus transfection®公司;Western blotting及IP细胞裂解液、RIPA裂解液、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒,上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;MICU2抗体,Abcam公司;β-tubulin、GAPDH抗体,武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司;Myc和HA抗体,Cell Signaling Technology公司;限制性核酸内切酶,New England Biolabs公司;FastPure Cell/Tissue Total RNA Isolation Kit V2、HiScript III All-in-one RT SuperMix Perfect for qPCR、2×ClonExpress Ultra One Step Cloning Kit,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;质粒小提试剂盒、PCR纯化/凝胶回收试剂盒,上海惠凌生物技术有限公司;DMEM培养基、胎牛血清(FBS)、0.25% Trypsin-EDTA,ThermoFisher Scientific公司。
使用FastPure Cell/Tissue Total RNA Isolation Kit V2试剂盒提取真核细胞RNA,经酶标仪检测RNA浓度后,使用HiScript III All-in-one RT SuperMix Perfect for qPCR试剂盒将RNA反转录成cDNA。反转录体系(20 μL):5×All-in-one qRT SuperMix 4 µL,Enzyme mix 1 µL,RNA 1 µg,RNase-free ddH2O补足至20 μL。反转录程序:37 ℃反转录15 min,98 ℃灭活5 min。
采用同源重组的方法构建MICU2真核表达载体。根据NCBI数据库检索下载人源MICU2基因序列,从N-HA-pCMV真核表达载体上选取Kpn Ⅰ和EcoR Ⅰ作为酶切位点,将MICU2的基因序列与N-HA-pCMV连接。通过SnapGene设计引物,上游引物MICU2-F (5′-TATGGCCA TGGAGGCCCGAATTCATATGGCGGCGGCTGCGGGTAG-3′) (斜体代表同源臂,长度为17 bp,下划线代表酶切位点)和下游引物MICU2-R (5′-ATCCCCGCGGCCGCGGTACCTTAAAAAAGACCTTTTCCAGCTTGTTTCCAG-3′) (斜体代表同源臂,长度为14 bp,下划线代表酶切位点)均由杭州擎科生物技术有限公司合成。按照1.3节中的方法提取真核细胞RNA并反转录成cDNA,以cDNA作为模板,用上述引物经PCR扩增出MICU2基因片段。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×TOROBlue® Flash KOD DyeMix 25 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1.5 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 21 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;98 ℃变性10 s,60 ℃退火5 s,68 ℃延伸1 min,35个循环;68 ℃终延伸10 min。PCR产物经测序正确后,使用2×ClonExpress Ultra One Step Cloning Kit将片段连接至N-HA-pCMV载体中。将连接后的产物转化进大肠杆菌DH5α,并涂布于Amp抗性平板上培养过夜。挑取单菌落进行PCR验证,并进行测序鉴定,将测序正确的N-HA-pCMV-MICU2重组质粒命名为pSL3076。
