Article(id=1192149555534770318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250247, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743004800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1746633600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-08, onlineDate=1762160203106, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160203106, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160203106, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160203106, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4667, endPage=4683, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149556558180499, articleId=1192149555534770318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Analysis of succession of Lactobacillus during Xiaoqu Qingxiang Baijiu fermentation and fermentation characteristics of dominant Lactobacillus spp., columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To clarify the succession patterns of Lactobacillus and their regulatory effects on the ethyl acetate-to-ethyl lactate ratio during Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing Baijiu fermentation. [Methods] High-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze the species-level succession patterns of Lactobacillus in Xiaoqu and fermented grains (Jiupei). Modified culture media and enrichment methods were employed to isolate Lactobacillus from Jiupei. The dominant Lactobacillus strains were then evaluated for tolerance, subjected to single-carbon-source fermentation experiments, sorghum hydrolysate fermentation experiments, and lab-scale simulated solid-state fermentation with Lactobacillus. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of different Lactobacillus strains, their fermentation characteristics on single carbon sources, and their impact on the ethyl acetate-to-ethyl lactate ratio in the Baijiu were investigated. [Results] A total of 15 Lactobacillus strains were isolated from Jiupei, and high-throughput data analysis identified eight dominant species: Limosilactobacillus pontis, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, Levilactobacillus brevis, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus acetotolerans. Further tolerance tests and single-carbon-source fermentation characterization revealed that all the eight dominant strains could withstand actual fermentation conditions (ethanol/acetic acid/lactic acid). However, L. plantarum exhibited impaired maltose utilization, while L. acetotolerans showed defective d-galactose metabolism. L. helveticus and L. pontis displayed a single-product fermentation profile in single-carbon-source cultures, whereas L. brevis, L. buchneri, and L. hilgardii exhibited multi-product fermentation patterns in both single-carbon-source and sorghum hydrolysate media. In lab-scale simulated solid-state fermentation with Lactobacillus, compared with the control, supplementation with L. hilgardii increased the ethyl lactate and ethyl acetate content by 175% and 44%, respectively, reducing the ethyl acetate-to-ethyl lactate ratio to 0.357. Supplementation with L. buchneri increased the ethyl acetate content by 50% while decreasing the ethyl lactate by 71%, raising the ethyl acetate-to-ethyl lactate ratio to 4.496. [Conclusion] The dominant Lactobacillus strains in Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing Baijiu fermentation exhibit strong overall environmental tolerance, and their metabolic profiles vary in single-carbon-source fermentation. The supplementation with different dominant Lactobacillus strains differentially modulates ester formation. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for dynamically regulating key flavor compounds during Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing Baijiu fermentation.

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E-mail: WU Xiaole,
CHEN Yefu,
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【目的】 阐释乳杆菌在小曲清香型白酒酿造中的演替规律,以及优势乳杆菌在发酵过程中对酒体乙乳比的影响。 【方法】 采用高通量测序技术解析小曲及酒醅中乳杆菌种水平的演替规律;结合改良培养基与富集培养方法从酒醅中分离乳杆菌;对优势乳杆菌进行耐受性评价、单一碳源发酵实验、高粱水解液发酵实验以及实验室模拟固态强化乳杆菌发酵实验,探究不同乳杆菌的生理生化特征、对单一碳源的发酵特征,以及对酒体中乙乳比的影响。 【结果】 从酒醅中共筛选出15种乳杆菌,并通过高通量数据分析确定了8种优势乳杆菌(欧研会黏液乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌、布氏慢生乳杆菌、希氏慢生乳杆菌、短发酵剂乳杆菌、发酵黏液乳杆菌、植物乳植杆菌与耐醋乳杆菌)。进一步耐受性分析与单一碳源发酵特征研究表明8种优势乳杆菌均能耐受实际发酵环境(乙醇/乙酸/乳酸),其中植物乳植杆菌存在麦芽糖利用缺陷,耐醋乳杆菌存在d-半乳糖利用缺陷;瑞士乳杆菌与欧研会黏液乳杆菌在单一碳源中发酵呈现单产物特征;短发酵剂乳杆菌、布氏慢生乳杆菌与希氏慢生乳杆菌在单一碳源与高粱水解液中发酵呈现多产物发酵特征。实验室模拟固态强化乳杆菌发酵实验结果显示,与对照组相比强化希氏乳杆菌可使酒体中乳酸乙酯及乙酸乙酯含量分别提升175%和44%,乙乳比降至0.357;强化布氏慢生乳杆菌可使酒体中乙酸乙酯含量提升50%,乳酸乙酯含量降低71%,乙乳比升至4.496。 【结论】 小曲清香型白酒酒醅中的优势乳杆菌总体耐受性较强,优势乳杆菌对单一碳源的发酵存在差异,强化不同优势乳杆菌发酵对酯类的调控效果不同。本研究结果为实现小曲清香型白酒发酵过程中关键风味物质的动态调控提供了重要理论依据。

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作者贡献声明

马丹:实验操作,论文撰写与修改;张秋波:参与论文绘图;王涵:协助实验操作;王欢:提出论文概念;孙春虹:参与实验方案讨论;王瑞鑫:协助论文修改;武晓乐:论文构思和设计,论文修改;陈叶福:获取基金,论文修改与审阅。

