Article(id=1192149556453322896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250243, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742918400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1745510400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-25, onlineDate=1762160203325, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160203325, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160203325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160203325, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4637, endPage=4652, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149556713369750, articleId=1192149556453322896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Comparison of the biological characteristics and whole genomes between two donkey-derived isolates of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To deeply understand the molecular evolution pattern, pathogenicity, and drug resistance mechanism and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ), we compared the pathogenicity, drug resistance, and genome sequences of two SEZ strains (YLCD588 and HT222) isolated from donkeys in Xinjiang. [Methods] Whole-genome sequences of the two strains were determined by next-generation sequencing and a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of sequencing data and existing sequences in the database. The virulence factor database (VFDB) (https://www.mgc.ac.cn/VFs/) and the center for genomic epidemiology (CGE) (http://genomicepidemiology.org) were used for annotation of the virulence and drug resistance genes of the two strains. The growth curves, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm formation of the two strains were examined and compared. Mice were challenged with these strains separately and the pathogenicity of the strains was observed and evaluated. Then, histopathological changes and bacterial loads in the lung and spleen tissues of the morbid mice were observed and determined. [Results] Sequencing data showed that the genome sizes of YLCD588 and HT222 were 2 090 225 bp (1 905 coding sequences) and 2 105 005 bp (1 995 coding sequences), respectively. HT222 and YLCD588 carried 214 and 212 virulence genes, respectively. HT222 and YLCD588 had 235 and 233 drug resistance genes, respectively. YLCD588 was assigned to a novel sequence type (ST) 545 by MLST. The MLST phylogenetic tree indicated that YLCD588 was closely related to the goat-derived SEZ strain, while HT222 was closely related to the canine SEZ strain. YLCD588 displayed resistance to six antibiotics and HT222 exhibited resistance to four. The crystal violet assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy results showed that YLCD588 exhibited stronger biofilm formation than HT222 (P<0.05), whereas HT222 caused higher mortality rate (P<0.05), higher bacterial load (P<0.01), and severer pathological damage in mice than YLCD588. [Conclusion] The two SEZ strains exhibit distinct genomic characteristics, sequence types, pathogenicity, and drug resistance. HT222 possesses more drug resistance genes and virulence genes and exhibits stronger pathogenicity than YLCD588, while YLCD588 showcases stronger biofilm formation and drug resistance than HT222. These findings broaden the understanding about the molecular epidemiology, pathogenicity, and drug resistance of different SEZ strains from donkey and provide references for the effective control of the infection and spread of SEZ and clinical treatment of SEZ infection.