由于HeLa细胞线粒体含量丰富,被广泛应用于探究单核增生李斯特氏菌与宿主线粒体相互作用的相关研究[18-20],因此本研究使用HeLa细胞进行试验。将HeLa细胞以2×105 cells/mL的密度均匀接种于6孔板内。提前一晚挑取BHI固体培养基上的野生株EGD-e和缺失株Δhly单菌落,分别接种于BHI液体培养基中,在37 ℃、200 r/min的振荡条件下培养12 h。之后,取1 mL菌液,以5 000 r/min离心2 min,使用无菌的10 mmol/L PBS洗涤2次,将菌液浓度调整至OD600=0.6。取出细胞培养板,弃去孔内的培养基,用PBS轻轻冲洗细胞3次。用不含胎牛血清的DMEM细胞培养基稀释菌液,按照MOI=300:1的比例加入细胞板中。将细胞放入5% CO2、37 ℃的细胞培养箱中,培养1 h后用PBS轻轻润洗细胞3次,随后,将50 mg/mL的庆大霉素用DMEM细胞培养基按1:1 000的比例稀释,加入培养板,继续培养1 h后换成含有终浓度为5 µg/mL庆大霉素的DMEM完全培养基。在不同时间点使用RIPA裂解液裂解细胞,收取细胞样品,用BCA试剂盒对蛋白进行定量,取一定量的蛋白加入4×Loading buffer,混匀后煮沸变性,保存于-20 ℃冰箱用于后续Western blotting试验。由于Tubulin能在HeLa细胞中稳定表达且不受单核增生李斯特氏菌感染影响[21-22],且MICU2的表达量变化不会影响Tubulin的蛋白表达[23],因此本研究使用Tubulin作为内参蛋白。MICU2抗体稀释度为1:1 000;β-tubulin抗体稀释度为1:10 000;二抗稀释度为1:10 000。最后,使用ECL化学发光试剂盒配制显影液,曝光后使用ImageJ软件进行灰度分析。
在HeLa细胞中转染siRNA (小干扰RNA)或真核表达载体,对细胞进行MICU2蛋白的沉默或过表达处理。转染24 h后,按照1.5节中的方法使用单核增生李斯特氏菌感染HeLa细胞,并分别在感染后2 h和6 h后使用无菌PBS清洗细胞3遍。每孔加入500 μL预冷的裂解液(0.25% Trypsin-EDTA:无菌ddH2O=1:4),冰上裂解15 min,将样品收集到1.5 mL EP管中,振荡混匀后进行10倍倍比稀释,混匀后取10 µL接种于BHI平板上,每个样品做3个平行。最后将BHI平板置于37 ℃培养箱培养过夜,第2天对单菌落进行计数,并使用GraphPad Prism 9.0统计每个实验组的细菌数并绘制成图。
为预测LLO与MICU2之间的相互作用关系,从UniProt数据库分别下载LLO (ID: P13128)与MICU2 (ID: Q8IYU8)的氨基酸序列,之后使用AlphaFold3 (https://alphafoldserver.com)在线预测工具预测这2个蛋白之间的相互作用。根据预测结果选择评分最高的模型,使用ChimeraX工具进行可视化分析,并确定预测的互作位点。
提前一晚将HEK 293T细胞按照5×105 cells/mL的密度接种于6孔板中,待细胞密度达到60%-80%后进行转染。试验组转染Myc-LLO和HA-CypD真核表达质粒,对照组转染N-Myc-pCMV空载质粒和HA-CypD真核表达质粒。转染24 h后,使用Western blotting及IP细胞裂解液+蛋白酶抑制剂裂解细胞10 min。4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心5 min后取上清,用BCA试剂盒测定蛋白浓度,用10 mmol/L PBS将蛋白浓度稀释至1 µg/µL,取30 µL蛋白样品于1.5 mL EP管中,加入10 µL 4×Loading buffer,煮沸6-8 min后暂存于-20 ℃冰箱,作为Input样品。剩余的蛋白进行后续处理:取出保存在4 ℃冰箱的Protein G磁珠,振荡均匀后吸取5 μL磁珠加入1.5 mL EP管中,将EP管放置在磁力架上,吸去上清,用预冷的PBS清洗磁珠3遍,最后弃去上清并加入300 μL蛋白,放入4 ℃旋转仪上旋转低温孵育1 h,以排除非特异性结合。将EP管瞬离后放置于磁力架上,待磁珠被吸附后,将上清转移至另一EP管中,将1 μL Myc抗体加入上清中,4 ℃翻转结合过夜。加入10 μL Protein G磁珠,4 ℃翻转结合3 h。用磁力架收集磁珠,加入200 μL预冷的PBS清洗磁珠7-8遍,最后吸去上清并加入40 μL 1×Loading buffer混匀,最后煮沸6-8 min,作为IP样品。将Input样品和IP样品一起进行Western blotting试验。