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Heliyon, 2023, 9(7): e17739., articleTitle=Effects of six commercially available koji (Chinese Xiaoqu) on the production of ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, and higher alcohols in Chinese Baijiu (distilled spirit) brewing, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1192161102550156250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, awardId=31671843, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671843), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192161102604682203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, awardId=31671843, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31671843), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192161098083222419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192161098091611028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, companyId=1192161098083222419, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192161098099999637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, companyId=1192161098083222419, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=天津科技大学,工业发酵微生物教育部重点实验室,天津)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1192161101312836552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Succession of Lactobacillus during the fermentation process of Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing Baijiu. A: The percentage of the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in different fermentation stages; B: The clustering heatmap of Lactobacillus in different fermentation stages., figureFileSmall=VuKoQ2RY1PwsbucJdgnMkQ==, figureFileBig=mIDQRU7BLQAxsn8TKxEYrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161101384139721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=CN, label=图1, caption=小曲清香型白酒酿造过程中乳杆菌的演替。A:不同发酵阶段中乳杆菌相对丰度百分比;B:不同发酵阶段中乳杆菌的聚类热图。, figureFileSmall=VuKoQ2RY1PwsbucJdgnMkQ==, figureFileBig=mIDQRU7BLQAxsn8TKxEYrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161101468025802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Colony morphology of 16 representative strains., figureFileSmall=FBs2w1cixkR31OWufrcWGw==, figureFileBig=cMBODXxkNpQYH4xIdl/LOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161101530940363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=CN, label=图2, caption=16株代表菌株的菌落形态, figureFileSmall=FBs2w1cixkR31OWufrcWGw==, figureFileBig=cMBODXxkNpQYH4xIdl/LOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161101606437836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The phylogenetic tree of 16 representative strains based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The serial number in parentheses is the GenBank accession number, and the number at the node is bootstrap support. The ruler represents the evolutionary distance., figureFileSmall=8SkD8E4sB8k/xy0lUINBDA==, figureFileBig=CfqQRyeShdvbBlkhlP9ttg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161101656769485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的16株代表菌株系统发育树。括号内的序号为GenBank登录号;节点处的数字为bootstrap支持度;标尺表示进化距离。, figureFileSmall=8SkD8E4sB8k/xy0lUINBDA==, figureFileBig=CfqQRyeShdvbBlkhlP9ttg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161101828735950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The tolerance capacity of Lactobacillus under different stress conditions. A, B: Ethanol tolerance; C, D: Acetic acid tolerance; E, F: Lactic acid tolerance., figureFileSmall=0myutEVXCBxHr7Z/tyeIpA==, figureFileBig=n8MX+Bg4AfcZhPbvCSlSxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161101879067599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=CN, label=图4, caption=乳杆菌不同胁迫条件下耐受能力。A、B:乙醇耐受能力;C、D:乙酸耐受能力;E、F:乳酸耐受能力。, figureFileSmall=0myutEVXCBxHr7Z/tyeIpA==, figureFileBig=n8MX+Bg4AfcZhPbvCSlSxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161101933593552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Concentration and conversion rate of Lactobacillus fermentation products under single carbon source conditions. A: L. helveticus R0; B: L. pontis Q1; C: L. acetotolerans NS1; D: L. fermentum F1; E: L. plantarum Z5; F: L. brevis D2; G: L. hilgardii X1; H: L. buchneri B4., figureFileSmall=MIU8FTyoTr6vGMjG1kgbzA==, figureFileBig=rJKBL8BuoOzCJswAmfKG/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161101983925201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=CN, label=图5, caption=单一碳源下乳杆菌发酵产物浓度及其转化率。A:瑞士乳杆菌R0;B:欧研会黏液乳杆菌Q1;C:耐醋乳杆菌NS1;D:发酵黏液乳杆菌F1;E:植物乳植杆菌Z5;F:短发酵剂乳杆菌D2;G:希氏慢生乳杆菌X1;H:布氏慢生乳杆菌B4。, figureFileSmall=MIU8FTyoTr6vGMjG1kgbzA==, figureFileBig=rJKBL8BuoOzCJswAmfKG/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161102038451154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Lactobacillus carbon source utilization and product formation in sorghum hydrolysate fermentation. A: Carbon source utilization efficiency; B: Fermentation product concentration and conversion rate., figureFileSmall=+2wrDUqpFVA9yvqlngtlng==, figureFileBig=5vEq26NaAWtFMZ6dseieVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161102080394195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=CN, label=图6, caption=乳杆菌高粱水解液发酵的碳源利用和产物生成情况。A:碳源利用率;B:发酵产物浓度与转化率。, figureFileSmall=+2wrDUqpFVA9yvqlngtlng==, figureFileBig=5vEq26NaAWtFMZ6dseieVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161102126531540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Simulated enhanced solid-state fermentation conditions for acid and ester generation in fermented grains. A: Lactic acid; B: Acetic acid; C: Ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate content, and ethyl acetate to ethyl lactate ratio Lactobacillus.*: Indicates a significant correlation with the control group CK (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=8DvsegU1enmwuQu36LIqCA==, figureFileBig=4CPuPMENfZcFdtPb40H7QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161102189446101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=CN, label=图7, caption=模拟强化固态发酵条件下酒醅中的酸酯生成。A:乳酸;B:乙酸;C:乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯及乙乳比。, figureFileSmall=8DvsegU1enmwuQu36LIqCA==, figureFileBig=4CPuPMENfZcFdtPb40H7QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161102252360662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Identification results of 34 potential Lactobacillus strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株编号

Strain number

菌株数

Number of strains

种属

Species

D1, D22短发酵剂乳杆菌L. brevis
B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B77布氏慢生乳杆菌L. buchner
X1, X22希氏慢生乳杆菌L. hilgardii
GL1, GL22干酪乳杆菌L. case
H1, H22哈尔滨施莱弗乳杆菌S. harbinensis
R01瑞士乳杆菌L. helveticus
F1, F22发酵黏液乳杆菌L. fermentum
MB11面包黏液乳杆菌Limosilactobacillus panis
NS1, NS12耐醋乳杆菌L. acetotolerans
SE11食二酸迟缓乳杆菌L. diolivorans
V11酒液体乳杆菌L. vini
Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z55植物乳植杆菌L. plantarum
Q1, Q22欧研会黏液乳杆菌L. pontis
DF11嗜淀粉乳杆菌A. amylophilus
S11嗜酸乳杆菌L. acidophilus
P1, P22乳酸片球菌P. acidilactici
), ArticleFig(id=1192161102311080919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

34株潜在乳杆菌鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株编号

Strain number

菌株数

Number of strains

种属

Species

D1, D22短发酵剂乳杆菌L. brevis
B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B77布氏慢生乳杆菌L. buchner
X1, X22希氏慢生乳杆菌L. hilgardii
GL1, GL22干酪乳杆菌L. case
H1, H22哈尔滨施莱弗乳杆菌S. harbinensis
R01瑞士乳杆菌L. helveticus
F1, F22发酵黏液乳杆菌L. fermentum
MB11面包黏液乳杆菌Limosilactobacillus panis
NS1, NS12耐醋乳杆菌L. acetotolerans
SE11食二酸迟缓乳杆菌L. diolivorans
V11酒液体乳杆菌L. vini
Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z55植物乳植杆菌L. plantarum
Q1, Q22欧研会黏液乳杆菌L. pontis
DF11嗜淀粉乳杆菌A. amylophilus
S11嗜酸乳杆菌L. acidophilus
P1, P22乳酸片球菌P. acidilactici
), ArticleFig(id=1192161102369801176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Carbon source utilization efficiency of Lactobacillus in media with different carbon sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株

Strain

葡萄糖

Glucose

(%)

d-半乳糖

d-galactose

(%)

麦芽糖

Maltose

(%)

R0100.00±0.00a80.15±5.55b100.00±0.00a
Q1100.00±0.00a81.35±1.40b100.00±0.00a
NS1100.00±0.00a6.36±1.05c60.10±4.15b
F1100.00±0.00a90.60±0.25a61.35±2.80b
Z5100.00±0.00a80.15±5.00b2.65±0.30c
D2100.00±0.00a82.75±3.95b100.00±0.00a
X1100.00±0.00a90.80±0.25a100.00±0.00a
B4100.00±0.00a90.50±0.35a100.00±0.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1192161102432715737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149555534770318, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