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E-mail:
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【目的】 开展新疆2株驴源马链球菌兽疫亚种(Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, SEZ)不同区域流行株(YLCD588和HT222)的致病特征、耐药特点、多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST)及其基因组比较分析,明确该菌的分子进化规律,分析该菌致病性和耐药性相关的基因和表型特征,探究SEZ的致病与耐药机制,为该菌的防控提供科学依据。 【方法】 利用二代测序技术对分离菌株进行全基因组测序,将测序数据与数据库中已有序列构建MLST发育树;利用毒力因子数据库(https://www.mgc.ac.cn/VFs/)和基因组流行病学中心数据库(http://genomicepidemiology.org)对其毒力基因和耐药基因分别进行注释和比较;对2株菌的生长、药物敏感性和生物膜形成进行检测与比较。将菌株分别接种小鼠,观察比较实验动物的发病情况,并对发病小鼠的肺脏和脾脏组织进行病理组织学观察和组织菌体载量的检测比较。 【结果】 测序结果显示,HT222与YLCD588基因组大小分别为2 105 005 bp和2 090 225 bp,分别有1 995个和1 905个编码区,HT222共有214个毒力基因,YLCD588共有212个毒力基因;HT222携带有235个耐药基因,YLCD588共有233个耐药基因。YLCD588为一个新的ST型ST545,MLST系统发育树显示YLCD588与山羊源SEZ具有最近的亲缘关系,而HT222则与犬源SEZ最近。YLCD588对6种抗生素耐药,HT222对4种抗生素耐药。结晶紫法(P<0.05)和共聚焦显微观察均表明YLCD588生物膜形成能力显著高于HT222,而HT222菌株对小鼠致死率(P<0.05)及组织荷菌量(P<0.01)显著高于YLCD588,且对小鼠病理损伤更严重。 【结论】 2株流行株具有不同的基因组特征、序列分型(sequence type, ST)、致病和耐药特征,HT222比YLCD588携带毒力和耐药基因多,致病表型更强;YLCD588比HT222生物膜形成能力强,耐药表型显著;拓宽了对不同驴源SEZ分子流行、致病与耐药机制的认识,为有效控制SEZ的感染传播以及临床治疗提供了参考。

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作者贡献声明

彭靖轩:数据收集,验证与分析,撰写文章;蒋新宇:数据分析,撰写文章;田裕辉:数据分析,软件程序;宋丹丹:数据收集,撰写文章;张宝江:审阅、编辑文章;苏艳:获取基金,提出概念,项目管理,撰写与审阅文章。

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Veterinary Research, 2025, 56(1): 26., articleTitle=Targeting AI-2 quorum sensing: harnessing natural products against Streptococcus suis biofilm infection, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1192161333790524259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, awardId=2023SNGGGCC001, language=EN, fundingSource=the Three Agricultural Key Personal Training Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2023SNGGGCC001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192161333861827428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, awardId=2023SNGGGCC001, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆维吾尔自治区“三农”骨干人才培养资助项目(2023SNGGGCC001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192161328698639130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192161328707027739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, companyId=1192161328698639130, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192161328715416348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, companyId=1192161328698639130, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=新疆农业大学 动物医学学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1192161330770625349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Minimum spanning tree constructed based on the ST types of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus., figureFileSmall=Y1kVuRrJyIXg0pLAuzZxag==, figureFileBig=pA/y3FFRMweAya+HRqp9vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161331802424134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于马链球菌兽疫亚种ST型的最小生成树, figureFileSmall=Y1kVuRrJyIXg0pLAuzZxag==, figureFileBig=pA/y3FFRMweAya+HRqp9vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161331898893127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Homologous gene analysis of isolates. A: Homologous genes collinearity analysis of YLCD588 and HT222; B: Homologous genes Venn diagram of YLCD588 and HT222., figureFileSmall=DRT5H+3YvfeFuXrxwNQ+mw==, figureFileBig=u5fCn7qyJ0awgEiFmlQX4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161331957613384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=CN, label=图2, caption=分离株同源基因分析, figureFileSmall=DRT5H+3YvfeFuXrxwNQ+mw==, figureFileBig=u5fCn7qyJ0awgEiFmlQX4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161332033110857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=COG functional classification analysis results. 