Rhod-2 AM是一种可特异性进入线粒体并与线粒体中的钙离子结合产生强烈荧光的探针,常用于监测线粒体内的钙离子浓度变化[10,24-25]。本研究采用Rhod-2 AM作为荧光探针,借助流式细胞术对线粒体钙离子水平进行检测。在HeLa细胞中转染siRNA或真核表达载体,对细胞进行MICU2蛋白的沉默或过表达处理,转染24 h后按照1.5节的方法用单核增生李斯特氏菌感染HeLa细胞,在感染后4 h进行线粒体Ca2+检测。提前使用不含血清的DMEM将Rhod-2 AM稀释至终浓度为5 μmol/L的工作液,充分混匀。接着,弃去细胞中的培养基,用37 ℃预热的PBS洗涤细胞,然后加入200 μL 0.25% trypsin-EDTA消化细胞,将细胞收集在EP管中,以700 r/min离心3 min。小心吸去上清,每管加入500 μL Rhod-2 AM工作液,轻轻重悬细胞,将EP管置于37 ℃细胞培养箱中避光孵育30 min。弃去染液,用无菌PBS洗涤细胞2次。最后用无菌PBS重悬至单细胞悬液。取500 μL样品上机检测,每个样品采集10 000个细胞,同时设置未染色对照组以检测细胞自发荧光。使用流式软件FlowJo分析荧光信号强度。
本研究所涉及的数据均用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件处理,采用Student’s t-test和one-way ANOVA进行分析。所有试验均独立进行3次,结果采用mean±SD表示,ns表示差异无统计学意义,*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001。
通过同源重组方法构建MICU2真核表达载体,并采用PCR及测序进行验证。提取HEK 293T细胞的总RNA,反转录生成cDNA,以此为模板,使用含同源臂的上游引物MICU2-F和下游引物MICU2-R扩增MICU2基因片段。PCR扩增产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,以DL2000 DNA marker为参照,结果显示,在1 000-1 500 bp之间可见条带(图1A),与预期的MICU2片段大小一致。随后将该扩增片段纯化并连接至N-HA-pCMV载体中,构建重组质粒pSL3076。使用N-HA-pCMV载体引物进行菌落PCR验证,结果在1 500-2 000 bp处检测到目标条带(图1B),测序结果进一步确认插入序列准确无误,表明重组质粒pSL3076构建成功。
分别使用EGD-e和Δhly感染HeLa细胞,并在感染后2、4、6 h收取细胞总蛋白,经BCA定量后进行Western blotting试验,检测MICU2的蛋白表达水平变化。如图2所示,与未感染的细胞相比,EGD-e感染4 h和6 h后,MICU2的蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.001) (图2A、2B);而Δhly感染的细胞中,MICU2的蛋白表达无显著变化(P>0.05) (图2C、2D),这与本研究通过iTRAQ蛋白质组学分析得出的结果一致。上述结果表明,单核增生李斯特氏菌感染细胞引起MICU2蛋白表达量显著上升,且这种变化与LLO有关。
将重组质粒pSL3076转染至HeLa细胞中,24 h后提取细胞总蛋白,并使用BCA法进行蛋白定量,随后通过Western blotting试验检测蛋白表达水平。结果显示,HeLa细胞内MICU2的表达水平显著升高(图3A、3B),进一步验证了MICU2真核表达载体构建成功。使用单核增生李斯特氏菌EGD-e感染过表达MICU2的HeLa细胞,分别在感染后2、4、6 h分析单核增生李斯特氏菌在胞内的增殖情况。结果显示,与转染N-HA-pCMV空载的对照组相比,过表达MICU2的HeLa细胞内单核增生李斯特氏菌数量显著减少(图3C),表明MICU2在细胞中具有抵抗单核增生李斯特氏菌感染的功能。