乳杆菌在不同碳源培养基中的碳源利用率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株

Strain

葡萄糖

Glucose

(%)

d-半乳糖

d-galactose

(%)

麦芽糖

Maltose

(%)

R0100.00±0.00a80.15±5.55b100.00±0.00a
Q1100.00±0.00a81.35±1.40b100.00±0.00a
NS1100.00±0.00a6.36±1.05c60.10±4.15b
F1100.00±0.00a90.60±0.25a61.35±2.80b
Z5100.00±0.00a80.15±5.00b2.65±0.30c
D2100.00±0.00a82.75±3.95b100.00±0.00a
X1100.00±0.00a90.80±0.25a100.00±0.00a
B4100.00±0.00a90.50±0.35a100.00±0.00a
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小曲清香型白酒酿造中乳酸杆菌的演替及优势乳酸杆菌发酵特性分析
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马丹 , 张秋波 , 王涵 , 王欢 , 孙春虹 , 王瑞鑫 , 武晓乐 , 陈叶福
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(10): 4667-4683
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(10): 4667-4683
小曲清香型白酒酿造中乳酸杆菌的演替及优势乳酸杆菌发酵特性分析
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马丹, 张秋波, 王涵, 王欢, 孙春虹, 王瑞鑫, 武晓乐 , 陈叶福
作者信息
  • 天津科技大学,工业发酵微生物教育部重点实验室,天津
Analysis of succession of Lactobacillus during Xiaoqu Qingxiang Baijiu fermentation and fermentation characteristics of dominant Lactobacillus spp.
Dan MA, Qiubo ZHANG, Han WANG, Huan WANG, Chunhong SUN, Ruixin WANG, Xiaole WU , Yefu CHEN
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250247
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【目的】 阐释乳杆菌在小曲清香型白酒酿造中的演替规律,以及优势乳杆菌在发酵过程中对酒体乙乳比的影响。 【方法】 采用高通量测序技术解析小曲及酒醅中乳杆菌种水平的演替规律;结合改良培养基与富集培养方法从酒醅中分离乳杆菌;对优势乳杆菌进行耐受性评价、单一碳源发酵实验、高粱水解液发酵实验以及实验室模拟固态强化乳杆菌发酵实验,探究不同乳杆菌的生理生化特征、对单一碳源的发酵特征,以及对酒体中乙乳比的影响。 【结果】 从酒醅中共筛选出15种乳杆菌,并通过高通量数据分析确定了8种优势乳杆菌(欧研会黏液乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌、布氏慢生乳杆菌、希氏慢生乳杆菌、短发酵剂乳杆菌、发酵黏液乳杆菌、植物乳植杆菌与耐醋乳杆菌)。进一步耐受性分析与单一碳源发酵特征研究表明8种优势乳杆菌均能耐受实际发酵环境(乙醇/乙酸/乳酸),其中植物乳植杆菌存在麦芽糖利用缺陷,耐醋乳杆菌存在d-半乳糖利用缺陷;瑞士乳杆菌与欧研会黏液乳杆菌在单一碳源中发酵呈现单产物特征;短发酵剂乳杆菌、布氏慢生乳杆菌与希氏慢生乳杆菌在单一碳源与高粱水解液中发酵呈现多产物发酵特征。实验室模拟固态强化乳杆菌发酵实验结果显示,与对照组相比强化希氏乳杆菌可使酒体中乳酸乙酯及乙酸乙酯含量分别提升175%和44%,乙乳比降至0.357;强化布氏慢生乳杆菌可使酒体中乙酸乙酯含量提升50%,乳酸乙酯含量降低71%,乙乳比升至4.496。 【结论】 小曲清香型白酒酒醅中的优势乳杆菌总体耐受性较强,优势乳杆菌对单一碳源的发酵存在差异,强化不同优势乳杆菌发酵对酯类的调控效果不同。本研究结果为实现小曲清香型白酒发酵过程中关键风味物质的动态调控提供了重要理论依据。

小曲清香型白酒  /  乳杆菌演替规律  /  耐受性  /  碳源利用  /  乙乳比

[Objective] To clarify the succession patterns of Lactobacillus and their regulatory effects on the ethyl acetate-to-ethyl lactate ratio during Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing Baijiu fermentation. [Methods] High-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze the species-level succession patterns of Lactobacillus in Xiaoqu and fermented grains (Jiupei). Modified culture media and enrichment methods were employed to isolate Lactobacillus from Jiupei. The dominant Lactobacillus strains were then evaluated for tolerance, subjected to single-carbon-source fermentation experiments, sorghum hydrolysate fermentation experiments, and lab-scale simulated solid-state fermentation with Lactobacillus. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of different Lactobacillus strains, their fermentation characteristics on single carbon sources, and their impact on the ethyl acetate-to-ethyl lactate ratio in the Baijiu were investigated. [Results] A total of 15 Lactobacillus strains were isolated from Jiupei, and high-throughput data analysis identified eight dominant species: Limosilactobacillus pontis, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, Levilactobacillus brevis, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus acetotolerans. Further tolerance tests and single-carbon-source fermentation characterization revealed that all the eight dominant strains could withstand actual fermentation conditions (ethanol/acetic acid/lactic acid). However, L. plantarum exhibited impaired maltose utilization, while L. acetotolerans showed defective d-galactose metabolism. L. helveticus and L. pontis displayed a single-product fermentation profile in single-carbon-source cultures, whereas L. brevis, L. buchneri, and L. hilgardii exhibited multi-product fermentation patterns in both single-carbon-source and sorghum hydrolysate media. In lab-scale simulated solid-state fermentation with Lactobacillus, compared with the control, supplementation with L. hilgardii increased the ethyl lactate and ethyl acetate content by 175% and 44%, respectively, reducing the ethyl acetate-to-ethyl lactate ratio to 0.357. Supplementation with L. buchneri increased the ethyl acetate content by 50% while decreasing the ethyl lactate by 71%, raising the ethyl acetate-to-ethyl lactate ratio to 4.496. [Conclusion] The dominant Lactobacillus strains in Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing Baijiu fermentation exhibit strong overall environmental tolerance, and their metabolic profiles vary in single-carbon-source fermentation. The supplementation with different dominant Lactobacillus strains differentially modulates ester formation. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for dynamically regulating key flavor compounds during Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing Baijiu fermentation.

Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing Baijiu  /  Lactobacillus succession pattern  /  tolerance  /  carbon source utilization  /  ethyl acetate-to-ethyl lactate ratio
马丹, 张秋波, 王涵, 王欢, 孙春虹, 王瑞鑫, 武晓乐, 陈叶福. 小曲清香型白酒酿造中乳酸杆菌的演替及优势乳酸杆菌发酵特性分析. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4667 -4683 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250247
Dan MA, Qiubo ZHANG, Han WANG, Huan WANG, Chunhong SUN, Ruixin WANG, Xiaole WU, Yefu CHEN. Analysis of succession of Lactobacillus during Xiaoqu Qingxiang Baijiu fermentation and fermentation characteristics of dominant Lactobacillus spp.[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4667 -4683 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250247
中国白酒是传统固态发酵蒸馏酒的典型代表,其酿造依赖于复杂微生物群落的动态演替与协同代谢[1]。小曲清香型白酒作为十二大香型中的典型代表,以高粱等为原料,小曲作为糖化发酵剂,凭借清雅纯正的风味在白酒体系中独树一帜[2]。近年来,宏基因组学与代谢组学等技术揭示了传统酿造体系中乳酸菌在风味塑造及群落构建中的关键作用[3]。其中,乳杆菌在小曲清香型白酒,甚至其他香型白酒发酵的中后期作为主要功能菌属,通过产生酸、醇等代谢产物对酒醅酸度、挥发性风味物质以及酿造环境稳定性产生显著影响[4-5]。因此,乳杆菌对小曲清香型白酒的酿造过程极为关键。
目前小曲清香型白酒中关于乳杆菌的研究主要聚焦于2个方面。一方面,借助扩增子测序及相关性分析探究乳杆菌对风味的贡献。例如,Tang等[6]对酒醅进行宏基因组测序,发现随着发酵的推进乳杆菌在细菌群落中的占比逐渐升高,90 d后占比达65%,同时酒醅中乳酸及乳酸乙酯含量持续上升。Hu等[7]对比了机械化与传统生产发酵对白酒生产中微生物群落和风味的影响,发现现代化工艺相比传统发酵工艺乳杆菌丰度占比更高,其高级醇含量也更低。Wang等[8]利用高通量测序方法发现初始高含水量酒醅发酵能促进乳杆菌增殖,提升乙酸含量,降低高级脂肪酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯等风味物质的生成。另一方面,通过传统可培养技术扩充乳杆菌的种质资源库,并进行简单的性能评价。李锐等[9]研究传统固态发酵中功能细菌群落的动态,从酒醅中筛选获得的5种乳杆菌均具有产酸性能。江威等[10]用传统分离法从酒醅中分离出11种乳杆菌,通过添加布氏慢生乳杆菌进行强化固态发酵发现布氏慢生乳杆菌具有提高乙酸乙酯与乳酸乙酯含量的作用。然而,通过分析乳杆菌群落结构与风味的相关性仅得到数学统计学关系,还需要通过后续实验进一步验证;而传统可培养方法受培养基限制及营养偏好影响,且缺乏科学理论指导无法体现实际发酵过程中乳杆菌的结构。因此结合高通量测序与可培养手段,既能揭示乳杆菌种水平的演替规律,又能筛选关键菌株进行功能评价与发酵表征。
本研究解析了小曲清香型白酒发酵过程中乳杆菌在种水平上的动态演替规律,通过优化培养方法成功分离获得发酵体系中的优势乳杆菌菌种。在此基础上进一步考察了这些优势菌株在实际酿造环境关键胁迫因子下的生长耐受性,并探究了不同碳源条件下的发酵特征差异。通过实验室模拟固态发酵实验,采用乳杆菌强化接种策略揭示了优势乳杆菌菌种对小曲清香型白酒中关键风味物质合成的调控作用。本研究阐明了乳杆菌在小曲清香型白酒发酵过程中的关键作用,以期为定向调控风味物质比例提供理论支撑,同时为乳杆菌资源在食品发酵工业中的精准应用奠定科学基础。
葡萄糖、麦芽糖、d-半乳糖,天津市化学试剂三厂;琼脂粉,天津市河西区珠江卫生材料厂;乳酸、乙酸,天津市化学试剂一厂;吐温- 80,天津市化学试剂六厂;硫酸锰、硫酸镁、磷酸二氢钾、半胱氨酸试剂,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;厌氧气体,天津市军粮城常福气体有限公司;高粱、酒糟、谷壳、酒曲均取自湖北某清香型白酒酒厂。
生化恒温培养箱,上海博迅实业有限公司;厌氧培养箱,Gene Science公司;PCR扩增仪,Eppendorf 公司;恒温摇床,上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司;气相色谱仪、液相色谱仪,安捷伦科技有限公司;恒温水浴锅,天津中环电炉股份有限公司。
基础MRS培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.00,酵母浸粉4.00,牛肉膏4.00,乙酸钠5.00,硫酸镁2.00,磷酸氢二钾2.00,柠檬酸氢二铵2.00,硫酸锰0.04,吐温-80 1.00。改良MRS培养基(g/L):基础MRS培养基基础上,添加葡萄糖20.00,半胱氨酸2.00。富集MRS培养基:分别取发酵过程中第0、5、10、15天酒醅100.00 g,加300.00 mL水,密封超声浸提30 min,四层纱布过滤得到酒醅滤液,5 000 r/min离心10 min取得上清液,26.00 mL,MRS改良培养基26.00 g,均匀混合后定容至1.00 L。不同碳源培养基:选择葡萄糖、ᴅ-半乳糖、麦芽糖分别以初始浓度20.00 g/L加入基础MRS培养基中。高粱水解液培养基:参考阮玉磊[11]高粱水解液培养基制作方法,最终将其糖度调整至16° Brix。医生培养基均115 ℃灭菌20 min使用。