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A: Mice survival rate; B: Lung and spleen bacteria loads; C: The HE staining result of lung and spleen of mice (200×). a: Spleen-PBS; b: Spleen-HT222; c: Spleen-YLCD588; d: Lung-PBS control; e: Lung-HT222; f: Lung-YLCD588. *: 0.01<P<0.05; **: 0.001<P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=oSlve6TT8mvuawEls+lkiw==, figureFileBig=R+KGmzo4aKz8c4v6hHshgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161332985217880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=CN, label=图10, caption=两株分离菌的毒力分析。A:小鼠存活率;B:肺脏、脾脏菌体载量;C:小鼠脾及肺病理组织学观察结果(HE染色) (200×)。, figureFileSmall=oSlve6TT8mvuawEls+lkiw==, figureFileBig=R+KGmzo4aKz8c4v6hHshgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161333043938137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Genomic characteristics of the two SEZ isolates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain nameGenome size (bp)Scaffold numberG+C content (%)CDS numbertRNA numberrRNA number
YLCD5882 090 2253741.441 905333
HT2222 105 0053541.421 995393
), ArticleFig(id=1192161333098464090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两株SEZ菌株基因组特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain nameGenome size (bp)Scaffold numberG+C content (%)CDS numbertRNA numberrRNA number
YLCD5882 090 2253741.441 905333
HT2222 105 0053541.421 995393
), ArticleFig(id=1192161333169767259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

House-keeping genes and ST types of the two SEZ strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains nameYLCD588HT222
ST545420
tdk2022
nrdE1164
proS1010
tpi1449
spi8245
arcC1212
yqiL1112
), ArticleFig(id=1192161333241070428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两株SEZ菌株看家基因及ST

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains nameYLCD588HT222
ST545420
tdk2022
nrdE1164
proS1010
tpi1449
spi8245
arcC1212
yqiL1112
), ArticleFig(id=1192161333308179293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Drug resistance genes differences of isolates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AntibioticsDrugsHT222YLCD588
MacrolidesErythromycinmupA
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
TetracyclinesDoxycyclinetetA
Tetracycline
Tetracycline
Tigecycline
GlycopeptideVancomycinvanXYvanY
), ArticleFig(id=1192161333375288158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

分离株耐药基因差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AntibioticsDrugsHT222YLCD588
MacrolidesErythromycinmupA
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
TetracyclinesDoxycyclinetetA
Tetracycline
Tetracycline
Tigecycline
GlycopeptideVancomycinvanXYvanY
), ArticleFig(id=1192161333438202719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Different virulence genes of isolates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FunctionHT222YLCD588
ImmunepbpGctrD
Nutritional/Metabolic factorpvdJ
ExotoxinclbN
AdherencecnaAcm, spaP/pac
BiofilmfsrC
Exoenzymesak
), ArticleFig(id=1192161333505311584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

分离株毒力基因差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FunctionHT222YLCD588
ImmunepbpGctrD
Nutritional/Metabolic factorpvdJ
ExotoxinclbN
AdherencecnaAcm, spaP/pac