委托苏州吉玛基因股份有限公司合成3对针对MICU2的siRNA,分别命名为si-MICU2-1、si-MICU2-2和si-MICU2-3,并以si-Ctrl作为阴性对照。为检测siRNA的沉默效果,将3对siRNA分别转染至HeLa细胞中,24 h后提取细胞总蛋白,并使用BCA法进行蛋白定量,随后通过Western blotting试验检测蛋白表达水平。结果显示,3对siRNA均有较好的沉默效果,其中si-MICU2-3沉默效果最为显著(图4A、4B),因此选用si-MICU2-3进行后续试验。接下来,使用EGD-e感染MICU2沉默的HeLa细胞,分别在感染后2、4和6 h分析单核增生李斯特氏菌在胞内的增殖情况。结果显示,与转染si-Ctrl的对照组相比,转染si-MICU2的HeLa细胞内单核增生李斯特氏菌数量显著增多(图4C),表明沉默MICU2会显著增强单核增生李斯特氏菌在细胞中的增殖能力。
利用AlphaFold3对LLO蛋白和MICU2的互作关系进行预测,结果显示LLO蛋白的第462位氨基酸ALA与MICU2的第119位氨基酸GLU可能通过氢键形成连接(图5A)。为验证该预测结果,本研究采用Co-IP技术对LLO与MICU2的蛋白互作关系进行了试验。将带有HA标签的MICU2和带有Myc标签的LLO真核表达载体共转染进HEK 293T细胞中,阴性对照组共转染Myc-pCMV空载质粒和HA-CypD真核表达质粒。转染24 h后用Western blotting及IP细胞裂解液+蛋白酶抑制剂裂解细胞,收取蛋白样品。本研究选择带有Myc标签的蛋白作为诱饵蛋白,按照1.8节的步骤进行后续试验。结果显示,LLO蛋白成功拉下MICU2蛋白(图5B),表明MICU2与LLO之间存在相互作用,说明LLO可能通过相互作用调控MICU2的表达。
分别沉默和过表达HeLa细胞中的MICU2蛋白,并使用EGD-e感染,在感染4 h后使用线粒体钙离子荧光探针Rhod-2 AM检测线粒体Ca2+水平变化,并通过流式细胞术分析荧光强度变化。结果显示,与转染N-HA-pCMV空载的对照组相比,过表达MICU2的HeLa细胞内线粒体Ca2+水平显著降低(图6A、6B)。与转染si-Ctrl的对照组相比,转染si-MICU2的HeLa细胞内线粒体Ca2+水平显著升高(图6C、6D)。这表明MICU2能够通过调控线粒体Ca2+来影响单核增生李斯特氏菌的感染。
单核增生李斯特氏菌是一种重要的胞内寄生菌,其致病机制与宿主细胞内的钙离子信号密切相关[1]。MICU2作为MCU复合物的重要调节亚基,在调控线粒体钙离子稳态中发挥关键作用[13]。本研究发现,单核增生李斯特氏菌野生株EGD-e感染HeLa细胞后,MICU2的表达水平显著上升,而缺失LLO的Δhly菌株感染则不会导致MICU2表达量发生显著变化,说明LLO可能参与调控MICU2的蛋白表达。研究发现,在单核增生李斯特氏菌感染宿主期间LLO可以与线粒体MICOS的核心成分Mic60相互作用,从而调控线粒体[18]。本研究通过AlphaFold3对LLO蛋白和MICU2的互作关系进行预测,预测结果显示LLO蛋白的第462位氨基酸ALA与MICU2的第119位氨基酸GLU可能通过氢键形成连接,Co-IP试验结果显示LLO与MICU2之间存在相互作用,表明LLO可能通过蛋白之间的相互作用间接影响MICU2的功能。
Ca2+信号转导对细胞功能和细胞存活至关重要,线粒体Ca2+摄取是细胞命运的重要决定因素,控制呼吸、线粒体自噬和细胞凋亡的线粒体途径[11-12]。线粒体Ca2+的超载不仅会影响宿主的能量代谢,还可能诱发氧化应激,加重细胞损伤[26]。许多病原微生物在感染宿主后都会调控线粒体Ca2+稳态,如金黄色葡萄球菌[27]和肺炎链球菌[28],感染后都会引起胞质Ca2+升高,随后诱导线粒体Ca2+过载,最终可能导致线粒体膜通透性转换(mitochondrial permeability transition, MPT)介导的坏死或线粒体DNA (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA)释放,引发炎症反应等[29]。