本研究所用样品来源于中国湖北省某酒厂酿造过程的发酵阶段。整个发酵周期为21 d,样品采集从小曲入醅糟开始,记为第0天,此后每隔5 d采集1次,直至发酵过程结束。采样点为槽车的上、中、下层(每层采5个点),采集后立即用无菌袋包装,并将同一天采集的所有样品均匀混合作为一个处理,每个处理设3个重复,最终共获得21个混合样品。酒醅乳杆菌扩增子测序及生物信息学分析参考Wang等[8]的方法进行。
取10 g酒醅加入100 mL灭菌的生理盐水中,30 ℃、180 r/min振荡30 min得到酒醅浸提液。取1 mL酒醅浸提液上清加入9 mL MRS富集培养基中,37 ℃静置培养3 d。分别取酒醅浸提液与酒醅富集液用灭菌的生理盐水进行梯度稀释,选择合适梯度,取100 μL稀释液涂布在MRS改良培养基平板上,并分别在有氧和厌氧条件下于37 ℃培养3-5 d。根据培养平板上单菌落的形态、大小和颜色挑取不同单菌落分别在MRS培养基上划线进行纯化。菌株基因组提取与鉴定方法参考阮玉磊[11]的方法。
挑取适量乳杆菌菌泥接入含5 mL MRS培养基的试管中,37 ℃静置培养24 h;按10%接种量再次转接于装有45 mL MRS培养基的容器中,37 ℃静置培养24 h。将种子液调至OD600=0.5,吸取100 μL菌液,梯度稀释至10-5,分别吸取2 μL稀释液涂板到含有不同乙醇体积分数(0-25%)的MRS固体培养基上,于37 ℃厌氧条件(气体配比:85% N2,10% H2,5% CO2)下培养3 d,观察菌落生长大小,并拍照记录。
种子液培养参见1.5.1节方法,将种子液调至OD600=0.5,吸取100 μL菌液,梯度稀释至10-5,分别吸取2 μL稀释液涂板到含有不同乙酸浓度(3-15 g/L)的MRS固体培养基上,于37 ℃厌氧条件(气体配比:85% N2,10% H2,5% CO2)下培养3 d,观察菌落生长大小并拍照记录。
种子液培养参见1.5.1节方法,将种子液调至OD600=0.5,吸取100 μL菌液,梯度稀释至10-5,分别吸取2 μL稀释液涂板到含有不同乳酸浓度(2-10 g/L)的MRS固体培养基上,于37 ℃,厌氧条件(气体配比:85% N2,10% H2,5% CO2)下培养3 d,观察菌落生长大小,并拍照记录。
挑取适量乳杆菌菌泥接入含5 mL MRS培养基的试管中,37 ℃静置培养24 h;按10%接种量再次转接于装有45 mL MRS培养基的容器中,37 ℃静置培养24 h。将种子液调至OD600=0.5,按5%的接种量接入含不同碳源(葡萄糖、d-半乳糖、麦芽糖)培养基的大试管中(80 mL),37 ℃静置发酵7 d。发酵结束后将发酵液过膜处理,用示差折光检测器(refractive index detector, RID)检测发酵产物及残存碳源含量。依据碳源残存量计算碳源利用率及产物生成率,以此评价乳杆菌对单一碳源的发酵能力。
挑取适量乳杆菌菌泥接入含5 mL MRS培养基的试管中,37 ℃静置培养24 h;按10%接种量再次转接于装有45 mL MRS培养基的容器中,37 ℃静置培养24 h。将种子液调至OD600=0.5,按5%的接种量接入至含高粱水解液培养基的大试管中(80 mL),37 ℃静置发酵7 d。发酵结束后将发酵液过膜处理,用高效液相色谱检测发酵产物及碳源含量。依据碳源残存量计算碳源利用率及产物生成率,以此评价乳杆菌对高粱水解液的发酵能力。
参照某小曲清香型酒厂发酵工艺,在实验室条件下建立等比例缩小的模拟固态发酵体系。具体实施过程中保持关键工艺参数与生产实际一致:实验室模拟固态发酵时先在72 ℃润粮20 h,然后在115 ℃蒸粮20 min,摊晾冷却至40 ℃后拌曲,30 ℃糖化培菌24 h (糖化期间用湿纱布覆盖于糖化醅表面,保持一定湿度),之后根据醅糟配比约为1:2拌入酒糟(控制水分在65%-69%),装入500 mL锥形瓶中密封,置于恒温培养箱中(内置水盘维持空气湿度)在25 ℃条件下静置发酵15 d。对照组CK在原工艺的酒曲基础上补加10 mL灭菌水(控制糖化醅水分为51%-54%);实验组是在原工艺酒曲的基础上糖化培菌前添加10 mL乳杆菌菌悬液,接种量为2×105 CFU/g (原粮质量),每个方案总添加乳杆菌菌量为5.4×107 CFU。
酒醅的水分、残糖、残淀、酸度与风味物质的测定参考阮玉磊[11]的方法。
使用Origin 2024、GraphPad 9、IBM SPSS 25.0、TBtools进行绘图处理及统计学分析。
为探究小曲清香型白酒酿造过程中乳杆菌的种水平演替规律,对小曲、糖化醅以及发酵酒醅进行高通量测序,得到不同发酵阶段中乳杆菌的相对丰度百分比,并对乳杆菌的相对丰度百分比进行聚类分析。如图1所示,整个酿造过程中共检出16个乳杆菌种(其中1种为未分类),且不同乳杆菌的演替具有显著的阶段特异性。短发酵剂乳杆菌(Levilactobacillus brevis)与植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)在小曲中占主导地位,合计相对丰度达92.17%。经培菌糖化后,L. brevisL. plantarum和酸鱼宿主关联乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis)的相对丰度随发酵进程呈显著衰减趋势,分别从初始(小曲中)相对丰度48.30%、44.60%和1.35%,降至发酵终点(21 d)时合计相对丰度均仅为0.87%。发酵黏液乳杆菌(Limosilactobacillus fermentum)、美洲豹乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus pantheris)以及内格尔氏液体乳杆菌(Lacitilactobacillus nagelii)在培菌糖化阶段表现出快速增殖特性,从初始(小曲中)合计相对丰度1.27%跃升至15.00%,但进入厌氧发酵阶段后丰度持续下降至合计相对丰度仅为0.02%。该现象与其兼性厌氧代谢特征相关,表明其生长可能受环境厌氧条件的限制[7]。欧研会黏液乳杆菌(Limosilactobacillus pontis)与瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)在糖化醅至初始发酵阶段(0-5 d)均呈现增长模式,二者丰度分别达到峰值37.21% (第5天)和44.08% (第15天),并在后期发酵阶段(15-21 d)维持高丰度,表明其可能具有较强的发酵胁迫耐受性。希氏慢生乳杆菌(Lentilactobacillus hilgardii)与耐醋乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acetotolerans)丰度分别从3.15%和4.32%提升至9.87%和11.23%,可能与该类菌株携带耐酸相关基因簇[12-13],适应酒醅酸性环境有关。此外,布氏慢生乳杆菌(Lentilactobacillus buchner)在整个发酵过程中丰度始终维持在2.15%-4.98%,推测是因为其耐受性较强且利用碳谱广、代谢较稳定、能稳定地在酿造过程中发挥作用[14]