BiofilmfsrC
Exoenzymesak
), ArticleFig(id=1192161333572420449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of antibiotic sensitivity tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DrugsInhibition zone diameters (mm)Drug susceptibility
HT222YLCD588HT222YLCD588
青霉素Penicillin3636SS
头孢喹肟Cefquinaxime3637SS
氨苄西林Ampcilin2614SR
厄他培南Ertapenem2927IR
美罗培南Meropenem3237SS
阿莫西林Amoxicillin278SR
万古霉素Vancomycin2414SR
氯霉素Chloramphenicol2225SS
链霉素Streptomycin1114RR
磺胺嘧啶钠Sulfadiazine sodium2024SS
红霉素Erythromycin2226SS
克拉霉素Clarithromycin1825RS
阿奇霉素Azithromycin2628SS
多西环素Doxycycline2428SS
四环素Tetracycline3235II
土霉素Tetracycline1524RS
替加环素Tigecycline2527II
左氧氟沙星Levofloxacin2932IS
氧氟沙星Oxyfloxacin2330SS
加替沙星Gatifloxacin813RR
林可霉素Lincomycin2233SS
泰妙灵Tamsulosin2021SS
), ArticleFig(id=1192161333635335010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149556453322896, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

药敏试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DrugsInhibition zone diameters (mm)Drug susceptibility
HT222YLCD588HT222YLCD588
青霉素Penicillin3636SS
头孢喹肟Cefquinaxime3637SS
氨苄西林Ampcilin2614SR
厄他培南Ertapenem2927IR
美罗培南Meropenem3237SS
阿莫西林Amoxicillin278SR
万古霉素Vancomycin2414SR
氯霉素Chloramphenicol2225SS
链霉素Streptomycin1114RR
磺胺嘧啶钠Sulfadiazine sodium2024SS
红霉素Erythromycin2226SS
克拉霉素Clarithromycin1825RS
阿奇霉素Azithromycin2628SS
多西环素Doxycycline2428SS
四环素Tetracycline3235II
土霉素Tetracycline1524RS
替加环素Tigecycline2527II
左氧氟沙星Levofloxacin2932IS
氧氟沙星Oxyfloxacin2330SS
加替沙星Gatifloxacin813RR
林可霉素Lincomycin2233SS
泰妙灵Tamsulosin2021SS
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两株驴源马链球菌兽疫亚种流行株的生物学特性及全基因组序列的比较分析
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彭靖轩 , 蒋新宇 , 田裕辉 , 宋丹丹 , 张宝江 , 苏艳
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(10): 4637-4652
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(10): 4637-4652
两株驴源马链球菌兽疫亚种流行株的生物学特性及全基因组序列的比较分析
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彭靖轩, 蒋新宇, 田裕辉, 宋丹丹, 张宝江, 苏艳
作者信息
  • 新疆农业大学 动物医学学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐
Comparison of the biological characteristics and whole genomes between two donkey-derived isolates of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus
Jingxuan PENG, Xinyu JIANG, Yuhui TIAN, Dandan SONG, Baojiang ZHANG, Yan SU
Affiliations
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250243
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【目的】 开展新疆2株驴源马链球菌兽疫亚种(Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, SEZ)不同区域流行株(YLCD588和HT222)的致病特征、耐药特点、多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST)及其基因组比较分析,明确该菌的分子进化规律,分析该菌致病性和耐药性相关的基因和表型特征,探究SEZ的致病与耐药机制,为该菌的防控提供科学依据。 【方法】 利用二代测序技术对分离菌株进行全基因组测序,将测序数据与数据库中已有序列构建MLST发育树;利用毒力因子数据库(https://www.mgc.ac.cn/VFs/)和基因组流行病学中心数据库(http://genomicepidemiology.org)对其毒力基因和耐药基因分别进行注释和比较;对2株菌的生长、药物敏感性和生物膜形成进行检测与比较。将菌株分别接种小鼠,观察比较实验动物的发病情况,并对发病小鼠的肺脏和脾脏组织进行病理组织学观察和组织菌体载量的检测比较。 【结果】 测序结果显示,HT222与YLCD588基因组大小分别为2 105 005 bp和2 090 225 bp,分别有1 995个和1 905个编码区,HT222共有214个毒力基因,YLCD588共有212个毒力基因;HT222携带有235个耐药基因,YLCD588共有233个耐药基因。YLCD588为一个新的ST型ST545,MLST系统发育树显示YLCD588与山羊源SEZ具有最近的亲缘关系,而HT222则与犬源SEZ最近。YLCD588对6种抗生素耐药,HT222对4种抗生素耐药。结晶紫法(P<0.05)和共聚焦显微观察均表明YLCD588生物膜形成能力显著高于HT222,而HT222菌株对小鼠致死率(P<0.05)及组织荷菌量(P<0.01)显著高于YLCD588,且对小鼠病理损伤更严重。 【结论】 2株流行株具有不同的基因组特征、序列分型(sequence type, ST)、致病和耐药特征,HT222比YLCD588携带毒力和耐药基因多,致病表型更强;YLCD588比HT222生物膜形成能力强,耐药表型显著;拓宽了对不同驴源SEZ分子流行、致病与耐药机制的认识,为有效控制SEZ的感染传播以及临床治疗提供了参考。

驴源马链球菌兽疫亚种  /  基因组比较分析  /  多位点序列分型  /  致病性  /  耐药性