在单核增生李斯特氏菌感染对细胞的调控机制中,Ca2+信号和线粒体功能也是2个关键要素[9]。已有研究证实,单核增生李斯特氏菌分泌的LLO诱导巨噬细胞发生线粒体自噬[30],此外,单核增生李斯特氏菌利用LLO破坏宿主细胞膜,促使胞外Ca2+内流,导致线粒体内Ca2+水平升高[14,21-22]。MCU是Ca2+进入线粒体的最主要通道,除此之外,MICU2等亚基也参与调控MCU复合物的活性,与线粒体Ca2+摄取密切相关[15]。在HeLa和HEK 293T细胞中,MICU2主要通过负向调控机制抑制线粒体Ca2+摄取,从而维持细胞内Ca2+稳态[13,15,31-32]。MICU2对线粒体钙稳态的调控是通过改变MCU通道活性实现的,分布在线粒体膜间隙中的MICU1和MICU2通过结合钙离子来改变其构象,从而控制MCU通道的开放和关闭,即MICU2对于钙稳态的调控需要依赖MCU这一Ca2+进出的关键孔道[15]。当缺失了MCU后,单核增生李斯特氏菌就无法通过上调线粒体Ca2+水平来抑制LC3相关吞噬作用[10],说明了MCU在单核增生李斯特氏菌逃逸宿主杀伤中的重要作用。然而,单核增生李斯特氏菌是否通过调控宿主MCU及相关蛋白来控制线粒体Ca2+,目前尚不明确。因此,本研究探究了单核增生李斯特氏菌通过调控MICU2介导的致病机制。沉默MICU2后会导致单核增生李斯特氏菌在HeLa细胞内的增殖能力显著增强,且线粒体Ca2+水平升高;而过表达MICU2则抑制细菌的胞内增殖,降低线粒体Ca2+水平。结合线粒体Ca2+超载可能会激活细胞死亡途径[33],我们推测,单核增生李斯特氏菌感染诱导的MICU2表达量上调可能是宿主细胞的保护性反应,通过提高诱导MCU开放的阈值来控制Ca2+的内流,从而延缓细胞死亡。避免线粒体钙过载造成的细胞损伤。此外,有研究报道,在单核增生李斯特氏菌感染期间MICU1的表达水平会显著增加[34],说明MICU2与MICU1可能通过共同调控线粒体钙稳态影响宿主抗菌免疫,其具体机制仍需进一步研究。
综上所述,本研究揭示了单核增生李斯特氏菌通过毒力因子LLO调控MICU2蛋白表达,LLO与MICU2之间存在相互作用,反映了病原体与宿主之间复杂的相互作用,为进一步探索线粒体Ca2+与病原菌致病机制的关系提供了重要参考。上调MICU2可以抑制单核增生李斯特氏菌的增殖,因此MICU2可作为一个潜在的治疗靶点,对于人兽共患病的防控和保障公共卫生安全具有重要意义。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1801800)
  • 宁波市自然科学基金(2023J241)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250216
  • 接收时间:2025-03-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-18
  • 录用日期:2025-05-09
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the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1801800)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1801800)
the Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(2023J241)
宁波市自然科学基金(2023J241)
作者信息
    1浙江农林大学 动物医学院,浙江省畜禽绿色生态健康养殖应用技术研究重点实验室,动物健康互联网检测技术浙江省工程研究中心,浙江省动物医学与健康管理国际科技合作基地,同一健康和食品安全“一带一路”国际联合实验室,中澳动物健康大数据分析联合实验室, 浙江 杭州
    2宁波卫生职业技术学院,浙江 宁波
    3中国农业大学 动物医学院,北京
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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