通过观察菌株在MRS改良培养基和固体富集培养基上的单菌落特征,结合乳杆菌典型菌落形态特征,初步分离纯化获得34株潜在乳杆菌菌株。这些菌落普遍呈现典型乳杆菌特征:菌落直径较小,形态规则呈圆形,表面质地多为干燥或粗糙,颜色以黄色、米白色和白色为主。经16S rRNA基因测序及NCBI BLAST同源性分析表明,得到的34株潜在乳杆菌归属于乳杆菌属与乳酸片球菌属2个属共计16个种,其16种代表菌株的形态特征如图2所示,系统发育树如图3所示。其中32株归属于乳杆菌属的15个种,包括布氏慢生乳杆菌(L. buchneri)、植物乳植杆菌(L. plantarum)、食丙二醇慢生乳杆菌(Lentilactobacillus diolivorans)、哈尔滨施莱费尔氏乳杆菌(Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis)、干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus casei)、瑞士乳杆菌(L. helveticus)、短发酵剂乳杆菌(L. brevis)、发酵黏液乳杆菌(Lm. fermentum)、耐醋乳杆菌(L. acetotolerans)、面包黏液乳杆菌(Lm. panis)、欧研会黏液乳杆菌(Lm. pontis)、酒液体乳杆菌(Liquorilactobacillus vini)、淀粉乳杆菌(Amylolactobacillus amylophilus)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)和希氏慢生乳杆菌(L. hilgardii)。另有2株被鉴定为乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)。具体菌株鉴定结果如表1所示。
与乳杆菌高通量测序结果对比发现,在筛选获得的15种乳杆菌中有8种乳杆菌,包括布氏慢生乳杆菌、植物乳植杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌、短发酵剂乳杆菌、发酵黏液乳杆菌、耐醋乳杆菌、欧研会黏液乳杆菌和希氏慢生乳杆菌,其在发酵过程中乳杆菌属相对丰度高(在某一阶段发酵中相对丰度>1%),且这8种乳杆菌合计相对丰度在整个发酵阶段占总乳杆菌属>75%,确认这8种乳杆菌为小曲清香型白酒发酵过程中的优势乳杆菌;其余筛选出的7种乳杆菌在高通量数据中丰度过低而未检出。比较高通量测序检测到的16种乳杆菌,此次筛选未获得的乳杆菌中除苹果液体乳杆菌外,其他乳杆菌在整个发酵过程中的丰度小于1%,说明本次筛选方法能获得发酵过程中的绝大多数重要乳杆菌。此外,食二酸迟缓乳杆菌、耐醋乳杆菌、面包黏液乳杆菌、欧研会黏液乳杆菌、酒液体乳杆菌、嗜淀粉乳杆菌在小曲清香型白酒中首次筛出。研究表明耐醋乳杆菌、欧研会黏液乳杆菌属厌氧菌株[12-13,15],这表明此次改良的方法对于厌氧菌株的筛选有较好的作用。
在传统固态白酒发酵过程中酒醅环境呈现动态变化的复合胁迫压力,随着发酵进程推进乳酸等有机酸的积累以及乙醇浓度的升高等因素共同构成严苛的微生态环境[1]。乳杆菌作为发酵中后期的优势功能菌群,其在发酵中后期的主导地位与其对严苛发酵环境的适应性密切相关。根据筛选获得的8种、23株优势乳杆菌的鉴定结果,发现其中部分菌株基因库登录号相同,因此最终确定8种、共计19株优势乳杆菌。分别在含有不同浓度乙醇(体积分数)、乙酸和乳酸的固体培养基上进行胁迫性稀释点板实验,探究不同乳杆菌对发酵环境的耐受能力。
对于乙醇胁迫,大部分乳杆菌均能够耐受体积分数为10%的乙醇,其中短发酵剂乳杆菌D2、植物乳植杆菌Z5、瑞士乳杆菌R0、希氏慢生乳杆菌(X1、X2)、布氏慢生乳杆菌(B4、B5、B6)在体积分数为25%的乙醇平板上仍能够生长(图4)。对于乙酸胁迫,大部分乳杆菌均能够在乙酸浓度为6 g/L的条件下生长,其中短发酵剂乳杆菌D2、布氏慢生乳杆菌(B2、B4、B6)、希氏慢生乳杆菌(X1、X2)、瑞士乳杆菌R0与欧研会黏液乳杆菌(Q1、Q2)在乙酸浓度为12 g/L时仍能够生长。对于乳酸胁迫,大部分乳杆菌均能够在乳酸浓度为6 g/L的条件下生长,其中布氏慢生乳杆菌(B2、B4、B6)、耐醋乳杆菌NS1、瑞士乳杆菌R0、欧研会黏液乳杆菌(Q1、Q2)在乳酸浓度为10 g/L时仍能够生长。
通过对比酒醅实际发酵体系内乙醇的体积分数(0-6.0%)、乙酸浓度(1.5-3.0 g/L)和乳酸浓度(2.0-3.5 g/L)的动态浓度区间,发现8种优势乳杆菌整体均能够耐受实际发酵体系中的乙醇、乙酸、乳酸浓度。其中,整体耐受性较强的为欧研会黏液乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌、布氏慢生乳杆菌、希氏慢生乳杆菌与短发酵剂乳杆菌。因此从每种优势乳杆菌中各挑选一株耐受性较好的菌株(布氏慢生乳杆菌B4、植物乳植杆菌Z5、瑞士乳杆菌R0、短发酵剂乳杆菌D2、发酵黏液乳杆菌F1、耐醋乳杆菌NS1、欧研会黏液乳杆菌Q1、希氏慢生乳杆菌X1)共计8株乳杆菌,进一步考察优势乳杆菌在单一碳源发酵中的产酸特性。
白酒风味的复杂性源于酿造过程中微生物对原料的代谢转化[1]。高粱作为小曲清香型白酒原料,其中的多糖(主要为淀粉)在发酵过程中被各种碳水化合物水解酶水解生成葡萄糖、麦芽糖、d-半乳糖(果胶、半纤维素降解产物)等可发酵性糖,作为微生物的主要碳源[16]。在白酒固态发酵的中后期阶段,乳杆菌作为优势功能菌群主要通过糖酵解途径(embden-meyerhof-parnas pathway, EMP)和磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP)等关键碳代谢途径实现产物的转化[17-18]。研究表明乳杆菌对不同碳源的代谢存在差异,这种差异不仅影响其能量获取效率,更直接决定了乳酸、乙酸等有机酸的合成比例及积累量。作为白酒风味形成的关键前体物质,这些有机酸在发酵体系中进一步与乙醇发生酯化反应生成乳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯等特征性香气成分,最终塑造了白酒独特的风味[18-19]。基于此,本研究采用葡萄糖、麦芽糖和d-半乳糖作为单一碳源配制培养基,分别接种不同乳杆菌菌株进行发酵培养。通过测定发酵终止后的残糖含量及发酵产物组成从发酵产物角度探究单一碳源对优势乳杆菌发酵的影响。