[Objective] To deeply understand the molecular evolution pattern, pathogenicity, and drug resistance mechanism and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ), we compared the pathogenicity, drug resistance, and genome sequences of two SEZ strains (YLCD588 and HT222) isolated from donkeys in Xinjiang. [Methods] Whole-genome sequences of the two strains were determined by next-generation sequencing and a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of sequencing data and existing sequences in the database. The virulence factor database (VFDB) (https://www.mgc.ac.cn/VFs/) and the center for genomic epidemiology (CGE) (http://genomicepidemiology.org) were used for annotation of the virulence and drug resistance genes of the two strains. The growth curves, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm formation of the two strains were examined and compared. Mice were challenged with these strains separately and the pathogenicity of the strains was observed and evaluated. Then, histopathological changes and bacterial loads in the lung and spleen tissues of the morbid mice were observed and determined. [Results] Sequencing data showed that the genome sizes of YLCD588 and HT222 were 2 090 225 bp (1 905 coding sequences) and 2 105 005 bp (1 995 coding sequences), respectively. HT222 and YLCD588 carried 214 and 212 virulence genes, respectively. HT222 and YLCD588 had 235 and 233 drug resistance genes, respectively. YLCD588 was assigned to a novel sequence type (ST) 545 by MLST. The MLST phylogenetic tree indicated that YLCD588 was closely related to the goat-derived SEZ strain, while HT222 was closely related to the canine SEZ strain. YLCD588 displayed resistance to six antibiotics and HT222 exhibited resistance to four. The crystal violet assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy results showed that YLCD588 exhibited stronger biofilm formation than HT222 (P<0.05), whereas HT222 caused higher mortality rate (P<0.05), higher bacterial load (P<0.01), and severer pathological damage in mice than YLCD588. [Conclusion] The two SEZ strains exhibit distinct genomic characteristics, sequence types, pathogenicity, and drug resistance. HT222 possesses more drug resistance genes and virulence genes and exhibits stronger pathogenicity than YLCD588, while YLCD588 showcases stronger biofilm formation and drug resistance than HT222. These findings broaden the understanding about the molecular epidemiology, pathogenicity, and drug resistance of different SEZ strains from donkey and provide references for the effective control of the infection and spread of SEZ and clinical treatment of SEZ infection.

donkey-derived Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus  /  genome comparison  /  multilocus sequence typing  /  pathogenicity  /  drug resistance
彭靖轩, 蒋新宇, 田裕辉, 宋丹丹, 张宝江, 苏艳. 两株驴源马链球菌兽疫亚种流行株的生物学特性及全基因组序列的比较分析. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4637 -4652 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250243
Jingxuan PENG, Xinyu JIANG, Yuhui TIAN, Dandan SONG, Baojiang ZHANG, Yan SU. Comparison of the biological characteristics and whole genomes between two donkey-derived isolates of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4637 -4652 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250243
马链球菌兽疫亚种(Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, SEZ)是一种重要的人畜共患病原体,可通过呼吸道或伤口感染马、驴、猪、猫、犬、绵羊、山羊、人等多种宿主,并引发肺炎、化脓性关节炎及败血症等严重疾病[1]。近年来,随着畜牧业的快速发展SEZ的跨宿主传播风险显著增加,驴作为重要的经济动物,其携带的SEZ可通过多种途径污染食品并传染给人,对公共卫生构成威胁[2]。近年来,新疆地区驴养殖业规模化发展迅速,驴源SEZ感染病例明显增加。SEZ的基因组表现出显著的多样性[3],了解驴源SEZ的优势基因型、流行特点、毒力基因分布及耐药特征可为临床有效控制SEZ的传播及合理使用抗生素提供依据。