发酵结束后对培养基中的碳源进行检测,并计算碳源利用率,结果如表2所示。所有乳杆菌在以葡萄糖为唯一碳源的培养基中能完全利用培养基中的葡萄糖(发酵结束后未检测到残余),证实葡萄糖是乳杆菌属的普适性碳源。不同乳杆菌菌株对d-半乳糖、麦芽糖的发酵能力存在显著差异(P<0.05)。在d-半乳糖利用方面菌株间表现出明显差异:发酵黏液乳杆菌F1、希氏慢生乳杆菌X1和布氏慢生乳杆菌B4展现出显著的d-半乳糖利用优势,而耐醋乳杆菌NS1对d-半乳糖利用率仅为6.36%,表明耐醋乳杆菌对d-半乳糖存在利用缺陷。在麦芽糖利用方面,瑞士乳杆菌R0、欧研会黏液乳杆菌Q1、短发酵剂乳杆菌D2、希氏慢生乳杆菌X1和布氏慢生乳杆菌B4能够完全利用麦芽糖,而植物乳植杆菌Z5对麦芽糖利用率仅为2.65%,表明该菌株存在明显的麦芽糖利用缺陷。
本研究比较了8株优势乳杆菌在以葡萄糖、麦芽糖与d-半乳糖为唯一碳源时的主要发酵产物种类与转化率的差异。如图5所示,所有菌株均以乳酸为主要产物。其中,瑞士乳杆菌R0、欧研会黏液乳杆菌Q1在3种碳源中发酵的产物只有乳酸;布氏慢生乳杆菌B4、短发酵剂乳杆菌D2、希氏慢生乳杆菌X1与耐醋乳杆菌NS1在3种碳源中发酵的产物均为乳酸、乙酸或乙醇;此外,部分菌株在不同碳源下发酵产物不同,发酵黏液乳杆菌F1在葡萄糖与d-半乳糖为碳源时只产乳酸,以麦芽糖为碳源时发酵产乳酸与乙酸;植物乳植杆菌Z5在以葡萄糖、d-半乳糖时仅产乳酸,以麦芽糖为唯一碳源的培养基中进行发酵时能够微量利用麦芽糖产生乳酸与乙酸。因此,根据同一乳杆菌在不同碳源培养后的碳源消耗量和产物产量计算其在不同碳源发酵下的产物转化率(g/g),并比较在不同碳源培养基中的产物转化率。发酵黏液乳杆菌F1与短发酵剂乳杆菌D2以葡萄糖为唯一碳源时乳酸转化率最高,转化率分别为89.15%与45.45%,表现为发酵葡萄糖高效率特征;植物乳植杆菌Z5与希氏慢生乳杆菌X1在以d-半乳糖为唯一碳源时乳酸转化率最高,分别为63.92%与47.60%,表现为发酵d-半乳糖高效率特征;瑞士乳杆菌R0、欧研会黏液乳杆菌Q1、耐醋乳杆菌NS1在以麦芽糖为唯一碳源时乳酸转化率最高,分别为62.40%、95.33%与53.65%,表现为发酵麦芽糖高效率特征。
参考阮玉磊[11]通过高粱水解液培养基对酿造过程中核心微生物发酵性能的评价方法,本研究拟在已有不同碳源发酵特性研究的基础上,进一步探究真实发酵原料(高粱,其淀粉、蛋白质含量相对固定,水解产物谱也相对固定)特性下,小曲清香型白酒发酵过程中8株优势乳杆菌的发酵性能。通过检测发现高粱水解液中的碳源主要为葡萄糖(160 g/L),而d-半乳糖、麦芽糖等因含量过低而未检测到。发酵结束后8种乳杆菌对碳源的利用率(以葡萄糖消耗量计)如图6所示。其中,短发酵剂乳杆菌D2、植物乳植杆菌Z5在高粱水解液培养基中表现出较高的代谢活性,其碳源利用率高于其他菌株。其次,乳杆菌在高粱水解液培养基中的发酵产物主要为乳酸。欧研会黏液乳杆菌Q1、耐醋乳杆菌NS1、发酵黏液乳杆菌F1与短发酵剂乳杆菌D2发酵时伴随着少量乙酸产生;希氏慢生乳杆菌X1与布氏慢生乳杆菌B4发酵时伴随着乙酸、乙醇的产生;布氏慢生乳杆菌B4表现出合成乳酸乙酯 (2-3 mg/L)的能力;其中在高粱水解液培养基中,耐醋乳杆菌NS1、植物乳植杆菌Z5、布氏慢生乳杆菌B4的乳酸转化率较高,分别为45.06%、56.78%和43.79%。
比较不同乳杆菌菌株在单一碳源培养基和高粱水解液培养基中的发酵特性异同。瑞士乳杆菌和植物乳植杆菌发酵产生单一产物(乳酸),短发酵剂乳杆菌、耐醋乳杆菌、希氏慢生乳杆菌和布氏慢生乳杆菌则发酵产生多种产物(乙酸或乙醇、乳酸)。相比之下,欧研会黏液乳杆菌和发酵黏液乳杆菌在高粱水解液培养基中有微量乙酸生成,与在单一碳源培养基中的发酵结果有差异。分析这种发酵差异可能源于高粱水解液的复杂成分特性(存在多种碳源和氮源物质等复杂基质),可能影响乳杆菌的代谢途径,导致发酵产物出现差异[18]。该研究结果可为白酒发酵中乳杆菌发酵特性的调控提供理论依据。
为了进一步探究8株优势乳杆菌在小曲清香型白酒固态发酵中对关键风味物质合成的影响,本研究以制备菌悬液的方式在原工艺基础上选择在糖化前添加乳杆菌液,进行模拟小曲清香型白酒乳杆菌强化固态发酵。发酵实验结束后对酒醅中乳酸及乙酸含量进行检测;同时蒸馏发酵结束后的酒醅,获得酒样,对酒样中的乙酸乙酯与乳酸乙酯进行检测。
在小曲清香型白酒酿造过程中乙酸和乳酸通过双重作用共同塑造酒体风味特征。首先,作为直接呈味物质,二者的含量及比例直接影响酒体的酸度和口感特征;其次,作为关键前体物质,它们通过酯化反应生成乙酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯等风味成分。这种协同作用最终形成了小曲清香型白酒清雅纯正、醇甜爽净的典型风味风格。如图7所示,相比对照组,强化NS1 (耐醋乳杆菌)、F1 (发酵黏液乳杆菌)、D2 (短发酵剂乳杆菌)、X1 (希氏慢生乳杆菌)和B4 (布氏慢生乳杆菌)可显著增加乙酸含量,其含量分别提升57%、56%、79%、109%、103%,与各菌株在高粱水解液培养基中具有产乙酸能力的结果相一致。强化R0 (瑞士乳杆菌)、NS1 (耐醋乳杆菌)、F1 (发酵黏液乳杆菌)、D2 (短发酵剂乳杆菌)、X1 (希氏慢生乳杆菌)可显著增加乳酸含量,其含量分别提升24%、39%、50%、60%;最终,添加4株优势乳杆菌NS1 (耐醋乳杆菌)、F1 (发酵黏液乳杆菌)、D2 (短发酵剂乳杆菌)、X1 (希氏慢生乳杆菌)对乙酸与乳酸含量均有显著提高的作用。
乙酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯及其比例(乙乳比)是小曲清香型白酒中衡量优质酒的重要指标[1]。如图7C所示,相比对照组,在乳酸乙酯方面,强化R0 (瑞士乳杆菌)、NS1 (耐醋乳杆菌)和X1 (希氏慢生乳杆菌) 3株乳杆菌可显著提高乳酸乙酯含量,其含量分别提升84%、103%和175%;强化Q1 (欧研会黏液乳杆菌)、F1 (发酵黏液乳杆菌)、Z5 (植物乳植杆菌)、D2 (短发酵剂乳杆菌)、B4 (布氏慢生乳杆菌) 5株乳杆菌可显著降低乳酸乙酯含量,其含量分别降低60%、63%、48%、57%与71%。NS1 (耐醋乳杆菌)、F1 (发酵黏液乳杆菌)、Z5 (植物乳植杆菌)、D2 (短发酵剂乳杆菌)、X1 (希氏慢生乳杆菌)、B4 (布氏慢生乳杆菌)等6株乳杆菌能显著提高乙酸乙酯含量,其含量分别提升16%、20%、33.48%、37.48%、44%和50%;强化欧研会黏液乳杆菌Q1、瑞士乳杆菌R0进行固态发酵对乙酸乙酯含量影响不显著。
综上所述,有R0 (瑞士乳杆菌)、X1 (希氏慢生乳杆菌) 2株菌能够显著提高乙酸乙酯与乳酸乙酯含量,而存在4株乳杆菌F1 (发酵黏液乳杆菌)、Z5 (植物乳植杆菌)、D2 (短发酵剂乳杆菌)、B4 (布氏慢生乳杆菌)能够显著降低乳酸乙酯含量、提高乙酸乙酯含量。Q1 (欧研会黏液乳杆菌)、Z5 (植物乳植杆菌)、F1 (发酵黏液乳杆菌)、D2 (短发酵剂乳杆菌)、B4 (布氏慢生乳杆菌) 5株菌能够提升乙乳比,其中以布氏慢生乳杆菌B4提升乙乳比效果最佳。江威等[10]通过在糖化前强化布氏慢生乳杆菌进行20 kg固态发酵实验,乙酸乙酯含量增加16.79%、乳酸乙酯增加37.38%,本研究在糖化前强化布氏慢生乳杆菌B4,乙酸乙酯提高了50.00%、乳酸乙酯降低了73.21%。分析造成乙酸乙酯与乳酸乙酯增幅不同的原因:(1) 采用不同菌株进行发酵,其发酵性能可能存在显著差异;(2) 不同发酵规模发酵体系导致的传质传热效率差异,可能进一步影响菌体的生长与代谢活性,从而导致乙酸乙酯与乳酸乙酯在产量增幅上的差异[20-23]。结合乳杆菌在不同碳源发酵特征分析结果,布氏慢生乳杆菌B4能够均衡利用多种碳源,具有发酵产生多种产物(乳酸、乙酸与乙醇)及降解乳酸等发酵特性[21],可能是其在固态发酵中能够显著提高乙酸乙酯含量、降低乳酸乙酯含量、显著提高乙乳比的原因。
对于部分乳杆菌强化组未显示出乳酸与乙酸含量的显著变化(但并未出现显著性降低),这一现象可能由以下两方面因素导致:(1) 菌株发酵特性差异,不同乳杆菌菌株在白酒固态发酵体系中表现出显著的发酵差异,可能与某些乳杆菌菌株在复杂发酵环境中优先利用可溶性糖类等碳源维持菌体生长,而非大量产酸[24];(2) 微生物群落互作效应,白酒发酵体系中的复杂微生物网络可能影响到乳杆菌在培菌糖化阶段,使其受竞争抑制未显著增殖,从而在发酵阶段与原酒曲中乳杆菌(培菌糖化阶段得到显著增殖)相比未体现出强化发酵产酸性能[25],进而导致终产物中乳酸或乙酸含量与对照组相比未呈现显著差异。综上所述,基于固态发酵中调控酯类的合成是多菌种互作的结果,未来可利用宏基因组和宏转录组技术进一步探索强化乳杆菌影响小曲清香型白酒风味的发酵机制。
本研究基于白酒发酵过程中酒醅微生物群落的高通量测序数据解析了乳杆菌在种水平上的演替规律。通过改良筛选培养基并结合酒醅富集培养方法,从小曲清香型酒醅中分离纯化获得34株潜在乳杆菌,经鉴定共计有15种乳杆菌,其中8种乳杆菌(欧研会黏液乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌、布氏慢生乳杆菌、希氏慢生乳杆菌、短发酵剂乳杆菌、发酵黏液乳杆菌、植物乳植杆菌与耐醋乳杆菌)在整个发酵过程中的相对丰度>75%,被确认为优势乳杆菌。本研究选择乳酸、乙酸和乙醇3种胁迫条件对优势乳杆菌进行耐受性评价。综合比较发现瑞士乳杆菌R0、欧研会黏液乳杆菌Q1、希氏慢生乳杆菌X1和布氏慢生乳杆菌B4在高胁迫条件下仍能够生长,这与高通量数据揭示的其在发酵后期仍保持增殖能力的特性高度吻合。对优势乳杆菌株的碳源发酵特征进行分析表明,不同乳杆菌对单一碳源的发酵特征存在差异:植物乳植杆菌存在麦芽糖利用缺陷,而耐醋乳杆菌则对d-半乳糖存在利用缺陷;发酵黏液乳杆菌F1与短发酵剂乳杆菌D2表现为发酵葡萄糖高效率特征;植物乳植杆菌Z5与希氏慢生乳杆菌X1表现为发酵d-半乳糖高效率特征;瑞士乳杆菌R0、欧研会黏液乳杆菌Q1、耐醋乳杆菌NS1表现为发酵麦芽糖高效率特征。希氏慢生乳杆菌X1、布氏慢生乳杆菌B4、短发酵剂乳杆菌D2在高粱水解液发酵条件下具有产乙酸能力。在实验室模拟固态发酵中,相较于对照组强化希氏乳杆菌X1可使酒体中乳酸乙酯及乙酸乙酯含量分别提升175%和44%,从而将乙乳比降低至0.357;强化布氏慢生乳杆菌B4可使酒体中乙酸乙酯含量提升50%,乳酸乙酯含量降低71%,从而将乙乳比提升至4.496,因此强化不同乳杆菌菌株对调控酒体中乙乳比具有不同效果。
本研究聚焦于小曲清香型白酒发酵体系,初步探索了发酵过程中优势乳杆菌对单一碳源及高粱水解液的发酵特征。在糖化前接种优势乳杆菌株,进行强化乳杆菌实验室模拟固态发酵,揭示了其对酯类物质合成的影响,成功实现了乙乳比的动态调控。本研究结果为小曲清香型白酒生产中酒体的风味调控提供了指导和参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31671843)
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2025年第65卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250247
  • 接收时间:2025-03-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-27
  • 录用日期:2025-05-08
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the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671843)
国家自然科学基金(31671843)
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    天津科技大学,工业发酵微生物教育部重点实验室,天津
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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