全基因组测序技术的发展已深刻改变了人们对病原体耐药机制、致病机制及进化等方面的认识[4]。采用该技术对细菌的遗传特征、毒力因子、耐药基因等进行比较分析已显示出极大的应用价值[5]。2016年,广西发生了猪链球菌感染人的事件,Huang等[6]对从患者体内分离出的6株猪链球菌进行了全基因组测序,首次证实ST665可以感染人,并通过将序列与其他流行株比较发现6株菌与越南分离菌株的亲缘关系更为密切。Wang等[7]对52株猪链球菌血清31型进行了全基因组测序,发现第3群菌株的耐药基因主要由前噬菌体携带,这一结果与传统观点认为猪链球菌耐药基因主要由整合性接合元件和可移动元件携带有所不同。
多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST)是研究细菌进化关系的常用手段,通过对菌株特定看家基因在全球数据库中进行序列比对分析,根据等位基因序列型特征可得出细菌的菌群变异和进化特点,有助于对SEZ的分型和进化研究[8]。此外,MLST数据库可将国内外不同时间和不同动物源细菌的等位基因序列研究成果进行比较,有利于该病的分子流行病学和防控研究[9]
对驴源SEZ不同地区的分离株进行全基因组测序、分子分型研究和进化特征分析可更好地了解流行菌株之间的关系,为合理有效防控人畜共患病提供科学依据。目前关于驴源SEZ不同流行菌株的致病性、耐药性比较分析及遗传进化的研究非常有限,SEZ分离株的MLST数据多集中于马源和猪源SEZ[10-11],这限制了该病针对性的高效防控策略的制定。不同SEZ流行株的基因组成及数量差异较大[12],开展SEZ不同流行株的分离和遗传特征分析,并通过基因组和生物特性比较分析种内不同流行株的进化、致病和耐药性差异非常必要。
本研究以新疆地区驴源SEZ不同流行株(HT222与YLCD588)为研究对象,对其进行全基因组测序分析,重点分析其MLST、遗传进化关系、毒力基因的分布和差异以及耐药基因的差异,并结合致病性、耐药表型及生物膜形成等表型实验,以期了解新疆驴源SEZ不同流行株的致病性、耐药性和MLST进化特点,探究驴源SEZ的分子流行特征及致病和耐药机制,为有效控制新疆地区驴源SEZ感染和传播以及临床治疗提供参考,也为进一步开展致病和耐药机制研究奠定基础。
本研究中的2株驴源SEZ (HT222与YLCD588)分别于2023年分离自新疆南部和北部规模驴场病驴的下颌病变组织中。分离菌株及药敏试验质控菌株金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 29213均保存于新疆农业大学动物医学学院微生物实验室。
细菌基因组提取试剂盒、胶回收试收剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;药敏试纸,杭州滨合微生物试剂有限公司;THB培养基、MHB培养基,青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司。
6-7周龄的SPF级昆明白小鼠(20-25 g)购自新疆医科大学动物实验中心。小鼠饲养于条件良好的环境中,自由采食及饮水。本研究所有动物实验通过新疆农业大学实验动物伦理委员会批准,编号为2023035。
将2株分离株接种于Todd-Hewitt Broth (THB)培养基中,37 ℃、180 r/min培养至OD600为1.4,6 000 r/min离心2 min收集菌体,提取基因组DNA,委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行菌株二代全基因测序、组装。将全基因组序列信息注册至GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)数据库中,并通过NCBI的基因组注释PGAP对组装后的基因组序列进行注释。蛋白编码序列采用Diamond 0.8.35软件及同源蛋白数据库(cluster of orthologous groups of proteins, COG) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COG/)、基因功能分析数据库(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG) (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/kegg2.html)[13] 2个数据库进行功能分析。
将全基因组序列上传至毒力因子数据库(virulence factor database, VFDB)[14] (version 4.0),对2株分离菌的毒力基因进行分析,获得该菌株相关毒力因子信息;将全基因组序列上传至抗生素耐药数据库(comprehensive antibiotic resistance database, CARD)[15] (version 1.1.3),注释2株分离菌携带的耐药基因。
将2株菌的测序结果中的7个管家基因(arcCnrdEproSspitdktpiyqiL)序列结合S. zooepidemicus MLST数据库(https://pubmlst.org/szooepidemicus),确定分离菌株HT222与YLCD588的ST型,进一步在MLST数据库中将2株驴源SEZ菌株与1900年至2023年来自22个国家(UK、USA、Spain、New Zealand、Iceland、Denmark、Ireland、Belgium、Sweden、Argentina、Finland、Australia、Japan、Saudi Arabia、Portugal、Netherlands、Brazil、China、Faroe Islands、New Caledonia、Norway、United Arab Emirates)的20株人源及123株不同动物(驴、犬、牛、山羊、马、绵羊)源共145株SEZ分离株进行比对分析,采用MStree v2算法构建GrapeTree进行MLST分析[16]
将SEZ HT222、YLCD588分别接种于THB培养基中,37 ℃、180 r/min培养,于接种后每隔2 h分别收取菌液,测量OD600吸光值,每次测量设置3个重复[17],绘制细菌生长曲线。
生物膜形成的检测采用2种方法:结晶紫染色法和激光共聚焦显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscopy, CLSM)观察法[18]。对分离株生物膜进行染色[19],取对数生长期菌液100 µL加入96孔细胞培养板中,分别在6、12、20、30、40、50、60、70 h取样处理。吸除上层培养基并用PBS洗涤,晾干后加入0.1%结晶紫染液,静置染色30 min。吸除染液后再用无菌PBS洗涤3次,用95%乙醇脱色30 min,测定595 nm光密度值。
CLSM观察法是将SEZ HT222、YLCD588菌液分别加入腔室载玻片中,培养48 h后,吸除上层培养基并用无菌PBS洗涤2次,用0.3% SYTO-9避光染色15 min,吸除染液晾干后,加入2.5%的戊二醛溶液固定30 min,晾干并滴加BacLightTM Mounting Oil,CLSM观察[19]
采用K-B纸片扩散法[20]检测2株分离菌HT222、YLCD588对22种抗生素(青霉素、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、头孢喹肟、厄他培南、美罗培南、万古霉素、氯霉素、链霉素、红霉素、阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、多西环素、土霉素、四环素、替加环素、左氧氟沙星、氧氟沙星、加替代星、林可霉素、磺胺嘧啶钠、泰妙灵)的敏感性。将菌液均匀涂布到MH琼脂培养基上,再将药敏纸片贴在培养基表面,37 ℃培养过夜后测量抑菌圈的直径,根据美国临床和实验室标准协会的药物敏感性判定标准判定分离菌株HT222、YLCD588对药物的敏感性。
将30只小鼠随机分为3组,分别为HT222组、YLCD588组和对照组,每组10只。每组小鼠分别腹腔接种浓度为1×107 CFU/mL的菌液(1 mL),其中HT222组和YLCD588组分别接种对应分离株菌液,对照组注射等体积的PBS。接种后观察并记录小鼠7 d内的存活情况与状态,绘制小鼠生存曲线。对死亡或发病小鼠取肺脏、脾脏组织,用福尔马林固定,制作石蜡切片,进行苏木精-伊红染色(hematoxylin-eosin stainin, HE)染色并观察病理组织学变化。取不同组小鼠的肺脏和脾脏匀浆,并用PBS稀释至10-3,涂布在THB固体培养基培上进行脏器荷菌量检测[21]
应用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析,所有试验至少重复3次,数据以均值(mean)±标准差(SD)表示,组间差异采用双侧t检验。
两个SEZ分离株的基因组特征如表1所示,全基因组测序测结果显示菌株YLCD588和HT222的G+C含量分别为41.44%和41.42%,总长度分别为2 090 225 bp和2 105 005 bp。经基因组注释,预测编码蛋白质的序列分别为1 905个和1 995个。测序结果已上传至GenBank数据库并获得相应的登录号。
分别从2株分离菌基因组DNA测序结果中获得7个管家基因(arcCnrdEproSspitdktpiyqiL)的序列。2株分离菌测序后分别属于2个不同的序列型(ST) (表2),YLCD588为ST545,HT222为ST420,其中ST545为新发现的ST型。将2株分离株与其他143株不同动物源和不同ST型的SEZ参考株构建最小生成树(图1)。结果显示,145株菌形成2个主要分支:ST40分支和ST365分支。本研究中的2株驴源分离株ST545和ST420均属于ST365分支。最小生成树显示,本研究的2株驴源SEZ分离株YLCD588 (ST545)和HT222 (ST420)分别与不同动物源ST型的亲缘关系较近。YLCD588 (ST545)与山羊源SEZ (ST265)、驴源SEZ (ST533)、马源SEZ (ST278)的亲缘关系较近,HT222 (ST420)与犬源SEZ (ST318)、犬源SEZ (ST327)、马源SEZ (ST300)、人源SEZ (ST194)的亲缘关系较近,说明2株不同ST型驴源SEZ具有不同的动物传播和进化特征。
HT222与YLCD588基因组的共线性比较结果表明,2个分离株之间存在基因的移位和倒位(图2A)。HT222特有基因数量为270个,YLCD588特有基因数量为201个,2株菌共有基因1 686个(图2B),表明2株菌具有不同的基因组遗传特征。
将分离株HT222与YLCD588的序列与数据库进行比对注释(E-value≤1×10-5),分别有1 710个和1 669个基因被注释到23种COG功能分类中。2株菌中编码翻译、核糖体结构和生物合成(translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis)相关功能的基因数量最多,分别为199个。HT222编码复制、重组和修复(replication, recombination and repair)的基因数量(112个)比YLCD588 (96个)多;HT222编码移动基因组、前噬菌体和转座子(mobilome, prophages and transposons)的基因数量(39个)比YLCD588 (22个)多;而YLCD588编码防御因子(defense mechanisms)的基因数量(71个)比HT222 (59个)多(图3)。
HT222和YLCD588分别有1 700个和1 668个蛋白被注释到KEGG功能分类中。其中,参与新陈代谢(metabolism)的global and overview maps基因数量最多,HT222和YLCD588分别有416个和408个相关基因;其次是碳水化合物代谢(carbohydrate metabolism),HT222和YLCD588分别有184个和178个相关基因;膜转运(membrane transport)相关基因数量分别为158个和155个(图4)。
分离株HT222与YLCD588的全基因组序列经CARD (v3.2.9)数据库注释,通过BLAST (E-value≤1×10-5)共发现11类抗性基因,包括β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类、四环素类、氟喹诺酮类、肽类、糖肽类、林可酰胺类、恶唑烷酮类、氨基香豆素类和截短侧耳素类(图5)。HT222携带235个耐药基因,而YLCD588携带233个耐药基因。2个菌株的差异基因主要包括:HT222携带糖肽类耐药基因vanXY,Y而LCD588携带糖肽类耐药基因vanY;HT222缺乏大环内酯类耐药基因mupA和四环素类耐药基因tetA,而YLCD588携带大环内酯类耐药基因mupA和四环素类耐药基因tetA (表3)。
经VFDB (v20240301)数据库注释和BLAST比对分析(E-value≤1×10-5)比对后,结果显示分离株HT222基因组中共检测到214个毒力基因,分离株YLCD588基因组中共检测到212个毒力基因,包括免疫调节因子、营养代谢因子、外毒素、效应器输送系统、黏附因子、生物膜形成因子和侵袭性蛋白(图6)。2个菌株中共有6种毒力基因存在差异,主要包括免疫因子(pbpGctrD)、营养代谢因子(pvdJ)、外毒素(clbN)、黏附因子(canacmspaP/pac)、生物膜形成因子(fsrC)和胞外酶(sak)。具体而言,HT222缺乏营养代谢因子基因pvdJ和生物膜形成相关基因,HT222不含fsrC基因;YLCD588缺乏外毒素基因clbN和胞外酶基因sak (表4)。
HT222和YLCD588的生长曲线存在差异(图7)。通过结晶紫染色法检测2种菌的生物被膜形成能力(图8),不同时间点的595 nm波长处光密度值比较表明,随着时间的增加2株菌的生物被膜形成能力逐渐增强。培养至50 h时,2株菌的生物被膜形成均达到最高水平,YLCD588的生物被膜形成能力显著高于HT222 (P<0.05)。共聚焦扫描显微镜观察结果表明,YLCD588的生物被膜结构更为紧密(图9A),而HT222的生物被膜结构相对疏松(图9B)。
YLCD588和HT222菌株对22种抗菌药物的药敏试验结果见表5。YLCD588对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、厄他培南、万古霉素、链霉素、加替沙星6种抗生素耐药;HT222对链霉素、克拉霉素、土霉素、加替沙星4种抗生素耐药。
将分离株YLCD588和HT222分别接种小鼠后,2组感染小鼠均在7 d内死亡,感染HT222的小鼠比感染YLCD588的小鼠死亡时间更短(图10A)。对感染小鼠脾脏和肺脏细菌载量的检测结果表明,YLCD588在感染鼠肺脏和脾脏的定殖水平显著低于HT222 (图10B)。病理切片结果显示,与对照组相比,HT222和YLCD588感染鼠的肺组织均出现肺泡增厚,其中HT222感染鼠的肺泡增厚病变更为明显(图10C中a-c)。HT222和YLCD588感染鼠的脾脏组织均表现出血管扩张,脾窦和脾小结内红细胞增多,脾组织出现空泡样变化,且HT222感染鼠的脾组织病变比YLCD588感染鼠更严重(图10C中d-f),表明2株SEZ菌株YLCD588和HT222对小鼠的致病力存在显著差异。
本研究对驴源马链球菌兽疫亚种分离株HT222与YLCD588进行了全基因组测序和ST分型。结果表明,YLCD588被鉴定为新的ST型ST545,MLST系统发育树显示YLCD588与山羊源SEZ株亲缘关系最近,而HT222则与犬源SEZ株亲缘关系较近。HT222比YLCD588携带更多的毒力和耐药基因,表现出更强的致病性;而YLCD588比HT222具有更强的生物被膜形成能力,耐药表型更为显著。
马链球菌兽疫亚种具有广泛的宿主种类,是一种重要的人畜共患病原菌[22]。研究表明,SEZ可在马和犬、猫和人,以及犬和人之间传播[23-25],其引起的感染在欧美地区多发生于马、猫、犬等动物。Jara等[26]从美国爱德华州豚鼠下颌脓肿样品中分离出SEZ。相比之下,国内SEZ主要在猪群中常见[27],还可引起马和人之间的传播[28]。Preziuso等[3]对意大利不同地区流行的马源SEZ进行了16S rRNA基因序列比较分析,发现SEZ表现出高度的遗传多样性。
由于SEZ感染宿主的多样性,MLST可用于揭示病原菌的传播规律和种群动态[29-31]。蒲小峰等[32]首次报道了新疆地区分离的2株驴源SEZ,鉴定出ST420,并对其进行了药物敏感性及生物学特性分析,同时对分离株的16S rRNA基因V1-V5可变区进行了比较分析,对分离菌株进行了SeM基因进化分析和多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST),评估了其种内进化特征。Cantelmi等[12]从意大利阿布鲁佐地区病驴中分离鉴定了一株新的驴源SEZ ST525,认为驴源SEZ的生物学特性及致病性与马源SEZ菌株存在显著差异,并通过全基因组测序发现了驴源SEZ中由人化脓链球菌前噬菌体携带的毒力因子mf2
Björnsdóttir等[33]对冰岛流行的257株人源及马源SEZ进行了MLST分析,发现SEZ ST209在病人及患马中流行,该结果在公共卫生方面具有一定意义。Bisgaard等[34]从患病鸡体内检出了禽源SEZ ST173和ST280,发现禽源ST208来源于马源菌株。蒲小峰等[32]对新疆地区分离得到的2株驴源SEZ (ST179和ST420)进行MLST分析,得出驴源分离株ST179来源于以往流行的马源ST179。本研究通过多位点序列分型分离鉴定出驴源SEZ的2个不同基因型ST420 (HT222)与ST545 (YLCD588)。其中,ST420与先前分离自人类临床样本的ST194、犬源SEZ (ST318)、犬源SEZ (ST327)、马源SEZ (ST300)呈现遗传进化关联,提示该基因型具有潜在的人兽共患病传播风险。ST545是本次鉴定的新基因型,该结果完善了驴源SEZ的分子分型数据,揭示了SEZ的遗传多样性及其在不同地理区域和宿主中的差异。此外,ST545与山羊源ST265分离株、驴源SEZ (ST533)、马源SEZ (ST278)亲缘关系较近,存在系统发育同源性,揭示了其在不同哺乳动物种间传播的分子流行病学特征。
本研究对2株SEZ不同流行株的毒力基因进行比较分析,结果显示HT222携带有毒力因子基因saK,而YLCD588菌株未携带该基因。SaK有助于病原菌在宿主体内的扩散,使细菌从脓肿中逃逸出来,从而增强免疫逃逸能力,导致其致病性增强[35]。Wang等[36]发现毒力因子SaK通过调控金黄色葡萄球菌的纤溶系统平衡和炎症反应,从而加重感染进程和宿主病理损伤。该结果与本研究中HT222比YLCD588对小鼠的病理损伤更严重的结果一致。HT222感染小鼠引起典型肺炎病理变化。鉴于本研究仅在基因组水平比较毒力基因,今后还需进一步开展基因表达相关的实验进行分析验证。
耐药基因是细菌产生耐药性的机制之一,本研究中SEZ分离株经全基因组测序分析发现其包含11类抗生素耐药基因,包括β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类、四环素类、氟喹诺酮类、肽类、糖肽类、林可酰胺类、恶唑烷酮类、氨基香豆素类和截短侧耳素类。根据测序结果和耐药试验结果,虽然YLCD588的耐药基因数目比HT222少,但YLCD588表现出比HT222更强的耐药表型。分析其原因可能存在部分的耐药基因不表现出相对应的耐药表型,或存在除耐药基因以外的其他机制介导耐药表型。Wang等对人、鸡及猪分别开展了肠道微生物耐药基因宏基因组和宏转录组比较分析,发现这3种生物分别有49.4%、66.5%和56.6%的耐药基因是表达的[37],本研究结果也与之相符,也进一步表明开展表达分析的必要性。
β-内酰胺类药物是治疗链球菌感染的主要抗生素之一。黄荣等[38]分离鉴定了青海驴腺疫链球菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素高度敏感。近年来,在药物的选择压力下链球菌对该类药物耐药率呈上升趋势。蒲小峰等[32]发现2株驴源SEZ中HT111对6种β-内酰胺类药物(阿莫西林、氨苄西林、头孢呋辛、头孢替呋、头孢西丁、青霉素)均敏感,而HT321则对其中4种(阿莫西林、头孢呋辛、头孢替呋、青霉素)表现出耐药性,表明这2个菌株已对β-内酰胺类药物表现出明显的耐药趋势。本研究发现,HT222菌株对3种β-内酰胺类药物(阿莫西林、氨苄西林、厄他培南)敏感,而YLCD588对这3种药物均表现出耐药性,说明耐药表型与耐药基因型具有相关性,但也存在差异,分析其原因可能与YLCD588和HT222菌株之间的差异以及不同区域的用药差异有关。赵巧雅等[39]对粪肠球菌的研究发现,2株耐药基因均一致的粪肠球菌耐药表型存在明显差异。以往研究还表明,链球菌属对氨基糖苷类药物表现出低水平耐药,但氨基糖苷类相关耐药基因的存在可引发高水平耐药[40]。本研究中2株菌存在氨基糖苷类相关耐药基因,在药敏检测中均表现出耐药性,该结果与上述研究一致。
细菌生物被膜的形成会对菌株的耐药表型产生一定影响,导致耐药基因型和表型存在差异。以往研究已证实猪链球菌可通过生物被膜介导增强其耐药潜能[41]。本研究发现分离株YLCD588的生物被膜形成能力较HT222强,推测YLCD588比HT222表现出更强的耐药表型,与其较强的生物被膜形成能力有关。
生物被膜是链球菌产生毒力的重要原因之一,生物被膜形成能力与分离株致病性呈现相关性。本研究中分离株YLCD588比HT222表现出更强的生物被膜形成能力,但其致病性较HT222低,推测YLCD588在生物被膜形成过程中可能通过调控毒力基因的表达而降低了该菌的致病性,该结论与以往对猪链球菌的研究发现其生物被膜形成能力与毒力表型呈负相关的结论[38]一致。
本研究对2株驴源SEZ分离株HT222与YLCD588进行了全基因组测序、MLST进化分析、药敏检测、生物被膜形成试验及小鼠致病性试验等,揭示了HT222和YLCD588与国内外不同动物源SEZ的亲缘关系,分析了2株菌毒力与耐药基因及表型的差异,为临床有效控制SEZ的传播、治疗及保障人员健康提供了帮助,并为后续开展SEZ的致病和耐药机制研究提供了参考依据。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区“三农”骨干人才培养资助项目(2023SNGGGCC001)
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2025年第65卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250243
  • 接收时间:2025-03-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-26
  • 录用日期:2025-04-25
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the Three Agricultural Key Personal Training Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2023SNGGGCC001)
新疆维吾尔自治区“三农”骨干人才培养资助项目(2023SNGGGCC001)
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    新疆农业大学 动物医学学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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